PENGARUH PERSEN BERAT POLIAMIDA DAN TEMPERATUR …
Transcript of PENGARUH PERSEN BERAT POLIAMIDA DAN TEMPERATUR …
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PENGARUH PERSEN MASSA POLIMER DAN
TEMPERATUR SINTERING TERHADAP
MIKROSTRUKTUR DAN SIFAT MEKANIK PROYEKTIL
KOMPOSIT TEMBAGA – POLIAMIDA 6
---------------------------------------------------------------
HIZKIA ALPHA DEWANTO / 2711100019
Dosen Pembimbing:
Dr. Widyastuti S.Si, M.Si.
Rindang Fajarin S.Si, M.Si.
Jurusan Teknik Material dan Metalurgi
Fakultas Teknologi Industri
Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember
Surabaya 2015
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LATAR BELAKANG
Davis (2001), EPA
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RUMUSAN MASALAH
% wt PA-6
Sifat mekanik optimal
Tsinter Sifat mekanik
optimal
Mikrostruktur
Sifat mekanik
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BATASAN MASALAH
Lingkungan tidak berpengaruh
Material bahan Pro Analisis (PA)
Distribusi serbuk homogen
Pengotor diabaikan
Tekanan kompaksi dan waktu pemanasan sama
Seminar Proposal Tugas Akhir 13/03/2015
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TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
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PROYEKTIL FRANGIBLE
Persyaratan:
Sifat Nilai Sumber
Densitas 7,1–8,5 g/cm3 Hansen (2008)
Kekerasan 54-119 HV (Max 67,5 HRB) Kruachatturat dkk.
(2009) Kekuatan tekan 31-310 MPa
Seminar Proposal Tugas Akhir 13/03/2015
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Cu Sifat Keterangan
Struktur Kristal
Lattice (nm)
Massa atom (g/mol)
Densitas (g/cm3)
Titik leleh (oC)
Modulus Young (GPa)
Kekuatan tarik (MPa)
FCC
0,3610
63,546
8,933
1084,62
110-128
224
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Pb Sifat Keterangan
Struktur Kristal
Lattice (nm)
Massa atom (g/mol)
Densitas (g/cm3)
Titik leleh (oC)
Modulus Young (GPa)
Kekuatan tarik (MPa)
FCC
0,49489
207,19
11,4
327,4
21
17
ASM volume 4 Seminar Proposal Tugas Akhir
13/03/2015
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Poliamida-6 (Nylon 6)
Sifat Keterangan Kekerasan (Rockwell M) 85
Modulus elastisitas (MPa) 590-650 Densitas (g/cm3) 1,13
Temperatur leleh (C) 220 Kekuatan tarik (MPa) 60-80
Honeywell Seminar Proposal Tugas Akhir
13/03/2015
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KOMPOSIT
•Gabungan >2 material
•Matriks dan penguat
Callister (2003)
Seminar Proposal Tugas Akhir 13/03/2015
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KOMPOSIT
•Interface
•Interphase Callister (2003)
Seminar Proposal Tugas Akhir 13/03/2015
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KOMPAKSI Tipe-tipe Kompaksi:
Single Action
Double Action
Double Action Floating Die
Multiple Motion
Multiple Motion Floating Die Withdrawal
Joel (1969) Seminar Proposal Tugas Akhir 13/03/2015
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PROSES KOMPAKSI
Rearrangement
Deformasi elastis
Deformasi plastis
Penghancuran butir
German (1984) Seminar Proposal Tugas Akhir 13/03/2015
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PARAMETER SINTERING
Temperatur
Ukuran serbuk
Waktu
Green density
Tekanan kompaksi
German (1984) Seminar Proposal Tugas Akhir 13/03/2015
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PROSES SINTERING
Point Contact
Initial stage
Intermediate stage
Final stage
German (1984) Seminar Proposal Tugas Akhir 13/03/2015
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MODULUS RESILIENSI
German (1984) Seminar Proposal Tugas Akhir 13/03/2015
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PATEN - PATEN
Identitas Paten Produk Material
Snide et al. Variable Density Frangible Projectile US 4,603,637 Agustus 1986
Peluru frangible komposit polimer-metal, susunan dibentuk dengan struktur interfitting pola chevron
Polimer: Termoplastik Metal: Densitas tinggi
Seminar Proposal Tugas Akhir 13/03/2015
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PATEN - PATEN
Identitas Paten Produk Material
George B. Davis, John R. Balmer Jacketed Frangible Bullets US 2001/0050020 A1 Desember 2001
Proyektil frangible, half-jacketed. Jaket ikut pecah pada penumbukan akibat shock transfer. Densitas proyektil 6 g/cm3
Nylon, serbuk Cu, serbuk W (atau logam densitas tinggi lainnya).
