Pelarstvo

SADRAJ

OD RECENZENATA .................................................................................. 1UMESTO PREDGOVORA ........................................................................ 21

I V O T P E L APOREKLO I RASPROSTIRANJE PELA ................................................ 25POLOAJ PELA U IVOTINJSKOM SVETU .................................... 26 RASE PELA ............................................................................................. 26

Kranjska medonosna pela .................................................................... 26 Italijanska uta medonosna pela .......................................................... 27Kavkaska medonosna pela ................................................................... 28Tamna medonosna pela ....................................................................... 28Afrika pela .......................................................................................... 28

PELARSTVO U PROLOSTI(DO POJAVE POKRETNOG RAMA) ....................................................... 29NAJZNAAJNIJA OTKRIA IZ IVOTA PELA .................................. 31

Prirodne mere u pelinjem stanitu ........................................................ 31Polna pripadnost matice ......................................................................... 31Partenogeneza ........................................................................................ 32Sporazumevanje (govor) pela ........................................................... 32

PELA U PRIRODNOM LANCU ISHRANE .......................................... 33KORISTI OD PELA ................................................................................. 35

Opraivanje biljaka ................................................................................ 35 Pelinji proizvodi i ostale koristi ........................................................... 37

PELINJE DRUTVO ............................................................................... 37lanovi pelinjeg drutva ...................................................................... 38Matica ................................................................................................. 38Trut ...................................................................................................... 49Pela radilica ..................................................................................... 51

Gnezdo pelinjeg drutva ...................................................................... 55 Osnovne bioloke osobine pelinjeg drutva ......................................... 60 Prirodna pelinja hrana .......................................................................... 64

PELINJI PROIZVODI ............................................................................. 70

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Med ........................................................................................................ 70 Polen (cvetni prah) ................................................................................. 70 Matini mle .......................................................................................... 70Propolis .................................................................................................. 71 Pelinji vosak ......................................................................................... 71Pelinji otrov .......................................................................................... 71

PODELA RADA U PELINJEM DRUTVU .......................................... 72IZGRADNJA SAA ................................................................................... 77MEUSOBNO SPORAZUMEVANJE PELA ........................................ 80ORIJENTACIJA PELA .......................................................................... 82STANITA PELA ................................................................................... 85

Prirodna stanita ................................................................................... 85Konice sa nepokretnim saem ............................................................ 86Konice sa pokretnim saem ............................................................... 89

IVOT PELINJEG DRUTVA U PRIRODNOM STANITUU TOKU GODINE .................................................................................... 91

O P R E M A Z A P E L A R S T V ONAJZNAAJNIJI PRONALASCI KOJI OBELEAVAJUPERIOD SAVREMENOG PELARENJA ............................................... 107

Pokretna satonoa ................................................................................ 107Pokretni ram ......................................................................................... 107Konica nastavljaa sa pokretnim ramovima ........................................ 110Dimilica ................................................................................................ 112Centrifuga za ceenje meda ................................................................. 112Satna osnova ......................................................................................... 112Matina reetka ..................................................................................... 112Vetake osnove matinjaka i presaivanje larvica .............................. 112Aparat za presaivanje matinih larvica bez dodirivanja .................... 113

KONICE .................................................................................................. 113Konice sa nepokretnim saem ............................................................. 113Konice sa pokretnim saem ................................................................ 113 Savremene konice koje su najzastupljenije u praksi .......................... 116

Dadan-Blatova (DB) konica ............................................................ 116 - DB konica sa 10 ramova ............................................................. 124

Langstrot-Rutova (LR) konica ......................................................... 125 - Kombinovana LR konica sa standardnim telima

i polunastavcima .......................................................................... 128 - Kombinovana LR-DB konica ..................................................... 129

Fararova konica .............................................................................. 130Poloka konica ................................................................................. 133

- Poloka konica sa polumeditem ................................................ 135- Paviljoni sa konicama polokama ............................................. 136

