Personajes de Nuestra Historia - Unknown

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BENITO JUREZ1806-1872EL BENEMRITO DE LAS AMRICAS

De origen zapoteco, Jurez ue el primerpresidente de extraccin popular que consolidsu autoridad. Durante la ltima presidencia deAntonio Lpez de Santa Anna, entre 1853 y 1855,Jurez tuvo que salir de Mxico. En el exiliopromovi la Revolucin de Ayutla que derrocal dictador. Como Ministro de Justicia propusola ley que lleva su nombre, la cual eliminaba lostribunales eclesisticos y militares. Tambindispuso intervenir los bienes de la Iglesia y crearel Registro Civil. Estas medidas se integraron a laConstitucin de 1857, a la que deendi ya comopresidente, en la Guerra de Reorma (1858-1861).

La venta de bienes eclesisticos no resolvilas necesidades del gobierno de Jurez, porlo que tuvo que suspender los pagos de lasdeudas. Esto ue aprovechado por los derrotadosconservadores que promovieron una intervencinrancesa que impuso a Maximiliano de Austriacomo emperador de Mxico. En todo esteproceso, la direccin de Jurez ue decisiva en lavictoria republicana. Su triuno le vali el ttulo deBenemrito de las Amricas.

BENITO JUREZ1806-1872BENEMRITO OF THE AMERICAS

O Zapotec origin, Jurez was the rst president oindigenous descent who managed to consolidatehis authority. During the last presidential term oAntonio Lpez de Santa Anna (18531855), Jurezwas orced to leave Mexico. In exile, he promotedthe Revolution o Ayutla that toppled the dictator.As Minister o Justice he proposed the law bearinghis name, which eliminated ecclesiastical andmilitary courts. He also resolved to usurp churchproperty and create the Civil Registry. Thesemeasures were added to the Constitution o 1857,which he deended in the Reorm War (18581861)once he became president.

The sale o ecclesiastical property did not resolvethe monetary needs o Jurezs government, sohe had to suspend oreign debt payments. Thiswas exploited by the deeated Conservatives topromote the French Intervention that imposedMaximilian o Austria as emperor o Mexico.During this process, Jurezs leadership wasdecisive in the republican victory. His triumphearned him the honoric title reerring to hismerit as Benemrito de las Amricas.

PERSONAJESDE NUESTRA HISTORIA

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LZARO CRDENAS1895-1970LOS COMPROMISOS DE LA REVOLUCIN

Figura revolucionaria de grandes contrastes,este militar y poltico michoacano combati azapatistas y villistas, casi captur a Carranzay sooc una rebelin en la que participaronindios yaquis. Como gobernador de Michoacn,cre un sindicato general de maestrosy, durante el conlicto cristero, aprobpersecuciones desanatizadoras que loenrentaron con la Iglesia.

Una vez en la presidencia del pas (1934-1940),Crdenas enrent a Plutarco Elas Calles, suantiguo tutor. Adems, con prounda conviccin

por la justicia social, realiz una amplia reormaagraria. Con las centrales de trabajadores ycampesinos, impuls una poltica de masasque, a la par de beneciarlas, propici el controlde las mismas. Su deensa de los derechoslaborales lo enrent con las compaaspetroleras extranjeras, a las que nalmenteexpropi. Entre 1936 y 1939, su gobierno sesolidariz con la Segunda Repblica Espaolay, tras la derrota de sta, abri las puertas alos reugiados, quienes prodigaron benecios

en mltiples ramas del saber. A la postre, elesuerzo de Tata Lzaro result insucientepara resolver la injusticia social.

VENUSTIANO CARRANZA1859-1920

EL PRIMER JEFE Y LA CONSTITUCIN

Venustiano Carranza interrumpi sus estudios paradedicarse a administrar las ncas amiliares. Al serpresidente municipal de Cuatro Cinegas, Coahuila,enrent las pugnas de la poltica porriana y contcon el apoyo de Bernardo Reyes. En 1910, secundcon reservas el Plan de San Luis y, al triuno delmismo, Madero lo ratic como gobernador.Tras el cuartelazo de Huerta, Carranza

LZARO CRDENAS1895-1970THE COMMITMENTS OF THE REVOLUTION

A revolutionary o marked contrasts, thismilitary man and politician rom Michoacnought against Zapatistas and Villistas, almostcaptured Carranza, and quelled a revolt oindigenous Yaqui peoples. As governor oMichoacn, he created a general teachers unionand during the Cristero confict, he approvedo the persecution o religious anatics, whichpitted him against the Church.

