플라즈마 버너 적용 음식 폐기물의반탄화 공정 개발 및 자원화

국가핵융합연구소플라즈마기술연구센터

신동훈

National Fusion Research Institute- Plasma Technology Research Center

'12 년 플라즈마기술연구센터 개소 (394억원의 정부예산 투자)

'16년 연구개발 우수 성과로 미래창조과학부 국가연구개발 우수기관 선정

'19년 플라즈마기술 복합연구동 완공 (288억원의 정부예산 투자)

국가핵융합연구소 – 플라즈마기술연구센터

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Plasma?

Definition of a plasma- The plasma, which can be regarded as the fourth state

of the matter, is composed of highly excited atomic,molecular, ionic, and radical species. It is typicallyobtained when gases are excited into energetic states byradiofrequency (RF), microwave, or electrons from a hotfilament discharge.

Advantages of Microwave Plasma TorchElectrodeless.Frequency: 2.45 GHz.High energy efficiency: ~80%.Commercially applicable parts.Easy and simple operation.Easy scaling-up.

Schematic of Microwave Plasma Torch

Microwave Generator

IsolatorDirectional Coupler Power Suppler

3-Stub Tuner

Discharge Tube

Advantages of Microwave Plasma Torch

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Impedance matching

¼ λg

Air O2 CO2N2 H2O

Discharge of Microwave Plasma Torch

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One atmospheric pressure process

- Provide a compact and simple system

Electrodeless discharge system

- Continuous generate a plasma with most kinds of gases

High temperature plasma flame

- Air microwave plasma has ~6,500K of temperature and ~

8 x 1014 cm-3 of density with the diameter of ~ 20 mm

High density of plasma catalysts

- Produce the radicals more than 100 times compared with a

general burner, this can fast reaction

Large volume in terms of power

- More power, the larger plasma volume and easy scale up

to change a frequency

Development of 915MHz Plasma Torch

Air O2 CO2N2915MHz

2.45GHz

H2O The magnetron frequency is a 915 MHz

The 915 MHz have 20 times larger volume than 2450 MHz

The 915 MHz generator with a power up to 100 kW

The plasma flame with 80 mm diameter and 1,200 mm length

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20kW Microwave Plasma Torch

ElectrodlessFrequency: 915 MHzHigh energy-efficiency: ~80%Commercially applicable partsSimple and continuous operationEasy scaling-up and large volume

30kW Arc Plasma Torch

Limited life of electrodeFrequency: 13.56 MHzLow energy-efficiency: ~40%Complicated and discontinuousSmall volume contrast power density

Comparison of MW and Arc Plasma

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(a)

(b)

(c)

Pictures and optical emission lines of various

plasma flames at (a) 150 lpm N2 and input power 16 kW

(b) 90 lpm O2 and input power 15 kW

(c) 50 lpm CO2 and input power 16 kW

Characteristics of MW Plasma Torch

Introduction

Europe, North-America, BrazilChina, Singapore, Japan

Main Market

세계 시장

국내 시장

73,100억원

3,310억원 4,215억원

96,153억원

2015년 2020년

매년 5% 이상성장 예상

25%

18%

12%6%

13%

6%6%

* BBC Research, 2014/중소기업 전략기술로드맵 2015

14,704

15,465

15,427

16,896

2011년2012년 2013년

2014년2015년

14,913광역권 매립지 평균

약 290% 증가

국내외 시장 규모 및 전망

유기성 폐기물 발생 추이 (톤) 고수분 폐기물 매립 수수료 (원/톤)

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The London Convention (LC ‘72) on the prevention of marine pollution by dumping of

wastes and other matter.

As of Sep. 2016, there were 89 parties nations to the convention.

Korea has banned ocean dumping since 2016, and almost waste must be treated on land.

In case of high moisture waste, as like wastes of food and sludge, it must be dewatered to

under 60 % before landfilled.

[The Kind of Landfilling MSW][MSW Management Trends]

Introduction

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Increasing FoodWaste

25%

75%

Introduction

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Motivation and Objective

Why do high moisture wastes become a problem?

Can not incineration and pyrolysis directly by high moisture contents

Secondary pollution such as contaminated groundwater from leachate

Contaminated groundwater will be used agricultural water

The offensive odor is generated by rotten wastes

The animals eat the discarded food and it is returned to human

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Research and Technology Trends to Treatment of High Moisture Wastes

In Europe, to produce biogas from waste whichmixed excrement and food wasteUsually, 30 Nm3/ton of biogas produced for 10 to14 daysAverage calorific value is 5,000 kcal/kg afterpurified form odor, unnecessary, poisonous gas(CO2, H2S, HCl, etc) and moisture

In Japan, to dry at less than 10 % of moisture anduse as fuelMix with biomass of woody to increase calorificvalueNeed the purification facilities to remove odor,chlorine, and tarThe operation cost of the purification facilities isover 30 % of the total operation cost

Bio GasAnaerobicDigester

Wastes

10~14 days

1 ton

30 Nm3

PurificationFacility

DryingCarbonizationTorrefaction

Reactor

WastesBiomass

PurificationFacilities

Solid Fuel

Is it possible to treat the high moisture waste by carbonization and torrefaction?

