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Observations of the Annular Solar Eclipse and the Transit of Venus
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Transcript of Observations of the Annular Solar Eclipse and the Transit of Venus
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金
星
凌
日與日
環
食
現
象
及
觀
測
香港天文學會外務副會長
余恵俊
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掩星觀測
• 月球在繞地球公轉中,會週期性地遮蔽住某些行星或恆星,
• 這種現象稱為“月掩星”,是一種特有的天文景觀,
• 在科學上也極具研究價值。
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掩星類別
• 日、月食
• 內行星(水星、金星)凌日
• 月掩星、月掠掩星
• 衛星掩食現象
• 行星、小行星掩星
• 彗星掩星
• 食變星
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2012年6月6日
金星凌日
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內行星
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內行星的位置
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內行星的盈虧
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內行星凌日現象時,太陽、內行星及地球的相對位置
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凌日週期
• 金星凌日有一定的規律,它每隔8年又再隔105.5年,然後又隔8年又再隔121.5年,合共243年(=88,756日)的週期重覆。
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凌日週期
• 金星凌日必定出現在五月或六月(稱為降交點金星凌日)
• 出現十一月或十二月(稱為升交點金星凌日)
• 降交點的金星凌日比升交點的多。
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• 這個週期共有 45次降交點凌日,37次升交點凌日,3次太陽中心凌日,3次偏凌日,76次普通凌日。
• 最長的金星凌日出現在公元424年11月22
日,全長8小時20分16秒
• 最短的金星凌日出現在公元2854年12月14日,全長只有27分35秒
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• 中心凌日(1)
公元前2970年11月17日
公元前183年5月22日
公元424年11月22日
• 偏凌日(3)
公元前920年5月23日
公元前540年11月19日
公元2854年12月14日
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見金星凌日地區
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凌始時太陽位置
東北偏東,高度6度
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中心時刻太陽位置
東北偏東,高度51度
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凌終時太陽位置
西北偏西,高度84度
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金星凌日情况
• 2004年6月8日
• 金星視直徑 58.2 角秒
• 太陽視直徑 1890.8
角秒
• 3.07%
• 2012年6月6日
• 金星視直徑 58.3 角秒
• 太陽視直徑 1891.4角秒
• 3.08%
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肉眼可以看見金星凌日嗎?
• 人肉眼分辨能力
• 普通人視力約100角秒
• 良好視力約 70角秒
• 超凡視力不少於40角秒
2004年金星凌日
– 金星視直徑 58.2 角秒
2012年金星凌日
– 金星視直徑 58.3 角秒
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用不同光譜拍攝的金星凌日
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黑滴現像
• 一種光學現像,出現在凌始內切和凌終內切的時候。它的形狀好像一滴黑色淚水,因而得到這個名稱
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黑滴現像
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• 黑滴現象是因太陽「臨邊昏暗」(Limb
Darkening) 和光學上點源 (point source) 在經過任何光學系統後都會由於繞射而形成一個擴大的像點的「點擴散」(Point
Spread) 原理而形成
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金星大氣折射陽光
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用視差法計算地球和太陽的距離
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欣賞和觀測
• 目視觀測
– 計時
• 攝影觀測
– 路徑、方位
– 放大
• 錄影觀測
– 計時、方位及
– 路徑
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高倍拍攝
• 凌始外切,金星接觸日面位置。日面方位42度。觀測者可以按照自己使用的望遠鏡光學系统,依照附圖上太陽的日面角度標示,對應金星接觸日面(紅色箭咀)位置。
• 雙筒望遠鏡
• 地平腳架
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• 用天頂稜鏡的折射望遠鏡,經緯儀
• PST太陽望遠鏡,經緯儀
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• 用天頂稜鏡的折射望遠鏡,赤道儀
• PST 太陽望遠鏡,赤道儀
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觀測設備
• 觀測太陽專用望遠鏡
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觀測設備
• 觀測太陽專用望遠鏡
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安全
• 不可以用普通望遠鏡直接觀看太陽
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用不適當的保護觀看太陽
•過量太陽的紅外線會令視網膜受損
•過量紫外光會引至青光眼及角膜退化
•視網膜沒有痛楚神經,失明前不會有感覺
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沒有保護下觀看太陽
• 強光引至永久失明
• 時間只須短至一至二秒以內
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紅外線可穿透的危險減光材料
• 攝影用中性濾光鏡
(ND filter)
• 太陽眼鏡
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• 煙黑玻璃
• CD / VCD / DVD 碟
• 電腦磁碟
• 黑色底片
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• 偏光鏡
• 墨水
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觀測設備
• 太陽濾光鏡
• (鏡後)
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安全觀測方法
投影法
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簡單兩片目鏡
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觀測設備
• 太陽稜鏡
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觀測設備
• 鏡前濾光膜
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觀測設備
• 鏡前濾光鏡
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• 金星凌日整個過程長6小時37分,勿長時間仰望太陽,須要間歇休息。長時間曝晒在陽光下,須要注意防晒及多喝清水。
