Personality Chp 2

8/3/2019 Personality Chp 2

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Personality


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What is Personality

Personality comes from the Greek word

"persona", meaning "mask"

The word personality derives from the Latin word

persona which means mask. The study ofpersonality can be understood as the study of

?masks? that people wear. These are the

personas that people project and display, but alsoincludes the inner parts of psychological

experience which we collectively call our ?self?.


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What is Personality

The word personality was also traced to

Latin words per sona which are translated

as, to speak through. According to GordonAllport, personality is, the dynamic

organization within the individual of those

psychological systems that determine hisunique adjustments to his environment.


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Definitions

Fred Luthans defines the term personality

as, how people affect others and how they

understand and view themselves, as well as

their pattern of inner and outer measurable

traits and the person-situation intervention.

Robbins defines personality as, the sum

total of ways in which an individual reacts to

and interacts with others.


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Personality

When we talk of personality, we dont mean that aperson has charm, a positive attitude toward life, a

smiling face or a place as a finalist for Happiest

and Friendliest in this years Miss World contest.When Psychologist talk of personality, they mean

a dynamic concept describing the growth and

development of a persons whole psychologicalsystem. Rather then looking at parts of the person,

personality looks at some aggregate whole that is

greater then the sum of the parts.


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Big Five Model

Personality traits of an executive / supervisorinfluences the behaviour of the employees in an

organization. Personality traits like talkative, smiling,

exhibitive in facial expressions and assertivenessare highly appropriate for superiors to inspire, lead

and motivate the subordinates. Similarly, traits like

openness and frankness of the managers reducedysfunctional activities and conflicts, and enables

the subordinates to concentrate on work related

activities and increase productivity.


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Big Five Model The major personality traits which influence the job

behaviour and job performance are labeled as Big-Five

Personality Traits

1. Extroversion:

a) People who prefer extroversion get the energy from

their interaction with other people.

b) These type of people develop and maintain wide-range

of social network.

c) Extroversion represents a persons interest in theexternal world.

d) Persons interest in the external world can be exhibited

through sociability, talkativeness and assertiveness.


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Big Five Model

Extroverts are Social, talkative and social.


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Big Five Model Agreeable: Highly agreeable people are co-operative,

warm and trusting. Individuals with agreeable traits thinkfrom the view-point of their employees or clients.

1. Good Nature: It includes respecting the employees

ideas, views, opinions, values and considering them indecision making.

2. Cooperative: traits regarding attitude & practice of

superiors of an organization help the company inmoulding the job behaviour & increasing the job

performance.

3. Trusting: means being relied upon or confidence in

the truth of an thin . It is restin on the inte rit .


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Big Five Model

Conscientiousness: it refers to governing orregulating the work activity by conscience.

Conscientiousness is a measure of reliability. Person

with a high level of conscientiousness are reliable,

organised, dependable and persistent. Following are

the conscientious traits

1. Responsible

2. Dependable

3. Persistent

4. Achievement-Oriented


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Big Five Model

Emotional Stability : Some executives absorb the

actions, reactions, views, feelings, attitudes,

outcome of activities etc. and maintain stability intheir emotions. Consequently, they tend to be

calm, self- confident and secure.

Openness to Experience: Imaginative

Artistically Sensitive

Intellectual


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Primary Personality Traits1. Reserved Vs. Outgoing

2. Less Intelligent Vs. More Intelligent

3. Affected by feelings Vs. Emotionally Stable4. Submissive Vs. Dominant

5. Serious Vs. Happy go lucky

6. Expedient Vs. Conscientious

7. Timid Vs. Venturesome8. Tough-minded Vs. Sensitive

9. Trusting Vs. Suspicious

10. Practical Vs. Imaginative

11. Forthright Vs. Shrewd12. Self-assured Vs. Apprehensive

13. Conservative Vs. Experimenting

14. Group Independent Vs. Self-sufficient

15. Uncontrolled Vs. Controlled16. Relaxed Vs. Tense


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The Self Concept

Almost all the people try to understand themselves

by virtue of their qualities, characters, actions,

reactions, responses etc. This process in

personality theory is called the self concept. This

process involves the interaction of the background.

Ones own psychology, values, social, economic,

religion and other internal factors of oneself. Theconcepts of self-esteem and self efficacy are

concerned with self-concept.


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Determinants of Personality

There has been debate whether the leaders are

born or made? It has been viewed after a longdebate that leaders are both born and made.

Similarly, there has been an argument as

whether personality is determined at birth or is

the result of individuals interaction with the

environment. Added to this, it is also argued that

situation is another factor that determines

personality. Now, we shall discuss these broad

determinants of personality.


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Heredity: Certain physical and psychological characteristics

like facial attractiveness, temperament, gender, musclecomposition, energy level, biological rhythms etc. either

substantially or partly are inherited from ones parents. They are

inherited by the parents biological, physiological and

psychological make-up.

Research studies show that traits like shyness, fear, height,

distress are mostly caused by inherited genetic characteristics.

They also show that genetics accounts from around 50% ofpersonality differences and more than 30% of the variation in

occupational and leisure interests. However it is strongly argued

that personality factors are not completely dictated by heredity,

but they are also determined by the environment.


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Environment: Environmental factors are thosewhich encircle us and which influence our

behaviour. Culture is the most important factor

among environmental factors that influencespersonality. E.g. Most of the Indian are humble,

obedient, tolerant, non-materialistic, non-

competitive and tend to sacrifice. Hindu religioustexts, saints, parents and elders teach these

cultural values.


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Situation: Situation change based on the shifts inenvironmental factors. E.g. The stable economic

environment before 1990s has turned into more

dynamic and volatile environment due toglobalization of the world economies and information

technology innovations. These shifts led to more

competitive and challenging market E.g. JapanDifferent situation demand different aspects of ones

personality. Therefore, individuals personality

changes in order to meet the situational demands.


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We may conclude that heredity, environment and

situation influence personality. Heredity states the

outer limits of the personality, while environment

develops the personality relevant to the normal

circumstances and the situation influences the

individual to realize and exhibit his/her potential

personality in tune with its requirements. Thus, the

interactive conglomeration of heredity,

environment and situation makes the individual

personality.


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Personality Theories

Psychologist and other human behaviour theories

developed personality theories based on research

studies. These personality theories are grouped

into

Psychoanalytic theories

Scio-psychological theories

Trait theories Holistic theories


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Personality Theories

Psychoanalytic theories

Various psychologists contributed to the development of

Psychoanalytic theory. These psychologist include Sigmund

Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney and Eric

Fromm. Sigmund made a significant contribution to the

theory compared to other psychologist. According to

Sigmund Freud there is a unconscious frame work thatmotivates the human mostly. These three aspects are Id,

the Ego, the Super ego. These three aspects are inter

related with each other.


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Personality Chp 2

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