Seminar Proposal Tugas Akhir 13/03/2015
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PATEN - PATEN
Identitas Paten Produk Material
Calero Martinez et al. Frangible Bullets and Its Manufacturing Method US 8,365,672 B2 Februari 2013
Proyektil frangible tanpa jaket, kompaksi dengan pelumas. Pemanasan 400oC. Densitas 6.9 g/cm3.
Serbuk metal Cu-based. Pelumas polimer (HDPE) < 1%wt. Ukuran serbuk > 120 μ.
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PATEN - PATEN
Identitas Paten Produk Material
Hash et al. Frangible, Ceramic-metal Composite Objects and Methods of Making the Same US 8,028,626 B2 Oktober 2011
Proyektil frangible dengan fasa primer metal dan fasa sekunder keramik.
Serbuk Cu (atau Fe) dan serbuk kaca. Kadar keramik 5-20% wt.
Seminar Proposal Tugas Akhir 13/03/2015
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PATEN - PATEN
Identitas Paten Produk Material
Powers, Jr. Frangible Powdered Iron Projectiles US 7,685,942 B1 Maret 2010
Proyektil frangible Fe-Cu-Sn. Sifat balisttik setara proyektil Pb, namun frangible.
Serbuk Fe, Cu, dan Sn. Dapat diberi jaket Al, Cu, Zn, kuningan, ataupun polimer.
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PATEN - PATEN
Identitas Paten Produk Material
Benini Frangible Metal Bullets, Ammunition, and Method of Making Such Articles US 6,090,178 July 2000
Peluru frangible dua fasa: metal dan binder metal ataupun metalloid. Terjadi senyawa intermetalik.
Cu-10% wt Sn
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PATEN - PATEN
Identitas Paten Produk Material
Williams Method and Apparatus for Frangible Projectiles US 6,799,518 B1 October 2004
Proyektil frangible disisipi dengan bahan aktif, seperti optical marker ataupun fire retardant.
Optical marker: penanda inframerah. Fire retardant: Si, SiO2, dan Al2O3
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PATEN - PATEN
Identitas Paten Produk Material
Kapeles et al. Frangible Non-lethal Projectile US 2005/0066849 A1 Maret 2005
Proyektil bermuatan, hidung (nose) frangible .
Nose: polimer densitas 128-224 kg/m3. Muatan: marker ataupun zat pelumpuh nonletal.
Seminar Proposal Tugas Akhir 13/03/2015
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PATEN - PATEN
Identitas Paten Produk Material
Williams et al. Method and Apparatus for Self-Destruct Frangible Projectiles US 7,380,503 B2 Juni 2008
Proyektil frangible hasil kompaksi dingin dan dengan mekanisme pemicu untuk mengatur waktu peledakan.
Frangible: penguat W, Ta, atau WC dengan matriks Sn, Al, Bi, Cu, Zn, atau PTFE. Serbuk binder 25-1000 μ.
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PATEN - PATEN
Identitas Paten Produk Material
Huffman Process of Making Obstacle Piercing Frangible Bullet US 6,115,894 September 2000
Peluru frangible yang dapat menembus armor lunak/ringan.
