Overview of Ultra Wide Band (UWB) Impulse Radio · 19 UWB Effects on Receiver Performance is the...
Transcript of Overview of Ultra Wide Band (UWB) Impulse Radio · 19 UWB Effects on Receiver Performance is the...
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UMIACS/LTS SeminarMarch 17, 2004
Overview of Ultra Wide Band (UWB)Impulse Radio
Dr. Jay PadgettSenior Research Scientist
Telcordia Technologies/ Applied ResearchWireless Systems and Networks
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2 What is Ultra Wide Band?� FCC definition of UWB signal: bandwidth is at least 20% of
center frequency, or a bandwidth of at least 500 MHz� Bandwidths can exceed 1 GHz� Example: Pulsed UWB signal (pulse width: 0.5 ns).
f (GHz)0 1 2 3 4 5
Φ(f
) / Φ
max
(dB
)
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
τ = 0.5 ns
Signal is a sequence of short pulsesPulse energy spectrum
� The large UWB passband spans the operating frequencies of many existing licensed services� Interference concerns: UWB to narrowband systems (main
concern of FCC, NTIA), narrowband-to-UWB interference (UWB design issue)
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3 Brief FCC / UWB History� FCC motivation: encourage development of potentially useful
new technology without causing harmful interference to existing services and devices� Sequence of FCC Notices and Orders
– Notice of Inquiry in September 1998– Notice of Proposed Rule Making, June 2000– First Report and Order, April 2002: made legal unlicensed operation
of UWB devices subject to certain restrictions– Reconsideration Order and Further NPRM, March 2003: responsive
to Petitions for Reconsideration filed in response to the first R&O
� FCC categorizes its approach to legalizing UWB “conservative” with respect to preventing harmful interference to other devicesand services. FCC has promised further evolution to UWB Rules� Allowed UWB emission levels are less than or equal to the level
allowed for unintentional radiators such as computers and other electronic devices (-41.3 dBm/MHz).
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4 FCC General UWB Emission Limits
Frequency in GHz
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
UW
B e
mis
sio
n li
mit
in d
Bm
/MH
z
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
IndoorHandheld
UWB Passband (3.1 to 10.6 GHz)1.99 GHz
1.61 GHz
−75.3 dBm
−51.3 dBm−53.3 dBm
−61.3 dBm−63.3 dBm
−41.3 dBm
960MHz
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5 Applications: DARPA’s NETEX Program
� Phase I: Gain understanding of effects of UWB system operation on existing narrowband spectrum users– Testing (NAVAIR/Pax River): 16 legacy system, 39 modes, 1600
tests completed.– Modeling/Simulation (Telcordia) details below– UWB propagation and channel modeling (Virginia Tech)
� Phase II: (DARPA/ATO BAA 03-20, Industry Day April 7 ‘03)– Push UWB physical layer design to the point where it is capable of
reliably supporting advanced LPD, ranging, location and networking protocols
– Develop algorithms, protocols, and distributed control for robust, scalable ad hoc UWB networking
– Demonstrate 20-node hand held radios, 50-node video network, and 50-node radar sensor integrated into high data rate short range network.
Objective: Develop military UWB sensors and communications systems for operation in extreme environments
http://www.darpa.mil/ato/solicit/NETEX/documents.htm
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6 UWB: An Undesired Result
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7 UWB Interference Modeling
( )fG
( ) ( )∑∞
−∞=
−=k
kTtgtx ( )ty
victim receiver or measurement instrument (e.g., spectrum analyzer) impulse response (baseband equivalent)UWB impulse train receiver
response
( )thb
?t
( )tg
f
( )fH
f
tWhat is the effective interference power due to the UWB signal, as seen by the non-UWB receiver?