Alberti-niderieva (A) konica .................................................... 137

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- A-Grom konica ......................................................................... 142- Ostale varijante A konice ......................................................... 143

Konice koje se u praksi ree koriste ................................................... 145 Konica Kongresovka ........................................................................ 145Alpska konica ................................................................................... 146Konica erzonka ............................................................................. 149Canderova konica ............................................................................ 151Konica kljetara ............................................................................... 152Konica Tamako ............................................................................... 156

Budue konice? ................................................................................... 156Rodna Voja ........................................................................................ 156Konica sa rotirajuim ploditem ..................................................... 160Konica Lukova ............................................................................... 161

IZRADA KONICA .................................................................................. 161 Materijal za izradu konica.................................................................... 161

Drvena graa za konice .................................................................. 161Nain izrade konica ............................................................................ 170 Alati za sklapanje konica ..................................................................... 173 Alat za zakivanje ramova i razmaka .................................................... 183

Konice od aluminijuma ................................................................... 190Konice od stiropora ........................................................................ 190

RAZNE VARIJANTE DELOVA KONICA............................................. 192Podnjae ............................................................................................... 192Poklopna daska i krov .......................................................................... 208Ramovi za konice .............................................................................. 219Razmaci za ramove .............................................................................. 232Matine reetke .................................................................................... 236Kavezi-izolatori za matice .................................................................... 240Oprema za odstranjivanje pela sa ramova ......................................... 244Pregradne daske ................................................................................... 251Hranilice .............................................................................................. 256Nukleusi ............................................................................................... 270Konice za posmatranje pela ............................................................. 274Prenosno sandue ................................................................................. 277Rojnjae ............................................................................................... 280

OPLODNJACI ZA MATICE .................................................................... 284Veliki oplodnjaci .................................................................................. 284Rofusovi oplodnjaci ........................................................................... 291Mali oplodnjaci .................................................................................... 293Minimalni oplodnjaci ........................................................................... 310

POSTOLJA ZA KONICE ........................................................................ 310OPREMA ZA UVRIVANJE, PRENOENJE IUTOVAR-ISTOVAR KONICA .............................................................. 321

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PRIBOR ZA PRESAIVANJE LARVICA PRI UZGOJU MATICA ...... 332 Igle za presaivanje larvica ................................................................. 332Aparati za presaivanje larvica ............................................................ 334

Jenter aparat ..................................................................................... 334Nicot aparat ...................................................................................... 335

Vetake osnove matinjaka ................................................................. 336Pribor za obeleavanje matica ............................................................. 340Kavezi za matice .................................................................................. 346Inkubator za izvoenje matica ............................................................ 359Aparat za vetaku oplodnju matica .................................................... 360

OTPREMANJE KAVEZA SA MATICAMA POTOM ......................... 361OPREMA ZA FORMIRANJE PAKETNIH ROJEVA ............................ 362

Kutije za smetanje paketnih rojeva ................................................... 362Elektrini stresa pela za formiranje paketnih rojeva ...................... 364

KUTIJE ZA ISPORUKU ROJEVA NA RAMOVIMA ........................... 364PELARSKE VAGE ................................................................................. 365OPREMA ZA TOPLJENJE VOSKA ........................................................ 371

Solarni topionici voska ........................................................................ 373Parni sokovnik ..................................................................................... 376Parni topionici ..................................................................................... 377Prese za topljenje voska ...................................................................... 380Elektrini topionici za vosak ............................................................... 387

OPREMA ZA IZRADU SATNIH OSNOVA ........................................... 392Runa presa za izradu satnih osnova ................................................... 392Indusrijsko livenje satnih osnova ......................................................... 394Industrijska izrada hladno valjanih satnih osnova .............................. 397

UGRAIVANJE SATNIH OSNOVA U RAMOVE ............................... 399ELEKTRINO GREJANJE KONICA .................................................. 412OPREMA ZA PREGLEDANJE PELA ................................................. 417

