Waard, H.de

'Orwell en Epictetus', (Nieuwe Stem[New Voice] 5,1950,pp.110-114),ABM-115-116

▼This comparison of Orwell's 1984 and Epictetus' Enchiridion explores the premise "my soul is my castle".

Waard also compares Huxley's Ape and Essence to 1984. Huxley represents the generation of the First World War who knew that humanity had strayed from the proper path but believed that it was

possible to return. Orwell represents the generation of the Second World War and felt there was no longer any hope or belief.(ABM-115-116)

Waddington, C. H. WB-30,180,213,284 CE- Ⅳ-127(n)

Wade, Rosalind S-200

Wadhams, Stephen

Remembering Orwell, with an 'Introduction' by George Woodcock and edited by Stephen Wadhams,(Penguin,1984, London);OGO

Wadsworth, Frank

'Orwell as Novelist: The Early Work',(University of Kansas City Review 22,1956,pp.93-99),ABM-116

▼Wadsworth praises Orwell's power of description in Burmese Days but criticizes his characterization on the ground that there is too much explanation by the intrusive narrator. He also compares the

novel withA Passage to India,and calls A Clergyman's Daughter the poorest of the novels. Because Orwell's purpose is too exclusively intellectual, the characters are manipulated and the plot

contrived.(ABM-116)

'Orwell as Novelist: The Middle Period',(University of Kansas City Review 22,1956,pp.189-194),ABM-116

▼Keep the Aspidistra Flying shares the same weakness as the two earlier novels, but the central figure is more successful because Gordon is closely pararell to Orwell himself. Wadsworth favorably

compares Orwell's knowledge of low-life and attitude to the poor with Gissing's. The use of first-person narrative in Coming Up for Air allows Orwell to speak through Bowling so that the problem of the

intrusive narrator disappears. This novel is his most successful.(ABM-116)

'Orwell's Later Work',(University of Kansas City Review 22,1956,pp.285-290),ABM-116-117

▼The success of Animal Farm stands outside Orwell's development as a novelist. For all its apparatus 1984 is a book about the present, and Smith is a middle-class figure, who, like Bowling, retreats

from the horrors of the present into the past. Orwell did not have an imaginative insight into the future; he either exaggerated present evils or took ideas from other writers such as Burnham and

Zamyatin.(ABM-116)

Wagner, Sir Anthony PC-137

Wagner, W. Warren

'George Orwell Political Secretary of the Zeitgeist'(The Future of Nineteen Eighty-Four, Ejner J. Jensened. ,Ann Arbor University of Michigan Press,1984,U.S.A.,pp.177-199)

Wagschal, Peter H.

'1984: a second look',(World Futures,vol.18,No.3/4,1982,pp.285-290),ON

Wain,John ORe-18,258 W-43,188,292 PC-622 RGO-14,88,104,114,150,158,169-170

'England Your England'(Twentieth Century, January 1954,pp.71-78),CH-326-334

'The Last of George Orwell',(Twentieth Century 155,January 1954,pp.71-78),ABM-117

'The Last of George Orwell',(Twentieth Century ,March,1954,pp.235-238),ABM-117

▼Orwell's essay are obviously much better than his novels, his portraits of real people much better than his fictional characters. He was a man of comparatively few ideas, which he took every

opportunity of putting across.(ABM-117)

'Orwell',(Spectator 193,19 November 1954,pp.630-634),ABM-117

▼In a dismissive review of Brander's George Orwell Wain suggests that the concern of future critics of Orwell should focus on his essay and on his campaign for clear thinking and writing. Orwell's

criticism is valuable because it is intelligent without being esoteric. Wain lists Orwell's models as Shaw, Gissing, Wells, Butler and Swift, and compares Orwell's man-to-man essay style with that of

Walter Bagehot.(ABM -117)

'Orwell in Perspective',(New World Writing No.12,1957,pp.84-96),ABM-117; A New Adventure in Modern Reading, (The New American Library of World Literature,1957, New York,pp.84-96)

▼In this valuable exposition of Orwell's achievement, Wain identifies his writing as polemic, which had "urgency, incisiveness, clarity and humour". Wain criticizes the tendency of critics to refer

everything back to his character, and urges that his ideas be examined for what they are. Though Orwell's work as critic, novelist and social historian is flawed and often amateur, he is remarkable for

clarity, for a blunt, honest representation of the issues. This clarity arises from the fact that he was not frightened.(ABM-117)

'Orwell in Perspective',(Essays on Literature and Idea,1963,London,pp.180-193),ABM-117

'Here Lies Lower Binfield',(Encounter 17,October 1961,pp.70-83),ABM-117-118

▼Wain defines Orwell's socialism as rooted in the idea of human brotherhood, so that he loved the past and regretted the loss of belief in Christianity. Orwell's central book is Coming Up for Air because

it covers all the main subjects of Orwell's writing, from his Edwardian boyhood to the coming war and peace. Bowling speaks for Orwell in expressing a pastoral nostalgic which he could not express in

his own voice. Bowling is an emblem of the English common man. Orwell is distinct from other writers of the thirties in his identification with the common man and his nostalgia for the past, qualities

which made him hostile to Left intellectuals.(ABM-117-118)

'Here Lies Lower Binfield',(Essays on Literature and Idea,1961,pp.194-213),ABM-117-118

'George Orwell'(1963),Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four, Irving Howe ed.,pp.357-367

'George Orwell(Ⅰ) and (Ⅱ)',(Essays on Literature and Ideas,Macmillan,1966,London,pp.180-213;St Martin's Press, New York)

'Orwell and the Intelligentsia',(Encounter 21,December 1968,pp.72-80),ABM-118

▼Wain states that the Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters give a clearer perspective on Orwell's struggle with the Left intellectuals, and he retracts his earlier view that Orwell's function to keep

intellectuals, and he was fitted to do so because he was an intellectual with the tastes of a common man. Wain develops a parallel between Orwell and Dr. Johnson, and speculates on how he would have

developed as a writer had he lived and been able to free himself from journalism.(ABM-118)

