Perhitungan Dosis Untuk Anak
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Transcript of Perhitungan Dosis Untuk Anak
Perhitungan Dosis Untuk Anak (contoh 2)Contoh soal sediaan Serbuk :R/ Atropin sulfat 0,5 mg (DM sekali: 1 mg, DM sehari 3 mg) Sacchar.lact. qs m.f.pulv. d.t.d. no.X. S. t.d.d. Pulv. IPro: Rifki (12th)
Analisa resep : dari resep diketahui untuk membuat 10 bungkus serbuk sediaan, mengandung 0,5 mg atropin sulfat setiap bungkus, aturan pakai 3 kali sehari satu bungkus.
Jawab :
a. DM sekali pakai untuk anak 12 tahun
DM sekali pakai = (12/20) x 1 mg = 0,6 mg DM atropin sulfat sekali pakai
sedangkan untuk Persentase DM sekali :
= (0,5/0,6 mg) x 100% = 83,3% (boleh diracik dan diserahkan karna tidak lebih dari 100%)
b. DM untuk sehari untuk anak 12 tahunDM sehari = (12/20) x 3 mg = 1,8 mg DM dosis atropin untuk sehari .
Sedangkan untuk Persentase DM searah sehari :
= (3x0,5)/1,8 x 100% = 83,3 % (boleh diracik dan diserahkan karna tidak lebih dari 100%)
Untuk Lebih lengkap maka saya tambahkan rumus dibawah ini :Rumus menghitung dosis untuk anak-anak :1. Berdasarkan umur
a. Rumus young (untuk anak <8 tahun)
n : umur dalam tahun
b. Rumus dilling (untuk anak lebih Besar atau sama dengan 8 tahun)
n : umur dalam tahun
c. Rumus Fried (untuk bayi)
n : umur dalam bulan
Disadur dari : farmasi UNISB
Dosis adalah takaran obat yang diberikan kepada pasien yang dapat memberikan efek farmakologis (khasiat) yang diinginkan. dosis dibagi menjadi 2: dosis lazim dan dosis maksimum/maksimal. Dosis lazim adalah dosis yang digunakan sebagai pedoman umum pengobatan, sifatnya tidak mengikat (biasanya diantara dosis mimimum efek dan dosis maksimum), sedangkan dosis maksimum adalah dosis yang terbesar yang masih boleh diberikan kepada pasienbaik untuk pemakaian sekali maupun sehari tanpa membahayakan.Takaran dosis yang ada dalam farmakope umumnya untuk dosis orang dewasa, sedangkan untuk anak-anak memerlukan rumus perhitungan tertentu.
Cara menghitung dosis untuk anak-anak :1. Berdasarkan umura. Rumus young (untuk anak <8 tahun)
n : umur dalam tahun
b. Rumus dilling (untuk anak Besar-sama dengan 8 tahun)
n : umur dalam tahun
c. Rumus Fried (untuk bayi)
n : umur dalam bulan 2. Berdasarkan berat badanPerhitungan dosis berdasarkan berat badan sebenarnya lebih tepat karna sesuai dengan kondisi pasien ketimbang umur yang terkadang tidak sesuai dengan berat badan, bila memungkinkan hitung dosis melalui berat badand. Rumus Thermich
n : berat badan dalam kilogram
3. Rumus untuk menentukan persentase DM obat
Persentase DM sekali :
Persentase DM sehari :
Category Archives: Obat yang aman untuk ibu Hamil & MenyusuiDrugsafety – Antikonvulsan, Obat Tidur, Sedatif, dan Migren DEC 30
Posted by dr.Rozi Abdullah
DAFTAR OBAT AMAN DAN BERBAHAYA UNTUK IBU HAMIL DAN MENYUSUI
Antikonvulsan, Obat Tidur, Sedatif, dan Migren
Nama Obat R.Hamil R.Menyusui
SumatriptanC L3
Chloral hydrate C L3
Methyprylon - NR
Bromide D L5
Secobarbital D L3
Zolpidem B L3
Bishydroxycoumarin - NR
Warfarin D L2
Carbamazepine C L2
Ethosuximide C L4
Magnesium sulfate B L1
Phenytoin DL2
Valproic acidD
L2
Lactation Risk Categories
L1 (safest) L2 (safer) L3 (moderately safe) L4 (possibly hazardous) L5 (contraindicated)
Pregnancy Risk Categories
A (controlled studies show no risk) B (no evidence of risk in humans) C (risk cannot be ruled out) D (positive evidence of risk) X (contraindicated in pregnancy) NR: Not Reviewed. This drug has not yet been reviewed by Hale.
