1/76

Utility Interface and PFC Techniques

Filename: \電力電子 (研究所)\PE-14. Utility Interface and PFC Techniques.pptx

台灣新竹‧交通大學‧電機控制工程研究所‧808實驗室電力電子系統晶片、數位電源、DSP控制、馬達與伺服控制

http://pemclab.cn.nctu.edu.tw/Lab-808: Power Electronics Systems & Chips Lab., NCTU, Taiwan

LAB808NCTU

Lab808: 電力電子系統與晶片實驗室Power Electronic Systems & Chips, NCTU, TAIWAN

台灣新竹•交通大學•電機控制工程研究所

鄒 應 嶼 教 授

國立交通大學 電機控制工程研究所

2/76

Power Conversion and Power Flow

DC120 Hz

50-60 Hz

Input rectifierand filter

Converter

high frequency converter

20-200 KHz DC output

Output rectifierand filter

50-60 HzLine input

DC output

Input EMI filter Output EMI filter

PWM Control IC

3/76

Typical Schematics of an Off-Line SPS Without PFC

Bus

BusReturn

BusReturn

BusL

G

N

Input EMI filter Rectifier

12V, 3A

5V, 10A

3.3V, 5A

PWMcontrol

Power stage Xfmr Output circuits

Protection

The DC-link Capacitor is BIG!

MagneticAmpreset

4/76

Rectifier with 60 Hz Transformer

Half-wave rectifier with a transformer

Half-wave rectifier with a transformer

Half-wave rectifier with a center-tapped transformer

5/76

Equivalent Load Resistor

LOAD

AVGDC

AVGDC

IV

R,

,

1D

di

sidC dv

2D4D

3D

Rsv

6/76

Voltage Ripple of a Half-Wave and Full-Wave Rectifier

-T/4 T/4 T/2 3T/4 Tt

0

-T/4 0 T/4 T/2 3T/4 Tt

max

min

VV

fRC

21

1ln

cos21

fRC

21

1ln

cos11

Half-wave Rectifier

Full-wave Rectifier

RCtx

eVV

maxmin ft x 2

xftVV 2cosmaxmin

dvsv

di

si

C

dv

dv

minVmaxV

minV

maxV

R

1D 3D

2D 4D

7/76

Ripple Voltage and RC Time Constant

0.1 0.5 0.90.01

RC50Hz60Hz

50Hz60Hz0.06775

Half-wave Rectifier

Full-wave Rectifier

kTRC 06775.0

mesc 333.8120

1T

T = Half cycle period for 60Hz utility

msec 333.806775.0

kRC

8k

若漣波電壓(peak-to-peak)設為峰值電壓的十分之一，則直流鏈電容與等效負載的RC 時間常數約為半週波的8倍！

8/76

What we need to measure?

BusReturn

BusL

G

N

Input EMI filter RectifierProtection

Voltage Ripple Voltage Regulation Harmonic Spectrum of Line Current Total Harmonic Distortion of Line Current Power Factor RMS Value of Line Current Efficiency of the AC-DC Converter

R

Load Equivalent Resistor

A minimum RMS line current is the representation of optimal efficiency implementation of the designed power supply!

Bulky Electrolytic Cap.

9/76

Basic Definitions

Effective Current

Effective Voltage

Apparent Power

Real Power

T

dttiT

I0

2rms )(

1

T

dttvT

V0

2rms )(

1

rmsrms VIS

T

dttitvT

W0

)()(1

rmsrms

01 )()(

IV

dttitvPF

T

T Power Factor

10/76

Bulkstorage

capacitor

Full-Bridge Rectifier and Waveforms

RectifiedDC

AC linevoltage

AC linecurrent

Line sag0

0

VpkRectifiers Converter

ACline

load

The line sag is due to the voltage distortion across the line inductance due to the spiky line current.