'Orwell and the Intelligentsia',(Encounter 22,March 1969,pp.94-95),ABM-118

'In the Thirties'(The World of George Orwell, Miriam Gross ed.,Weidenfeld and Nicolson7,1971,London,pp.75-90);OGO;ABM-118

▼A discussion of the formative influences on Orwell's political thinking, from his Edwardian childhood to his experience in Spain. Using a critical comparison of Keep the Aspidistra Flying and Coming

Up for Air, Wain convincingly charts Orwell's changing feelings about the contemporary situation.(ABM-118)

'George Orwell as a Writer of Polemic',(George Orwell: A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by Raymond Williams, Englewood Cliffs,1974,N.J.,pp.89-102;Prentice-Hall,1974,London)

'Dear George Orwell',(American Scholar vol.52,winter 1982,pp.21-37),ON

A House for the Truth,(Macmillan,1972,London;Viking Press,1973,New York,pp.43-66)OGO

'Orwell and the Intelligentsia',(Encounter 21,December 1968,pp.72-80)OGO

Wallace, A.R. CE- Ⅲ-279

Wallace, Edgar ORe-109 WOG-103 CE- Ⅰ-222,528 CE- Ⅲ-220,322-323 CE- Ⅳ-184,505

Wallace, Henry PC-536 CE- Ⅳ-397,399,407

Walpole, Horace CE- Ⅲ-267

Walpole, Hugh T-19 CE- Ⅰ-26,101(n),117,502

Walsh, Chad

From Utopia to Nightmare,(1962,New York,pp.106-112),ABM-118-119

▼1984 is almost a composite dystopia, containing most of the horrors predicted in previous books by Zamyatin, Koestler and others. It represents a world ruled by sadism and power-lust, in contrast to

the engineering of happiness in Brave New World.(ABM-118-119)

Walsh, Mr CE- Ⅲ-260

Walsh, James

'1984'(Marxist Quarterly, January 1950,pp.25-39),CH-287-293

'George Orwell',(Marxist Quarterly vol.3,January,1956,pp.25-39),ON;ABM-118

▼A British Communist critic attacks Orwell for his insulting and damaging portrait of the oppressed proles in 1984. He notes Orwell's indebtedness to We and considers the novel pure capitalist

propaganda, held together by novelistic tricks and neurotic hatreds.(ABM-119)

Walter, Martin CE- Ⅲ-274,290-291

Walter, Nicolas ABM-119

'George Orwell, an Acciden in Society',(Anarchy 8,1961,pp.246-255),ABM-119

▼A superficial and derivative review of Critical Essays which states that the two main driving forces in Orwell's career were a sense of compassion and guilt, and a determination to be tested and not be

found wanting.(ABM-119)

Walton, William CE- Ⅲ-257,259

Walworth, Road CE- Ⅲ-258,260

Walzer, Michael

'On "Failed Totalitarianism"',(1984 Revisited, edited by Irving Howe, Harper and Row,1983,New York,pp.8-15,35-38,92-120,205-206);OGO

Wang-Ching-Wei CE- Ⅲ-126,170

Wansbrough, George UO-72,82,101

Warburg, Fredric John ORe-16,193-199,212,270 S-307,358,403,457,459,469,478,485

F-4,81,82,94,95,96,97,98-99,102,105-107,110-111,115,117,118,121,128,129-130,131-132,157,159, 160,161,163,164,165,179

PC-79,318,339,363,390n.,396,400,401,459-460,462,486-488,525,536-537,541,546,547,548-551,552 ,553,554,559-563,565,566-567,571,575,615

WB-18 H-132 WOG-112,145,170 CE- Ⅰ-304,309,310,315,329,368,549 CE- Ⅱ-424(n),426,427,442

CE- Ⅲ-186-187,358,359,386-387,392-393,402,410 CE- Ⅳ-104-106,382,309,329-330,404,406,420,448,459,474,485-486,500,505-506,505n RGO-39-40,41,157

'1984'(Publisher's Report,1984),CH-247-250

'George Orwell',(Bookseller 11,February 1950,p.200),ABM-119

▼This brief obituary mentions Orwell's generosity, Spartan way of life, essential loneliness and refusal to reveal the subject of any novel he was working on until it was complete.(ABM-119)

An Occupation for Gentleman,(Hutchinson,1959,London,pp.14,96,110fn,174,206,221-222,224-238,259,260,272,277)

'From Wigan to Barcelon',(An Occupation for Gentleman,1960,London,pp.220-238),ABM-119

▼Warburg summarises the contents of The Road to Wigan Pier, gives the facts about its publication, and relates how Orwell came to leave Gollancz for Warburg. He describes Orwell's experiences in

Spain, the composition of Homage to Catalonia, its political significance and its publishing history.(ABM-119)

All Authors Are Equal: The Publishing Life of Fredric Warburg 1936-1971,(Hutchinson,1973,London,pp.8-11,12,35-39,41-49,50-51,52-53,54-55);ON

'Animal Farm and 1984',(All Authors are Equal,Hutchinson,1973,London;St. Martin's Press,1974,New York,pp.8-15,35-58,92-120,205-206),OGO;ABM-119-120

▼Warburg describes his friendship with Orwell, their time together in the Home Guard, and Orwell's disease and death. He gives a detailed account of the rejection of Animal Farm by Gollancz, Jonathan

Cape and Faber, and a critique of T. S. Eliot's letter of rejection. He describes his decision to publish the book, and its critical reception. Warburg was the first to read 1984 and his perceptive publisher's

report notes the influence of Swift, Dostoyevsky, Jack London and Arthur Koestler. He observes the element of sado-masochism and the unrelieved pessimism, and feels that the brief lyricism merely

intensifies the later horrors.(ABM-119-120)