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Drugsafety – Obat TBC dan Malaria DEC 30
Posted by dr.Rozi Abdullah
DAFTAR OBAT AMAN DAN BERBAHAYA UNTUK IBU HAMIL DAN MENYUSUI
Obat TBC dan Malaria
Nama Obat Risiko Kehamilan Risiko Menyusui
Obat TB
Cycloserine C L3
Ethambutol B L2
Isoniazid C L3
Rifampin C L2
Obat malaria
Chloroquine C L3
Hydroxychloroquine C L2
Pyrimethamine C L4
Quinine D L2
** Per Medications’ and Mothers’ Milk by Thomas Hale, PhD (2004 edition).
Lactation Risk Categories Pregnancy Risk Categories
L1 (safest) L2 (safer) L3 (moderately safe) L4 (possibly hazardous) L5 (contraindicated)
A (controlled studies show no risk) B (no evidence of risk in humans) C (risk cannot be ruled out) D (positive evidence of risk) X (contraindicated in pregnancy)
NR: Not Reviewed. This drug has not yet been reviewed by Hale.
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Drugsafety – Anti Hipertensi, Anti Aritmia, dan Diuretik DEC 30
Posted by dr.Rozi Abdullah
DAFTAR OBAT AMAN DAN BERBAHAYA UNTUK IBU HAMIL DAN MENYUSUI
Anti Hipertensi, Anti Aritmia, dan Diuretik
Nama Generik
Kategori Risiko
Kehamilan** RisikoMenyusui**
Acetazolamide C L2
Bendroflumethiazide D L4 (may inhibit lactation)
Chlorothiazide D L3
Chlorthalidone D L3
Hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) D L2
Spironolactone D L2
Disopyramide C L2
Flecainide C L3
Mexiletine B L2
Procainamide C L3
Quinidine C L2
Captopril D L3 (if used after 30 days)
Diltiazem/Diltiazem HCL C L3
Enalapril/Enalapril MaleateC (1st trim.)
D (2nd, 3rd trim.) L2
Hydralazine C L2
Labetalol C L2
Methyldopa C L2
Metoprolol B L3
Minoxidil C
L2(topically)
L3 (orally)
Nadolol C L4
Nifedipine C L2
Oxprenolol- NR
Propranolol C L2
Sotalol B L3
Timolol C L2
Verapamil C L2
Digoxin C L2
Approved: (Table 6) Maternal Medication Usually Compatible With Breastfeeding* Per
the AAP Policy Statement The Transfer of Drugs and Other Chemicals Into Human Milk,
revised September 2001. Concern: (Table 4) Drugs for Which the Effect on Nursing Infants Is Unknown but May
Be of Concern Caution: (Table 5) Drugs That Have Been Associated With Significant Effects on Some
Nursing Infants and Should Be Given to Nursing Mothers With Caution NR: Not Reviewed. This drug has not yet been reviewed by the AAP.
** Per Medications’ and Mothers’ Milk by Thomas Hale, PhD (2004 edition).
Lactation Risk Categories Pregnancy Risk Categories
L1 (safest) L2 (safer) L3 (moderately safe) L4 (possibly hazardous) L5 (contraindicated)
A (controlled studies show no risk) B (no evidence of risk in humans) C (risk cannot be ruled out) D (positive evidence of risk) X (contraindicated in pregnancy)
NR: Not Reviewed. This drug has not yet been reviewed by Hale.
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Drugsafety – Anti Jamur dan Anti Virus DEC 30
Posted by dr.Rozi Abdullah
DAFTAR OBAT AMAN DAN BERBAHAYA UNTUK IBU HAMIL DAN MENYUSUI
Anti Jamur dan Anti Virus
Nama Generik Risiko Kehamilan RisikoMenyusui
Antijamur
Fluconazole C L2
Ketoconazole C L2
Antivirus
Acyclovir C L2
Interferon-alpha C L2
* Per the AAP Policy Statement The Transfer of Drugs and Other Chemicals Into Human
Milk, revised September 2001.
Approved: (Table 6) Maternal Medication Usually Compatible With Breastfeeding Concern: (Table 4) Drugs for Which the Effect on Nursing Infants Is Unknown but May
Be of Concern Caution: (Table 5) Drugs That Have Been Associated With Significant Effects on Some
Nursing Infants and Should Be Given to Nursing Mothers With Caution NR: Not Reviewed. This drug has not yet been reviewed by the AAP.
