OTROVANJE MANGANOM
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Transcript of OTROVANJE MANGANOM
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OTROVANJE MANGANOM
MANGANIZAM
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Putevi unosa:
inhalacija
ingestija
perkutano
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INDUSTRIJSKA UPORABA:
Izrada legura
Izrada baterija
Izrada stakla
Izrada keramike
Izrada umjetnih gnojiva
Izrada boja
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Toksikokinetika
preferira tkiva bogata mitohondrijima
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Ciljni organi:
Prvenstveno mozak,
pluća,
iako je rasap sistemski
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TOKSIČNI UČINAK NA DIŠNI SUSTAV
vjerojatno posljedica inhibicije alveolarnih makrofaga imunodeficijencija i s tim u svezi učestalosti respiratornih infekata
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NAJVAŽNIJI CNS UČINCI
SADRŽAJA DOPAMINA U CENTRALNIM STRUKTURAMA,
NJEGOVE SINTEZE IZ L-DOPE I
KONVERZIJE L-DOPE U HOMOVANILIČNU KISELINU
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Uzrok :
smanjena aktivnost enzima koji prate te procese, a nalaze se u mitohondrijima (oksidativni enzimi i tirozin-hidroksilaza).
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Rezultat:
degenerativne promjene centralnih struktura i poremećaji sinaptičke transmisije
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Klinička slika manganizma - 3 faze:1. supklinička s općom nejasnom simptomatologijom
2. inicijalni period sa psihoneurološkom simptomatologijom
3. faza klinički razvijene bolesti
slika koja oponaša Mb.Parkinson
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Th. manganizma
L-dopa, 5-hidroksi-triptofan
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OTROVANJE KADMIJEM
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Ubikvitarni kontaminant globalnog
okoliša predmet interesa brojnih znanstvenih istraživanja
Najvažniji neindustrijski izvor je duhanski dim
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VAŽNO!!! :
Cd ima DUG POLUVIJEK U ORGANIZMU ČOVJEKA, jer je IZLUČIVANJE VRLO SPORO (poluvijek procijenjen na 15-20 godina!!!)
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Putevi unosa:
inhalacija (absorpcija varira od 2,5% pa do čak 50% npr. Cd udahnutog iz duhanskog dima) ingestija (važan put unosa u vicinalnoj toksikologiji apsorpcija od 2-6% ekspozicijske doze). Puno Cd ima u sjemenkama suncokreta.
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Stanja koja pospješuju apsorpciju Cd :
sideropenija
trudnoća
laktacija
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TOKSIKOKINETIKA
u organizmu se Cd veže za tzv. metalotioneine, proteine niske molekularne težine bogate cisteinom, koji imaju izuzetno visok kapacitet vezivanja metala, posebice teških
Fiziološka funkcija metalotioneina nije do danas u cjelosti razjašnjena
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studije na životinjama pokazale da ove bjelančevine vjerojatno imaju zaštitnu ulogu kod trovanja teškim metalima općenito,
ali samo ako je došlo do prethodne provokacije koja je maksimalno podigla njihovu koncentraciju u organizmu!!!!
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USA studija
na prethodno Zn- tretiranim miševima za naknadno akutno trovanje Cd-om trebala je 4x veća doza kadmija od uobičajene)
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Ujedno i prenosnici kadmija po organizmuciljni organi: bubreg,jetra, pluća
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KLINIČKA SLIKA OTROVANJA :
plućna patologija (edem, emfizem, fibroza pluća)bubrežne lezije s proteinurijom, nefrolitijaza zbog kalciurije i fosfaturijeosteomalacija (poremećaj metabolizma Ca)anemija (pretpostavlja se hemolitičkog tipa)arterijska hipertenzija risk-faktor za razvoj CA pluća i urotrakta
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Nadalje:
Anosmija zbog upale sluznice nosaŽuti rub oko zubaDokazan toksični učinak kadmija na reproduktivni sustav u profesionalno izloženih muškaraca i teratogeni učinci na njihovo potomstvo (povišen embrionalni letalitet, CNS malformacije)
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ITAI-ITAI
Itai-itai disease was found in the cadmium-polluted Jinzu River basin in Toyama Prefecture, and has been generally recognized since the 1950's by the effort of inhabitants and Dr. Hagino who was a general practitioner with a private clinic in the polluted area.
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TH. OTROVANJA
Simptomatska
VAŽNO!!! KELATI SU KONTRAINDICIRANI!!!
Granične vrijednosti:
10 g/L; 10g/g kreatinina