(a) 40-60%Hg, 25-40%Ag, 15-25%Sn, 5%Cu, 2%Zn atau (b) 55-70%Hg, 15-45%Cd, 0-25%Sn, 0-2%Cu, 0-1%Zn. Reaksi dengan amalgamasi.
Seminar Proposal Tugas Akhir 13/03/2015
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PATEN - PATEN
Identitas Paten Produk Material
Belanger Frangible Practice Ammunition US 5,237,930 Agustus 1993
Peluru frangible untuk latihan. Densitas minimal 5,7 g/cm3.
90% wt serbuk Cu 200 mesh, 10% wt polimer nilon 11 ukuran 44 μ. Proses produksi dengan injection molding.
Seminar Proposal Tugas Akhir 13/03/2015
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PENGEMBANGAN Jenis Proyektil Frangible
Proyektil peluru Proyektil nonpeluru (Kapeles, 2005)
Proses kompaksi (dan sintering) Proses amalgam (Hiffman, 2000)
Fokus untuk mendekati sifat balistik
proyektil timbal
Fokus pada variasi konten (Williams, 2004
dan 2008)
Tanpa binder
(Martinez, 2013)
Binder keramik
(Hash, 2013) Binder metal Binder polimer
Bahan baku utama Fe
(Powers, 2010)
Bahan baku Cu-Sn (Benini, 2010, Firmansyah,
2015, dan Anugraha, 2015
Komposisi polimer dan metal bercampur homogen
(Davis, 2001 dan Belanger, 1993)
Struktur interfitting selang-seling
(Snide, 1986)
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Penelitian Sebelumnya Penelitian Proses Hasil
Banovic (2007)
Bahan baku serbuk Cu dan Sn 90:10, sintering 260oC selama 30 menit dalam atmosfer nitrogen
Spesimen Kekerasan
(HRB)
1 22,9
2 21,6
3 22,4
Seminar Proposal Tugas Akhir 13/03/2015
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Penelitian Sebelumnya
Penelitian Proses Hasil
Kruachatturat (2009)
Variabel: Komposisi serbuk Cu-Sn (95:5, 90:10, dan 85:15 persen berat) dan temperatur sintering (800, 850, dan 900oC). Pemanasan 45 menit, atmosfer hidrogen
Kekuatan tekan 49-214 Mpa, pada komposisi 90:10 dan temperatur sintering 800oC.
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Penelitian Sebelumnya Penelitian Proses Hasil
Anugraha (2014)
Variabel: Komposisi serbuk Cu-Sn (95:5, dan 90:10 persen berat) dan tekanan kompaksi 300, 400 dan 500 MPa.
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Penelitian Sebelumnya Penelitian Proses Hasil
Jhony (2014)
Komposisi serbuk Cu-Sn 90:10 persen berat. Variabel: Temperatur sintering (300, 500, dan 700oC) dan waktu tahan sintering (30, 60, dan 90 menit)
Pembentukan fase intermetalik pada daerah antarmuka (interface) partikel serbuk. Menurut hasil penelitian, temperatur sintering 500oC dan waktu tahan 60 menit menghasilkan proyektil paling optimal untuk aplikasi frangible.
Seminar Proposal Tugas Akhir 13/03/2015
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Penelitian Sebelumnya Penelitian Proses Hasil
Firmansyah (2015)
Komposisi Cu-10% wt Sn, kompaksi 600 MPa selama 5 menit, sintering pada variabel 200, 300, 400, 500, dan 600oC selama 30 menit.
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Penelitian Sebelumnya Penelitian Proses Hasil
Anugraha (2015)
Komposisi Cu-10% wt Sn, kompaksi 600 MPa, sintering pada variabel 200, 300, 400, 500, dan 600oC selama 30 menit.