** Per Medications’ and Mothers’ Milk by Thomas Hale, PhD (2004 edition).
Lactation Risk Categories Pregnancy Risk Categories
L1 (safest) L2 (safer) L3 (moderately safe) L4 (possibly hazardous) L5 (contraindicated)
A (controlled studies show no risk) B (no evidence of risk in humans) C (risk cannot be ruled out) D (positive evidence of risk) X (contraindicated in pregnancy)
NR: Not Reviewed. This drug has not yet been reviewed by Hale.
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Drugsafety – Antibiotik DEC 27
Posted by dr.Rozi Abdullah
DAFTAR OBAT AMAN DAN BERBAHAYA UNTUK IBU HAMIL DAN MENYUSUI
Antibiotik
Nama Generik
Kategori Risiko
Kehamilan Risiko Menyusui
Amoxicillin B L1
Aztreonam B L2
Cefadroxil B L1
Cefazolin B L1
Cefotaxime B L2
Cefoxitin B L1
Cefprozil C L1
Ceftazidime B L1
Ceftriaxone B L2
Ciprofloxacin C L3
Clindamycin B L3
Erythromycin B
L1
L3 early postnatal
Fleroxacin- NR
Gentamicin C L2
Kanamycin D L2
Moxalactam- NR
Nitrofurantoin B L2
Ofloxacin C L2
Penicillin B L1
Streptomycin D L3
Sulbactam- NR
Sulfisoxazole C L2
Tetracycline D L2
Ticarcillin B L1
Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole C L3
* Per the AAP Policy Statement The Transfer of Drugs and Other Chemicals Into Human
Milk, revised September 2001.
Approved: (Table 6) Maternal Medication Usually Compatible With Breastfeeding Concern: (Table 4) Drugs for Which the Effect on Nursing Infants Is Unknown but May
Be of Concern Caution: (Table 5) Drugs That Have Been Associated With Significant Effects on Some
Nursing Infants and Should Be Given to Nursing Mothers With Caution NR: Not Reviewed. This drug has not yet been reviewed by the AAP.
** Per Medications’ and Mothers’ Milk by Thomas Hale, PhD (2004 edition).
Lactation Risk Categories Pregnancy Risk Categories
L1 (safest) L2 (safer) L3 (moderately safe) L4 (possibly hazardous) L5 (contraindicated)
A (controlled studies show no risk) B (no evidence of risk in humans) C (risk cannot be ruled out) D (positive evidence of risk) X (contraindicated in pregnancy)
NR: Not Reviewed. This drug has not yet been reviewed by Hale.
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Drugsafety – Antasida, Laksan (Pelancar BAB) dan Obat Diare DEC 27
Posted by dr.Rozi Abdullah
DAFTAR OBAT AMAN DAN BERBAHAYA UNTUK IBU HAMIL DAN MENYUSUI
Antasida, Laksan (Pelancar BAB) dan Obat Diare
Nama Generik Risiko Kehamilan Risiko Menyusui
Cimetidine (Antacid) B L2
Cisapride (GI tract stimulant) C L2
Domperidone (used for nausea & vomiting, stimulates lactation) - L1
Cascara/Cascara Sagrada C L3
Danthron - NR
Magnesium sulfate B L1
Senna - L3
Loperamide B L2
* Per the AAP Policy Statement The Transfer of Drugs and Other Chemicals Into Human
Milk, revised September 2001.
Approved: (Table 6) Maternal Medication Usually Compatible With Breastfeeding Concern: (Table 4) Drugs for Which the Effect on Nursing Infants Is Unknown but May
Be of Concern Caution: (Table 5) Drugs That Have Been Associated With Significant Effects on Some
Nursing Infants and Should Be Given to Nursing Mothers With Caution NR: Not Reviewed. This drug has not yet been reviewed by the AAP.
** Per Medications’ and Mothers’ Milk by Thomas Hale, PhD (2004 edition).
Lactation Risk Categories Pregnancy Risk Categories
L1 (safest) L2 (safer) L3 (moderately safe) L4 (possibly hazardous) L5 (contraindicated)
A (controlled studies show no risk) B (no evidence of risk in humans) C (risk cannot be ruled out) D (positive evidence of risk) X (contraindicated in pregnancy)
NR: Not Reviewed. This drug has not yet been reviewed by Hale.
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Drugsafety – Antihistamin DEC 27
Posted by dr.Rozi Abdullah
DAFTAR OBAT AMAN DAN BERBAHAYA UNTUK IBU HAMIL DAN MENYUSUI
Antihistamin
Nama Obat
AAP
approved?