Pelarski noevi ................................................................................... 417Pelarske etke ..................................................................................... 420Dimilice ............................................................................................... 420Pelarska korpa .................................................................................... 424Zatitna (ivena) oprema ................................................................... 426Pokretne dizalice za pregledanje konica ............................................ 429

POJILA ZA PELE .................................................................................. 431OPREMA ZA IZRADU POGAA ZA ISHRANU PELA ................... 437

Runa izrada pogaa ............................................................................ 439Pekarska mealica za testo ................................................................... 440Specijalna mealica za izradu pogaa ................................................. 440

SKUPLJAI CVETNOG PRAHA ........................................................... 441Unutranji sakupljai ........................................................................... 441

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Spoljni sakupljai ................................................................................. 441Komora za suenje polena ................................................................... 445Alat za vaenje perge iz saa .............................................................. 446

PRIBOR ZA SAKUPLJANJE PROPOLISA ........................................... 446PRIBOR ZA VAENJE MLEA ............................................................. 449UREAJ ZA SAKUPLJANJE PELINJEG OTROVA ......................... 450

Sakupljanje pelinjeg otrova ............................................................... 452OPREMA ZA OTKLAPANJE SAA IODLAGANJE OTKLOPLJENIH RAMOVA ........................................... 453

Oprema za runo otklapanje saa ....................................................... 453Oprema za mainsko otklapanje saa .................................................. 456Odlaganje otklopljenih ramova ........................................................... 459

OPREMA ZA CEENJE MEDA ............................................................. 462Vertikalne centrifuge ............................................................................ 462Tetivne (hordijalne) centrifuge ............................................................ 464Radijalne centrifuge ............................................................................. 467Horizontalna centrifuga. ...................................................................... 469Oprema za prihvatanje, pretakanje i skladitenjeoceenog meda .................................................................................... 471Linije za otklapanje saa i ceenje meda ............................................. 473

OPREMA ZA DEKRISTALIZACIJU MEDA. ........................................ 475Komore za dekristalizaciju meda ........................................................ 478Samopotapajui elektrini dekristalizatori ........................................... 479Duplikatori ........................................................................................... 480

OPREMA ZA PAKOVANJE MEDA ....................................................... 481OSTALA SREDSTVA I OPREMA .......................................................... 485PELARSKI OBJEKTI ............................................................................ 490

T E H N I K A P E L A R E N J AFORMIRANJE PELINJAKA ................................................................ 497

Izbor mesta za pelinjak ..................................................................... 497Vrste pelinjaka ................................................................................. 502

Stacionarni pelinjaci ....................................................................... 502Pokretni pelinjaci ............................................................................ 505Gradski pelinjaci ............................................................................ 507

Ureenje terena za smetaj pelinjaka ................................................ 509Izbor tipa konice i vrste pelinjaka ................................................... 514Broj konica na jednom pelinjaku .................................................... 516Raspored konica na pelinjaku ......................................................... 517Sa koliko pelinjih drutava kada i kako zapoeti pelarenje ........... 518Nega i razvoj rojeva ............................................................................ 520

OSNOVNI PELARSKI RADOVI U TOKU SEZONE ........................ 521Izimljavanje pelinjih drutava ........................................................... 522

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Zimska prihrana pelinjih drutava ................................................. 522Brzi zimski pregled ........................................................................... 534

Prvi detaljni proleni pregled pelinjih drutava ................................ 536Saniranje nedostataka uoenih pri prvom prolenom pregledu .......... 544

Saniranje bezmatka .......................................................................... 544Saniranje bezmataka koji ima leglo i matinjake ............................ 545Saniranje drutva sa lanim maticama ............................................ 545Saniranje drutva sa loom maticom ............................................... 547Saniranje drutva sa maticom trutuom ........................................... 547

Znaaj pretapanja i zamene starog saa ............................................... 547Proleni razvoj pelinjih drutava i priprema za glavne pae ............. 549