11/76

Harmonic Contents of a Single-Phase Rectifier

Harmonic number

Har

mon

ic a

mpl

itude

, pe

rcen

t of f

unda

men

tal

100%

80%

40%

0%

60%

20%

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19

100%91%

73%

52%

32%

19% 15% 15% 13% 9%

THD = 136%Distortion factor = 59%

Bridge Rectifier Line Current Harmonics Contents

12/76

Power Flow Between Source and Load

Source Load

i

v

V

A

P

13/76

Average Value and Root-Mean-Square (RMS) Value

Tt

tAVEdttf

Ttf 0

0

)(1)(=Value Average

Subcircuit 1 Subcircuit 2

i

v

p(t) = v(t) i(t)

Instantaneous Power Flow Between Two Circuits

T

av dtiTRP

0

21

TT

av dtviTdttp

TP

00

1)(1

2RMSRIPav

T

dtiT

I0

2RMS

1

dt)(T1)(

2t

tRMS0

0

TtftfSquareMeanRoot

14/76

Physical Interpretation of Average & RMS Values

Average value is always what we really need!RMS value is what we pay for it!Average value determines the operating point. Operating point is the starting point in evaluation and analysis of a nonlinear system. Real system is nonlinear! If you need calculate losses, one way is that you must know where are the “resistances” and what are the RMS currents flow through them!

The understanding of RMS value lead the way to understand losses!

15/76

Distorted Line Current and Line Current Harmonics

100%

Harmonic number

Har

mon

ic a

mpl

itude

, pe

rcen

t of f

unda

men

tal

100%

80%

40%

0%

60%

20%

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19

91%

73%

52%

32%19%

15%15% 13%

9%

PF = 65%THD = 136%Distortion factor = 59%

POWER

VOLTAGE

CURRENT

Harmonic number

Har

mon

ic a

mpl

itude

, pe

rcen

t of f

unda

men

tal

100%

80%

40%

0%

60%

20%

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15

100%

PF = 80%THD = 0%Distortion factor = 0%

100%

Harmonic numberH

arm

onic

am

plitu

de,

perc

ent o

f fun

dam

enta

l

100%

80%

40%

60%

20%

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17

91%PF = 95%THD = 8%Distortion factor = 3%

0%

16/76

Unit Power Factor and Zero Current THD

Harmonic number

Har

mon

ic a

mpl

itude

, pe

rcen

t of f

unda

men

tal

100%

80%

40%

0%

60%

20%

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19

100%

PF = 100%THD = 0%Distortion factor = 0%

The voltage is sinusoidal The current is sinusoidal The voltage and current are in phase

Ideal Condition for PFC

Load as a pure resistor! All power is converted to real power! No harmonics THD is zero! Distortion factor is zero!

17/76

Power Line Pollution Due to Current Harmonics

100%

Harmonic number

Har

mon

ic a

mpl

itude

, pe

rcen

t of f

unda

men

tal

100%

80%

40%

0%

60%

20%

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19

91%

73%

52%

32%19%

15%15% 13%

9%

THD = 136%Distortion factor = 59%

POWER

VOLTAGE

CURRENT

Cd

RsLs2Ls1

is RloadvPCC

Other equipment

High frequency current harmonics flow through theutility line and resulted as voltage distortion andlosses.

High frequency current harmonics injected into therectifier-capacitor loop will become loss due to thecapacitor ESR and wiring resistance.

18/76

Physical Meaning of Power Factor

AC-DCCONVERTER

DC-ACCONVERTER

LOADSOURCE

Power Factor? Power Factor? Power Factor?

Efficiency? Efficiency?

Power Factor

Efficiency Efficiency is a measure of loss in power converting!

Power factor is a measure of the power quality and effectiveness in ac power transmission!

19/76

A Solution: Boost PFC Converter

CxCy

Cy

CxTy

Tx

F1

F2

RV1

BusReturn

PFCcontrol

BusL

G

N

Input filter Rectifier PFCProtection

With PFC Control

20/76

Typical Schematics of an Off-Line SPS with PFC

Bus

BusReturn

BusReturn

PFCcontrol

BusL

G

N

Input EMI filter Rectifier PFC

12V, 3A

5V, 10A

3.3V, 5A

PWMcontrol

MagneticAmpreset

Power stage Xfmr Output circuits

Protection

The DC-link Capacitor is small!