* Risiko Menyusui**
Brompheniramine
not
reviewed L3 (moderately safe)
Chlorpheniramine (Chlor-Trimeton) CTM
not
reviewed L3 (moderately safe)
Cetirizine (Zyrtec)
not
reviewed L2 (safer)
Dexbrompheniramine maleatewith d-isoephedrine
yes not reviewed
Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
not
reviewed L2 (safer)
Doxylamine
not
reviewed L4 (possibly hazardous)
Fexofenadine (Allegra)
yes L3 (moderately safe)
Loratadine (Claritin)yes L2 (safer)
Terfenadine (Seldane)
yes not reviewed
Triprolidine (Actidil, Actifed)
yes L1 (safest)
* Per the AAP Policy Statement The Transfer of Drugs and Other Chemicals Into Human
Milk, revised September 2001.
Approved: (Table 6) Maternal Medication Usually Compatible With Breastfeeding Concern: (Table 4) Drugs for Which the Effect on Nursing Infants Is Unknown but May
Be of Concern Caution: (Table 5) Drugs That Have Been Associated With Significant Effects on Some
Nursing Infants and Should Be Given to Nursing Mothers With Caution NR: Not Reviewed. This drug has not yet been reviewed by the AAP.
** Per Medications’ and Mothers’ Milk by Thomas Hale, PhD (2004 edition).
Lactation Risk Categories Pregnancy Risk Categories
L1 (safest) L2 (safer) L3 (moderately safe) L4 (possibly hazardous) L5 (contraindicated)
A (controlled studies show no risk) B (no evidence of risk in humans) C (risk cannot be ruled out) D (positive evidence of risk) X (contraindicated in pregnancy)
NR: Not Reviewed. This drug has not yet been reviewed by Hale.
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Drugsafety – Obat Asma, Obat Batuk, dan Spray Hidung DEC 27
Posted by dr.Rozi Abdullah
DAFTAR OBAT AMAN DAN BERBAHAYA UNTUK IBU HAMIL DAN MENYUSUI
Obat Asma, Obat Batuk, dan Spray Hidung
Nama GenerikKategori Risiko Kehamilan** RisikoMenyusui**
Dyphylline C L3
Terbutaline B L2
Theophylline C L3
Nama Obat Risiko Menyusui**
Codeine L3 (moderately safe)
Dextromethorphan L1 (safest)
Guaifenesin L2 (safer)
Phenylephrine L3 (moderately safe)
Pseudoephedrine (Sudafed, Actifed)
L3 (moderately safe) for acute useL4 (possibly hazardous) for chronic use due to potential for decreasing milk supply
Beclomethasone (Vanceril, Beclovent, Beconase, Vancenase) L2 (safer)
Cromlyn sodium (Nasalcrom) L1 (safest)
Fluticasone (Flonase) L3 (moderately safe)
Mometasone (Nasonex) L3 (moderately safe)
Phenylephrine (in some forms of Sinex and Neo-Synephrine) L3 (moderately safe)
Triamcinolone Acetonide (Nasacort) L3 (moderately safe)
** Per Medications’ and Mothers’ Milk by Thomas Hale, PhD (2004 edition).
Lactation Risk Categories Pregnancy Risk Categories
L1 (safest) L2 (safer) L3 (moderately safe) L4 (possibly hazardous) L5 (contraindicated)
A (controlled studies show no risk) B (no evidence of risk in humans) C (risk cannot be ruled out) D (positive evidence of risk) X (contraindicated in pregnancy)
NR: Not Reviewed. This drug has not yet been reviewed by Hale.
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Drugsafety – NSAIDs dan Steroid DEC 27
Posted by dr.Rozi Abdullah
DAFTAR OBAT AMAN DAN BERBAHAYA UNTUK IBU HAMIL DAN MENYUSUI
NSAIDs dan Steroid
Nama GenerikKategori Risiko Kehamilan** RisikoMenyusui**
Azapropazone (apazone) - L2
Dipyrone - NR
Flufenamic acid - NR
IbuprofenB (1st, 2nd trim.)D (3rd trim.) L1
IndomethacinB (1st, 2nd trim.)D (3rd trim.) L3
KetorolacB (1st, 2nd trim.)D (3rd trim.) L2
Mefenamic acid - NR
Naproxen BL3L4
Phenylbutazone - NR
Piroxicam B L2
Suprofen - NR
Tolmetin C L3
Methylprednisolone C L2
Prednisolone C L2
Prednisone C L2
Lactation Risk Categories L1 (safest) L2 (safer) L3 (moderately safe) L4 (possibly hazardous) L5 (contraindicated)
Pregnancy Risk Categories A (controlled studies show no risk) B (no evidence of risk in humans) C (risk cannot be ruled out) D (positive evidence of risk)
X (contraindicated in pregnancy) NR: Not Reviewed. This drug has not yet been reviewed by Hale.
