PENGARUH ROTIFERA YANG DIPERKAYA DENGAN BEBERAPA JENIS SUMBER LEMAK TERHADAP KELANGSUNGAN HIDUP...

7/31/2019 PENGARUH ROTIFERA YANG DIPERKAYA DENGAN BEBERAPA JENIS SUMBER LEMAK TERHADAP KELANGSUNGAN HIDUP LARVA UDANG VANNAMEI LITOPENAEUS VANNAMEI

1/41

^ADCBXQO XF]GIAXB WBDC MG^AXLBWB MADCBD

HAHAXB^B @ADGU UQJHAX KAJBL ]AXOBMB^LAKBDCUQDCBD OGMQ^ KBXYB QMBDC YBDDBJAG

Kg}f~adbaqu ybddbjag

Fkao 0

SbowqmgdE2=2>2>>2


2/41

ÂXDWB]BBD JADCADBG ULXGÛG MBD

UQJHAX GDIFXJBUG

Madcbd gdg ubwb jadwb}blbd hbosb ulxg~ug wbdc hax`qmqk 0

ÂDCBXQO XF]GIAXB WBDC MGÂXLBWB MADCBD HAHAXB^B

@ADGU UQJHAX KAJBL ]AXOBMB^ LAKBDCUQDCBD OGMQ^

KBXYB QMBDC YBDDBJAGKg}f~adbaqu ybddbjag

Bmbkbo hadbx jaxq~blbd lbxwb ubwb uadmgxg mbd hakqj mgb`qlbd mbkbj had}ql

b~b~qd la qdgyaxug}bu jbdb~qd$ Uqjhax gdifxjbug wbdc haxbubk b}bq mglq}g~ mbxg

lbxwb wbdc mg}axhg}lbd jbq~qd }gmbl mg}axhg}lbd mbxg ~adqkgu kbgd }akbo mguahq}lbd

mbkbj }alu mbd mgebd}qjlbd mbkbj Mbi}bx ^qu}blb mg hbcgbd blogx ulxg~ug gdg$

Hfcfx+ Mauajhax 8>>1


3/41

XGDCLBUBD

SBOWQMGD$âdcbxqo Xf}giaxb wbdc Mg~axlbwb madcbd Hahaxb~b @adgu UqjhaxKajbl }axobmb~ Lakbdcuqdcbd Ogmq~ Kbxyb Qmbdc Ybddbjag Kg}f~adbaquybddbjag$

Mghgjhgdc fkao MAMG @QUBMG mbd GDC JFLFCGD]B$

âdakg}gbd gdg hax}q`qbd qd}ql jadca}boqg ~adcbxqo ~adclbwbbd xf}giaxbmadcbd jgdwbl glbd+ jgdwbl eqjg mbd B2 MOB Uakef }axobmb~ lakbdcuqdcbdogmq~ kbxyb qmbdc ybddbjag$ âdakg}gbd gdg mgkblubdblbd mg ^]$ Ead}xbkâx}gsg

Hbobxg Maub Uqbl+ Laebjb}bd Ugmfjqkwf+ Lbhq~b}ad Kbj~qdc Uakb}bd$Kbxyb qmbdc ybddbjag u}bmgb Dbq~kgg 9 mg~akgobxb mbkbj 28 }bdclg

ighaxckbuu yfkqja 1>>K wbdc mggug bgx 5>>K madcbd la~bmb}bd 2>> gdm&K$ Kbxybmg~akgobxb uakbjb 2> obxg ogdccb jadeb~bg u}bmgb ~bueb kbxyb 2 /^K2'$ Kbxybmghaxg ~blbd hqb}bd E^ U}bx 2>>+ E^ U~gdb+ H^ Acqeg mbd Kbdpw PJ madcbd

ixalqadug ~ajhaxgbd 9 lbkg uaobxg$ Uambdclbd ~blbd bkbjg }axmgxg mbxgEoba}feaxfu cxbegkkgu mbd Ulaka}fdajb efu}b}qj+ madcbd ixalqadug ~ajhaxgbd =

lbkg uaobxg$ Jqkbg u}bmgb pfab 8+ kbxyb mghaxg }bjhbobd ~ajhaxgbd xf}giaxb madcbd~axkblqbd uahbcbg haxglq}0 xf}giaxb mbxg lqk}qx jbuubk /B'+ xf}giaxb wbdc mg~axlbwbmadcbd >+1jk jgdwbl glbd&2>K jamgb ~adclbwb /H'+ xf}giaxb wbdc mg~axlbwb

>+1jk jgdwbl eqjg&2>K jamgb ~adclbwb /E' mbd xf}giaxb wbdc mg~axlbwb madcbd>+1jk B2 MOB Uakef&2>K jamgb ~adclbwb /M'$ Jbugdc*jbugdc ~axkblqbd mbxg

~adakg}gbd gdg jaj~qwbg 5 qkbdcbd$ Jbugdc*jbugdc hbobd ~adclbwb }axuahq}mg h o > 81 g > >2 l g k m 2>> k g k k k gl


4/41

ÂDCBXQO XF]GIAXB WBDC MGÂXLBWB MADCBD

HAHAXB^B @ADGU UQJHAX KAJBL ]AXOBMB^LAKBDCUQDCBD OGMQ^ KBXYB QMBDC YBDDBJAG

Kg}f~adbaqu ybddbjag

Ulxg~ug

uahbcbg ubkbo ub}q uwbxb} qd}ql jaj~axfkao cakbx Ubx`bdb âxglbdbd~bmb Iblqk}bu âxglbdbd mbd Gkjq Lakbq}bd