'His Second, Lasting Publisher',(Orwell Remembered, with 'Introduction' by B. Crick, and edited by Audrey Coppard and Bernard Crick,BBC,Ariel,1984,London,pp.193-199)

Warburg, Pamela S-362 F-105,108,130,163,164 PC-79,396,419,560 CE- Ⅳ-330(n),304

Ward, Colin

'Big Brother Devides a Bulldozer',(Nineteen Eighty-Four in 1984: Autonomy,Control and Communication, edited with Crispin Aubrey, Comedia Publishing Group,1983,London,pp.89-97)

Ward, Barbara WB-61n129,280-282 CE- Ⅳ-76(n)

Warncke, Wayne

'A Note on 1984',(Harwick Review 3,1967,pp.60-61),ABM-120

▼Orwell combines faith in reason with belief in natural goodness. He had a strong romantic tendency, which made him value emotion and instinct, and criticize the socialist goals of organization society.

1984 is not a satire, but a dramatization of the possibilities of oppression. It implies by its extremity that human values still exist.(ABM-120)

'The Permanence of Orwell',(University Review 33,1967,pp.189-196),ABM-120

▼Warncke attempts to define Orwell's beliefs by comparing him with Camus. Like Camus, Orwell has respect for himself and humanity, and hopes that fundamental values will survive. The tendency of

all his work, in prose style and technique, is to reduce chaos and falsehood to simple and obvious truths. Orwell revolts against orthodoxy as Camus does against the absurd.(ABM-120) 'George Orwell's

critical approach to literature',(Southern Humanities Review vol.2,fall 1968,pp.105-112), ON;(pp.484-498),ABM-120-121

▼Though Orwell believed literature should be socially responsible, he also believed in the freedom of the writer to express any sane world view. His criticism is pragmatic; and is concerned with the

effect of art on the public and the origins of art in the writer’s experience and values. His criticism amounts to an analysis of the human response to writing and places a high value on sincerity. All his

major criticism proceeds by analyzing the writer's world view and then showing how this determines literary qualities, how the "message" affects the aesthetic values. Orwell ultimately judges a work by

its intellectual and emotional validity, and this keeps him from the doctrinaire errors of other politically conscious critics.(ABM-120-121)

'George Orwell's Dickens',(South Atlantic Quarterly 69,1970,pp.63-70)OGO;(pp.373-381),ABM-121

▼The main difference between Orwell and critics on Dickens, like Wilson and Jackson, is his thesis that Dickens did not attack a particular society and that his radicalism is a vague liberalism. Orwell

valued liberal ideals but also knew their weaknesses. Unlike modern literary critics, he places Dickens in a tradition of English comic writers and sees him moving toward simplicity rather than

complexity. The qualities Orwell values in Dickens are those that make him an institution: his power to invoke memories, and his assertion of human decency and responsibility.(ABM-121)

'George Orwell on T.S.Eliot',(Western Humanities Review 26,1972,pp.265-270)OGO;ABM-121

▼Though Orwell's review of the Four Quarters reveals an antagonism to Eliot's ambivalent tone, it confirms Orwell's pragmatic approach and his belief in the need for a positive response to the

contemporary situation.(ABM-121)

Warner, George Townsent S-37-38

Warner, Oliver

'George Orwell',(English Literature: A Portrait Gallery,1964,London,pp.100-101),ABM-121

▼A brief description of Orwell's works, with a photograph.(ABM-121)

Warner, Rex W-231 T-144,161

Watson, George

'Orwell/Waugh'(British Literature since 1945,pp.27-43,Macmillan,1991,Hampshire & London)

'Orwell and the Spectrum of European Politics',(Journal of European Studies vol 1,September 1971,pp.191-197),ON;OGO;ABM-121-122

▼Orwell was the great English political journalist of the Second World War. He saw that the spectrum of Left, Center and Right was an illusion inherited from revolutionary France and fostered by

dictatorships out to conquer and maintain their position. Orwell questioned the goals of socialism and saw that reform, not revolution, was the way to change society. 1984 warns of the possibility of a

regime whose rules keep changing and are thus impossible to obey.(ABM-121-122)

Watson, J. H. CE- Ⅰ-314(n)

Watson, Sally S-425

Watson, Susan ReO-156-162,175-178 ORe-16,25,217-225 S-5,422-445,440,449-453 F-147,148-151,152,154,155,159,194

PC-151,484,501-505,512-515,516,517,518,529,545 CE- Ⅳ-86,88(n),105,149,197,199,518

'Canonbury Square and Jura',(Orwell Remembered,with 'Introduction' by B.Crick, and edited by Audrey Coppard and Bernard Crick,BBC,Ariel,1984,London,pp.217-225)

Watson, Victor William(Peter) CE- Ⅱ-349(n) CE- Ⅳ-304

Watson-Taylor, Simon PC-491n.

Watt, Ian

'Winston Smith: The Last Humanist',(On Nineteen Eighty-Four,edited by Peter Stansky,W.H.Freeman,1983,New York,pp.103-114);OGO

Waugh, Evelyn ORe-121,242 UO-249 F-169-170,204 PC-556 WOG-155,173 CE- Ⅰ-515,523 CE- Ⅲ-63,248,283,339

CE- Ⅳ-438,442,478,481,482,512-513,520

'Critical Essays'(Tablet,6 April 1946,p.176),CH-211-215

Wavell, Field-Marshal CE- Ⅱ-50,381,386,397 CE- Ⅲ-92

Way, Brian

'George Orwell--The Political Thinker We Might Have Had',(Gemini Dialogue 3,1960,pp.8-18),ABM-122