21/76

Physical Meaning of Power Factor & Efficiency

EMI F

ilter

Power Factor = p

Efficiency = 1 Efficiency = 2

20

0

)()(1 RMSTt

toRIdttitv

TP

oPrmsrms VIS

What we pay for it! What we really get!

oPpS 21 SPp o 21

This is why power factor and efficiency are both very important!

22/76

Regulations on Utility Interface

1. Customer/System Limits IEEE 519-1992

EN61000-2-2 (Compatibility Levels)

EN61000-3-6

2. Equipment Limits EN61000-3-2 (up to 16A) [Japan JIC C 61000-3-2]

EN61000-3-4 (16-75A)

New Task Force in IEEE (Harmonic Limits for Single-Phase Loads)

3. How to Measure Harmonics EN61000-4-7

CE EN61000-3-2EN 6100-3-2Prescribed?*

PinAbove

1000W?

PortableElectronic

tool?

Lighting equipment(ind. dimmer)?

Special shape and

25/76

EN61000-3-2: Harmonic Limits Class D

Harmonic ordern

75 W < P < 600 WmA/W

P > 600WA

35791113

3.41.91.00.50.35

0.2963.85/n

2.301.140.770.400.220.21

2.25/n

Class D (Rated load condition)

3915 n

26/76

Single-Phase Full-Bridge Rectifier

(b)

(c) (d)

0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05

100

80

60

40

20

0

Vo, Vi and IL for RL = 40 ohm

power factor0.440.42

0.4

0.38

0.36

0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.042 0.044 0.046 0.048 0.05

100

80

60

40

20

0

Vo, Vi and IL

bridge +

rectifier -RL

iO

C VoVin

iL

Vac

(a)

27/76

Passive PFC Circuit by Adding a Series Inductor

ovRL

gv

giadded inductor

DC-DC

CONVERTER

(b)

(c) (d)

0.02 0.03 0.04

100

80

60

40

20

0

Vo, Vi and IL for L= 1 mH, RL = 40 ohm

0.69

0.68

0.67

0.66

0.65

0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05

0.7

0.04 0.042 0.044 0.046 0.048 0.05

100

80

60

40

20

0

Vo, V, Vi and ILpower factor

(a)

28/76

Basic Concepts for Single-Phase PFC Converters

PFC is a Scheme in Shaping the Line Current Passive PFC Control Schemes Using Passive Power

Components Active PFC Control Schemes Using Active Power Switches

L

G

N

+ Bus

+ Busreturn

230 Vac

115 Vac

PFC inductor

Common modeinductor

(L3)

Diff. modeinductor

(L2)

Inrush current limiter(Thermistor)

Common modecapacitor (C2)

Passive PFC Large inductor to smooth the rectifier-capacitor injection currentDiff. modecapacitor

(C1)

29/76

A Passive PFC with a Series Inductor

PFC can be either passive or active. Here, the PFC circuit has been replaced by a line frequency inductor. It’s big,

heavy, and cheap.

Line frequency inductor

30/76

Line Frequency Power Factor Choke

31/76

Passive and Active PFC Implementations

Passive PFC

L

G

N

+ Bus

+ Busreturn

230 Vac

115 Vac

PFC inductor

Common modeInductor (L3)

Diff. modeInductor (L2)

Inrush current limiter(Thermistor)

Active PFC

L

G

N

PFCcontroller

+ Bus

+ Busreturn

Rectifier PFCInput EMI filter

Input EMI filter

32/76

The Waveforms of a Capacitive Input Filter

Power not used

Power used

Voltage

IavCurrent

110/220AC volts in

To PowerSupplyI

Clarge

A larger dc-link capacitor will result asmaller voltage ripple, however, it will alsoresult a larger line current spike which meansa poorer power factor.