During his presidency (19341940), Crdenasclashed with Plutarco Elas Calles, his ormermentor. With a deep conviction in social justice,

he implemented broad agrarian reorm. Withworkers and peasants unions, he promoted apolicy o the masses, which beneted them atthe same time it entailed control over them. Hisdeense o labor rights set him against oreignoil companies, which he nally expropriated.From 1936 to 1939 his government expressedsolidarity with the Second Spanish Republicand ollowing its deeat, Mexico opened itsdoors to Spanish reugees, who made majorcontributions to many branches o knowledge. In

the end, the eorts o Tata Lzaro, as he wasondly and paternally known, -were not enoughto resolve social injustice.

VENUSTIANO CARRANZA1859-1920

THE FIRST CHIEF AND THENSTITUTION

Venustiano Carranza interrupted his studies todevote himsel to managing his amilys estates.When he was municipal president o CuatroCinegas, Coahuila, he opposed Porrio Dazspolicies and won the support o Bernardo Reyes.In 1910 he unwillingly backed the Plan o San Luisand with this, Madero ratied him as governor.Ater Huertas coup, Carranza proclaimed the

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proclam el Plan de Guadalupe, llamando alos revolucionarios a derrocar al usurpadory restaurar la legalidad. Al lograrlo, entre loslderes resurgieron sus dierencias. Mientrasracasaban dos convenciones, Carranza obtuvoel reconocimiento de Estados Unidos y convoca un Congreso que elabor la Constitucin de1917. Esta ltima respondi a diversos anhelos:

si bien encerr el propsito revolucionario de lano-reeleccin, otorg tambin amplias acultadesal Ejecutivo, proporcion al Estado el control delos recursos del pas y oreci salvaguardar losintereses obreros. As, varios grupos insurrectosreconocieron al nuevo orden, mientras que losdems ueron sometidos.

Con motivo de la sucesin presidencial, el PrimerJee enrent la oposicin de sus principales

generales, quienes acabaron asesinndolo enTlaxcalaltongo, Puebla.

MIGUEL HIDALGO1753-1811EL PADRE DE LA PATRIA

Criollo de nacimiento, Hidalgo obtuvo unaormacin humanista en el Colegio de SanNicols de Valladolid hoy Morelia, donde ueproesor y rector, adems de desempearsecomo sacerdote. Su nimo de renovacinqued plasmado en una Disertacin sobrela manera de ensear la teologa. Obra quelevant sospechas por parte de la Inquisicin, alconsiderarla crtica e irreverente.

Tras su salida de San Nicols, a la vez queproundizaba en sus estudios teolgicos comoundamento para resistir a la opresin, Hidalgoaument su atencin hacia los sectores populares.Foment el desarrollo de los indgenas, alinstaurar una comunidad en la que conjug elcultivo de la vid y la morera rbol de cuyashojas se alimenta el gusano de seda, productosrestringidos por la legislacin espaola.

Plan o Guadalupe, calling to revolutionariesto overthrow the usurper and restore legality.Once he was in power, the dierences amongleaders reappeared. Ater two conventionsended in utter ailure, Carranza won therecognition o the United States and convened aCongress that drated the Constitution o 1917.This document responded to diverse desires:

although it contained the revolutionary aim ono-reelection, it also granted broad powersto the Executive, it provided the state withcontrol o the countrys resources and oered tosaeguard workers interests. Thereore, severalrebel groups recognized the new order, whilethe others were put down.

When it came to choosing a successor, theFirst Chie aced the opposition o his main

generals, who ended up assassinating him inTlaxcalaltongo, Puebla.

MIGUEL HIDALGO1753-1811THE FATHER OF THE NATION

A Creole by birth, Hidalgo received a liberalarts education at the Colegio de San Nicols inValladolid, today named Morelia, where he wenton to become a proessor and rector, in additionto serving as a priest. His belie in renovationis evident in his Disertacin concerning howtheology should be taught. This work raisedsuspicion on the part o the Inquisition, whichregarded it as critical and irreverent.

Ater he let San Nicols, as he delved intotheological studies as a means to resistoppression, Hidalgo began to pay moreattention to the popular masses. He promotedthe development o Native people, by settingup a community to cultivate grapevines andmulberry treesthe leaves o which were usedto eed silkworms products restricted bySpanish legislation.