Podsticajno prihranjivanje eernim sirupom ................................. 549Proleno iezavanje pela .............................................................. 550Proirivanje plodinog prostora ...................................................... 551Ram graevnjak ............................................................................... 554Predvajanje pelinjih drutava u DB-konicamana proizvodna i pomona ................................................................. 556Rad sa pomonim drutvima ............................................................ 559Rad sa proizvodnim drutvima ........................................................ 561Karakteristike ranih izdanijih paa ............................................... 562Blokada plodinog prostora polenom .............................................. 565Sakupljanje cvetnog praha .............................................................. 566Korienje medinih tela .................................................................. 567Korienje irokih medinih ramova ............................................... 570

O PRIRODNOM ROJENJU .................................................................... 572Uzroci pojave nagona za rojenje ........................................................ 572Mere protiv pojave nagona za rojenje ................................................ 574O kvalitetu matica iz rojevog nagona ................................................. 577Postupak sa drutvom u kome se pojavio rojevi nagon ..................... 577Zbrinjavanje prirodnih rojeva .......................................................... 581

ZATITA PELINJIH DRUTAVA U PRIRODNIM STANITIMA .... 590VREME MEDOBERA (KORIENJE DOBRIHPELINJIH PAA) .................................................................................. 591

Bagremova paa .................................................................................. 592Izbor podruja za seobu konica ...................................................... 592Karakteristike bagremove pae ....................................................... 594Analiza mogunosti korienja tri bagremove pae ........................ 597Seoba konica ................................................................................... 600Korienje bagremovih paa............................................................. 604

Ceenje meda ...................................................................................... 608Pakovanje saa u medu ................................................................... 609Med u sau ....................................................................................... 610Voe u medu ..................................................................................... 611

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alfijina paa ....................................................................................... 612Paa pitomog kestena .......................................................................... 613Korienje livadske pae ..................................................................... 614Lipova paa ......................................................................................... 616Suncokretova paa ............................................................................... 617Vrijeskova paa ................................................................................... 624etinarska paa ................................................................................... 625Kako poboljati pelinju pau ............................................................ 626Karakteristike znaajnijih medonosnih biljaka kojimamoemo poboljati pelinju pau ........................................................ 628

PRIPREME ZA ZAZIMLJAVANJE PELINJIH DRUTAVA .............. 633Zamena i dodavanje matica ................................................................. 634

uvanje matica ................................................................................. 635Uslovi za uspean prijem matica ..................................................... 636Metode dodavanja matica ................................................................ 638

Grabe .................................................................................................. 641Svoenje konica na plodini prostor ................................................. 643Koliko je hrane potrebno pelinjim drutvimaza prezimljavanje i rani proleni razvoj ............................................. 644uvanje ramova sa saem ................................................................... 647Predostronosti pri tretmanu drutava protiv varoe ........................... 647

ZAZIMLJAVANJE PELINJIH DRUTAVA ......................................... 648Utopljavanje konica ............................................................................ 649

SPECIFINOSTI PELARENJA POJEDINIMTIPOVIMA KONICA ............................................................................. 650

Pelarenje LR konicama .................................................................... 651Pelarenje Fararovim konicama ........................................................ 656Pelarenje polokama konicama ........................................................ 658Pelarenje A konicama .................................................................... 659Pelarenje alpskim konicama ............................................................ 660Pelarenje konicama erzonkama ..................................................... 662Pelarenje vrkarama ........................................................................... 663

PELARENJE SA DVE MATICE U JEDNOJ KONICI ...................... 666Dvomatino pelarenje ........................................................................ 667Dvojno pelarenje ................................................................................ 676

UZGOJ MATICA ...................................................................................... 678Korienje prirodno izgraenih matinjaka ........................................ 679Planski uzgoj matica ............................................................................ 680Uzgoj matica bez presaivanja larvica ............................................... 680