33/76

Power Factor Corrected Input

Power not used

Power used

Voltage

Iav

Current

I

To PowerSupplyClarge

cont’1Csmall

PFC can smooth the current distribution PFC can reduce the line current harmonics PFC provides better power utilization

PFC may still leave small crossover distortion due to the selected control scheme!

34/76

What is the Power Flow from A to B?

av bv

Lv

tiL

Rs

Ls

n o

av

bvcv

uv

wvvv

ai

ci

bi

noi

35/76

Power Flow Between Two Energy Sources

sv av av

sv

Lv

Lv

tiL tiL

The voltage source vs(t) is a sinusoidal voltage source with fixed frequency and amplitude, the load va(t) can be controlled so the inductor current can be in phase with the source and have a unit power factor.

av

sv

Lv

tiL

Note: If the source current is to be controlled to be in phase with the source voltage, then the amplitude of va(t) must be higher than vs(t) and has a phase leading angle.

36/76

Synchronous Inductor

sv av

Lv

tiL

av

sv

Lv

tiL

All the line current must flow through the inductor. The maximum inductor current (line current) determines the size of the

synchronous inductor

ABLI L maxmax(max)

Mean path length lCross-sectional area A

Permeability

I

N: number of turns

lANL 2

Bmax

-Bmax

Hmax-Hmax

H

B

37/76

Power Flow Between Two Energy Sources

av

sv

Lv

tiL

av

sv

Lv tiL

+1 Power Factor: Energy flows from source to load

-1 Power Factor: Energy flows from load to source

sv av

Lv

tiL

38/76

Waveforms of Energy Flow

V

0

sVsI

)(tPs

av

sv

Lv

tiL

av

sv

Lv

tiL

+1 Power Factor: Energy flows from source to load

-1 Power Factor: Energy flows from load to source

V

0

sVsI

)(tPs

39/76

Full-Bridge Bi-Directional Active PFC Control

sv av

Lv

tiL

t0

S1

S2

S3

S4sv av

Lv

tiL dcv

1,avdcv

The PWM inverter is PWM controlled to generate a sinusoidal PWM waveform so that the inductor current (line current) is in phase with the line voltage to achieve a unit power factor.

40/76

Magnitude of va

av

sv

Lv

tiL

t0

1,avdcv

22Lsa VVV The magnitude of Va is

LVPLIV

s

ssL

xV

LI

s

s tan

1) (if 3

tan3

1

xxx

xsv av

Lv

tiL

41/76

Full-Bridge Bi-Directional Active PFC Control

t0

1,av

dcv

sv 1,av

Lv

tiLt

01,av

dcv

S1

S2

S3

S4sv av

Lv

tiL dcv

The PWM inverter is to control the fundamental component of the PWM voltage so that the line current is in phase with the line voltage.

An optimal PWM modulation strategy can be developed to minimize the switching loss as well as the low frequency current harmonics.

42/76

Synchronous Front End Rectifier

S. Manias, P. D. Ziogas, and G. Oliver, "An AC-to-DC Converter with Improved Input Power Factor and High Power Density," IEEE Trans. on Ind. Applications, vol. IA-22, no. 6, pp. 1073-1981, , Nov. 1986.

VanLs

IL IS

S1

S2

S3

S4

CS

CS

VS

Vbn

ACsouse

Synchronous front end rectifierSFER

LOAD

HFXFMR

90 180 270 360 t

1

0

-1

IL

vbn

43/76

Uni-Directional Active PFC Control

Q

DL

PFCController

gvsi

ov

*ov

EMIFilter

sv av

Lv

tiLav+

_

t0

1,avdcv

Constant switching frequency CCM operating mode

)(sin)()( '1 tVtDVtv esdca

is small and be neglected

tVDV esdc sin)1(

tVVtD e

dc

s sin1)(

44/76

A Practical AC/DC PFC Example

Q

DL

PFCController

gvsi

ov

*ov

EMIFilter

sv av

Lv

tiL

A singe-phase boost PFC converter with 220V, 60 Hz input, the boost inductor is 2.4 mH, the PFC converter has a rated output of 1 kW output with an input power factor of 1.0 and assume an efficiency of 100%, what is the amplitude of fundamental voltage of vQ?