Gdu}g}q} ax}bdgbd Hfcfx

Fkao 0

Sbowqmgd

E2=2>2>>2


5/41

ULXGÛG

@qmqk Ulxg~ug 0 âdcbxqo Xf}giaxb wbdc Mg~axlbwb madcbd Hahaxb~b

@adgu Uqjhax Kajbl }axobmb~ Lakbdcuqdcbd Ogmq~

Kbxyb Qmbdc YbddbjagKg}f~adbaqu ybddbjag

Dbjb Jbobugusb 0 Sbowqmgd

DX^ 0 E2=2>2>>2

Mgua}q`qg+

âjhgjhgdc G âjhgjhgdc GG


6/41

LB]B ÂDCBD]BX

^q`g uwqlqx ~adqkgu qeb~lbd b}bu uacbkb xbojb} Bkkbo US] uax}b b}bu

gpgd*Dwb uaogdccb ~adqkgu hgub jadwakaubglbd Ulxg~ug gdg$ âdakg}gbd wbdc

mgkblubdblbd ~adqkgu hax`qmqk ~adcbxqo xf}giaxb wbdc mg~axlbwb madcbd hahaxb~b

àdgu uqjhax kajbl }axobmb~ lakbdcuqdcbd ogmq~ kbxyb qmbdc ybddbjag

Kg}f~adbaqu ybddbjag$ âdqkgubd Ulxg~ug gdg jaxq~blbd ubkbo ub}q uwbxb} qd}ql

jadmb~b}lbd cakbx ubx`bdb ~bmb Ma~bx}ajad Hqmgmbwb âxbgxbd+ Iblqk}bu

âxglbdbd mbd Gkjq Lakbq}bd+ Gdu}g}q} âx}bdgbd Hfcfx$

âdqkgu jadcqeb~lbd hbdwbl }axgjb lbugo la~bmb Hb~bl Mx$ Mamg @qubmg

mbd Ghq Mx$ Gdc Jflfcgd}b uakblq ~ajhgjhgdc b}bu hgjhgdcbd+ ubxbd mbd

jbuqlbd la~bmb ~adqkgu mbkbj ~adwakaubgbd ulxg~ug gdg$ Uakbgd g}q ~adqkgu `qcb

jadcqeb~lbd }axgjb lbugo la~bmb Hb~bl B$ Jquwbigl uakblq Bugu}ad Ygea

^xaugmad ^]$ Ead}xbkâx}gsg Hbobxg /E^H'+ Ghq Igyg Db`jquwbhbo uakblq Cadaxbk

Jbdbcax ^]$ E^H+ Hb~bl Uqhbdmxgwf uakblq Uadgfx Jbdbcax ^]$ E^H+ Hb~bl

Amg ^fdefkblug}f uakblq ~ajhgjhgdc kb~bdc+ Hbdc ]q~b mbd Jbu Bdmglb uakblq

L k U l g K h g l k g J ]o kgh O o GG m


7/41

XGSBWB] OGMQ^

âdqkgu mgkbogxlbd mg Halbug ~bmb }bdccbk = Jbxa} 27?8 uahbcbg bdbl

~ax}bjb mbxg ~bubdcbd Lbxsg mbd Gxfo$ âdqkgu jajqkbg ~admgmglbd mg Ualfkbo

Mbubx ]bjbd Jalbx ~bmb }boqd 27?7$ Lajqmgbd ~adqkgu jakbd`q}lbd ualfkbo mg

Ualfkbo Kbd`q}bd ]gdclb} âx}bjb Dacaxg 8 Kajbobhbdc ~bmb }boqd 2771277?$

Uakbd`q}dwb ~adqkgu jakbd`q}lbd u}qmg la Ualfkbo Jadacbo Qjqj Dacaxg 1

Lbxbsbdc ~bmb }boqd 2777*8>>2$

âdqkgu mg}axgjb uahbcbg jbobugusb Gdu}g}q} âx}bdgbd Hfcfx ~bmb }boqd

8>>2 jakbkqg `bkqx Qdmbdcbd Uakalug Jbuql G^H /QUJG' ~bmb @qxqubd Hqmgmbwb

âxbgxbd+ Iblqk}bu âxglbdbd mbd Gkjq Lakbq}bd$ Uakbjb jad`bmg jbobugusb

~adqkgu bl}gi uahbcbg ~adcqxqu Hbmbd Alualq}gi Jbobugusb ~bmb ~axgfma

la~adcqxqubd 8>>8&8>>5$ âdqkgu `qcb ~axdbo jad`bmg ~adcqxqu OGJBLQB

~bmb }boqd 8>>2&8>>8+ 8>>8&8>>5+ mbd 8>>5&8>>=$ Uakbgd g}q ~adqkgu `qcb ~axdbo

jadcglq}g ~akb}gobd ~ajhqb}bd blqbxgqj+ ~akb}gobd lbsgd uqd}gl+ uax}b ~akb}gobd

blqbueb~gdc$ âdqkgu `qcb ~axdbo jad`bmg bugu}ad jb}b lqkgbo }aldgl ~xfmqlug

gl og /8>>=&8>>1' g g gl /8>>1' m l gl m l g l k g


8/41

MBI]BX GUG

Obkbjbd

MBI]BX ]BHAK $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ g

MBI]BX CBJHBX $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ gg

MBI]BX KBJ^GXBD $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ggg

G$ ÂDMBOQKQBD

2$2 Kb}bx hakblbdc $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 2

2$8 ]q`qbd âdakg}gbd $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 5

GG$ ]GD@BQBD QU]BLB

8$2 âxlajhbdcbd Kbxyb Qmbdc Ybddbjag$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ =8$8 Lahq}qobd Dq}xgad /Bubj Kajbl' $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ =

8$= Xf}giaxb /Hxbeogfdqu u~$' $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 3

GGG$ HBOBD MBD JA]FMB

5$2 âjakgobxbbd Hadqx $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 2>5$8 âdwamgbbd Xf}giaxb $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 22

5$5 âdclbwbbd Xf}giaxb $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 225 = ^ k k g 28


9/41

MBI]BX ]BHAK

]bhak 2$ Lbdmqdcbd bubj kajbl jgdwbl glbd $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 9

]bhak 8$ ^axuad}bua xakb}gi bubj kajbl d*5 ~bmb haxhbcbg glbd $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 9

]bhak 5$ Lbdmqdcbd bubj kajbl jgdwbl eqjg $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 3

]bhak =$ Lbdmqdcbd bubj kajbl xf}giaxb wbdc mghaxg xbcg mbd wbdc

mg~axlbwb jgdwbl eqjg $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 7

]bhak 1$ Lbdmqdcbd bubj kajbl xf}giaxb wbdc mg~axlbwb madcbd jgdwbl

glbd+ jgdwbl eqjg+ MOB uakef mbd mghaxg Dbddfeokfxf~ugu $$$$$$$$$ 7

]bhak 9$ Lgubxbd ~bxbja}ax lqbkg}bu bgx ~ajakgobxbbd kbxyb qmbdc Ybddbjag

wbdc mgqlqx uakbjb ~adakg}gbd $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 28

]bhak 3$ Lbdmqdcbd kajbl uax}b ~fkbx mbd dfd~fkbx kg~gm $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 2=

]bhak ?$ ^axlajhbdcbd kbxyb qmbdc ybddbjag mgblogx ~adakg}gbd $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 29


10/41

MBI]BX CBJHBX

Cbjhbx 2$ Lakbdcuqdcbd ogmq~ kbxyb qmbdc ybddbjag ua}akbo mg~akgobxb

ubj~bg ^K2$$ 21

Cbjhbx 8$ ^bd`bdc ^K2 kbxyb qmbdc ybddbjag$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 29


11/41

MBI]BX KBJ^GXBD

Dfjfx Obkbjbd

2$ ^xfuamqx bdbkgub xflugjb} $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 88

8$ @bmsbk ~ajhaxgbd ~blbd kbxyb qmbdc ybddbjag $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 8=

5$ Obugk bdbkgub lqbkg}bu bgx $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 81

=$ Lakbdcuqdcbd ogmq~ kbxyb qmbdc ybddbjag $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 8?

1$ Bdbkgugu xbcbj lakbdcuqdcbd ogmq~ kbxyb qmbdc ybddbjag $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 8?

9$ ^bd`bdc ~fu} kbxyb 2 qmbdc ybddbjag $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 8?

3$ Bdbkgugu xbcbj ~bd`bdc ~fu} kbxyb qmbdc ybddbjag $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 8?

?$ Au}gjbug obxgbd kbxyb qmbdc ybddbjag $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 87

7$ ^axlajhbdcbd u}bmgb kbxyb qmbdc ybddbjag $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 5>


12/41

G$ ^ADMBOQKQBD

2$2 Kb}bx Hakblbdc

Kbxyb qmbdc ybddbjag Kg}f~adbaqu ybddbjag mg ~ajhadgobd jadcbkbjg

~axlajhbdcbd u}bmgb jqkbg mbxg dbq~kgg+ pfab+ jwugu ubj~bg ~bueb kbxyb$ U}bmgb

~axlajhbdcbd kbxyb qmbdc wbdc ~bkgdc lxg}gu bmbkbo ~bmb u}bmgb pfab mbd jwugu$

U}bmgb pfab jajgkglg lakbdcuqdcbd ogmq~ wbdc kahgo xadmbo mghbdmgdclbd madcbd

u}bmgb wbdc kbgd+ hbolbd lajb}gbd ~bmb u}bmgb pfab mb~b} jadeb~bg 7> ! uahakqj

haxlajhbdc jad`bmg jwugu /Akfybbxb+ 8>>2'$ Hacg}q ~qkb ~bmb u}bmgb jwugu+ mg

^] Ead}xbk^ax}gsg Hbobxg /E^H' lakbdcuqdcbd ogmq~ mb~b} jadeb~bg lqxbdc mbxg

=>! uaogdccb uaxgdc mgkblqlbd ~ajhqbdcbd kbxyb$ Obk }axuahq} lbxadb }ax`bmgdwb

cbcbk jfk}gdc ~bmb kbxyb u}bmgb pfab mbd jwugu uaogdccb kbxyb jb}g uahakqj

jadeb~bg u}bmgb uakbd`q}dwb$ Jbubkbo }axuahq} jaxq~blbd jbubkbo qjqj mbkbj

qubob ~ajhadgobd qmbdc+ mbd obk gdg }ax`bmg `qcb ~bmb ~ajhadgobd mg ^]$ E^H$

Q~bwb qd}ql jadgdclb}lbd lakbdcuqdcbd ogmq~ qmbdc mb~b} mgkblqlbd

madcbd jadgdclb}lbd lqbkg}bu dq}xgad ~blbddwb+ wbdc ubkbo ub}qdwb bmbkbo

k l l g g l h o m


13/41

^blbd qd}ql u}bmgb pfab mgbd`qxlbd bmbkbo jglxfbkcb uahbcbg ~adccbd}g

lqdgdc }akqx wbdc }akbo obhgu$ ^ajhaxgbd ~blbd qd}ql u}bmgb pfab mg ^]$ E^H

bmbkbo jadccqdblbd ~blbd hqb}bd E^$ U}bx 2>>+ H^ Acqeog+ Kbdpw PJ mbd E^

U~gdb$ E^$ U}bx 2>> jajgkglg lbdmqdcbd A^B mbd MOB jbugdc*jbugdc uahaubx

>+1 !$ Lbdmqdcbd gdg uqmbo eqlq~ qd}ql kbxyb qmbdc+ dbjqd lajqdclgdbd haubx

}gmbl }axeaxdb uajqb mbd hbdwbl jadcbkbjg kabeogdc mg bgx ~bmb sbl}q mghaxglbd

la kbxyb$ Uajad}bxb g}q lahq}qobd kbxyb qmbdc blbd Ogcokw Qdub}qxb}am Ib}}w

Begm /OQIB' uahaubx 2 ! /@fdau a} bk+ 2773'$ ^blbd bkbjg wbdc mghaxglbd qd}ql

u}bmgb kbxyb bmbkbo Eoba}feaxfu cxbegkkgu wbdc jadcbdmqdc MOB lqxbdc mbxg 2!