▼Way admires Orwell's early work and praises his socialism, which is rooted in a moral response to human suffering. But he cannot forgive Orwell for his lack of optimism about a working-class

revolution. Like Amis he blames Orwell, especially 1984 (which he calls "pernicious") for paralyzing the Labour Party in the post-war decade. Way contends that after Spain Orwell became more

politically sophisticated, but he was disappointed in the working class, was obsessed with a hatred for totalitarianism, and was intolerant and prejudiced in his attack on the intellectuals.(ABM-122)

Weatherly, Joan

'The Death of Big Sister: Orwell's Tragic Message',(College Literature 11,1984,pp.22-23; Critical Essays on George Orwell, edited by Bernard Oldsey and Joseph Brown, (G.K.Hall, 1986, U.S.A.,

pp.80-90)

Webb, Beatrice PC-310 WB-253 H-83

Webb, Sidney PC-295,310 H-83

Wedgwood, C. Veronica S-402 PC-455-456,563

'Shooting an Elephant'(Time and Tide,10 February 1951,p.120),CH-311-312

Weidlé, V. CE- Ⅳ-485(n)

Weil, Simone WOG-167,168

Weintraub, Stanley ABM-122

'Homage to Utopia',(The Last Great Cause: The Intellectuals and the Spanish Civil War,Weybright and Talley, 1968,New York,pp.88-119; W.H.Allen,1968,London,pp.226-236),OGO;ABM-122

▼An account of Orwell's experience in Spain derived from Homage to Catalonia and other books on the war. Weintraub suggests how the concepts Orwell formed in 1984 and how the hope and

disillusionment he describes in Animal Farm ca be traced to his time in Spain.(ABM-122)

The Last Great Cause:the Intellectuals and the Spanish Civil War,(Weybright and Tally,1968,New York,pp.60, 70,88-119,131,142,213,242,273-274,295,319)

Weisenbaum, Joseph

'The Computer in the Orwellian Year',(Reflection on America,1984 --An Orwell Symposium ,edited and with an introduction by Robert Mulvihill, The University of Geogia Press, 1986, Geogia,

pp.130-135)

Wellborn, Stanley N.

'Big Brother's Tools Are Ready, but･･･',(U.S. News and World Report,December 26,1983-January s,1984,pp.88-89),OGO

Wells, Orson ORe-154 S-468

Wells, H. G. (Herbert George) ORe-42-43,51,89,91,186,267,269,277 S-66-67 UO-49,50,101,102,221 T-139,159

F-28,33,85,95,121,177 W-82,176,209,213,236,238,245,247-248,291,302,315,318 B-57,122-123,151,156

PC-81,87,93-94,104,128-129,158,203,250,277,290,310,376.402,427-428 ,429-430,552 WB-27,27n51,56,149-158,177,195n27

WOG-3,11,77,128-129,133,139 CE- Ⅰ-155,334,362-363,445,456,475 CE- Ⅱ-30,32,139-145,199,200,201,205,415,443

CE- Ⅲ-80,91,265,283,302,338,368 CE- Ⅳ-9,20,55,76,116,163,253,283,344,422,435-436 RGO-64,107,172

Welton, Kay Ekevall, Kay の項参照

Wemyss, Courtney T.

George Orwell,edited with Alexej Ugrinsky,(Greewood Press,1987,Westport Conneticut)

'Introduction',(George Orwell,edited by Courtney T. Wemyss and Alexej Ugrinsky,Greenwood Press,1987, Westport,Conneticut)

Wesley, John UO-6

West, Anthony F-199-200 W-200-203 PC-526,593,633 RGO-30,46,159

'Coming Up for Air',(The New Statesman and Nation,June 17,1939),NS-67-68

'Keep the Aspidistra Flying'(New Yorker,28 January 1956,pp.86-92),CH-71-79

'George Orwell',(Principle and Persuasions: The Literary Essays of Anthony West,Harcourt,Brace,1970,New York,pp.164-176),ON;(1958,London,pp.150-159),ABM-122-123

▼West's essay is one of the most original and stimulating interpretations of Orwell. He sees the seeds of 1984 in Keep the Aspidistra Flying---Orwell's mind is already warning to the idea of a universal

smash- up---and relating the later novel to Orwell's autobiographical essay on his sadistic prep school. West believes that the terror of 1984 are of an infantile character, and they clearly derive from the

experience described in "Such, Such Were the Joys". What Orwell did in 1984 was to send everybody in England to an enormous Crossgates to be as miserable as he had been. West concludes his

interpretation by suggesting that only the existence of a hidden wound can account for such a remorseless pessimism. (ABM-122-123)

West, Douglas T-140

West, Rebecca T-4 PC-351,493 WB-189 CE- Ⅱ-162

West, William John PC-598-600

The Larger Evils--Nineteen Eighty-Four--The Truth Behind the Satire (Canongate Press,1992,Edinburgh)

Orwell: The Lost Writinds, edited by W. J. West, with 'Introduction',(Arbor House,1985,New York),OGO Westlake, J.H.J.

'Aldous Huxley's Brave New World and George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four: A Comparative Study',(Neueren Sparachen 21,1972,pp.94-102),OGO;ABM-123

▼Westlake examines specific aspects of government and control in Brave New World and 1984, and concludes that the conditions required for establishing Orwell's world are unlikely to exist, while

many of society’s present goals are similar to those in Brave New World. But Westlake is vague about which society he is talking about. Though he picks holes in details of 1984, he does little more than

dismiss as "unlikely" the serious possibility that western society could be controlled by power-worship, war-hysteria and fear.(ABM-123)

Westminster, Duke of CE- Ⅱ-98

Westrope, Francis G. ORe-99 S-219,246-247,325,341 T-60,61,76,98 F-52,55 PC-249,251,252,254,255,261,262,270,279

Westrope, Myfanwy ORe-99 S-211,212,213 T-76 F-52,55 PC-249,251,252,254,255,261,262,270,279

White, William

George Orwell: a selected bibliography, with Zoltang G. Zeke,(Boston Linotype Print,1962,Boston),ON;ABM-131

'Orwelliana',with Zoltan Zeke,(Blletin of Bibliography 23,1961,pp.110-114),ABM-131

'Orwelliana',with Zoltan Zeke,(Blletin of Bibliography 23,1961,pp.140-144),ABM-131

'Orwelliana',with Zoltan Zeke,(Blletin of Bibliography 23,1961,pp.166-168),ABM-131

White, William Hale Rutherford,M. の項参照

White, Sir Herbert PC-145

Whitehead, William V.