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METODOLOGI PENELITIAN
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Bahan Baku
Serbuk Cu
• >230 mesh
• < 60 mikron
• T melt: 1085oC
Serbuk PA-6
• 100 mesh
• T melt: 220oC
Pelumas
• Zn stearat
• T melt: 128-130oC
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Peralatan
Pembuatan
• Sieve
• Neraca analitik
• Magnetic Stirrer
• Set alat kompaksi
• Set Horizontal tube furnace
Pengujian
• Neraca analitik
• Jangka sorong
• Set alat uji tekan
• XRD
• SEM
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Diagram Alir Penelitian
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Diagram Alir Penelitian
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Rancangan Penelitian
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Massa Cu dan Poliamida 6
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Konversi Kekuatan Tekan ke Modulus Elastisitas
Nematzadeh (2012) Seminar Proposal Tugas Akhir 13/03/2015
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ANALISA DAN PEMBAHASAN
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Makrostruktur Serbuk
Seminar Proposal Tugas Akhir 13/03/2015
Cu PA-6 Cu-PA6
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Mikrostruktur Serbuk
Seminar Proposal Tugas Akhir 13/03/2015
Cu PA-6
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Makrostruktur Spesimen
Seminar Proposal Tugas Akhir 13/03/2015
14.45 mm
15
.00
mm
Pascakompaksi
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Makrostruktur Spesimen
Seminar Proposal Tugas Akhir 13/03/2015
Prasintering
Pascasintering
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Makrostruktur Spesimen
Seminar Proposal Tugas Akhir 13/03/2015
“bintik hitam”
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Grafik Uji Densitas
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Grafik Uji Densitas
Seminar Proposal Tugas Akhir 13/03/2015
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Grafik Uji Porositas
Seminar Proposal Tugas Akhir 13/03/2015
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Grafik Uji Porositas
Seminar Proposal Tugas Akhir 13/03/2015
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Grafik Sifat Mekanik
Seminar Proposal Tugas Akhir 13/03/2015
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Grafik Sifat Mekanik
Seminar Proposal Tugas Akhir 13/03/2015
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Grafik Sifat Mekanik
Seminar Proposal Tugas Akhir 13/03/2015
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Grafik Sifat Mekanik
Seminar Proposal Tugas Akhir 13/03/2015
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Mikrostruktur Pascakompaksi
Seminar Proposal Tugas Akhir 13/03/2015
PA
Cu P
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Mikrostruktur Prasintering
Seminar Proposal Tugas Akhir 13/03/2015
PA
Cu P
0.5% 1.5% 1%
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Mikrostruktur Pascasintering 0,5%
Seminar Proposal Tugas Akhir 13/03/2015
PA
Cu P
200oC 300oC 250oC
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Mikrostruktur Pascasintering 1%
Seminar Proposal Tugas Akhir 13/03/2015
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Mikrostruktur Pascasintering 1,5%
Seminar Proposal Tugas Akhir 13/03/2015
200oC 300oC 250oC
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Detail Mikrostruktur Pascasintering
Seminar Proposal Tugas Akhir 13/03/2015
PA
Cu P
200oC 250oC 300oC
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Mikrostruktur Pascasintering
Seminar Proposal Tugas Akhir 13/03/2015
PA
Cu P
PA6
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Tabel Data Rerata
Seminar Proposal Tugas Akhir 13/03/2015
PA
Cu P
Kadar poliamida
(%)
Kekuatan tekan
rerata (MPa)
Kekerasan rerata
(HRB)
Densitas rerata
(gr/cm3)
0.5 127.76 21.33 6.77
1 129.14 14.33 6.40
1.5 97.54 24.89 6.29
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Tabel Data Rerata
Seminar Proposal Tugas Akhir 13/03/2015
PA
Cu P
Temperatur
Sintering (oC)
Kekuatan tekan
rerata (MPa)
Kekerasan rerata
(HRB)
Densitas rerata
(gr/cm3)
200 127.73 18.56 6.25
250 116.73 20.44 6.66
300 109.98 21.56 6.46
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LAMPIRAN
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Mencari massa proyektil
Seminar Proposal Tugas Akhir 13/03/2015
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Mencari sinter density
Seminar Proposal Tugas Akhir 13/03/2015
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SEM