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8 Victim Receiver Model and Interference Filtering
f0 f−f0
Receiver Passband
UWB PulseEnergy Spectrum
RF IF1
~ LO1
f0 fIF1IF2
~ LO2
fIF2Detector/DemodulatorCircuitry
HIF(f )
UWB Pulse Sequence IF Impulse Response (envelope shown)
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9 Time Hopping PSD Example: Partial-Frame 2-ns Dithering
f0 (filter center frequency), GHz
0 1 2 3 4 5
filte
r out
put p
ower
, dB
m
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
M = 10 time hopping binsεc = 2 ns bin separationPuwb = 10 dBmR = 10 MHz pulse rateBIF = 1 MHz IF bandwidth
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10 Closeup – with Simulation Results
f0 (filter center frequency), GHz
1.4 1.5 1.6
filte
r out
put p
ower
, dB
m
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
ModelSimulation
M = 10εc = 2 nsPuwb = 10 dBmR = 10 MHzBIF = 1 MHz
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11 Simulation – Zero Span – 1.46 GHz
time in microseconds
0 20 40 60 80 100
filte
r out
put p
ower
in d
Bm
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
M = 10, εc = 2 ns, Puwb = 10 dBmR = 10 MHz, BIF = 1 MHzf0 = 1.46 GHz
f0 (filter center frequency), GHz
1.4 1.5 1.6
filte
r out
put p
ower
, dB
m
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
ModelSimulation
M = 10εc = 2 nsPuwb = 10 dBmR = 10 MHzBIF = 1 MHz
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12 Simulation – Zero Span – 1.47 GHz
time in microseconds
0 20 40 60 80 100
filte
r out
put p
ower
in d
Bm
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
M = 10, εc = 2 ns, Puwb = 10 dBmR = 10 MHz, BIF = 1 MHzf0 = 1.47 GHzf0 (filter center frequency), GHz
1.4 1.5 1.6
filte
r out
put p
ower
, dB
m
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
ModelSimulation
M = 10εc = 2 nsPuwb = 10 dBmR = 10 MHzBIF = 1 MHz
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13 Simulation – Zero Span – 1.48 GHz
time in microseconds
0 20 40 60 80 100
filte
r out
put p
ower
in d
Bm
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
M = 10, εc = 2 ns, Puwb = 10 dBmR = 10 MHz, BIF = 1 MHzf0 = 1.48 GHzf0 (filter center frequency), GHz
1.4 1.5 1.6
filte
r out
put p
ower
, dB
m
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
ModelSimulation
M = 10εc = 2 nsPuwb = 10 dBmR = 10 MHzBIF = 1 MHz
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14 Simulation – Zero Span – 1.5 GHz
time in microseconds
0 20 40 60 80 100
filte
r out
put p
ower
in d
Bm
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
M = 10, εc = 2 ns, Puwb = 10 dBmR = 10 MHz, BIF = 1 MHzf0 = 1.5 GHz
f0 (filter center frequency), GHz
1.4 1.5 1.6
filte
r out
put p
ower
, dB
m
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
ModelSimulation
M = 10εc = 2 nsPuwb = 10 dBmR = 10 MHzBIF = 1 MHz
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15 Example: PSD of a Swept-PRF Signal
t
r(t)
t
r(t)pulse rate
rd
2T
2T
−
r
( )22T
tT
atrtr ≤<−+=
Tra d2=
( ) ( )∑+−=
−=M
MnnTttv
1
δ
( )a
TnarrTn
42 22 +++−=
( ) ∑+−=
−=M
Mn
fTj nefV1
2π
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16 Swept PRF PSD and Approximation
frequency (MHz)
0 200 400 600 800 1000
mill
iwat
ts
0
1
2
3
4
exactfirst-order analytic approximation
Swept PRF100 MHz average PRF100 kHz sweep rate4 MHz PRF span (98 to 102 MHz)1 watt total average power1.05 GHz pulse bandwidth (rectangular spectrum)
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17 Closeup of Swept PRF Spectrum
frequency (MHz)
580 590 600 610 620
mill
iwat
ts
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
exactfirst-order analytic approximation
Swept PRF100 MHz average PRF100 kHz sweep rate4 MHz PRF span (98 to 102 MHz)1 watt total average power1.05 GHz pulse bandwidth (rectangular spectrum)
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18 Individual Tones of the Swept PRF PSD
frequency (MHz)
585 586 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595
mill
iwat
ts
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
exactfirst-order analytic approximation
Swept PRF100 MHz average PRF100 kHz sweep rate4 MHz PRF span (98 to 102 MHz)1 watt total average power1.05 GHz pulse bandwidth (rectangular spectrum)
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19 UWB Effects on Receiver Performance� is the ratio of the pulse rate to the IF bandwidth� There are 3 primary interference cases:
– , which gives pulsed interference to the detector– with constant pulse rate, which can give a tone
within the passband– with dithering or modulation, which can give a
noise-like signal� The first two cases were explored for fixed-frequency
digital communications receivers and for an analog FM receiver. The third case, in the limit, gives results similar to those of Gaussian noise, which are well-known.�With Nu > 1, there can also be a combination of a tone and
noise (as seen previously).� Results are calculated based on the average UWB
interference power within the receiver passband.