mbxg }f}bk lbdmqdcbd bubj kajbldwb /Moax}+ 2779'$ Lbxadb lbdmqdcbd dq}xgad

mbxg Eoba}feaxfu cxbegkkgu wbdc ubdcb} xadmbo jblb ~axkq ~blbd bk}axdb}gi wbdc

mb~b} jajadqog lahq}qobd dq}xgad kbxyb$

Xf}giaxb /Hxbeogfdqu u~$' jaxq~blbd ~blbd bkbjg wbdc uaxgdc mghaxglbd

qd}ql kbxyb qmbdc ybddbjag$ Jqkbg bsbk u}bmgb pfab+ qmbdc jqkbg jajblbd

jglxfbkcb$ Uakbjb u}bmgb gdg kbxyb jajhq}qolbd hbdwbl adaxcg qd}ql haxadbdc

wbdc mgmb~b} madcbd jadwbxgdcdwb mbxg jglxfbkcb$ ^bmb blogx u}bmgb pfab 5+ kbxyb


14/41

~adclbwb$ La}gcb hbobd gdg mgobxb~lbd mb~b} jadgdclb}lbd lbdmqdcbd bubj

kajbl+ }axq}bjb MOB mbd A^B+ ~ofu~fkg~gm mbd lfkau}axfk mbxg xf}giaxb wbdc

blbd mghaxglbd la kbxyb qmbdc$ ^ajhaxgbd xf}giaxb wbdc }akbo mg~axlbwb madcbd

jgdwbl glbd+ jgdwbl eqjg b}bq MOB Uakef ~bmb ibua bsbk mbxg pfab mgobxb~lbd

mb~b} jajadqog lahq}qobd dq}xgad kbxyb mbd mb~b} jadgdclb}lbd lakbdcuqdcbd

ogmq~ mbxg kbxyb qmbdc ybddbjag$

2$8 ]q`qbd

^adakg}gbd gdg hax}q`qbd qd}ql jadca}boqg ~adcbxqo ~ajhaxgbd xf}giaxb

wbdc mg~axlbwb madcbd jgdwbl glbd+ jgdwbl eqjg b}bq B2 MOB Uakef }axobmb~

lakbdcuqdcbd ogmq~ kbxyb qmbdc ybddbjagKg}f~adbaqu ybddbjag$


15/41

GG$ ]GD@BQBD QU]BLB

8$2 ^axlajhbdcbd Kbxyb Qmbdc Ybddbjag

]akqx qmbdc wbdc }akbo mghqbog jada}bu jad`bmg dbq~kgg ua}akbo 8= `bj

~bmb }aj~axb}qx 8?*5>>E $ Dbq~kgg wbdc hbxq jada}bu }gmbl jajaxkqlbd ~blbd

mbd uqmbo }ax~adqog fkao dq}xgug lqdgdc }akqx$ Dbq~kgg haxlajhbdc jad`bmg

~xf}fpfab ua}akbo kgjb ubj~bg adbj lbkg jfk}gdc uakbjb =? `bj$ ^bmb u}bmgb gdg

kbxyb mghaxg ~blbd ~ax}bjb lbkg madcbd jadccqdblbd ~kbdl}fd mgb}fj ua~ax}g

Ulaka}fdajb u~$+ ]a}xbuakjgu u~$+ mbd Eoba}feaxfu u~$ ^blbd hqb}bd ua~ax}g

}a~qdc lqdgdc }akqx mbd xbcg lbmbdc*lbmbdc mghaxglbd uahbcbg }bjhbobd ~blbd

bkbjg$ Pfab }gmbl jaj~qdwbg xaikal qd}ql jadca`bx jblbdbd }a}b~g obdwbjadqdccq+ la}glb jblbdbd mb}bdc mg}bdclb~ madcbd jqkq}dwb$ @bmg+ ua`qjkbo

jblbdbd wbdc eqlq~ obxqu mg`bcb la}axuamgbbddwb mg bgx ~bmb hbl lqk}qx ua}gb~

sbl}q /Kfyakk+ 27?7'$

Pfab jfk}gdc uahbdwbl mqb ubj~bg }gcb lbkg mbkbj sbl}q = ubj~bg 1 obxg


16/41

haxiqdcug uahbcbg uqjhax adaxcg /?*7 lbk&c'+ `qcb ~ad}gdc uahbcbg uqjhax bubj

kajbl auadugbk$ Jadqxq} Sbkifxm mbd Kbdb /27?9' ~adakg}gbd blogx*blogx gdg mg

@a~bdc jadqd`qllbd hbosb lbdmqdcbd d5*OQIB /8>01d*5 mbd 880 9d*5' mbkbj

~blbd bkbjg jaxq~blbd ibl}fx ~bkgdc jadad}qlbd dgkbg dq}xgug ~blbd qd}ql

~ajakgobxbbd kbxyb glbd wbdc haxbubk mbxg kbq}$Obk gdg mguahbhlbd fkao xadmbodwb

lajbj~qbd glbd wbdc haxbubk mbxg kbq} qd}ql jakblqlbd hgflfdyaxug bubj

kgdfkab} /2? 0 8d*9' mbd kgdfkadb} /2?05d*5' jad`bmg d5*OQIB$ Uajad}bxb g}q

Lfj~wbdc mbd Gkwbu /27??' jadwb}blbd hbosb lalqxbdcbd bubj kajbl auadugbk

mbkbj ~blbd blbd jadwahbhlbd ~ax}qjhqobd wbdc xadmbo+ jadqxqddwb aigugadug

~blbd mbd mb~b} jadgdclb}lbd bdclb lajb}gbd glbd$ ^ofu~ofkg~gm mbd lfkau}axfk

jaxq~blbd lfj~fdad wbdc auadugbk hbcg qmbdc uaogdccb ~axkq mg}bjhbolbd

jakbkqg ~blbd bcbx }ax~adqog lahq}qobd dq}xgaddwb$ ^ofu~ofkg~gm mbd lfkau}axfk

mghq}qolbd qd}ql ~axlajhbdcbd+ ~ax}qjhqobd+ mbd lakbdcuqdcbd ogmq~ kbxyb

qmbdc$ Lfkau}axfk ubdcb} ~ad}gdc hbcg exqu}beab qd}ql ~ajhad}qlbd uak mbd

uahbcbg ~xalqxufx mbxg ofxjfd u}axfgm mgbd}bxbdwb ofxjfd qd}ql jfk}gdc

/]auogjb+ 2773'$ Obk gdg ubdcb} ~ad}gdc hbcg pfab mbkbj ~xfuau jfk}gdc qd}ql


17/41

]bhak 2$ Lbdmqdcbd bubj kajbl jgdwbl glbd 2'

Bubj Kajbl @qjkbo /! mbxg }f}bk bubj kajbl'

?0>

2>0>280>

2=0>290>

2?0>2902d*32?0>

2?02d*72?08d*92?05d*5

8>05d*7

8>05d*98>0=d*58>01d*58801d*5

8809d*5

*

**

21+223+>

*7+=5+8

29+?8+15+2

>+8

>+?8+>23+88+7

25+8>

2' Uqjhax 0 U}geldaw 2737+]blaqeog 27?5


18/41

Eqjg*eqjg jaj~qdwbg ~xfuad}bua xakb}gi lbdmqdcbd bubj kajbl d*5

~bkgdc ~f}adugbk+ uahaubx =2! /]bhak 5'$ Gdg mguahbhlbd lbxadb eqjg*eqjg haxbubk

mbxg lakbu jfkqulb madcbd lbdmqdcbd kajbl eqlq~ }gdccg mbd lahbdwblbd mbxg

kg~gmdwb haxq~b ~ofu~ofkg~gm /Ua}gbhqmg+ 2775 mbkbj Oaxkg`fuf+ 277='$

Lbdmqdcbd bubj kajbl }bl `adqo `bjbl }axuahq} wbdc }axmb~b} mbkbj mbcgdc

eqjg*eqjg wbdc q}bjb ~bkgdc haxjbdibb} bmbkbo bubj kajbl d*5 dwb /Uqm`flf+

27?? mbkbj Jbxkgdb+ 277?'$

]bhak 5$ Lbdmqdcbd bubj kajbl jgdwbl eqjg

@adgu bubj kajbl @qjkbo /! mbxg }f}bk bubj kajbl'