1984 and All's Well ?,with Tom Winnifrith,(Macmillan Press,1984,London)

Whiteley, Sir William CE- Ⅳ-444

Whitman, Walt W-5 B-46 WB-90.91.196-197 H-122,127 CE- Ⅰ-230,498-500 CE- Ⅲ-108 CE- Ⅳ-246

Whittome, Maurice UO-97-98,110,185-186 T-105

Wicker, Brian ABM-123

'An Analysis of Newspeak',(Blackfriars 43,1962,pp.272-285),ABM-123

▼Wicker argues, with examples from 1984, that Orwell was the victim of a deep philosophical dissociation between the observer and the world, language and thought, words and objects. Because of this

Orwell rejected society and orthodoxies. But from Wicker's Catholic point of view, Orwell's reliance on common-sense pragmatism is as contradictory as any religious orthodoxy. He suggests that

Catholicism could have supplied Orwell with a creed of personal integrity and conscience---though he had these virtues without religion.(ABM-123)

Widgery, David

'Reclaiming Orwell',(Nineteen Eighty-Four in 1984: Autonomy,Control and Communication,edited with Crispin Aubrey,Comedia Publishing Group,1983,London,pp.15-24)

Wiessler, David A.

'Language Takes a Turn for "Plusungood"',(U.S. News and World Report,December 26,1983-January 2,1984,p.95), OGO

Wiggin, K. D. CE- Ⅳ-243

Wilde, Oscar ORe-206 UO-106,113,230 WOG-60 W-5,41-42,74,110-112 WB-168-171,248 CE- Ⅱ-25,66,197 CE- Ⅲ-108

CE- Ⅳ-370,414(n),419,426-428

Wilding, Michael

'Orwell's 1984: Rewriting the Future',(Sydney Studies in English 2,1976-1977,pp.38-63),OGO

Political Fictions,(Routledge & Kegan Paul,1980.London,pp.ix,4,5,13-15,92,96,105,106-107,110,113-115,116, 118-119,120,123,125,162,197,200,203,212-215,216-247,249,250,251,252,253,254)

Wilkes, John ReO-10-11 ORe-56-57

Wilkes, Mr Vaughan ORe-33,34,35,36 S-29,30-31,38-39,43 UO-23-26,43-46,47,56,65,66 T-159 F-17,18,24-25,28 PC-59,60,64,67,69-70,74,79,95,96,97

Wilkes, Mrs L.C. Vaughan (Flip) ORe-33-34,35-36 S-27,28,31-34,36,40,41-42,46,49,50 UO-23,24,24n.,25-27,31-35,32,32n.,38,40,43,44,46,48,50,53-57,59-64,66-67,142,157n.,235

T-64,83,101,102,178 F-17,19,20-22,24-25,26,28,33 PC-59,60,63,64,65,69,70,71-73,79,86,87,96,97,263

Wilkinson, Ellen WB-184,184n11 CE- Ⅰ-298

Will, Ian

The Big Brother Society,(Harrap,1983,London,pp.20-21,50,74)

William, Victor (Peter) CE- Ⅱ-349(n)

Williams, Charles CE- Ⅳ-504

Williams, Dr H-4,5,7,8

Williams, Nigel ORe-18,76-82,83-85,98-106,136-138,149-155,225-229,232-235

Williams, Raymond WOG-103,150,162,163 CE- Ⅳ-407n

'George Orwell',(Essay in Criticism 5,1955,pp.44-52),ABM-123-124

▼In a review of Brander's George Orwell, William argues that Blair is a hero of our time, while Orwell merely wrote books. He links him to D. H. Lawrence, and describes their common spiritual

condition asocial importance, hostility to groups, self-exile and rejection of compromise. He argues that Orwell adopts abstract values such as decency as a substitute for community, but in Homage to

Catalonia he attempts to become part of a community. Orwell is victimized by the problem of how to form a society which confirms man's individuality. 1984 is the nightmare projection of Orwell's spilit

personality. Williams attacks Orwell's reporting in The Road to Wigan Pier, which he considers to be totally about Orwell, and not working class which he never understood. But the division of Blair and

Orwell is not really convincing: it enables Williams to praise Blair the hero--- that is, give Orwell credit for a courageous and hard-working life---and denigrate the works of Orwell the socialist writer

because they do not conform to Williams' view of the relation of the artist to society.(ABM-124)

'George Orwell'(Culture and Society 1780-1950,Penguin Books,1958,1963,Harmondsworth,Middlesex,pp.276-284;

George Orwell's 1984,edited and with an 'introduction' by Harold Bloom, Chelsea House Publishers,1987,NewYork,pp.9-17);ABM-124

▼In this essay Williams gives a milder version of the arguments in his previous review. Orwell's work represents a paradox: a humane man who writes about inhuman terror; a socialist who made a

damaging criticism of the idea of socialism. Williams cites examples of Orwell's prose to show that he does not practice what he preaches: he is sometimes guilty of using plausible assertion and prejudice.