uN
1≤uN1>uN
1>uN
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20 Modeling the Test Procedure for an FM Receiver
Carrier-to-interference ratio (CIR), dB
-10 0 10 20 30
Bas
eban
d SI
NA
D (d
B)
0
10
20
30
40
Nu = 0.1
Nu = 1.0
Nu = 0.01
Gaussian noise
∆f = 2.4 kHzfm = 1 kHzBIF = 30 kHzBbb = 3 kHz
Nu = PRF ÷ IF bandwidth
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21 Analysis vs. dB-Average Test Results (FM)
Test Waveform (TW) Number
1 2 3 4 5 6
CIR
for
10 d
B S
INA
D r
ecei
ver
upse
t, dB
-5
0
5
10
15
20
dB average from measurementsanalysis
Gaussian noise
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22 UWB into a Noncoherent FSK Receiver
-20 -10 0 10 20 3010
-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
SIR (dB)
BE
RNu=0.01
Nu=0.02
Nu=0.05
Nu=0.10
Nu=1.00
−
2exp
21
BER AWGN Equivalent
SIR
-20 -10 0 10 20 3010
-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
SIR (dB)
BE
RNu=0.01
Nu=0.02
Nu=0.05
Nu=0.10
Nu=1.00
-20 -10 0 10 20 3010
-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
-20 -10 0 10 20 3010
-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
SIR (dB)
BE
RNu=0.01
Nu=0.02
Nu=0.05
Nu=0.10
Nu=1.00
−
2exp
21
BER AWGN Equivalent
SIR
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23 Coherent PSK – Comparison of Rates
-5 0 5 10 15 10
-6
10 -5
10 -4
10 -3
10 -2
10 -1
10 0
SINR (dB)
BE
R
I/N = -30 dB I/N = 0 dB I/N = 30 dB
25.0 :Red =uN
1.0 :Green =uN05.0 :Blue =uN
u
u
NN
log10 SINR BER, lowAt 2BER SINR, lowAt
−≅≅
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24 UWB/Legacy NB Coexistence Example
Rb
UWB data rate (kb/s)
1 10 100 1000
d uwb
Max
imum
UW
B p
ath
dist
ance
(met
ers)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
I/N = 0 dBI/N = 5 dBI/N = 10 dBI/N = 15 dBI/N = 20 dB
f0 = 300 MHzBuwb = 200 MHzdnb = 20 metersFnb = 10 dBFuwb = 1 dB(Eb/N0)uwb = 10 dBA(f0) = 0 dBGTX,uwb = 2 dBGRX,uwb = 2 dBGTX,uwb->nb = 2 dBGRX,nb = 2 dBLTX = LRX = 1 dBDithered pulses
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25 Aggregate Interference – Closed form CDF
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )∑∞
=
>−
−ΓΓ
−=<=1
0,1sin1
!1
1Prk
k
Z zkzk
kzZzF νπ
ννπ ν
( ) ( ) )interferer(nearest 0exp >−= − zzzFZν
10 log z
-10 0 10 20 30P
{ Z
< z
} [
perc
ent]
Dis
trib
utio
n of
nor
mal
ized
ag
greg
ate
inte
rfer
ence
pow
er
0.1
1
10
305070
90
99
Multiple interferers
Nearest single interferer
γ = 4.0γ = 3.5γ = 3.0
• Uniformly random distribution of interfering transmitters• Equal power• No exclusion zone
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26 IS-95 PCS Blocking vs. UWB Density
ρ (active UWB transmitters/m2)
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
Pb (
perc
ent)
blo
ckin
g pr
obab
ility
aver
aged
ove
r cel
l are
a an
d U
WB
-to-
PCS
dist
ance
0
20
40
60
80
100
Non-uniform distance distributionγ = 3.5
ΦTXuwb = −50 dBm/MHz
−55 dBm/MHz
−60 dBm/MHz
−65 dBm/MHz
ρ (active UWB transmitters/m2)
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
Pb (
perc
ent)
blo
ckin
g pr
obab
ility
aver
aged
ove
r cel
l are
a an
d U
WB
-to-
PCS
dist
ance
0
20
40
60
80
100
Uniform distance distributionγ = 3.5
ΦTXuwb = −50 dBm/MHz
−55 dBm/MHz
−60 dBm/MHz
−65 dBm/MHz
r (meters)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
f d(r)
prob
abili
ty d
ensi
ty fu
nctio
n fo
rdi
stan
ce to
nea
rest
UW
B tr
ansm
itter
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
ρ = 0.1 active UWB transmitters/m2
Non-uniform
Uniform
Truncated uniform (d0 = 1 meter)
Probability density functions for minimum UWB to PCS handset distance
These curves show the average percentage of handsets blocked on the downlink as a function of UWB deployment density and transmit power spectral density
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27 C/I with Aggregate Interference� Desired signal to NB receiver Rayleigh-faded (terrestrial
multipath).� UWB transmitters uniformly randomly distributed spatially, no
fading of interfering signals (short distances).� May be an “exclusion zone” surrounding victim receiver within
which there will be no UWB transmitters.
Desired NB transmitter
Rayleigh-faded signal path
exclusion zone(no UWB transmitterswithin this area)
dmin
narrowband receiver
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28 C/I CDF with Aggregate UWB Interference and no Exclusion Zone
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20
Pr( C
nb/ I
UW
B <
Λ),
perc
ent
0.1
1
10
30
50
70
90
99
99.9
99.99
γ = 2.5γ = 3γ = 3.5γ = 4
Monte Carlo, γ = 3Nearest interferer, γ = 3
dB , nbX
Λ
22
1exp1Pr
2
>
−Γ
Λ−−=
Λ< γ
γ
γ
nbUWB
nb
XIC
( ) 2 :ionnormalizat γπρα atx
nbnb P
CX =
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29 The Larger Picture: UWB – Challenges, Questions, and Opportunities Going Forward
� Design of UWB radios that can operate adaptively in the presence of strong in-band narrowband signals.� UWB networking: MAC layer design, ad hoc routing protocols,
QoS management, especially with narrowband interference.� Applications – what is UWB best suited for (military and
commercial)?– Radar/localization– Data networking?– Sensors?– Integrated applications (e.g., localization + communications).
� Can UWB be used to provide high data rate hotspots with connectivity to CMRS networks?� Can UWB be used to increase the accuracy of E-911 indoors?