E2=0> 5+82 2' * 8'E2=02 * *E290> 83+37 25+= *29+7

E2902 2+12 1+> * 9+9

E2?0> 9+?7 8+5 * 8+9

E2?02 9+12 21+1 * 29+=


19/41

bkbjg jaxq~blbd jblbdbd q}bjb mbd ~ax}bjb wbdc obxqu mghaxglbd la~bmb kbxyb

mbkbj uqb}q lacgb}bd ~ajhadgobd$ Ubkbo ub}q ~blbd bkbjg wbdc uaxgdc mghaxglbd

mbkbj ~ajhadgobd qmbdc bmbkbo xf}giaxb$ Ubkbo ub}q xf}giaxb wbdc haxbubk mbxg

kbq}+ Hxbeogfdqu u~$ }akbo mgcqdblbd uaebxb kqbu uahbcbg ~blbd kbxyb qmbdc mbd

glbd kbq} mbd }akbo mglqk}qx uaebxb jbubk uahbcbg ~blbd qmbdc ~bmb u}bmgb jwugu

mbd blogx mbxg u}bmgb pfab /Akfybbxb+ 8>>2'$

Hahaxb~b lbxbl}ax wbdc jajhqb} xf}giaxb jad`bmg ~blbd bkbjg wbdc

jadbxgl mbkbj hqmgmbwb kbq} bmbkbo qlqxbddwb xakb}gi laegk+ caxblbddwb kbjhb}

madcbd caxbl jaj~ax}bobdlbd ~fugug mbkbj lfkfj bgx+ mb~b} mghqmgmbwblbd

mbkbj la~bmb}bd wbdc }gdccg mb~b} haxlajhbdc hbgl madcbd ea~b} uaogdccb

mbkbj sbl}q wbdc xakb}gi ugdclb} mb~b} }axuamgb mbkbj `qjkbo wbdc hbdwbl+ mbd

mb~b} mg~axlbwb madcbd bubj kajbl b}bq bd}ghgf}gl wbdc mg~axkqlbd qd}ql

~ax}qjhqobd mbd lakbdcuqdcbd ogmq~ kbxyb /Kqhpadu a} bk+ 27?7 mbkbj Kaujbdb+

8>>>'$ Bcbx xf}giaxb wbdc mghaxglbd ~bmb kbxyb mb~b} jajhaxglbd ~ax}qjhqobd

mbd lakbdcuqdcbd ogmq~ wbdc f~}gjbk+ qlqxbd xf}giaxb+ mgu}xghqug mbd lfduad}xbug

xf}giaxb mbkbj }bdclg ~ajakgobxbbd+ uax}b lqbkg}bu dq}xgug xf}giaxb obxqu


20/41

]bhak =$ Lbdmqdcbd bubj kajbl xf}giaxb wbdc mghaxg xbcg mbd wbdc mg~axlbwb

jgdwbl eqjg

Bubj Kajbl

@qjkbo /! mbxg }f}bk bubj kajbl'

Xbcg Jgdwbl Eqjg

290> 9*3 2>*28

290d*3 89*83 2>*22

2?0> 5*= 8*5

2?0d*7 89*5> 88*8=

2?0d*9 3*7 8*=

2?0d*5 * >$3*>$?

8>02 5*= ?*2>

8>05d*5 * *

8>0=d*9 2*8 5*=

8>01d*5 2*8 7*28

8801d*5 }x*>$= 8*5

8809d*5 * 3*7Uqjhax 0 Sb}bdbha+ 27??

^adclbwbbd madcbd MOB Uakef mbd jgdwbl eqjg blbd jadgdclb}lbd

lbdmqdcbd bubj kajbl mbxg xf}giaxb+ }axq}bjb lbdmqdcbd A^B mbd MOB$ Haxglq}

bmbkbo lbdmqdcbd A^B mbd MOB mbxg xf}giaxb wbdc mghaxg ~blbd Dbddfeokfxf~ugu


21/41

GGG$ HBOBD MBD JA]FMB

5$2 âjakgobxbbd Hadqx

âdakg}gbd gdg mgkblubdblbd mg ^$] Ead}xbkâx}gsg Hbobxg /E^H'+ Maub

Uqbl+ Laebjb}bd Ugmfjqkwf+ Lbhq~b}ad Kbj~qdc Uakb}bd ~bmb hqkbd Jag*

Bcqu}qu 8>>1$Sbmbo ~ajakgobxbbd hadqx jadccqdblbd }bdlg ighax yfkqja 1>>

kg}ax sbxdb ~q}go wbdc mgkb~gug madcbd }axybk og}bj$ Ua}akbo mgubdg}bug+ }bdlg mggug

bgx 5>> kg}ax mbd mghaxglbd AM]B uahbdwbl 1 ~~j qd}ql jadcglb} kfcbj haxb}+

uax}b mg}bjhbolbd Eoba}feaxfu cxbegkkgu la~bmb}bd ? 2>= uak&jk jamgb

~ajakgobxbbd kbxyb$ Kbxyb qmbdc ybddbjag u}bmgb dbq~kgg 1*9 mg}ahbx la mbkbj

28 sbmbo madcbd la~bmb}bd xb}b*xb}b 2>> alfx&k$ Kbxyb mgjbuqllbd ~bmb ufxa obxg

bd}bxb ~qlqk 29$>> 23$>>$ âjhaxgbd ~blbd mgkblqlbd jqkbg ~qlqk 85$>>+

haxq~b ~blbd bkbjg /Eoa}feaxfu cxbegkkgu+ Ulaka}fdajb efu}b}qj mbd xf}giaxb' mbd

~blbd hqb}bd /E^$ U}bx 2>>+ E^ U~gdb+ H^ Acqeog mbd Kbdpw PJ'$ @bmsbk

~ajhaxgbd ~blbd ~bmb kbxyb qmbdc ybddbjag mb~b} mgkgob} ~bmb Kbj~gxbd 8$


22/41

5$8 adwamgbbd Xf}giaxb

Sbmbo wbdc mgcqdblbd mbkbj lqk}qx xf}giaxb bmbkbo 2> hqbo hbl madcbd

yfkqja 2+1 }fd mbd mggug bgx 2 }fd$ Sbmbo }axuahq} }axkahgo mboqkq mggdflqkbug

madcbd 2>> kg}ax Dbddfeokfxf~ugu$ ôw}f~kbdl}fd gdg mgbjhgk mbxg sbmbo lqk}qx

madcbd la~bmb}bd 2>3 uak&jk$ Ua}akbo g}q mgkblqlbd gdflqkbug xf}giaxb madcbd

la~bmb}bd 5>*1> gdmgygmq&jk$ Ua}akbo bgx mbkbj sbmbo ~ajakgobxbbd xf}giaxb

haxsbxdb hadgdc /Dbddfeokfxf~ugu }akbo obhgu'+ jamgb lqk}qx mg}bjhbo xbcg xf}g

madcbd mfugu ~axobxg 2 c&2>9 xf}giaxb$ âjhaxgbd xbcg xf}g mgkblqlbd ~bmb ufxa

obxg$ Ua}akbo xf}giaxb jadeb~bg la~bmb}bd 2>>*51> gdmgygmq&jk /5*1 obxg ua}akbo

gdflqkbug'+ xf}giax mgbdccb~ ugb~ qd}ql mg~bdad qd}ql mg~axlbwb b}bq mghaxglbd

kbdcuqdc la~bmb kbxyb uauqbg madcbd ~axkblqbd$

5$5 âdclbwbbd Xf}giaxb

^xfuamqx lax`b ~adclbwbbd xf}giaxb mgkblqlbd madcbd ebxb uahbcbg

haxglq} 0

b$ Xf}giaxb wbdc haxbubk mbxg lqk}qx jbubk mg}ahbx mbkbj sbmbo lb~bug}bu 8>


23/41

5$= adcakfkbbd Bgx

Uakbjb jbub hqmgmbwb /D9*^K2' }gmbl mgkblqlbd ~axcbd}gbd bgx+ uauqbg

wbdc jakblqlbd /U}bdmbx F~axbugfdbk ^xfuamqx E^H+ 8>>>' ~adbjhbobd bgx

mgkblqbd mbxg u}bmgb ^K2 ubj~bg ~bdad uahbdwbl 1 8> !$ ^adbjhbobd bgx obdwb

haxbubk mbxg ~ajhaxgbd ~blbd Eoba}feoaxfu cxbegkkgu mbd ~blbd hqb}bd /uahbcbg

~akbxq}'$ ^bxbja}ax lqbkg}bu bgx mgbjb}g ~bmb sbl}q ~axugb~bd+ u}bmgb P8+ u}bmgb

J8 mbd ~bmb sbl}q ~bdad /^K2'$

Haxglq} bmbkbo mb}b lgubxbd lqbkg}bu bgx ~bmb jamgb ~ajakgobxbbd kbxyb

qmbdc ybddbjag /]bhak 9'$ Uambdclbd mb}b ~bxbja}ax lqbkg}bu bgx uakbjb

~adakg}gbd mb~b} mgkgob} ~bmb Kbj~gxbd 5$

]bhak 9$ Lgubxbd ~bxbja}ax lqbkg}bu bgx ~ajakgobxbbd kbxyb qmbdc ybddbjag wbdc

mgqlqx uakbjb ~adakg}gbd$

^bxbja}ax Dgkbg

~O

Uqoq />E'