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Cuando los conspiradores de San Miguely Quertaro buscaron a un jee para lainsurreccin, coincidieron en Hidalgo. As, allanzarse a la lucha en 1810, el cura de Dolorescombin las aspiraciones polticas de los criollosy los anhelos de justicia de las clases bajas.

AGUSTN DE ITURBIDE1783-1824UN IMPERIO FALLIDO

De origen criollo y nacido en Valladolid, estejee realista combati a la insurgencia. Al seracusado de vender proteccin a las haciendas

del Bajo, se le destituy de su cargo. En 1820,la restauracin de la Constitucin de Cdiz hizoque la lite novohispana lo repusiera en sumando y se le encomend someter a VicenteGuerrero. En vez de ello, Iturbide entablnegociaciones con l y, tras el Abrazo deAcatempan, proclam el Plan de Iguala, en elque oreci una nueva independencia.

Ante el rechazo espaol e inspirado por

Napolen, Iturbide se proclam emperador,pero pronto enrent la oposicin del Congresoy luego una rebelin militar. Cuando eldescontento aument, el soberano claudicy march a Europa. Un ao despus decidiregresar por su trono, sin embargo, otroCongreso lo haba declarado uera de la ley.Por ello, al desembarcar en Tamaulipas ueaprehendido y usilado. El Consumador de laIndependencia ue vctima del nuevo orden quel mismo propici.

When the conspirators o San Miguel andQuertaro sought a leader or the insurrection,they agreed upon Hidalgo. When the strugglebegan in 1810, the priest rom Dolores embodiedthe political aspirations o the Creoles as well asthe desire or justice o the lower classes.

AGUSTN DE ITURBIDE1783-1824A FAILED EMPIRE

A Creole born in Valladolid, this royalist leaderought against the insurgency. When he wasaccused o selling protection to haciendas in

the Bajo region, he was removed rom his post.In 1820 the restoration o the Constitution oCdiz made the elite o New Spain reinstatehim and entrust him with subjugating VicenteGuerrero. Instead, Iturbide negotiated withhim and through the Embrace o Acatempanhe proclaimed the Plan o Iguala, in which heoered a new independence.

The rejection o Spain and the inspiration o

Napoleon led Iturbide to proclaim himselemperor, but soon he aced the opposition oCongress and then a military rebellion. Whendiscontent grew, the sovereign renounced thethrone and sailed or Europe. A year later, hedecided to return to retake the throne; however,another Congress had declared him outside othe law. When he disembarked at Tamaulipas, hewas arrested and executed. The man who madeIndependence a reality ell victim to the new orderthat he himsel had created.

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FRANCISCO I. MADERO1873-1913LA VIDA POR LA DEMOCRACIA

Miembro de una amilia de empresarios ypolticos coahuilenses, Madero se interespor los problemas sociales y ms tarde porla poltica. Con la agitacin que inici tras lapromesa de Poririo Daz de respetar el voto,Madero escribi La sucesin presidencial en1910, und el Partido Antirreeleccionista yrealiz una campaa electoral por todo elpas. Sin embargo, el rgimen lo persiguiy lo encarcel durante los comicios. Alser liberado, convoc al estallido de laRevolucin con el Plan de San Luis, el 20 denoviembre de 1910.

Luego del triuno de Ciudad Jurez, Maderoqued atrapado entre su respeto por la ley ylas urgentes demandas de sus partidarios.Promovi una reorma gradual a travs delas instituciones, que enrent a su gobiernocon sus propios correligionarios y con el viejoorden. Finalmente, ue vctima de una rebelinpromovida por la embajada estadounidense yel general porrista Victoriano Huerta, quienlo asesin. El legado poltico de Madero ue su

devocin moral por la democracia.

MAXIMILIANODE AUSTRIA1832-1867EMPERADOR DE MXICO

El archiduque Fernando Maximiliano Jos nacien Viena. Fue hermano del emperador FranciscoJos de Austria y se cas con la princesa AmaliaCarlota de Blgica. Gobern los principadosde Venecia y Lombarda. Cuando Napolen IIIdetermin intervenir en Mxico, Maximiliano ueinvitado a convertirse en emperador. Aunquecondicion su decisin a un plebiscito, acept lascondiciones leoninas del monarca rancs.

FRANCISCO I. MADERO1873-1913LIFE FOR DEMOCRACY

Born into a amily o entrepreneurs andpoliticians rom Coahuila, Madero took aninterest in social problems and later in politics.With the agitation ollowing Porrio Dazspromise to respect the vote, Madero wrote Lasucesin presidencial en 1910 (The PresidentialSuccession o 1910), established the Anti-Reelection Party, and set out on a presidentialcampaign throughout Mexico. However, theregime persecuted him and jailed him duringthe elections. Once ree, he called or the starto the Revolution on November 20, 1910 in thePlan o San Luis.