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Drugsafety – ANALGETIK DEC 26
Posted by dr.Rozi Abdullah
DAFTAR OBAT AMAN DAN BERBAHAYA UNTUK IBU HAMIL DAN MENYUSUI
ANALGETIK
Nama Obat Risiko Kehamilan Risiko Menyusui
Acetaminophen (Tylenol) B L1
AspirinC (1st, 2nd trim.)
D (3rd trim.) L3
Azapropazone (Rheumox)-
L2
Butalbital (Fioricet, Fiorinal, Bancap, Two-dyne) D L3
Butorphanol (Stadol)B (1st, 2nd trim.)
D (3rd trim.) L3
Celecoxib (Celebrex)) C L2
Codeine (in Tylenol #3, #4) C L3
Colchicine D L4
Diclofenac (Cataflam, Voltaren) B L2
Fentanyl (Sublimaze) B L2
Flurbiprofen (Ansaid, Froben, Ocufen)
B (1st, 2nd trim.)
C (3rd trim.) L2
Hydrocodone (Lortab, Vicodin) B L3
Hydromorphone(Dilaudid) C L3
Ibuprofen (Advil, Nuprin, Motrin, Pediaprofen)
B (1st, 2nd trim.)
D (3rd trim.) L1
Indomethacin (Indocin)B (1st, 2nd trim.)
D (3rd trim.) L3
Ketorolac (Toradol, Acular)B (1st, 2nd trim.)
D (3rd trim.) L2
Meperidine (Demerol) B
L2;
L3 early postpartum
Methadone (Dolophine) B L3
Morphine (Duramorph, Infumorph, Epimorph, MS Contin) B L3
Nalbuphine (Nubain) B L2
Naproxen (Anaprox, Naprosyn, Naproxen, Aleve) B
L3;
L4 for chronic use
Nefopam (Acupan)- NR
Oxycodone (Tylox, Percodan,Oxycontin, Roxicet, Endocet, Roxiprin, Percocet) B L3
Pentosan polysulfate(Elmiron) B L2
Piroxicam (Feldene) B L2
Propoxyphene(Darvocet N, Propacet, Darvon) C L2
Secobarbital (Seconal) D L3
Tolmetin (Tolectin) C L3
Tramadol HCL(Ultram, Ultracet) C L3
ButorphanolB (1st, 2nd trim.)
D (3rd trim.) L3
Codeine C L3
Fentanyl B L2
Meperidine B
L2
L3 (if used early postpartum)
Methadone B L3
Morphine B L3
Propoxyphene C L2
** Per Medications’ and Mothers’ Milk by Thomas Hale, PhD (2004 edition).
Lactation Risk Categories Pregnancy Risk Categories
L1 (safest) L2 (safer) L3 (moderately safe) L4 (possibly hazardous) L5 (contraindicated) A (controlled studies show no risk) B (no evidence of risk in humans) C (risk cannot be ruled out) D (positive evidence of risk) X (contraindicated in pregnancy)
NR: Not Reviewed. This drug has not yet been reviewed by Hale.
1. Aspirin use is discouraged in children and nursing mothers due to the risk o2. f Reye’s syndrome and internal bleeding.3. Fioricet (Fiorinal, Bancap, Two-dyne) contains acetaminaphen or asprin, caffeine, and
butalbital. Per Hale, baby should be observed for sedation.4. Hale suggests weakened or premature infants be observed for sedation and apnea.5. Hale suggests newborns be observed for sedation, apnea, constipation.6. Per Hale, use of frequent, higher dose may result in infant sedation.7. Per Hale, Meperidine use during labor or early postpartum has been associated with
sedation, poor sucking reflex, and neurobehavioral delay in infants.8. Per Hale, observe infant for sedation, respiratory depression, addiction, withdrawal
syndrome.9. Per Hale, higher doses may result in infant sedation.
10. Per Hale, should be used with caution due to its long half-life and its effect on baby’s cardiovascular system, kidneys and GI tract; short-term, infrequent or occasional use is not necessarily incompatible with breastfeeding.
11. Roxicet, Endocet, Roxiprin, Percocet also contain acetaminophen. Per Hale, observe infant for sedation.
12. Per Hale, observe infant for sedation.13. Per Hale, observe infant for GI cramping, distress, diarrhea.14. Per Hale, observe infant for sedation.15. Per Hale, observe infant for sedation.
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