page 38 PROPHYLUM PROTOZOA

CLASS SARCODINA

ORDER FORAMINIFERA“Fusulinid” type

ORDER FORAMINIFERA“Nummulites” type

ORDER RADIOLARIA magnification X150

Fig.4

page 45 POR

PHYLUM PORIFERA

Fig 6

page 52 CNI

PHYLUM CNIDERIACLASS TABULATA

CLASS RUGOSA

Fig, 10

page 53 CNI

PHYLUM CNIDERIACLASS RUGOSA cont.

Fig, 11

page 59 BRYPHYLUM BRYOZOA

Fig.14

page 65 BRAPHYLUM BRACHIOPODA

CLASS INARTICULATA

CLASS ARTICULATA

Order Orthida: With wide hinge line or Order Pentamerida: Short hinge line,shaped biconvex shells. Most common during the large internal platform for muscles and otherlower Paleozoic. structures. Important Silurian index fossils.

Order Rhynchonellida: Convex shells with sharp ribbing. The beaks may be large, hinge line is short. A relatively conservative group beginning in the Ordovician.

Fig. 17

page 66 BRAPHYLUM BRACHIOPODA

CLASS ARTICULATA cont Order Strophomenida: One or the very

common middle and lower Paleozoic groups. Has a pseudopunctate shell and a wide hinge line. One valve is plane or convex. Pedicle opening very small or absent. In existence since the Ordovician.

Order Productoidea: A large, varied, and sometimes bizarre group mostcommon and important in the upper Paleozoic. Interarea (between valves) smallor absent, hinge line is moderately long. The shell is pseudopunctate and generally covered by spines. Attachment to hard substrate withspines, or spines used as stilts to raise shell off muddy bottom.Range: Permian - Ordovician

____________________________________________________________________________________

Order Terebratulida: Biconvex, punctate shells with a short hinge line and an interarea as in thespiriferids. Internally there is a "looped" gill support. In existence since the Silurian.

Fig.18

page 67 BRAPHYLUM BRACHIOPODA

CLASS ARTICULATA cont .

Order Spiriferida:

Fig. 19

page 75 MOL PHYLUM MOLLUSCA

CLASS PELECYPODA

Fig. 24

Answer evaluation questions 3 through 6

page 79 MOL PHYLUM MOLLUSCA

CLASS GASTROPODA

Fig. 28

page 83 MOL PHYLUM MOLLUSCA

CLASS CEPHALOPODA

Fig. 32

page 91 ARTPHYLUM ARTHROPODA

CLASS TRILOBITA

Fig. 35

page 92 ART

PHYLUM ARTHROPODACLASS CHELICERATA

The chelicerates (scorpions, ticks, spiders, horseshoe "crabs") are diverse in form (Figure 36). Theyall, nevertheless, are characterized by a chelate (pincer-like) first pair of appendages and no antennae. Living forms, of which the spider is the most abundant, are mostly land dwellers, but in the earlyPaleozoic a primitive order of aqueous chelicerates called the eurypterids were important and perhaps the"rulers" of the fresh-water environment. Some eurypterids were large, up to three meters in length, andtheir hindmost pair of appendages were modified into broad swimming paddles. Eurypterids have beencalled "giant sea scorpions." Although this is a misnomer with regard to their habitat, it seems likely thatthe terrestrial scorpions evolved from them.