Following the triumph o revolutionary orcesin Ciudad Jurez, Madero was trapped betweenhis respect or the law and the urgent demandso his partisans. He advocated gradualreorm through institutions, which pitted hisgovernment against his own supporters and theold guard. Finally, he was the victim o a revoltbacked by the U.S. ambassador and ormerDaz general Victoriano Huerta, who had himkilled. Maderos political legacy was his moral

dedication to democracy.

MAXIMILIANODE AUSTRIA1832-1867EMPEROR OF MEXICO

Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph was bornin Vienna. He was the brother o Emperor FrancisJoseph o Austria, was married to Princess Carlota(Charlotte) o Belgium, and governed the kingdomo Lombardy-Venetia. When Napoleon III decidedto intervene in Mexico, Maximilian was invited tobecome emperor. Although he conditioned hisdecision on a plebiscite, he accepted the one-sidedconditions o the French monarch.

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En Mxico, Maximiliano aglutin ideas liberalesy conservadoras. Se interes por las culturasprecolombinas y, apoyado por varios acadmicos,decret en nhuatl y otom diversas zmedidasprotectoras de las comunidades indgenas.

El triuno norteo en la Guerra de Secesinestadounidense y los enredos de la poltica europea,

aislaron a su gobierno y su derrota se hizo inminente.El 19 de junio de 1867 en Quertaro, rente al pelotnde usilamiento, Maximiliano exclam:

Voy a morir por una causa justa, la de laindependencia y libertad de Mxico. Que mi sangreselle las desgracias de mi nueva patria! Viva Mxico!

JOS MARA MORELOSY PAVN1765-1815EL SIERVO DE LA NACIN

Arriero de origen michoacano, Morelos se ordencomo sacerdote en Valladolid hoy llamadaMorelia en su honor. Al estallar la guerra,

se acerc a Miguel Hidalgo, quien le encargextender la insurreccin en el sur. Sus campaasmilitares, apoyadas por hacendados, como losGaleana y los Bravo, representaron un grandesao al gobierno.

Las tomas de Oaxaca y Orizaba aectaron lasnanzas novohispanas. El ejrcito de Morelossoport un sitio en Cuautla, donde las uerzasdel brigadier Flix Mara Calleja no pudieron

derrotarlo. Al capturar Acapulco, el principalpuerto del Pacco, interrumpi el suministro alcentro del virreinato.

El logro ms importante de Morelos consistien la reunin del Congreso de Chilpancingo,que promulg la Constitucin de Apatzingn documento inspirado en los Sentimientos de laNacin, del propio Morelos. Con la Constitucinse estableci una repblica independiente enla Amrica Septentrional. Este movimiento

In Mexico, Maximilian used liberal and conservativeideas. He became interested in Pre-Columbiancultures and with the support o several academicshe decreed diverse measures in Nahuatl and Otomto protect indigenous communities.

The triumph o the North in the U.S. Civil War andcomplications in European politics isolated his

government and his deeat became imminent.On June 19, 1867, in Quertaro, standing beore aring squad, Maximilian declared:

I am going to die or a just cause, that o theindependence and liberty o Mexico. May my blood sealthe misortune o my new homeland! Long live Mexico!

JOS MARA MORELOSY PAVN1765-1815SERVANT OF THE NATION

A muleteer born in Michoacn, Morelos wasordained as a priest in Valladolid, today namedMorelia in his honor. When the war broke out, he

approached Miguel Hidalgo, who entrusted himwith spreading the insurrection in the south. Hismilitary campaigns, backed by hacienda owners,such as the Galeanas and the Bravos, were amajor challenge to the government.

The taking o Oaxaca and Orizaba aectednances in New Spain. Moreloss army withstooda siege in Cuautla, where the orces o BrigadierFlix Mara Calleja were unable to deeat him.

When he captured Acapulco, the main port onthe Pacic, he interrupted the supply chain to thecenter o the viceroyalty.

Moreloss most important achievement wasconvening the Congress o Chilpancingo, whichpromulgated the Constitution o Apatzingn,inspired by his text Sentimientos de la Nacin(Sentiments o the Nation). The Constitutionestablished an independent republic inNorth America. This movement never won

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tampoco obtuvo un apoyo poltico sustantivoy, nalmente, ue derrotado. No obstante,esa primera experiencia poltica resulttrascendental.