He contends that the pressures of self-exile made Orwell reject political activism and become cynical about the working class.(ABM-124)

Orwell,(Fontana Books,1971,London,1971,New York);OGO

George Orwell,(Columbia University Press; The Viking Press,1971,New York);ABM-124

▼A Marxist attack on Orwell as a reactionary and a revisionist who made an unacceptable accommodation to capitalism. It recalls the extreme Left-wing condemnation of Orwell from The Road to

Wigan Pier to 1984.(ABM-124)

George Orwell: A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by Raymond Williams,(Englewood Cliffs,1974,N.J.; Prentice-Hall,1974,London);OGO;ON;ABM-124-125

▼A selection of essays which aims to represent three generations of criticism on Orwell: the early response to political controversy, the contemporary critics who felt close to Orwell's example and

approve of his attitudes, and the younger generation who have gone back to interpret the sequence of his work. Williams reprints essays by himself, Terry Eagleton, Richard Hoggart, Lionel Trilling, E. P.

Thompson, John Wain, Stephen Greenblatt, Isaac Deutscher, Jenni Calder, Conor Cruise O'Brien, and George Woodcock.(ABM-124-125)

'Introduction',(George Orwell: A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by Raymond Williams,(Englewood Cliffs, 1974,N.J.,pp.1-10;Prentice-Hall,1974,London);OGO;ON

'Observation and Imagination in Orwell',(George Orwell:A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by Raymond Williams, Englewood Cliffs,1974,N.J.,pp.52-61;Prentice-Hall,1974,London)

Orwell: with a new Chapter,' Nineteen Eighty-Four in 1984',(Fontana Paperbacks,1984,London)

Williams, Robert (Bob) ORe-155 S-281 T-195 PC-324,336,346 CE- Ⅰ-370(n)

Williams-Ellis, A. WB-183,m183n9,186

Williamson, Hugh Ross PC-438 CE- Ⅱ-180-181,223-224

Williamson, James ReO-197-198,199-200

Willington, Herts WB-66

Willison, Ian R. PC-38

'Orwell's Bad Good Books',(Twentieth Century vol.157,April 1955,pp.354-366),ON;ABM-125

▼Willison sees the weakness of Orwell’s novels in his rigid habit of mind, his journalistic technique and his failure to invent plausible plots. But he disagrees with critics who argue that Orwell could

have written novels about personal relationships, and contends that his fictional world is like that of Under Western Eyes and Darkness at Noon, novels that relate the individual to secular politics and

power. Like Razumov and Rubashov, Winston has no separate integrity from the collective power; and Orwell eliminates point of view until the events seem actual, more akin to non-fiction.(ABM-125)

'George Orwell: bibliographical addenda', with Ian Angus,(Blletin of bibliography vol.24,(September/December 1965,pp.180-187),ON;ABM-125

▼A supplement to Zeke & White and McDowell's bibliographies, which lists Orwell's prefaces and introductions; articles, reviews and letters in periodicals; unsigned contributions; and letters on

Orwell's work.(ABM-125)

Willmett, Mr H.J. PC-447 CE- Ⅲ-148-150

Wilson, Angus

'England Your England'(Observer,24 January 1954,p.8),CH-318-320

'Orwell and the Intellectuals',(Observer 24,January 1954,p.8),ABM-125-126

▼Wilson discusses the note of hysteria in 1984 and Orwell's sentimentalization of the working class; and he disagrees with most critics by stating that Orwell lost more than he gained by not going to

Oxford or Cambridge. Wilson also suggests that Orwell's view of the working class is faulty because he concentrates on the rootless fringe of society and loses touch with those classes whose lives were

in fixed patterns. (ABM-125-126)

Wilson,Edmund S-404 B-43 WOG-148 CE- Ⅱ-191(n),454 CE- Ⅳ-157,450

'George Orwell's Cricketing Burglar',(New Yorker 22,25 May 1946,pp.86-90),ABM-126

▼Wilson praises Orwell as the only contemporary master of sociological criticism, but is surprised that he takes Dali's infantile and self-conscious outrages so seriously. He commends Orwell's readiness

to think for himself, courage to speak his mind, tendency to deal with concrete realities rather theoretical positions, and prose style that is both downright and disciplined.(ABM-126)

'Animal Farm'(New Yorker,7 September 1946,p.89),CH-204-205

'Critical Essays'(New Yorker,25 May 1946,pp.82-84),CH-224-226

'Shooting an Elephant'(New Yorker,13 January 1951,p.76),CH-309-311

'Grade-A Essays: Orwell, Sartre and Highet',(New Yorker 26,13 January 1951,p.76),ABM-126

▼Wilson stresses Orwell's uniqueness and his paradoxical qualities, and places him in the tradition of middle-class British liberalism that depend on common sense and plain-speaking.(ABM-126)

Wilson, Sir Henry CE- Ⅱ-247

Wilshin, Sunday ReO-125-126

Wilson, Mona T-86

Wilson, Woodrow ORe-43 H-16

Wilt, Judith

'Behind the Door of 1984:"The Worst Thing in the World"',(Modernism Reconsidered, edited by Robert Kieley and John Hildebidle, Harvard Univ. Press,1983,Cambridge,pp.247-262),OGO

Wilton, Harry PC-345,346

Wilton, Michael (Milton) CE- Ⅰ-266(n)

Windsor, Duchess of Simpson,Mrs の項参照

Winegarten, Renée ABM-126

Writers and Revolution,(New Viewpoints,1974,London and New York,pp.294-313),OGO;ABM-126

▼Like Sartre and Malraux, Orwell questioned the value of the writer's contribution to the world and idealized the working class. Also like Sartre, Camus and Koestler, Orwell was concerned with the

problem of exercising power and performing violent acts for the sake of the revolution, but did not fully resolve it. The author uses Orwell as an example of her thesis, but gives no extended analysis of

his work.(ABM-126)

Wingate, General Orde F-93-94,95,101,106,111,114,119-120,127 PC-401 CE- Ⅲ-258,260

Wingate, Sybil T-196

Winn, Godfrey CE- Ⅰ-534

Winnifrith, Tom

1984 and All's Well ?,with William V. Whitehead,(Macmillan Press,1984,London)