Qv+

_

VvL 904.0602104.23

VvQ 3119.0)414.1220(22

av

sv L

v

tiL

This angle is very small and is difficult to be controlled by phase shift!

45/76

+

_

Theoretical Control Duty of Boost PFC Converter

Q

DL

PFCController

gvsi

ov

*ov

EMIFilter av

t0

1,av

dcv

Constant switching frequency CCM operating mode

Assumptions:

t0

)(td1.0

tVVtd e

dc

s sin1)(

minD

dcdc

s

VV

VVD 1min

V

0min D if 0V

If the PFC converter is operating in CCM, when the dc-link voltage is increased, the range of the PWM control duties become smaller.

46/76

PWM Duty Range of the Boost PFC Converter

+

_Q

DL

PFCController

gvsi

ov

*ov

EMIFilter av

t0

1,av

dcv

Constant switching frequency CCM operating mode

Assumptions:

t0

)(td1.0

minD

V

If the dc-link voltage is increased to two times of the peak input line voltage, the minimum PWM duty ratio becomes 10%.

With the increase of dc-link voltage, the PWM duty range becomes smaller!

47/76

Design Goals of Single-Phase PFC Converters

DC-DC

DC-AC

PFC Circuit

PFC Controller

Behave as a pure resistive load (unit power factor) Control current harmonics within regulation limits! Universal AC Power Adaptor (85~265Vac) Output voltage regulation and adjusting May be required to be isolated Compliance to EMC and PFC (EN61000) regulations High efficiency and low cost

EMI FILTER

48/76

Single-Ended Boost PFC Circuit

Step-up feature gives full-range PFC control

High voltage energy storage capacitor

PFCController

Load

L

iL

Vin d

Vof

(a) Voltage

(b) Current

(c) Harmon spectrum (current)

49/76

Single-Phase Diode-Bridge PFC Converters

ovgvgi DC-DC

CONVERTER

D1 D3

D2D4

DC-DC

CONVERTER

Buck Boost Buck-Boost

dcv

dcv

50/76

Power Conversion of a PFC AC/DC Converter

oRsv

si

PFC AC/DC

CONVERTERdcv

V

0

sVsI

)(tPs

)(tPs )(tPo

)(tPo

The energy must be stored and released from the PFC converter to provide a constant dc output power!

32%68%

51/76

Source Conversion of a PFC AC/DC Converter

oRsvPFC AC/DC

CONVERTERdcv)(tPs )(tPo

An Voltage Source Input An Voltage Source Input

The voltage source must be converted to a current source!And, a current source must be converted to a voltage source! Therefore, we need a switched inductor buffer inside the PFC converter!

si

52/76

Control to Achieve Unit Power Factor

rmsrmsrmsrmsin IVpfIVP

ovgvgiD1 D3

D2D4sQ

sDsL

Controllergv

gi

dcv

dcv

*dcv

outin PP

Assume the power factor is unit.

)()(0)()(1 avgoavgo

T

ooout IVdttitvTP Assume the voltage ripples can be neglected!

oi

If 100% efficiency, outin PP

53/76

Control to Achieve Unit Power Factor

When operating at unit power factor: (Assume 100% efficiency) [Note: If the efficiency is not 100%, the equation is still applied by adding a scaling factor.]

RVV

VRVV

VIVI

dc

rms

dc

rmsrms

dc

rmsrmsdc

2)/( mrms

dcdc GRV

IV

12

Gm is the desired transconductance

)()( * tiGtv acmac

iac*(t) is the desired line current

dcdcrmsrms IVIV

When operating in unit power factor, the load behaves as a resistor with a transconductance of Gm. Therefore, with a line voltage of vac(t), the required line current iac(t) will be:

The power factor correction is to control the line current so that it has a desired average value of iac*(t).