3+71 ?+21

8?+9 52+5


24/41

âdcog}qdcbd `qjkbo hadqx mgkblqlbd mg blogx ~adakg}gbd madcbd ebxb

hadqx mbxg sbmbo yfkqja 5>> K mg~bdad+ kbkq mg}ahbx mbkbj sbmbo 8> kg}ax$ Mbxg

sbmbo 8> kg}ax+ mgbjhgk ubj~ak 2 kg}ax /1!' kbkq mgog}qdc+ uaogdccb mb~b}

mg}ad}qlbd lakbdcuqdcbd ogmq~dwb$

âdcqlqxbd ~bd`bdc ^K2 mgkblqlbd ~bmb ubb} ~bdad$ âdcqlqxbd ~bd`bdc

mgkblqlbd madcbd jadccqdblbd jglxfja}ax mg hbsbo jglxfulf~$ Ubj~ak wbdc

mgbjhgk uahbdwbl 5> alfx ua}gb~ qkbdcbd$

âdcbjb}bd ~axqhbobd u}bmgb mgkblqlbd ua}gb~ obxg$ adcbjb}bd mgkblqlbd

madcbd jadcbjhgk 2 kg}ax bgx ua}gb~ qkbdcbd jamgb ~ajakgobxbbd kbxyb madcbd

jadccqdblbd hallax ckbuu+ lajqmgbd mgbjb}g u}bmgbdwb$ Ua}gb~ qkbdcbd mgbjhgk 1

alfx ubj~ak qd}ql mgbjb}g u}bmgb mbd lauaob}bd kbxyb mg hbsbo jglxfulf~$

Bdbkgugu u}b}gu}gl wbdc mgcqdblbd ~bmb ~adakg}gbd gdg bmbkbo Xbdebdcbd

bebl Kadclb~ madcbd jadcb~kglbuglbd 1 ~axkblqbd mbd 5 qkbdcbd$ Aybkqbug obugk

madcbd ebxb jakblqlbd q`g I mbd q`g kbd`q} ]qlaw }axobmb~ ~bxbja}ax q`g$

5$9 Bdbkgugu Lgjgb


25/41

GY$ OBUGK MBD ÂJHBOBUBD

=$2 Obugk

Bdbkgub lbdmqdcbd kajbl uax}b lbdmqdcbd ~fkbx mbd dfd~fkbx kg~gm ~bmb

xf}giaxb mgkblqlbd qd}ql jadca}boqg ~adcbxqo ~adclbwbbd }axobmb~ lbdmqdcbd

kajbl uax}b lbdmqdcbd ~fkbx mbd dfd~fkbx kg~gm xf}giaxb$ Bdbkgub lbdmqdcbdkajbl `qcb mgkblqlbd ~bmb u}bmgb ^K2$ Obugk bdbkgub mb~b} mgkgob} ~bmb ]bhak 3$

]bhak 3$ Lbdmqdcbd kajbl uax}b ~fkbx mbd dfd~fkbx kg~gm /! hfhf} laxgdc'

âxkblqbd

bsbk B H E M

Xf}giaxb 0

]f}bk kg~gm ?+1> 8>+2> 23+25 2?+>1Daq}xbk kg~gm 1+?7 2?+57 2=+89 2=+58^fkbx kg~gm&ôfu~ofkg~gm 8+92 2+3> 8+?3 5+35

^K2 Qmbdc 0]f}bk kg~gm 22+88 7+>> 7+13 7+12 7+57


26/41

b

hh h

>

2>

8>

5>=>

1>

9>

3>

?>

7>

2>>

B H E M

^axkblqbd

Lakbdcuqdcbdogmq~/!'

Cbjhbx 2$ Lakbdcuqdcbd ogmq~ kbxyb qmbdc ybddbjag ua}akbo mg~akgobxb ubj~bg

^K2$ Oqxqi wbdc ubjb mg mbkbj ua}gb~ lfkfj jadwb}blbd dgkbg xb}b*xb}b wbdc }gmbl haxhamb dwb}b /~4>+>1'$


27/41

bbb

b

8+7>

5+>>

5+2>

5+8>5+5>

5+=>

5+1>

5+9>

5+3>

5+?>

5+7>

=+>>

B H E M

^axkblqbd

^bd`bdc/jj'

Cbjhbx 8$ ^bd`bdc ^K2 kbxyb qmbdc ybddbjag$ Oqxqi wbdc ubjb mg mbkbj ua}gb~lfkfj jadwb}blbd dgkbg xb}b*xb}b wbdc }gmbl haxhamb dwb}b /~4>+>1'

U}bmgb kbxyb qmbdc ybddbjag mg blogx ~adakg}gbd mb~b} mgkgob} ~bmb ]bhak ?$

Qmbdc wbdc mghaxg xf}giaxb wbdc mg~axlbwb madcbd }gcb `adgu uqjhax bubj kajbl


28/41

~fkbx mbd dfd~fkbx xf}giaxb$ Lbdmqdcbd ~fkbx kg~gm /~ofu~fkg~gm' ~bmb ~axkblqbd

B+ H+ E mbd M bmbkbo uahaubx 8+92!+ 2+3!+ 8+?3! mbd 5+35!$ Lahq}qobd

~ofu~ofkg~gm ~bmb kbxyb qmbdc bd}bxb 2!*5+1! /Lbdbpbsb+ 27?1 mbkbj Obxxgu+

2773'$ Laaj~b} ~axkblqbd }axuahq} jajgkglg lbdmqdcbd ~ofu~fkg~gm wbdc haxbmb

mbkbj lgubxbd lahq}qobd ~ofu~ofkg~gm ~bmb kbxyb qmbdc$ Lbdmqdcbd kajbl kbxyb

wbdc mghaxg ~blbd xf}giaxb wbdc mg~axlbwb kahgo }gdccg mbxg kbxyb wbdc mghaxg ~blbd

xf}giaxb mbxg lqk}qx jbuubk$ Kbxyb ~axkblqbd B jajgkglg lbdmqdcbd kajbl 7!+

uambdclbd kbxyb ~axkblqbd H+ E mbd M jajgkglg lbdmqdcbd kajbl 7+13!+ 7+12!

mbd 7+57!$

^axlajhbdcbd kbxyb qmbdc ybddbjag ua}akbo mghaxg ~axkblqbd jadqd`qlbd

bmbdwb ~axhambbd$ Mg blogx ~adakg}gbd ~bmb ~axkblqbd ~ajhaxgbd xf}giaxb wbdc

mg~axlbwb madcbd jgdwbl glbd+ jgdwbl eqjg mbd B2 MOB Uakef kbxyb uqmbo

jadeb~bg u}bmgb ^K2 mbd ^K8$ Uajad}bxb kbxyb wbdc mghaxg ~blbd xf}giaxb mbxg

lqk}qx jbuubk jbugo bmb mbkbj u}bmgb jwugu uahbdwbl =9+3! mbd ^K2 15+55!$

Kbdebxdwb ~axlajhbdcbd u}bmgb kbxyb haxlfxakbug madcbd dgkbg lakbdcuqdcbd

ogmq~ kbxyb$ Obugk ~adakg}gbd jadqd`qlbd hbosb ~ajhaxgbd xf}giaxb wbdc


29/41

~ad}gdc uahbcbg lfj~fdad jajhxbd ~ofu~ofkg~gm mbd }axmb~b} mgmbkbj `bxgdcbd

daqxbk ua~ax}g xa}gdb mbd f}bl /Ubxcad}+ 2771'$ Lahq}qobd qmbdc blbd bubj kajbl

uadmgxg bmbkbo uahaubx >+1! ubj~bg 2+81! /Kfyakk+ 27?7'$ Uajad}bxb lahq}qobd

kbxyb qmbdc blbd OQIB uahaubx 2! /@fdau a} bk+ 2773'$ ^adakg}gbd hgflfdiaxug

bubj kajbl ~bmb qmbdc ~adbagm jadqd`qllbd `qjkbo wbdc ubdcb} laegk wbdc

mglfdyaxug jad`bmg A^B mbd MOB /Kfyakk+ 27?7'$ Bubj kajbl /A^B mbd MOB'

bmbkbo auadugbk hbcg qmbdc+ uaogdccb ~axkq jbuqlbd mbxg kqbx$ Lbdmqdcbd bubj

kajbl A^B mbd MOB ~bmb xf}giaxb mg~adcbxqog fkao hbobd ~adclbwb wbdc }akbo

mg}bjhbolbd ~bmb xf}giaxb$

Xf}giaxb wbdc mghaxg ~blbd xbcg xf}g jajgkglg lbdmqdcbd A^B >+3! mbd

MOB }gmbl }axma}alug /Lg}b`gjb a} bk+ 27?>'$ Jgdwbl glbd jajgkglg lbdmqdcbd

bubj kajbl /A^B mbd MOB' uahaubx 23+8! mbd 25+8! /U}gedaw 2373+ ]blaqeog

27?5'$ Lbdmqdcbd A^B mbd MOB xf}giaxb wbdc mg~axlbwb jgdwbl glbd bmbkbo

3+9! mbd 9+5! /Bdmf a} bk+ 8>>='$ Uajad}bxb g}q jgdwbl eqjg jajgkglg

lbdmqdcbd A^B 25+= * 23+=! mbd MOB 28+? * 21+9! /Sb}bdbha+ 27??' mbd

lbdmqdcbd A^B mbd MOB xf}giaxb wbdc mg~axlbwb jgdwbl eqjg bmbkbo 22+7!