Dobijanje prisilnih matinjaka ......................................................... 681Dobijanje matinjaka na podrezanom sau ...................................... 681Milerova metoda ............................................................................... 682Alejeva metoda ................................................................................. 682

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Canderova metoda ........................................................................... 683Uzgoj matica presaivanjem larvica (opti uslovi) ............................ 683

Matica rodonaelnica ....................................................................... 683Trutovske zajednice .......................................................................... 685Selekcija pela (matica rodonaelnica) ............................................ 686Kontrolisano sparivanje matica ....................................................... 686Kalendar i satnica aktivnosti pri uzgoju matica ............................. 688Uzgoj matica u vie turnusa ............................................................. 690

Dobijanje matinjaka i uzgoj maticapresaivanjem larvica dodirivanjem ................................................... 691

Odgajivaka drutva ........................................................................ 692Presaivanje larvica ........................................................................ 697Kontrola broja izraenih matinjaka ............................................... 700Formiranje oplodnjaka .................................................................... 702Presaivanje matinjaka .................................................................. 703Kontrola oplodnje i kvaliteta i oduzimanje matica iz oplodnjaka .... 705

Dobijanje matinjaka i uzgoj matica presaivanjemlarvica bez dodirivanja ........................................................................ 707Rad sa Jenterovim aparatom ............................................................... 707Rad sa malim osmodelnim oplodnjacima ........................................... 715

Formiranje malih oplodnjaka i dodavanje matinjaka .................... 1Kontrola kvaliteta i oduzimanje matica ........................................... 723Zavretak rada sa malim oplodnjacima ........................................... 24

Rad sa Nicot aparatom ........................................................................ 726Pripremanje hrane koja se stavlja u transportne kaveze .................... 730Dobijanje matinog mlea .................................................................. 731Plansko formiranje rojeva ................................................................... 733

Formiranje rojeva za sopstvene potrebe .......................................... 733Formiranje rojeva za trite ............................................................. 736Formiranje paketnih rojeva ............................................................. 739

O R G A N S K O P E L A R E N J E ................................................ 743

B O L E S T I P E L AAmerika (zloudna) trule kuga pelinjeg legla ............................. 745Evropska dobroudna trule pelinjeg legla ....................................... 747Kreno leglo ........................................................................................ 748Nozemoza (Nozema) ........................................................................... 749Varoza (Varoatoza) .............................................................................. 750Virusi ................................................................................................... 753Mala koniina buba ........................................................................... 754

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N E P R I J A T E L J I ( T E T O I N E ) P E L AInsekti .................................................................................................. 755

Votani moljac .................................................................................. 755Mrtvaka glava ................................................................................ 757Bogomoljka obina .......................................................................... 757Osa obina ....................................................................................... 758Strljen ............................................................................................. 758Crni mrav batenski ........................................................................ 761

Pauci .................................................................................................... 761Pauk krsta ....................................................................................... 761Osoliki pauk ..................................................................................... 762Pauci koji ne pletu mreu ................................................................... 762

Kimenjaci ............................................................................................ 762Vodozemci .......................................................................................... 762

- Zelena krastava aba .................................................................... 762- Obina krastava aba ................................................................... 763

Gmizavci ............................................................................................ 763- Zelemba ...................................................................................... 763- Sivi guter .................................................................................. 763

Ptice ................................................................................................... 763- Pelarica ...................................................................................... 764- Senica obina ............................................................................... 764- Vrabac domai ............................................................................. 765- Lasta seoska ................................................................................. 765- Detli areni ................................................................................. 765

Sisari .................................................................................................. 766- Mi domai ................................................................................... 766- Rovica obina ............................................................................. 767- Mrki medved ................................................................................. 767

o v e k ............................................................................................. 767

SVETSKO ORGANIZOVANJE PELARAAPIMONDIA ............................................................................................ 768

REGISTAR IMENA I POJMOVA ...................................................... 1LITERATURA ........................................................................................ 9O AUTORU .............................................................................................. 781

PRENUMERANTI ................................................................................. 783