54/76

Basic Boost PFC Control Architecture

Load

L

is

Vind

AB/C

Current Compensator

VoltageCompensator

Gate Driver

RMS (AVG)

DC

R2

R3

R1

A

C

B

S

SQUARE

vs

refI

refV

aoutV

22)()()(

rms

aoutac

rms

dcdcacmacref V

VtvV

IVtvGtvI

2rmsV

)(tvac

55/76

Control Modes of Boost PFC Converters

t

t

t

Discontinuous Mode Control

Continuous Mode Control

Boundary Mode Control(Critical Conduction Mode)Note: When operating CCM, constant PWM frequency is not possible.

Fixed PWM frequency

Fixed PWM frequency

56/76

Current Control Strategies for Boost PFC Converters

LRfC

fL DS

PFCController

oV

rV

iave

iL

Peak Current Control

iave

Boundary Control

iavehigh ref low ref

Variable Hysteresis Control

TON

iave

Average Current Control

irefLi

57/76

Control Schemes for Line Current Shaping

ovgv

Li

DC-DC

CONVERTER

D1 D3

D2D4

sQ

sDsL

Controllergv

1. Hysteresis Control/Constant On-Time Control2. Boundary Mode Control3. Voltage Follower Control4. Constant Switching Frequency Control

Peak current modeAverage current mode

5. Line Frequency Current Shaping Control

Control Schemes

Li

dcv

dcv

*dcv

Variable Frequency Control

Shaping the Line Current

58/76

UC3854: Features and Block DiagramThe First CCM PFC Controller IC (Unitrode/TI)

Control Boost PWM to 0.99 Power FactorLimit Line Current Distortion To

59/76

Control Loops of a Boost PFC Converter

ovRgv

gi

D1 D3

D2D4sQ

sDsL

Rvac

Rff1

Rff2Cff1

Rff3Vff

Iac

MULT.Km

DIVKj

SQUAREKg

H

Vvea

Rvf

E/A

Vref

Rvd

Rvc

Cvf

+

–

Cff2

Ichg

L1: Fast Current Control Loop for Sinusoidal Voltage Tracking L2: Slow Voltage Control Loop to Keep Minimal Current Reference Distortion L3: Average Line Voltage Feed-Forward CompensationNote: For a sinusoidal input its RMS value is proportional to its average value, therefore it can be used as the RMS value.

DC-DC

CONVERTER

L1

L2

L3

60/76

Control Loop Design

Voltage Loop Low-pass filter for 100 or 120 Hz BW 10~20Hz Boost converter with constant power

load

sCg

vvsG

o

c

EA

ovc ˆ

ˆ)(

Low bandwidth

vcG

EAG

R1

Cp

Rp

vEAVref

pf

100Hz

Current Loop Input current should track reference Quasi static assumptions Small signal models of DC/DC

converters at each operating point

High bandwidth

R1

CzRz

vEAVref

low frequency area

frequency

80

40

0100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz10Hz1.0Hz

Zf

61/76

Examples of Good and Bad Control Loop Design

Good design Small bandwidth voltage

control loop

Bad design High bandwidth voltage

control loop

X

Filter

PWM

62/76

Active PFC Controller Realization Techniques

EMI FILTER

DC-DC

Converter

PFCCircuit

PFC Controller

Notes: The PFC circuit and the PFC controller are closely related in design a PFC converter. The function of the PFC circuit is power conversion, therefore, efficiency is the most important issue. The function of the PFC controller is the line current shaping control and output voltage regulation, therefore,

line current THD and output voltage dynamic response are important issues. Usually a dedicated PFC control IC, such as the UC3854, is used to realize the PFC control functions.

However, other solutions are also been developed to meet various PFC applications. DSP-based digital control of power factor converter is an emerging technology for PFC applications in UPS

and distributed power supply systems.