• 如果天空有薄雲,切勿將雲當作天然濾光鏡來觀看太陽,以免令眼睛視網膜受損,而出現「視網膜炎症」
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日食原理
•月球運行到黃白道交點兩旁時便有機會發生日食,離交點越近便越容易發生全食或環食,離交點稍遠的則發生偏食
日全食
日環食
黄白道有 4°59’至5°18’傾角
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有關比例
太陽直徑大約是月球的400倍,而太陽距離
球也是月球距離地球大約400倍遠
近地點:363,300 km
平均 :384,400 km
遠地點:405,500 km
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日食條件
•黃白道交點的兩旁大約以 180為食的上限,一個「沙羅食周」內的每次日食都在這180的範圍內產生
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每年日食次數
• 每年最少有兩次日食
– 本影月食沒有
• 最多有五次日食
– 本影月食兩次
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日食週期
• 沙羅(Saros)週期 18.03年
•食分和食延時間很相似
•見食的中心地理緯度變化不太大,經度則每次西移約1/3圈
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日食沙羅週期
• 第 128 號沙羅週期共有73次日食
– 由984年起至2282年,共1298.17年
– 共有33次偏食,32次環食,4次全食,4次全環食
• 1994年5月10日是第14次,全食長6分13秒
• 2012年5月21日是第15次,全食長5分46秒
• 2030年6月01日是第16次,全食長5分21秒
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2012年5月21日,日環食
• 最大食分:0.9439
• 環食時間最長地點:東經176度16.8分,北緯49
度5.3分
• 環食最長時間:5分46.4秒
• 太陽視直徑:31分36.2秒
• 月球視直徑:29分26.6秒
• 最大寬度:236.9 km
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見日環食地區
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日食地區情況
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日食地區情況
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日食地區情況
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日食地區情況
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攝影項目
•一般日食拍攝的項目:
•1) 日食過程特寫
•2) 間歇曝光
•3) 日環食時的星空及地面環境
•4) 樹葉間縫隙/針孔投影的日偏食
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貝利珠
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錄像觀測
• 設備
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視像頭接駁望遠鏡
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用錄像機記錄
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用電腦記錄
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錄影技巧
•偏食階段->鏡頭前裝上濾光鏡,分隔一段時間拍攝一次,間隔不應少於五分。若使用變焦鏡拍攝,過程要保持焦距不變,以確保所有太陽影像大小相同
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錄影技巧
•貝利珠 ->預報前約1分鐘前除去減光設備,否則貝利珠看不見
•食甚->除去減光設備。生光後,請重新裝上減光設備繼續拍攝剩餘的偏食影像
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香港見日環食情況 5時41分,日出帶食
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香港見日環食情況
6時06分食既
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香港見日環食情況 6時08分食甚
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香港見日環食情況 6時08分食甚
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香港見日環食情況
6時10分生光
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香港見日環食情況 7時16分復圓
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全食帶有雲機會分佈圖
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雲層
• 低層雲
• 2,000 米以下
• 中層雲
• 2,000至6,000米
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雲層
• 高層雲
• 6,000米以上
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富士山 高3776米
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科學園白石角海濱長廊
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長洲明輝營地
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石澳
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尖沙咀星光大道
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大美督船灣淡水湖主壩
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2010年日環食觀測
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日食下的動物
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2010年1月,日環食
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2010年1月,日環食
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2010年1月,日環食
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上次在香港出現的日環食 1958年4月19日,日環食
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下次在香港出現的日環食 2320年5月9日
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下次在香港出現的日全食 2881年3月21日
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上次在香港出現的日全食
清朝嘉慶十九年(1814年)7月17日
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未來香港可見的凌日現象
• 2012年金星凌日 • 2016水星凌日 (香港不能看見)
• 2019水星凌日 (香港不能看見)
• 2032年水星凌日
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金星凌日時日全食
上次公元前15607年
下次公元15232年4月5日
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水星金星同時凌日
上次是公元前 373173年;下次是
公元69163年7月26日和224508年3月29日
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網上直播資訊
• 香港天文學會/香港天文台
• 日本松下富士山頂直播 (日環食)
• 美國太空總署 夏威夷莫納克亞山
– (金星凌日)
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謝謝