PORFIRIO DAZ1830-1915EL GRAN HOMBRE DE LAS AMRICAS

De origen mixteco, Daz estudi en el Seminariode Oaxaca y ue comandante de Tehuantepec.Destac como jee militar en la Guerra de Reormay en la Intervencin Francesa. En esta ltimadirigi la toma de Puebla, el 2 de abril de 1867.

Daz se lanz a la presidencia en 1871 y 1876,pero ambas veces result derrotado. Por ello,encabez las rebeliones de La Noria y deTuxtepec. La primera ue neutralizada por lamuerte de Jurez, mientras que la segundase ortaleci con la divisin de los candidatos:Sebastin Lerdo de Tejada y Jos MaraIglesias. En el poder, Daz demostr ser unexcelente negociador y se gan el apoyo de

antiguos enemigos. A excepcin de un perodopresidencial, gobern de 1877 a 1910, con elrespaldo de empresarios y acadmicos. Al lograrla estabilidad poltica, avoreci la inversinextranjera a gran escala.

Cuando se reeligi por sptima vez, ante loscuestionamientos de una nueva generacin,sus partidarios se raccionaron y acabaronpor abandonarlo.

substantial political support and ultimately itwas deeated. Nevertheless, that irst politicalexperience was ar-reaching.

PORFIRIO DAZ1830-1915THE GREAT MAN OF THE AMERICAS

A Mixtec by birth, Daz studied at the Seminary oOaxaca and was major o Tehuantepec. He stoodout as a military leader in the Reorm War and inthe French Intervention. In the latter, he led thetaking o Puebla on April 2, 1867.

Daz ran or the presidency in 1871 and 1876, butwas deeated both times. Thereore, he headedthe rebellions o La Noria and o Tuxtepec. Therst was neutralized by the death o Jurez,while the second gained strength rom thedivision o the candidates: Sebastin Lerdode Tejada and Jos Mara Iglesias. Oncein power, Daz displayed superb skills as anegotiator and he won the support o his ormer

enemies. With the exception o one presidentialterm, he governed rom 1877 to 1910, with thesupport o businessmen and academics. Byachieving political stability, he promoted large-scale oreign investment.

When he was re-elected or the seventhtime, aced with the objections o a newgeneration, his supporters were split andended up abandoning him.

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ANTONIO LPEZDE SANTA ANNA1794-1876HROE O VILLANO

Extendida por ms de treinta aos, la carrera

poltica de este veracruzano ue la de uneterno aspirante al poder, pues en las diversaspresidencias que ocup nunca consolid suautoridad y no logr permanecer en ellas demanera continua. Segn las circunstancias,recorri todo el espectro de posicionespolticas: ue realista e independentista,se adhiri a las opuestas logias yorkina yescocesa, y se consider republicano ederaly tambin central; en ocasiones unindose ams de una accin a la vez.

Inspirado en los csares, se dej proclamarSalvador de la Nacin, sobre todo ante losconfictos extranjeros. As, ue hroe o villanodependiendo del momento. Tras un supuestoplebiscito, se le declar Su Alteza Serensimay gobernante vitalicio con capacidad paradesignar a su sucesor. Pero, su derrocamientoen 1855, como resultado del Plan de Ayutla,marc el n de una poca. El perodo de

transicin del orden virreinal haba concluido ysurga el Mxico moderno con el arribo al poderdel Partido Liberal.

FRANCISCO VILLA1878-1923EL CENTAURO DE LA REVOLUCIN

De origen duranguense, Doroteo Arango cambisu nombre tras enrentar a su patrn, unhacendado que haba tratado de abusar de suhermana. A partir de entonces se hizo llamarFrancisco Villa y adopt varias ocupaciones,incluido el bandidaje.

Villa destac en la toma de Ciudad Jurez,luego combati a Pascual Orozco y a Victoriano

ANTONIO LPEZDE SANTA ANNA1794-1876HERO OR VILLAIN

For more than thirty years, the political career o this

man rom Veracruz was an eternal quest or power.Although he was president on numerous occasions,he never ully consolidated his authority and neverremained in power or long. Depending on thecircumstances, he occupied the entire spectrum opolitical positions: he was a royalist and a supportero independence; he ollowed the opposing York andScottish Freemasons; and he considered himsela supporter o a republic with strong states andcentralized power; sometimes he joined more thanone action at a time.