LIVING CHELICERATES

FOSSIL CHELICERATES

Fig.37

page 100 ECHPHYLUM ECHINODERMATA

CLASS CRINOIDEA

Fig. 44

page 101 ECHPHYLUM ECHINODERMATA

Fig. 45

page 107 HEM

PHYLUM HEMICHORDATA CLASS GRAPIOLITHINA

Fig. 48

page 117 CHOPHYLUM CHORDATA

1. Identify at the side of the room: EXERCISE 2

Phylum Class Genus

#153 ____________________ ____________________

#157 ____________________ ____________________

#158 ____________________ ____________________

#159 ____________________ ____________________

page 120 PLAKINGDOM PLANTAE

PHYLUM THALLOPHYTA

Diatoms and Coccoliths are microscopic, single celled, plants. Myriads of them live in the surfacewaters of oceans and lakes, where they constitute the primary sources of food for animals. Diatoms(Figure 55A) have a siliceous covering made in two halves which fit together like the halves of a tinypillbox. Coccoliths have a calcareous covering of plates (Figure 55B). The plates are not interlockingand fall apart when the plant decays. The delicate siliceous coverings of dead diatoms and calcareouscoverings of dead coccoliths rain down continuously onto the floors of oceans and lakes. Diatoms aremost abundant in cold waters and coccoliths are most abundant in warm waters. In the oceans, wherelocally undiluted by influxes of other sediments, nearly pure deposits of either siliceous diatom tests(diatomite) or calcareous coccolith tests (chalk) occur. Diatomite abundant though less familiar to mostof us than chalk, has found use as an abrasive or as a chemical filter because of its texture, compositionand porosity.

A) Highly magnified fossil DIATOMS B) Electron microscope of a modern COCCOLITH

Figure 55 Calcareous algae have no hard parts, nevertheless some cause the precipitation of calcium carbonate bythe removal of carbon dioxide from the waters about them for photosynthesis. The calcium carbonatethus precipitated is in turn trapped by the mucous covering of the calcareous algae. In this way they arethe major contributors to the formation of limestones. Some marine calcareous algae are known to buildrounded reefs with distinctive concentric laminated structures called stromatolites (Figure 56). Similarstructures in ancient limestones are interpreted as fossils although the algae presumed responsible for thestructures are not found fossilized. Some date as old as 2.1 billion years. Calcareous algal reefs areconfined to water depths less than about 30 meters, because light intensity is insufficient forphotosynthesis at greater depths.

SURFACE EXPOSURE OF A FOSSIL ALGAL REEF CROSS SECTION OF A FOSSIL ALGAL REEF

Figure 56

page 121 PLAKINGDOM PLANTAE

Abundant in the coal swamp flora of the late Paleozoic are lycopsids, sphenopsids, true ferns, seed ferns,cordiates and cycads.

PHYLUM LYCOPSIDA (SCALE TREES)Unlike the living lycopsids, which are small inconspicuous plants called groundpines or clubmosses, the fossil and extinct genera : Lepidodendron and Sigillaria (Figure 57), were large andimportant members of the Late Paleozoic forests reaching heights of 30 meters and diameters of 2meters. Fossil bark from these trees shows distinct and striking patterns formed by the regularspacing of scars that mark the attachment positions of leaves that were shed as the tree grewupward. The pattern of these leaf scars bring to mind the scales of a reptile, whence the name ofthis phylum.

Figure 57

PHYLUM SPHENOPSIDAThe sphenopsids are characterized by their jointed stems. Living representatives are the horsetailrushes (Figure 58) which in sandy places are locally abundant over most of the United States. Although modern horsetail rushes are small, the fossil and extinct genera: Calamites, of the LatePaleozoic, grew to tree-like heights and had sterns up to 30 centimeters in diameter.

Figure 58

page 122 PLAKINGDOM PLANTAE

PHYLUM FILICINEAE True ferns (Figure 59a): Phylum Filicineae, of which 8000 species exist today, are sporeshedding. Fossil ferns are very similar in appearance to modern ferns. They first appearin Devonian rocks, and they were particularly abundant in the Late Paleozoic.

PHYLUM GYMNOSPERMESeed ferns (Figure 59b), the first and now extinct members of the Phylum Gymnospermewere seed bearing. Because the leaves are abundantly fossilized but the reproductivestructures are rarely, the seed ferns have been often confused with the true ferns in theirclassification.

Figure 59b LATE PALEOZOIC SEED FERNS