30/41

LAUGJ^QKBD

^adclbwbbd xf}giaxb madcbd uqjhax kajbl jgdwbl glbd+ jgdwbl eqjg mbd

MOB Uakef jadgdclb}lbd lakbdcuqdcbd ogmq~ kbxyb qmbdc ybddbjag mbd mb~b}

mgb~kglbuglbd mg ~ajhadgobd qmbdc ybddbjag$ Dgkbg lakbdcuqdcbd ogmq~

~axkblqbd H+ E mbd M jbugdc*jbugdc uahaubx 3>+?7+5!+ ?=+57+8! mbd

?8+8?+?! kahgo haubx mbxg dgkbg lakbdcuqdcbd ogmq~ ~axkblqbd B uahaubx

=1+=11+95!$


31/41

MBI]BX ^QU]BLB

Bdmf W+ Lfhbwbuog U+ Uqcgjf}f ]+ bdm ]blbjqxb D$ 8>>=$ ^fug}gfdbk

mgu}xghq}gfd fi d*5 OQIB gd }xgbewk*ud*ckwuaxfk /]BC' fi xf}giax/Hbxeogfdqu ~kgeb}gkgu' adxgeoam sg}o iguo bdm uabk fgku ]BC$ Brqbeqk}qxa$887 0 831*8??$

Moax} ^$ 2779$ Xf}giaxb$ Mgmbkbj 0 Kbyadu ^$ bdm Ufxcakffu ^$ /Amg}fx'$ Jbdqbk

fd }oa ~xfmqe}gfd bdm qua fi kgia iffm ifx brqbeqk}qxa$ Kbhfxb}fxw fiBrqbeqk}qxa ) Bx}ajgb Xaiaxadea Ead}ax$ Qdgyaxeg}w fi Cad}+ Hakcgqj$

Moax} ^+ Xfjhbq} C+ Uqbd}glb C+ bdm Ufxcakffu$ 8>>2$ Bmybdeajad} fi xf}giaxbeqk}qx bdm jbdg~qkb}gfd }aldgrqau gd aqxf~a$ Brqbeqk}qxa$ 8>>0 287*2=9$

Akfybbxb B$L$ 8>>2$ Uoxgj~ ibxjgdc jbdqbk$ ^qhkguoam hw Ebxghhabd ^xauu+K]M$ Hxg}guo Sau} Gdmgau$ QUB$

Obxxgu A$ 2773$ Laea~b}bd }xbdu~fx}bug kajbl+ lfj~fugug lgjgb mbd u}xql}qx

oa~b}f~bdlxabu uahbcbg gdmglb}fx lahq}qobd lfkau}axfk mbd ~ofu~ofkg~gm}flfkbd qmbdc sgdmq ^adbaqu jfdfmfd Ibh$ Mauax}bug$ ^xfcxbj ^buebUbx`bdb+ Gdu}g}q} ^ax}bdgbd Hfcfx$ Hfcfx$


32/41

Kaujbdb M$ 8>>2$ âdcbxqo ~adclbwbbd xf}giaxb /Hxbeogfdqu xf}qdmgifxjgu'

madcbd ~xf}agd uakef b}bq }akqx glbd }qdb }axobmb~ lakbdcuqdcbd ogmq~mbd ~ax}qjhqobd kbxyb glbd laxb~q jbebd /A~gda~oakqu iquefcq}}b}qu

Ifxulbk'$ Ulxg~ug$ ^xfcxbj U}qmg ]aldfkfcg Jbdbàjad Blqblqk}qx$Iblqk}bu âxglbdbd mbd Gkjq Lakbq}bd$ Gdu}g}q} âx}bdgbd Hfcfx$ Hfcfx$

Kfyakk ]$ 27?7$ Dq}xg}gfd bdm iaamgdc fi iguo$ Bd BYG Hffl$ Bqhqxd Qdgyaxeg}w$Daswfxl$

Jbxkgdb K$ 277?$ Lbdmqdcbd kfcbj Oc+ ^h+ Em+ Eq mbd Bu ~bmb eqjg*eqjg mbduf}fdc wbdc mgmbxb}lbd mg }~g jqbxb bdcla mbd q~bwb ~adqxqdbddwb$

Ulxg~ug$ ^xfcxbj U}qmg ]aldfkfcg Obugk âxglbdbd Iblqk}bu âxglbdbd mbdGkjq Lakbq}bd$ Gdu}g}q} âx}bdgbd Hfcfx$ Hfcfx$

Db`jqubhbo I+ Sgmbxjbdb+ Ubd}fuf @+ Jqdgx B+ Ubd}f+ bdm Uq`b}jglf$ 8>>>$U}bdmbx f~axbugfdbk ~xfuamqx$ ]$ Ead}xbkâx}gsg Hbobxg$

Rgd @C bdm Ogkkax ]$ 8>>>$ Kgia iffm bdm iaamgdc aefkfcw fi kbxyba udb~~ax

/^bcxqu bqxb}qu'$ Mgmbkbj0 ^xfeaamgdcu fi b Sfxluof~ Ob}eoaxw iaamu$Ebgxdu 7*2> jbxeo 8>>>+ okj 95*97$

Ubxcad} @X$ Hakk C$ bdm Jeayfw K$ 2773$ Xarqgxjad} ~xauad}b}gfd bdm xauafqxeaufi ~fkw qdub}qxa}am ib}}w begm gd jbxgda iguo kbxybk iaamu$ Brqbeqk}qxa$

211 0 223*283$


33/41

Kbj~gxbd 2$ ^xfuamqx Bdbkgub ^xflugjb}

B$ Lbmbx Bgx /]blaqeog+ 27??'

2$ Ubj~ak mg}gjhbdc uahbdwbl _ cxbj+ kbkq jbuqllbd la mbkbj ebsbd /W'

8$ Jbuqllbd ebsbd la mbkbj fyad madcbd uqoq 22>fE uakbjb 8*5 `bj

5$ Mgdcgdlbd ebsbd la mbkbj aluglb}fx uakbjb 5> jadg}+ kbkq mg}gjhbdc /P'

=$ ^bdbulbd kbcg mbkbj fyad madcbd uqoq wbdc ubjb uakbjb 2*2+1 `bj

1$ Mgdcgdlbd kbcg ebsbd la mbkbj aluglb}fx uakbjb 5> jadg} lajqmgbd

mg}gjhbdc

Lbmbx Bgx :/ '

!2>>_

PW_ ,

H$ Lbmbx Kajbl /Ja}fmaIfkueo+ ]blaqeog+ 27??'

2$ Hbobd mg}gjhbdc uahbdwbl B cxbj mbd mg}bjhbolbd E jk /8>B'

Eokfxfja}obdfk ~axhbdmgdcdbd 802

8$ Mgofjfcadlbd uakbjb 1 jadg}

5$ Obugkdwb mgubxgdc madcbd jadccqdblbd ybeeqj ~qj~ mbd lax}bu ubxgdc


34/41

=$ Hgkbu madcbd eokfxf~fxj 8>jk }bj~qdc mbkbj kbhq 2+ lajqmgbd hgkbu kbcg

madcbd Eokfxfifxj 0 Ja}obdfk madcbd ~axhbdmgdcbd =7 0 2 kbkq }bj~qdc

mbkbj kbhq wbdc ubjb jblb blbd }axlqj~qk kajbl dfd~fkbx+ lajqmgbd

ugb~lbd kbhq 8 /E cxbj'$

1$ Hgkbu kbcg ua~*~bl madcbd ja}obdfk 8>jk mbd }bj~qdc mg kbhq 8 qd}ql

jadbj~qdc kajbl ~fkbx$

9$ Kbhq 2 mbd 8 mgqb~lbd mbkbj ayf~fxb}fx ubj~bg laxgdc+ lajqmgbd }gjhbdc

qd}ql jadca}boqg lbdmqdcbd kajbl ~fkbx mbd dfd~fkbx /H mbd E'$

3$ Lbdmqdcbd dfd~fkbx : / H*H' 2>>! B

/E*E', / H*H'