Winstanley, Gerald B-198

Winters, Yvor T-86

Winterton, Lord WB-40,40n80,47,67,210,250-251,275 CE- Ⅲ-180

Wintringham, Tom F-92,110 WB-17,25n41,36 CE- Ⅱ-53,116,152,154,229,231,318n,368n,421(n)

Witherby, Diana ReO-212-214 S-447,480,488 PC-397,398,399,425

Wodehouse, P. G. ORe-219,238 UO-16,28,49 T-108 W-315-317,320 B-57 PC-471,493 WB-225n58 H-182 CE- Ⅰ-167

CE- Ⅱ-163 CE- Ⅲ-183,283,284,341-355,360

Wolf, Howard

'George Orwell and the Problematics of Nonfiction',(George Orwell, edited by Courtney T. Wemyss and Alexej Ugrinsky, Greenwood Press,1987,Westport,Conneticut,pp.75-81)

Wolfe, Bertram D. PC-617-618 CE- Ⅳ-121(n)

Wolfe, Charles CE- Ⅱ-194

Wolfe, L. CE- Ⅳ-88-92

Wolfe, Lilian PC-557

Wolfe, Thomas B-46

Wolfit, Donald CE- Ⅲ-281n

Wolin, Sheldon

'Counter-Enlightment: Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four',(Reflection on America,1984 --An Orwell Symposium, edited and with an introduction by Robert Mulvihill, The University of Geogia Press, 1986,

Geogia, pp.98-113)

Woller, Johann CE- Ⅰ-234-235

Wollheim, Richard ABM-126-127

'Orwell Reconsidered' (Partisan Review 27,No.1,Winter 1960,pp.82-97; George Orwell --Modern Critical Views, with an introduction and edited by Harold Bloom(Chelsea House Publishers,1987,New

York,pp.63-75)

▼The Road to Wigan Pier is effective Journalism but is now out-of-date. The conditions Orwell described are gone and his belief that Fascism or socialism were the only two possible futures has been

proved wrong. But the book is important for raising the question of what it means to be a real socialist. Orwell's championship of working-class culture is difficult to reconcile with socialism, for

socialism would abolish the material conditions upon which such culture depends. Wllheim feels the book also goes wrong when Orwell formulates the kind of culture a socialist society would have.

Orwell emphasizes a common way of life, rather than the freedom for each man to choose his own way.(ABM-126-127)

Woodbine, Willie CE- Ⅲ-144

Woodcock, George ORe-15,199-210 S-394,427 PC-24,29,39,323,418,446,447,460,492,496,497,600,520,530,542,544,601 WOG-103,106 WB-35,36,44,85

CE- Ⅱ-223(n)-224,226-230,267-268 CE- Ⅲ-400(n) CE- Ⅳ-203(n)-204,204-205,369-370,376-377,377(n),401,414-415,414(n),418-419,423-424,423(n)

RGO-40,41,82,132-133,155,156

'George Orwell,19th century liberal',(Politics vol.3,Nobember 1946,pp.384-388),ON;ABM-126;CH-235-246

▼Woodcock, who knew Orwell in the 1940s, wrote this serious essay before the appearance of 1984.The essay provides a biographical introduction to and a fair and far-sighted judgement of his work.

He describes Orwell as an independent socialist with libertarian tendencies, writes that his works are essentially autobiographical and personal, and that the literary merits are much more consistent and

impressive than the political qualities. He places Orwell in the tradition of the English radical novelist---Godwin, Dickens, Wells---and makes a fundamental criticism of his two main weakness: the

superficial failure to penetrate deeply into the cause of the injustices against which he fights and the lack of any constructive vision for the future of man.(ABM-127)

'Orwell and Conscience',(World Review 14,April 1950,pp.28-33),ABM-127

▼Orwell's literary art developed over the years, but his general approach remained consistent. His life and work were shaped by the crisis of conscience described in The Road to Wigan Pier, and he had

a positive creed based on his love of life and passionate desire for truth and justice.(ABM-127-128)

'Recollection of George Orwell',(Northern Review 6,1953,Montreal,pp.17-27),ABM-128

▼This essay is partly a memoir and partly an appreciation of Orwell's qualities as a writer. Woodcock emphasizes his lively conversation and its relation to his journalism and novels. He gives some

interesting quotations from letters, and suggests that Orwell obstinately went to Jura to finish 1984, knowing it would be his last testament.(ABM-128)

'Recollection of George Orwell',(Dissent 1,1954,pp.65-74),ABM-128

'Utopias in Negative',(Sewanee Review 64,1956,pp.81-97)ABM-128

▼After a lucid description of the appearance in the twenties of the anti-Utopian novel and its relation to political and social development, Woodcock compares and contrasts We, Brave New World and

1984. 1984 differs from the other two novels in several ways: its focus on political methods of controlling society; its emphasis on the cruelty of oppression and the elimination of pleasure; its setting at a

date very near the present; and its criticism both of current faults in the world as well as the Utopian ideal of a completely controlled society.(ABM-128)

The Crystal Spirit: A Study of George Orwell,(Little Brown,1966,Boston);ABM-128

▼The best book on Orwell provides a biographical discussion of the man, and a careful explication of his fiction, political ideas and criticism. Orwell was a writer who built his major works around an

enduring myth appropriate to the modern world, a man who had contradictory yet strangely consistent ideas, and a critic who intensely examined himself as well as others and developed one of the finest

prose styles in English.(ABM-128)

'Orwell, George',(Encyclopedia Britanica: Macropaedia 13,1974,pp.750-751),ABM-128-129

▼Orwell, journalist, satirist, autobiographer and influential prophet of the evil shape of things to come, exemplifies in his social and intellectual unorthodoxy a recurrent and attractive strain in the British

character.(ABM-128-129)

