Peads fractures
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Transcript of Peads fractures
Care of the child with fractures, traction, kyphosis, scoliosis & lordosis
Instructor Asif Shah Khan
Mph, BscN
Fractures
Bone fractures occur when the resistance of bone against the stress being exerted yields to the stress force.
• Fortunately, fractures also heal faster in Fortunately, fractures also heal faster in children. children.
• Newborns: 2-3 weeksNewborns: 2-3 weeks• Early childhood: 4 weeksEarly childhood: 4 weeks• Later childhood: 6 – 8 weeksLater childhood: 6 – 8 weeks• Adolescence: 8 – 12 weeks Adolescence: 8 – 12 weeks
Causes:o Accidentso Every day activitieso Physical abuse
Cont..
• A partial or complete break in a bone.– Bone is the only tissue in the human body other
than liver that heals by regeneration instead of by scarring.
– For regeneration to occur the bone must be immobilized to allow uninterrupted formation of new bone.
Types of fractures
•Transverse: crosswise, at right angles to the long axis of the bone
Types of fractures cont’d
Oblique: slanting but straight, between a horizontal and perpendicular direction
Cont..
•Spiral: slanting and circular, twisting around the bone shaft
Green stick fractures
It occurs when a bone is angulated beyond the limits of bending. The compressed side bends causing an incomplete fracture
Types of fractures cont’d
• Closed or simple fracture: If the fracture does not produce a break in the skin, it is simple, or closed fracture
• Open or compound fracture: Are those with an open wound through which the bone is protruded.
• Complicated fracture: Bone fragments cause damage to the other organs
Clinical manifestations of a fracture
• Generalized swelling• Pain or tenderness• Diminished functional use of affected part May be• Bruising• Severe muscular rigidity• Crepitus
Diagnostic Evaluation
• History• X-Rays• Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI) • Physical examination
Therapeutic management
The goals of the therapeutic management are the following
To regain alignment To restore function to the injured parts To prevent further injury
Nursing consideration
• Assess the extent of injury• Determine the mechanism of injury• Move the injured part as little as possible• Cover open wounds with a sterile or clean
dressing• Immobilize the limb• Assess neurovascular status• Apply cold compressions to the injured
area
Long Bone Fractures
• Fractures of the femur, humerus, tibia/fibula• Blunt and penetrating trauma• Requires high energy to break bone, therefore
look for other injuries.• Bone has a generous blood supply.• Does patient have associated bleeding
disorder?
Long Bone Fracture
Management
• ABC’s• Neurovascular exam (vascular +/- nerve injury)• Splint involved extremity – Reduction decreases pain, bleeding
• Orthopedic consultation for definitive management
• Complications:– Blood loss
Treatment
• fractures require immediate attention• pain and loss of function for the person • after emergency treatment • immobilization with • casts or traction, or fixation with surgery.
Cast care
• Before the cast is applied, the extremities are checked for any abrasions, cuts in the skin.
• Protect the cast with a large plastic bag during bathing
• Skin care• Circulation check
• Don’t put toys or bits of food down a cast.Don’t put toys or bits of food down a cast.• Clear paths for crutch-walkingClear paths for crutch-walking• Quiet activities and rest. Quiet activities and rest. • Home care
Fracture Complications
• Vascular Injuries– Most commonly occur in open fracture and
dislocations, or widely displaced fracture and at sites where the vessels lie in close proximity to the bone or at sites where the vessels are held in a relatively fixed position.
• Classic signs: • The 5 P’s: Pain, Pallor, Pulselessness (or diminished
pulse), Paresthesia, decrease sensation) and Paralysis.
Fracture Complications
• Nerve Injuries– Occur more frequently than vascular injuries – Nerves are at increased risk of injury when they
are superficial to the skin, lie close to the bone, or span a joint, making them susceptible to stretch injury.
Pulmonary Embolism
• Pulmonary Embolism:• Pulmonary embolism is the sudden blocking
of a lung artery by an embolus, nearly always resulting from a blood clot that can travel to the lungs, especially from the deep veins of the leg
Traction • Traction refers to the set of mechanisms for
straightening broken bones or relieving pressure on the spine and skeletal system.
Purposes • To regain normal length and alignment of involved
bone. • To reduce and immobilize a fractured bone. • To lessen or eliminate muscle spasms. • To relieve pressure on nerves, especially spinal. • To prevent or reduce skeletal deformities or muscle
contractures.
Types of traction
• Manual traction• Skin traction• Skeletal traction• Cervical traction
Nursing considerations
• Check pin site frequently.• Clean pin sites as ordered• Apply topical antiseptic as ordered• Check pin screw• Cover ends of pin with padding• Prevent skin breakdown• Prevent complications.• Check pulse in affected area, compare with counter
lateral site.
cont,…
• Assess circular dressing for excessive tightness• Encourage deep breathing exercise.• Note any neurovascular changes• Active passive exercise of uninvolved joints
and muscle• Applying foot board to prevent foot drop.
Kyphosis
• Kyphosis also called round back, is a common condition of a curvature of the upper back. Abnormally increased convex angukation in the curvature of the thoracic spine.
Types of kyphosis• Postural kyphosis (common)• Scheuermann’s kyphosis• Congenital kyphosis
Treatment option
• This include exercise (weight lifting, dancing & swimming)
• Braces may be prescribed by a doctor.• Surgical fusion.
Scoliosis
• Is an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine, causing the spinal column to bend to the left or right. It make the spine look more like an “S” or “C” than a straight “I”. The one shoulder, scapula or hip appears higher than the other.
• Can run in the families • Can occur at any age.
Types of scoliosis
• Congenital scoliosis (infantile), juvenile.• Idiopathic scoliosis occurs without known
cause.Diagnostic evaluation• Physical examination• X-rays.
Post operative care• Close monitoring in ICU• Skin caring• Assessment of wound, circulation & vital sign.• Neurological status of the extremities.• N/G tube care and bowel assessment.• I/O measurement• Pain management• Physiotherapy• Ambulation• Family involvement.
Lordosis
• Is a disorder defined by an excessive inward curve of the spine (lumbar curvature). Severe lordosis is accompanied by pain.
• It can be caused by trauma, contracture of the hip, scolosis & obesity.
Treatment
• Analgesic & anti-inflammatory medication• Physical therapy• Bracing• Reduction of body weight• Correction of deformities.