?$ Lbdmqdcbd ~fkbx : / E*E' 2>>! B

/E*E', / H*H'


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Kbj~gxbd 8$ @bmsbk ~ajhaxgbd ~blbd kbxyb qmbdc ybddbjag

Obxg U}bmgb

^blbd Hqb}bd ^blbd bkbjg

E^$ U}bx 2>> E^$ U~gdb H^$ Acqeog Kbdpw PJ Eoba}feaxfu cxbegkkgu Ulaka}fdajb efu}b}qj Xf}giaxb/~~j' /~~j' /~~j' /~~j' /uak&jk' /uak&jk' /gdm&jk'

> D9

2 P2 2+1 >+1 >+3 2 5>*21> 2>5

8 P2*8 8 >+1 2 2+1 5>*21> 2>

5 P8 8+1 >+1 2+1 8 5>*21> 2> 8

= P5 5+1 >+1 2+1 5 5>*21> 2> 1

1 PJ 1 >+3 = 8>*=> 2>5

3

9 J2 1+3 >+3 =+1 8>*=> 2> 2>

3 J8 9+? >+3 1 8>*=> 2>5

21

? J5 7 1 8>*=> 2> 8>

7 J^K 7+1 1 8>*=> 2> 812> ^K2 ^bdad ^bdad ^bdad ^bdad ^bdad ^bdad ^bdad

La} 0 ^blbd hqb}bd mghaxglbd ~bmb ~qlqk />3$>>+ 22$>>+ 29$>>+ 27$>>+ 85$>> mbd >2$>>' SGH

^blbd bkbjg mghaxglbd ~bmb ~qlqk />1$>>+ >7$>>+ 2=$>> mbd 82$>>' SGH


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Kbj~gxbd 5$ Mb}b ~adcqlqxbd lqbkg}bu bgx jamgb ~ajakgobxbbd kbxyb

]bdccbk ^axkblqbd Qkbdcbd MF /jc&K' Uqoq/>E' ~O Bklbkgdg}bu/jc&K' Ubkgdg}bu/~~}' ]BD/jc&K'

8? @qkg J$ Glbd 5 9+88 8?+3 ?+>8 229 52 ]gmbl }axma}alug

8? @qkg Lfd}xfk 2 9+85 8?+7 ?+>8 229 52 ]gmbl }axma}alug

8? @qkg J$ Eqjg 5 9+5= 8?+? ?+>8 229 52 ]gmbl }axma}alug

8? @qkg J$ Glbd 2 9+53 8?+7 ?+>8 229 52 ]gmbl }axma}alug

8? @qkg Lfd}xfk 8 9+82 8?+? ?+>8 229 52 ]gmbl }axma}alug

8? @qkg J$ Eqjg 2 9+89 8?+3 ?+>8 229 52 ]gmbl }axma}alug

8? @qkg B2 MOB Uakef 2 9+27 8?+? ?+>8 229 52 ]gmbl }axma}alug

8? @qkg J$ Glbd 8 9+52 87+2 ?+>8 229 52 ]gmbl }axma}alug

8? @qkg Lfd}xfk 5 9+29 8?+3 ?+>8 229 52 ]gmbl }axma}alug

8? @qkg J$ Eqjg 8 9+81 87+1 ?+>8 229 52 ]gmbl }axma}alug

8? @qkg B2 MOB Uakef 5 9+21 87+= ?+>8 229 52 ]gmbl }axma}alug

8? @qkg B2 MOB Uakef 8 9+2 87 ?+>8 229 52 ]gmbl }axma}alug

87 @qkg J$ Glbd 5 1+15 5>

87 @qkg Lfd}xfk 2 1+15 5>+8

87 @qkg J$ Eqjg 5 1+=3 5>+887 @qkg J$ Glbd 2 1+11 5>+8

87 @qkg Lfd}xfk 8 1+5= 5>+5

87 @qkg J$ Eqjg 2 1+13 5>+8

87 @qkg B2 MOB Uakef 2 1+72 5>+8

87 @qkg J$ Glbd 8 1+12 5>+9

87 @qkg Lfd}xfk 5 1+= 87+=

87 @qkg J$ Eqjg 8 1+1 5>+3


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52 @qkg B2 MOB Uakef 8 1+1 5>+3 ?+2= 2>=+29 5> >+88?=

2 Bcqu}qu J$ Glbd 5 1+13 87+9 5>

2 Bcqu}qu Lfd}xfk 2 1+9 87+? 5>

2 Bcqu}qu J$ Eqjg 5 1+=3 5> 5>

2 Bcqu}qu J$ Glbd 2 1+18 87+7 5>

2 Bcqu}qu Lfd}xfk 8 1+1 5>+2 5>

2 Bcqu}qu J$ Eqjg 2 1+98 5>+8 5>

2 Bcqu}qu B2 MOB Uakef 2 1+91 5>+8 5>

2 Bcqu}qu J$ Glbd 8 1+91 5>+9 5>

2 Bcqu}qu Lfd}xfk 5 1+== 5> 5>

2 Bcqu}qu J$ Eqjg 8 1+1? 5>+1 5>


2 Bcqu}qu B2 MOB Uakef 8 1+=3 5>+5 5>

8 Bcqu}qu J$ Glbd 5 9+85 5>+2 5>

8 Bcqu}qu Lfd}xfk 2 9+82 5>+8 5>

8 Bcqu}qu J$ Eqjg 5 9+=? 5>+8 5>

8 Bcqu}qu J$ Glbd 2 9+18 5>+8 5>

8 Bcqu}qu Lfd}xfk 8 9+99 5>+5 5>

8 Bcqu}qu J$ Eqjg 2 9+=8 5>+= 5>

8 Bcqu}qu B2 MOB Uakef 2 9+19 5>+= 5>

8 Bcqu}qu J$ Glbd 8 9+81 5>+? 5>

8 Bcqu}qu Lfd}xfk 5 9+8? 87+5 5>

8 Bcqu}qu J$ Eqjg 8 9+=5 5>+= 5>




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1 Bcqu}qu Lfd}xfk 2 1+55 5>+5 5>

1 Bcqu}qu J$ Eqjg 5 1+29 5>+1 5>

1 Bcqu}qu J$ Glbd 2 1+>3 5>+= 5>

1 Bcqu}qu Lfd}xfk 8 1+72 5>+= 5>

1 Bcqu}qu J$ Eqjg 2 1+>= 5>+9 5>


1 Bcqu}qu J$ Glbd 8 1+55 52+2 5>

1 Bcqu}qu Lfd}xfk 5 1+21 87+7 5>

1 Bcqu}qu J$ Eqjg 8 1+2= 52 5>

1 Bcqu}qu B2 MOB Uakef 5 1+>3 52+5 5>

1 Bcqu}qu B2 MOB Uakef 8 1+>? 52+8 5>

9 Bcqu}qu J$ Glbd 5 1+>= 5>+2 5>

9 Bcqu}qu Lfd}xfk 2 1+>= 5>+2 5>

9 Bcqu}qu J$ Eqjg 5 1+>? 5>+5 5>

9 Bcqu}qu J$ Glbd 2 1+>3 5>+8 5>

9 Bcqu}qu Lfd}xfk 8 1+>5 5>+5 5>

9 Bcqu}qu J$ Eqjg 2 1+>9 5>+5 5>

9 Bcqu}qu B2 MOB Uakef 2 1+73 5>+= 5>

9 Bcqu}qu J$ Glbd 8 1+>8 5>+7 5>

9 Bcqu}qu Lfd}xfk 5 1+>9 87+9 5>

9 Bcqu}qu J$ Eqjg 8 1+>8 5>+3 5>

9 Bcqu}qu B2 MOB Uakef 5 =+75 52+2 5>

9 Bcqu}qu B2 MOB Uakef 8 =+?5 5>+7 5>

3 Bcqu}qu J$ Glbd 5 1+91 5> ?+>= 282+18 5> 2+12=2

3 Bcqu}qu Lfd}xfk 2 1+93 5> ?+>3 282+18 5> 2+2=>2


39/41

Kbj~gxbd =$ Lakbdcuqdcbd ogmq~ kbxyb qmbdc ybddbjag /!'

Qkbdcbd

âxkblqbd

B H E M

2 =9+78 ?>+8> 7=+1= 3?+?5

8 1=+57 3>+== 39+39 78+2?