Standard PFC ICSpecial Designed PFC ICDSP PFC ControlDigital PFC Controller

ovR

63/76

IR One Cycle Control PFC Control IC [IR1150S]

1 8

Robust 22V Vcc VCC

Vout

RTN

+GATE

VCC

VFB

COMP

COM

FREQ

ISNS

OVP

+

AC line

High speed50-200kHz

1.5A gate drive for high power performance

Dedicated OVP pin for high reliability

6

5

3

4

72

http: IR1150: Product Videohttp://ec.irf.com/sales/tradeshow/IR1150S/index.html

http://www.irf.com/design-center/mypower/index.html

64/76

Inductor and Capacitor in a Boost PFC Converter

ovgv

gi

PFCControlleriv

ii

dcv

dcv

*dcV

oi

inC oC

Maximum DC-link voltage Hold-up time RMS current Operating Temperature

Maximum current Operating frequency Low winding loss Low core loss Low stray capacitance

iv

iiri

EMI FILTER

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Inductor Design (Boost PFC, 400V, 300W, 100 kHz)

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PFC Inductor Design Using Simplorer and PExprt

Specify the Optimize Priority for the Design Option List Magnetic Component Performance for a Selected Design

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PFC Design Flow

選擇功率電路拓撲

選擇PFC控制IC 設計控制電路

產品應用領域

產品需求規格

選擇開關頻率發展新型電路拓撲

選擇電流控制模式

設計功率電路與EMI濾波器

發展新型控制架構

發展新型控制IC 系統驗證

整合模擬與測試

EMC & Safety

68/76

Summary of Boost PFC Converters

DCM VOLTAGEFOLLOWER

BOUNDARYMODE

PEAKCURRENT

AVERAGECURRENT

HYSTERETIC

PF

HIGH

UNITY

MEDIUM

UNITY

UNITY

FREQ

CONS.

VAR.

CONS.

CONS.

VAR.

CONTROL

V. SIMPLE

SIMPLE

COMPLEX

COMPLEX

SIMPLE

RMS CURRENT

VERY HIGH

HIGH

LOW

LOW

LOW

EMI FILTER

MEDIUM

MEDIUM

SMALL

SMALL

V. SMALL

Control Schemes

Power Quality&

Energy Saving

家用空調PFC Motor Drive

商用空調

Power Quality and Energy Saving for Home Appliances

冰箱

空氣清淨機

風扇 (立扇、吊扇)

加壓幫汞

洗衣機

220V/60Hz

3000~4000W

150~400W

25~60W

1500~2500W

LVIC

Inve

rter

500~800W

200~400W

100~400W

Energy Saving

Rechargeable BatteryCharger

LightingBallast

Motor DriveBLDC Motor

PV Module

AC Module

PV Module

DC Module

Power Generation

PV Inverter

The Core is Utility Interface!

PC, Monitor, LCD TVPC, LCD TV

AdaptorAdaptor

Power Quality

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Passive PFC Active Boost PFC Partial Active PFC

電路拓撲

電流波形

電流諧波 ╳ ○ ○

成本 ○ △ ○

可靠度 ○ △ ○

Comparison of PFC Schemes for BLDCM Compressors

REF: IPDUTM Inverter Devices for DC Brushless MotorsDC ブラシレス圧縮機駆動用インバータ装置“IPDUTM”, 東芝レビューVol. 57, No.7, 2002.

壓縮機

交流電源

230V

交流電源

230V

交流電源

230V

M壓縮機

M

壓縮機

M

Development of Unidirectional PFC Converter Topologies

(a) Bridge Boost PFC

LOAD

sv

L

1S

1D

dcC ov

5S3D

2D 4D

(b) Bridgeless Boost PFC (with CM EMI Issue)

LOAD

sv dcC

L

ov

2S1S1D 2D

3D 4D

(d) Totem-pole boost PFC(no CM EMI, but requires low Qrr)

(c) Dual-separate, Bridgeless Boost PFC(no CM EMI)

LOAD

sv

si

dcC

1L

ov

2S1S 1D 2D

3D 4D

2L

siLi

LOAD

dcC

L

ov

2S

1S 1D

2D

3Dsi

4D

H. Ye, Z. Yang, J. Dai, C. Yan, X. Xin, and J. Ying, “Common mode noise modeling and analysis of dual boost PFC circuit,” Proc. Int. Telecommunication Energy Conf., Sep. 2004, pp. 575–582.