Motivation and Objective

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Recent Output선행연구개발 – 플라즈마 Fuel Burning, 악취제거 및 건조

등유 방전가스 추가가스Plasma power 악취유량

Plasma + 등유 1.2 L/hr 50 LPM 150 LPM 2 kW 7.2 Nm3/min

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Recent Output

OdorRemoval

Gas

High MoistureWastes

[Schematic of Plasma Drying Reactor]

ConcentratorWater trap

ThermalWind

Dried Waste

FertilizerFeedstuff

Drying Gaswith Odor

OdorGas

ThermalWind

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LPG Discharge air Add airPlasma power Temp.

LPG 8 LPM 0 LPM 100 LPM 0 W 1232

Plasma + LPG 6 LPM 20 LPM 80 LPM 700 W 1510

[(a) The Torrefaction Reactor with Plasma Burner, (b) LPG Burner, (c) LPG Plasma Burner, (d) Temperature monitor of LPG Burner, and (e)

LPG Plasma Burner ]

[Food Waste Treatment (a) Before and (b) After]

(a) (b)

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Recent Output

Elements Before Treatment forCarbonizationPermission

Fertilizer (Fuel)Treatment forTorrefaction

PermissionFeedstuff

Moisture (%) 83.91 12.11 < 15 9.16 < 15

Al (%) 1.98 - < 1.5 - < 1.0

Cl (%) 1.95 1.99 < 2.0 1.96 < 2.0

As (mg/kg) 3.30 0.24 < 45 (20) 0.78 < 1.0

Cd (mg/kg) 2.86 0.08 < 5.0 0.86 < 1.0

Cr (mg/kg) 8.13 4.50 < 200 (10) 7.98 < 10

Cu (mg/kg) 13.65 19.25 < 360 (10) 9.24 < 15

Ni (mg/kg) 4.11 1.65 < 45 (10) 5.03 < 10

Zn (mg/kg) 61.57 67.72 < 900 (100) 52.71 < 100

Hg (mg/kg) 0.68 - < 2.0 - < 0.2

Organic Matter (%) 9.48 71.03 > 12 (70) 66.68 > 55 Fertilizer, Fuel

and Feedstuff* The content of components of the raw sample was lower than treated sample because that diluted with water.[Results of Elements Analysis of Food Waste to Carbonization and Torrefaction]

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Recent Output

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Recent Output

72% dried 88% dried

[Comparison with (a) LPG and (b) Plasma Burner] [Treated Food Waste (a) LPG and (b) Plasma Burner]

(b)(a) (b)(a)

LPG Discharge air Add air Electric power

LPG Burner 3.8 kg - 180 LPM 5 kW30kg/hr

Plasma Burner 1.3 kg 40 LPM 140 LPM 8 kW (Plasma 3 kW)

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Recent Output

Elements Before LPGBurnerPlasmaBurner Permission

O2 (%) 20.99 2.96 3.78 < 4

CO (ppm) 0 25 9 < 50

NO (ppm) 0 68 51 < 80

NO2 (ppm) 0 0 0 < 60

NOx (ppm) 0 68 51 < 80

SO2 (ppm) 0 0 0 < 35

H2 (ppm) 1 28 21 -

HCl (ppm) 2 14 0 < 15

CO2 (%) 0 13.2 13.7 -

NH3 (ppm) 68 0 1 < 3

H2S (ppm) 27.5 0 0 < 2

CH3SH (ppm) > 9.9 7.3 0.9 < 3

HCHO (ppm) > 9.99 9.99 0.35 < 5

VOC (ppm) 17 0 0 < 50

[Results of Exhaust Gas and Odor Analysis]

(b)(a) (c)

(a) (b) (c)

[(a) Before, (b) LPG, and (c) Plasma Burner]

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Recent Output

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플라즈마 버너 적용 음식 폐기물의 반탄화 공정 개발 및 자원화National Fusion Research Institute� - Plasma Technology Research CenterPlasma?Advantages of Microwave Plasma TorchDischarge of Microwave Plasma TorchDevelopment of 915MHz Plasma TorchComparison of MW and Arc PlasmaCharacteristics of MW Plasma TorchIntroductionIntroductionIntroductionMotivation and ObjectiveMotivation and ObjectiveRecent OutputRecent OutputRecent OutputRecent OutputRecent OutputRecent OutputRecent Output슬라이드 번호 21