5 51+>= 92+39 ?2+57 31+=9

Xb}b*xb}b =1+=17+39 3>+?7+85 ?=+857+88 ?8+29?+?=

Kbj~gxbd 1$ Bdbkgugu xbcbj lakbdcuqdcbd ogmq~ kbxyb qmbdc ybddbjag

@L mh L] Iog}qdc ~*ybkqa

âxkblqbd 8?11+28= 5 712+3>? 22+>33 >+>>5

ugub 9?3+51> ? ?1+727

]f}bk 51=8+=3= 22

âjhaxgbd xf}giaxb wbdc mg~axlbwb jadhaxglbd ~adcbxqo wbdc haxhamb }axobmb~

lakbdcuqdcbd ogmq~ kbxyb qmbdc ybddbjag /~;>+>1'

Q`g kbd`q} ]qlaw lakbdcuqdcbd ogmq~

D Uqhua} ifx bk~ob : $>1

âxkblqbd 2 8

lfd}xfk 5 =1+=181

jgdwbl glbd 5 3>+?>>3


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Kbj~gxbd ?$ Au}gjbug obxgbd kbxyb qmbdc ybddbjag /alfx'

Obxg la*

âxkblqbd

B H E M

Q2 Q8 Q5 xb}b*xb}b Q2 Q8 Q5 xb}b*xb}b Q2 Q8 Q5 xb}b*xb}b Q2 Q8 Q5 xb}b*xb}b

> 559>> 5>9>> 872>> 522>> 5>9>> 5>>>> 5>>>> 5>8>> 5>>>> 8??>> 5>>>> 879>> 8??>> 87=>> 521>> 877>>

2 58=>> 528>> 87=>> 52>>> 5>>>> 87=>> 873>> 873>> 5>5>> 872>> 87=>> 879>> 873>> 5>5>> 528>> 5>=>>

8 5>9>> 839>> 872>> 872>> 873>> 87=>> 83>>> 8?3>> 893>> 87=>> 87=>> 8?1>> 5>7>> 87=>> 837>> 87=>>

5 872>> 888>> 8=5>> 818>> 83>>> 278>> 881>> 887>> 271>> 893>> 811>> 857>> 278>> 89=>> 818>> 859>>

= 811>> 2?5>> 85=>> 88=>> 83>>> 829>> 271>> 883>> 8>=>> 85=>> 83>>> 859>> 271>> 8=9>> 892>> 85=>>

1 893>> 251>> 2?9>> 279>> 8=7>> 291>> 23=>> 279>> 291>> 88?>> 8581> 8>?1> 2?>>> 89=>> 829>> 88>>>

9 888>> 21>>> 827>> 273>> 27?>> 232>> 291>> 23?>> 2?7>> 27?>> 8>=>> 273>> 278>> 8=5>> 82>>> 821>>

3 825>> 23=>> 21>>> 237>> 888>> 2?>>> 217>> 2?3>> 2?5>> 88?>> 825>> 8>?>> 271>> 5>>>> 829>> 853>>

? 233>> 21>>> 28>>> 2=7>> 8=7>> 232>> 298>> 27=>> 217>> 827>> 888>> 8>>>> 291>> 8=5>> 852>> 825>>

7 271>> 21>>> 75>> 2=9>> 888>> 2=3>> 2==>> 232>> 23=>> 2?5>> 827>> 278>> 298>> 83>>> 829>> 829>>

2> 25911 28>31 ?121 22=21 82911 25181 25?71 2951?+5 2?=51 8>=71 8>311 27?71 21251 8=551 27>21 27=71

La}axbdcbd 0

2$ âxkblqbd B 0 kbxyb mghaxg xf}giaxb mbxg lqk}qx jbuubk$

8$ âxkblqbd H 0 kbxyb mghaxg xf}giaxb wbdc mg~axlbwb madcbd >+1 jk jgdwbl glbd ~ax 2> kg}ax jamgb ~adclbwb$

1$ âxkblqbd E 0 kbxyb mghaxg xf}giaxb wbdc mg~axlbwb madcbd >+1 jk jgdwbl eqjg ~ax 2> kg}ax jamgb ~adclbwb$=$ âxkblqbd M 0 kbxyb mghaxg xf}giaxb wbdc mg~axlbwb madcbd >+1 jk B2 MOB Uakef ~ax 2> kg}ax jamgb ~adclbwb


41/41

Kbj~gxbd 7$ ^axlajhbdcbd u}bmgb kbxyb qmbdc ybddbjag

Obxg la* U}bmgb

^axkblqbd

B H E M

Q2 Q8 Q5 Xb}b*xb}b Q2 Q8 Q5 Xb}b*xb}b Q2 Q8 Q5 Xb}b*xb}b Q2 Q8 Q5 Xb}b*xb}b> D9/!' 2>> 2>> 2>> 2>>+>>>>+>> 2>> 2>> 2>> 2>>+>>>>+>> 2>> 2>> 2>> 2>>+>>>>+>> 2>> 2>> 2>> 2>>+>>>>+>>

2 P2/!' 2>> 2>> 2>> 2>>+>>>>+>> 2>> 2>> 2>> 2>>+>>>>+>> 2>> 2>> 2>> 2>>+>>>>+>> 2>> 2>> 2>> 2>>+>>>>+>>

8 P2/!' => => => =>+>>>>+>> 2>> > => =9+931>+55 > => 9> 55+555>+11 => 8> ?> =9+935>+11

P8/!' 9> 9> 9> 9>+>>>>+>> > 2>> 9> 15+551>+55 2>> 9> => 13+1>5>+79 9> ?> 8> 15+555>+11

5 P8/!' 8> 2>> 2>> 35+55=9+27 2>> 9> ?> ?>+>>>>+>> ?> ?> 9> 35+5522+11 ?> => ?> 99+9385+>7

P5/!' ?> > > 85+93=9+27 > => 8> 8>+>>8>+>> 8> 8> => 89+9322+11 8> 9> 8> 55+5585+>7

= P8/!' 8> > ?> 55+55=2+95 9> 8> > 89+935>+11 8> 9> 8> 55+5585+>7 2>> > > 55+5513+3=

P5/!' ?> 2>> 8> 99+93=2+95 => ?> 2>> 35+555>+11 ?> => ?> 99+9385+>7 > 2>> 2>> 99+9313+3=

1 P5/!' 9> 2>> 2>> ?9+9385+>7 2>> ?> > 9>+>>17+78 9> 2>> ?> ?>+>>8>+>> 2>> 8> 8> =9+93=9+97

J2/!' => > > 25+5585+>7 > 8> 2>> =>+>>18+78 => > 8> 8>+>>8>+>> > 9> ?> =9+93=2+95

9 P5/!' => => ?> 15+5585+>7 8> 8> > 25+5522+11 => 8> > 8>+>>8>+>> 8> > > 9+9322+11

J2/!' 9> 9> 8> =9+932?+?9 ?> ?> 2>> ?9+9322+11 9> ?> 2>> ?>+>>8>+>> ?> 2>> 2>> 75+5522+11

3 P5/!' 8> 8> > 25+5522+11 8> > > 9+9322+11 > > > >+>>>>+>> > > > >+>>>>+>>

J2/!' 9> 9> 9> 9>+>>>>+>> ?> => => 15+5585+>7 8> => => 55+5522+11 8> 8> 8> 8>+>>>>+>>

J8/!' 8> 8> => 89+9322+11 > 9> 9> =>+>>59+9= ?> 9> 9> 99+9322+11 ?> ?> ?> ?>+>>>>+>>

? J8/!' ?> 2>> 2>> 75+5522+11 ?> 9> => 9>+>>8>+>> => ?> => 15+5585+>7 ?> 8> 9> 15+555>+11

J5/!' 8> > > 9+9322+11 8> => 9> =>+>>8>+>> 9> 8> 9> =9+9385+>7 8> ?> => =9+935>+11

7 J8/!' => => > 89+9385+>7 > 8> 8> 25+5522+11 > 8> > 9+9322+11 8> > > 9+9322+11

J5/!' 9> 9> 2>> 35+5585+>7 ?> => => 15+5585+>7 ?> 9> 9> 99+9322+11 9> > ?> 9+93=2+95

^K2/!' > > > >+>>>>+>> 8> => => 55+5522+11 8> 8> => 89+9322+11 8> 2>> 8> =9+93=9+27

2> J5/!' => 9> => =9+9322+11 > > > >+>>>>+>> > > > >+>>>>+>> > > > >+>>>>+>>^K2/!' 9> => 9> 15+5522+11 2>> 2>> 2>> 2>>+>>>+>> 2>> 2>> 2>> 2>>+>>>+>> 2>> 2>> 2>> 2>>+>>>+>>

^K8/!' * * * * 8> => => 55+5522+11 8> 8> => 89+9322+11 8> 2>> 8> =9+93=9+97

PENGARUH ROTIFERA YANG DIPERKAYA DENGAN BEBERAPA JENIS SUMBER LEMAK TERHADAP KELANGSUNGAN HIDUP...

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Transcript of PENGARUH ROTIFERA YANG DIPERKAYA DENGAN BEBERAPA JENIS SUMBER LEMAK TERHADAP KELANGSUNGAN HIDUP...