'Orwell, Blair and the Critics',(Sewanee Review 83,1975,pp.524-536),ABM-129

▼This review-article on Kalechofsky, Sandison, Williams, Zwerdling and Steinhoff discusses the projected and aborted biographies of Orwell, and notes the division in Orwell studies between the early

polemical and biographical books and the more recent work which is impersonally critical in character.(ABM-129)

The Crystal Spirit: A Study of George Orwell, including the 'Introduction to the Schocken Edition',(Schocken Books,1984,New York)

'Prose Like a Window-Pane',(George Orwell: A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by Raymond Williams, Englewood Cliffs,1974,N.J.,pp.161-176;Prentice-Hall,1974,London)

Orwell's Message--1984 and the Present (Harbour Publishing,1984,Canada)

'Introduction',(Remembering Orwell, with an 'Introduction' by George Woodcock and edited by Stephen Wadhams, (Penguin,1984,London)OGO

'Utopia in Negative',(Nineteen Eighty-Four to 1984,edited by C.J,Kuppig, Caroll & Graf Publishers,1984,New York,pp.69-89)

'George Orwell and the Living Word' (Queen's Quarterly 91,No.3,Autumn 1984; George Orwell --Modern Critical Views, with an introduction and edited by Harold Bloom (Chelsea House

Publishers,1987,New York,pp.121-137)

'Life against Odds: Homage to Catalonia',(The Crystal Spirit: A Study of George Orwell,Schocken,1984,New York, pp.163-74; Critical Essays on George Orwell, edited by Bernard Oldsey and Joseph

Brown,(G.K.Hall,1986,U.S.A .,pp.188-196)

'Orwell's Changing Repute',(Queen's Quarterly 88,1981,pp.250-255)OGO

'Orwell, Blair, and the Critics',(Sewanee Review 83,1975,pp.524-536)OGO

Orwell's Message: 1984 and the Present, (Harbour Publishing,1984,Canada

'From Animal Farm to Nineteen Eighty-Four',(Orwell Remembered, with 'Introduction' by B.Crick, and edited by Audrey Coppard and Bernard Crick,BBC,Ariel,1984,London,pp.199-210)

'George Orwell',(Writers and Politics, Black Rose Books,1990,Montreal/Canada,pp.111-124)

Woodcock, Inge CE- Ⅳ-204(n),205,401,424

Woodhouse, C. M. ABM-129

'Introduction' to Animal Farm,(Signet 1956,New York, pp.v-xiv),ABM-129

▼Woodhouse notes the conjunction of the publication of Animal Farm and the explosion of the first atomic bomb. Like the classic fairy stories, Animal Farm is narrated objectively, with its values

translated into symbols and its characters rigidly stereotyped. It creates in the reader an indefinable feeling of truth, and a rebellion against this truth.(ABM-129)

Woodlock, Father CE- Ⅲ-102

Woodruff, Christopher UO-159

Woodruff, Douglas CE- Ⅲ-276

'Homage to Catalonia'(Tablet,9 July 1938,p.48),CH-131-133

Woods, John E. OGO-248

Woods, Red J. H. S-266

Woolf, Leonard UO-131 T-146 RGO-112,165

Woolf, Virginia UO-102,118,173 T-107,146 W-252 CE- Ⅱ-124 CE- Ⅳ-22

Woolley, Janetta S-447,482

Worsley, T. C. F-108,115

Wordsworth, William ORe-92 W-63-64 WB-39,47,47n92,64,81,84,87 CE- Ⅰ-54,217 CE- Ⅲ-7,47,175 CE- Ⅳ-304

Workman, Gilliam ABM-129

'Orwell Criticism',(Ariel vol.3,January 1972,pp.62-73);ON;OGO;ABM-129

▼Until recently the best criticism has been in short essays. The first five comprehensive studies, by Hopkinson, Atkins, Brander, Rees and Hollis, were written by people who knew him and are

biographical criticism. All these writers try to come to terms with Orwell the man, and present a similar picture based on similar material. Greenblatt, Thomas, Voorhees and Woodcock continue to discuss

Orwell's life in conjunction with his work, but suggest that Orwell's persona is a conscious rhetorical device. Calder and Alldritt relate Orwell's work to a literary and cultural context, and in the absence of

new biographical material this may be the most profitable direction for Orwell critics to take.(ABM-129)

Worsley, T. C. WB-202,202n34,205,208,212

Wren, Sir Christopher CE- Ⅲ-67

]

Wright, Patrick

'The Conscription of History',(Nineteen Eighty-Four in 1984: Autonomy, Control and Communication, edited with Crispin Aubrey, Comedia Publishing Group,1983,London,pp.105-114)

Wulfsburg, Fredrik ABM-130

'George Orwell',(Norseman,1950,pp.90-94),ABM-130

▼A very general discussion of Orwell's work as an exploration of class, as an attempt to make people aware of their lives outside the cage of class. Orwell examined himself as part of his material.

Though his subject matter was not appreciated in Norway in the thirties, the class theme became important after the War.(ABM-130)

George Orwell,(In Norwegian),(1968,Oslo),ABM-130

▼An introduction for Norwegian reader that attempts to place Orwell's thought in the context of his time. It considers the themes of poverty, ignorance, power, class distinctions and cultural conflicts in

the early novels and The Road to Wigan Pier; and the themes of war-consciousness, the intelligentsia, and truth and lies in Homage to Catalonia, Coming Up for Air and Inside the Whale. The third of the

book discusses Orwell as a broadcaster, correspondent and columnist; as an essayist, fabulist and pamphleteer; and finally as the author of 1984.(ABM-130)

Wykes, David

'Orwell in the Trenches',(Virginia Quarterly Review vol.59,Summer 1983,pp.415-435),ON;OGO

A Preface to Orwell,(Longman,1987,London)

Wympffen, General de CE- Ⅲ-147-148