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Bridgeless Boost PFC Sensorless BLAC Motor DriveEM

I Filt

er

Bridgeless Boost PFC Converter PWM Inverter

Vdc PWM Control Vector Control Sensorless Control Field-Weakening Over-Modulation

Power Factor Control DC-Link Regulation Adjustable Output Fast Response Control

DC-link voltage sensing Current Sampling Current Reconstruction

Sx

v

Gatedriver

Reg

ulat

or

S1~S6

SpeedCommand

*m

*dcV

Gre

en-M

ode

Con

trolle

rdcV

dcC

74/76

Full-Bridge Converter for Bi-Directional Power Flow and Power Factor Control

CurrentController

PWMController

sL

si

sv

1S

2S

3S

4S

A

B

dcC

ci

si

*si

sv

dcv

dci invi

dcv

CurrentController

PWMController

sL

si

sv

1S

2S

3S

4S

A

B

dcC

ci

*di

dcv

dci invi

dcv

CoordinateTransform

PLL

*qi

si

sv

di qiqv

CT

(b) Control in synchronous rotating frame with control of signals in dc quantities.

(a) Control in stationary frame with control of signals in ac quantities.

75/76

PFC Bi-Directional Motor Drive

1S 3S 5S

2S 4S 6SdcV

ab c

3Q

4Q

R

1Q

2QS

VDC = 320~380~420 VDC

3 kW sensorless IPMSM inverter drive with bi-directional power flow and power factor control.

Measure the MTA performance of the sensorless drive. Measure the efficiency, power factor, and grid current THD as a function of

motor/generator power (%) both in motoring and regenerative modes. Make simulation to get the calculated (, pf, THD) in considerations of RDS(ON) of the

power MOSFET and VF of the power diode and compared with the experimental results. Adjust (VDC, fs) to optimize (, pf, THD).

76/76

References

Review of PFC Techniques[1] Bhim Singh, Brij N. Singh, Ambrish Chandra, Kamal Al-Haddad, Ashish Pandey, and Dwarka P. Kothari, “A review of single-phase

improved power quality AC-DC converters,” IEEE Trans. on Ind. Electronics, vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 962-981, Oct. 2003.[2] G. Spiazzi and S. Buso, “Comparison between two single-switch isolated flyback and forward converters high-quality rectifiers for low

power applications,” IEEE APEC Conf. Rec., 2002.[3] Chongming Qiao and K. M. Smedley, “A topology survey of single-stage power factor corrector with a boost type input-current-shaper,”

IEEE APEC Conf. Rec., pp.460-467, 2000.[4] Z. Lai and K. Smedley, “A family of power-factor-correction controllers,” IEEE APEC Conf. Rec., pp.66-73, 1997.[5] J. Sebastian, M. Jaureguizar, and J. Uceda, “An overview of power factor correction in single-phase off-line power supply systems,”

IEEE IECON Conf. Rec., 1994.[6] L. B. Redl and N. O. Sokal, “A new family of single-stage isolate power-factor correctors with fast regulation of the output voltage,”

IEEE PESC Conf. Rec., pp. 1137-1144, 1994.[7] R. A. Mammano, “New developments in high power factor circuit topologies,” Proc. of HFPC, Las Vegas, Sept. 5, 1996.

Theoretical Analysis[8] C. K. Tse and M. H. L. Chow, “Theoretical study of switching converters with power factor correction and voltage regulation,” IEEE

Transactions on Circuits and Systems I, vol. 47, no. 7, pp. 1047-1055, July 2000.[9] C. K. Tse, “Circuit theory of power factor correction in switching converters,” International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications,

vol. 31, no. 1, 2003.