Inspired by Roman caesars, he allowed himselto be proclaimed Savior o the Nation, aboveall when conronting oreign conficts. He was ahero or a villain, depending on the moment. Atera supposed plebiscite, he had himsel declaredMost Serene Highness and ruler or lie withthe power to appoint his successor. However,he was ousted in 1855 by the Plan o Ayutla,which marked the end o an era. The period o

transition rom viceregal order had come to aclose and modern Mexico arose when the Liberalparty came to power.

FRANCISCO VILLA1878-1923THE CENTAUR OF THE REVOLUTION

Born in Durango, Doroteo Arango changed hisname ater a conrontation with his boss, anhacienda owner who tried to rape his sister.Then he became known as Francisco Villaand he engaged in dierent occupations,including banditry.

Villa stood out in the taking o Ciudad Jurez.Then he ought against Pascual Orozco and

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Huerta y triun en Casas Grandes y Torren.En 1914, desobedeci a Carranza y tomZacatecas. Tras la ruptura revolucionaria, uedesignado Jee del Ejrcito de la Convenciny se ali con los zapatistas. Pero, en 1915,sus tropas ueron derrotadas por losconstitucionalistas.

Con el reconocimiento estadounidense al gobiernode Carranza, Villa atac Columbus, Nuevo Mxico, loque provoc la allida expedicin punitiva de JohnPershing. Tiempo despus, el caudillo se sometial interinato de Adolo de la Huerta, a cambio de lahacienda de Canutillo, en Durango. Ante el rumorde su posible involucramiento en una rebelin, ueasesinado en una emboscada.

EMILIANO ZAPATA1879-1919LA RAZ Y LA TIERRA

Nacido en Anenecuilco, Morelos, en el senode una amilia campesina y propietaria detierras, Zapata ue aparcero en una hacienda y

caballerango distinguido. Ante la embestida delos latiundistas, su comunidad lo escogi paraproteger sus terrenos. As, secund la Revolucinde 1910 y, tras la rma de los Tratados deCiudad Jurez, se rehus a desarmar a sustropas sin antes asegurar un reparto de predios.El zapatismo otorg a la Revolucin su mayorobjetivo social al plantear que la mayora de losmexicanos no contaba con tierras propias.

La reivindicacin agraria llev a los zapatistas

a una esquiva bsqueda de apoyo. En 1915,realizaron un extenso reparto de parcelasy gobernaron los pueblos de Morelos y susalrededores. Sin embargo, a partir de 1917, conla consolidacin del proyecto constitucionalista,el zapatismo se redujo a una guerrilla hasta lamuerte de su caudillo en una emboscada. Noobstante, la gura de Emiliano Zapata comosmbolo de reivindicacin agraria ha prevalecido,resurgiendo de manera recurrente.

Victoriano Huerta and was victorious atCasas Grandes and Torren. In 1914 againstCarranzas order, he took Zacatecas. Whenthe revolutionaries split into actions, he wasappointed Head o the Army o the Conventionand he allied with the Zapatistas, but in 1915 histroops were deeated by Constitutionalists.

When the U.S. recognized Carranzas government,Villa attacked Columbus, New Mexico, whichtriggered the ailed Punitive Expedition led by GeneralJohn Pershing. Later, the caudillo agreed to laydown arms during Adolo de la Huertas interimgovernment in exchange or the Hacienda o Canutilloin Durango. Given rumors o his possible involvementin a rebellion, he was killed in an ambush.

EMILIANO ZAPATA1879-1919ROOTS AND LAND

Born in Anenecuilco, Morelos, to a peasantland-owning amily, Zapata was a sharecropperon an hacienda and a respected groom. Faced

with the onslaught o large estate owners, hiscommunity decided to ght or their lands. Sohe backed the Revolution o 1910 and ater theCiudad Jurez Treaties were signed, he reused todisarm his troops without a guarantee that landswould be distributed. The Zapata movementgave the Revolution its greatest social objectiveby ocusing on the act that the vast majority oMexicans did not have their own land.

Support or agrarian restoration promoted by

the Zapatistas (Zapata supporters) was elusive.In 1915 they oversaw extensive distribution olands and governed the towns o Morelos andthe vicinity. However, starting in 1917 with theconsolidation o the Constitution, the Zapatistaswere reduced to a band o guerillas until thedeath o their leader in an ambush. Nevertheless,the gure o Emiliano Zapata as a symbol othe agrarian restoration has prevailed and hasperiodically reappeared.

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