Nuclear Safety: International Consensus
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Transcript of Nuclear Safety: International Consensus
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Gobierno de Chile: Comisión Nacional de Energía
Seminario Evaluación de la Opción Nuclear para Chile
Hotel Hyatt, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Enero 28, 2010
Gobierno de Chile: Comisión Nacional de Energía
Seminario Evaluación de la Opción Nuclear para Chile
Hotel Hyatt, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Enero 28, 2010
Nuclear Safety: International ConsensusNuclear Safety: International Consensus
Abel J. GonzálezRepresentante: Comité de las Naciones Unidas para el Estudio de los Efectos de las Radiaciones Atómicas
Vicepresidente de la Comisión Internacional de Protección Radiológica
Miembro de la Comisión de Estándares de Seguridad del OIEA
Autoridad Regulatoria Nuclear de Argentina
Av. Del Libertador 8250; Av. Del Libertador 8250; (1429)(1429)Buenos AiresBuenos Aires,Argentina,Argentina+54 1163231758;+54 1163231758;[email protected]@arn.gob.ar
Abel J. GonzálezRepresentante: Comité de las Naciones Unidas para el Estudio de los Efectos de las Radiaciones Atómicas
Vicepresidente de la Comisión Internacional de Protección Radiológica
Miembro de la Comisión de Estándares de Seguridad del OIEA
Autoridad Regulatoria Nuclear de Argentina
Av. Del Libertador 8250; Av. Del Libertador 8250; (1429)(1429)Buenos AiresBuenos Aires,Argentina,Argentina+54 1163231758;+54 1163231758;[email protected]@arn.gob.ar
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ContentContent
1. The International System:
consensus on
a) Radiation Health Effects
b) Protection Paradigm
c) Nuclear Safety Regime
2. Chile within the System
1. The International System:
consensus on
a) Radiation Health Effects
b) Protection Paradigm
c) Nuclear Safety Regime
2. Chile within the System
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3
How the international
system works?
How the international
system works?
2010 Seminar, Santiago, Chile
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22 April 2023 4
Epistemology of radiation Method, validity and scope of the scientific
knowledge on radiation
Radiation Protection Paradigm Conceptual model for keeping people protected
Global Nuclear Safety Regime
Establishing international safety standards and providing for their global application
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22 April 2023 5
The United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of
Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) deals with the epistemology
2010 Seminar, Santiago, Chile
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6WNU-Ankara 200822 April 2023
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International Estimates of the
Levels of Radiation Exposure
International Estimates of the
Levels of Radiation Exposure
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Sources
Natural
Cosmic rays
Terrestrial
Inhalation
[radon]
Natural
Cosmic rays
Terrestrial
Inhalation
[radon]
Artificial
Medical
Military
Nuclear Power
Occupational
Accidents
Artificial
Medical
Military
Nuclear Power
Occupational
Accidents
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Radiation Dose Amount of radiation energy absorbed by tissue per unit mass
Measured in Sieverts
Amount of radiation energy absorbed by tissue per unit mass
Measured in Sieverts
Radioactivity(bequerels)Radioactivity(bequerels)
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The unit of dose is the Sievert [Sv](0.001 Sv = 1 milliSievert [mSv])
The unit of dose is the Sievert [Sv](0.001 Sv = 1 milliSievert [mSv])
How much is a mSv?How much is a mSv?
1 radiography = 1 mSv; 1CT = 50 mSv1 radiography = 1 mSv; 1CT = 50 mSv
1 year of natural radiation = 1 – 10 mSv1 year of natural radiation = 1 – 10 mSv
Releases from NPP <<0.1 mSvReleases from NPP <<0.1 mSv
How much is a mSv?How much is a mSv?
1 radiography = 1 mSv; 1CT = 50 mSv1 radiography = 1 mSv; 1CT = 50 mSv
1 year of natural radiation = 1 – 10 mSv1 year of natural radiation = 1 – 10 mSv
Releases from NPP <<0.1 mSvReleases from NPP <<0.1 mSv
10
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annual dose mSv/year
~100
~ 10
~ 2.4
~ 1
Natural Background
TYPICALLY HIGHTYPICALLY HIGH
AVERAGE AVERAGE
MINIMUM MINIMUM
VERY HIGHVERY HIGHFew peopleIn few areas
Many peopleIn many areas
Majority of peoplearound the world
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12OSU, Stillwater, OK, USA, February 2008
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Medical sources
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CT scans by year in US (millions)
18.3 19.521.0
22.625.1 26.3
30.6
34.9
39.6
45.4
50.1
53.9
57.6
62.0
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
No.
of
pro
cedure
s (
millions)
Annual growth of >10% per year
Computerized tomography (CT)
Annual growth > 10%/yr
U.S. population < 1%/yr
procedures by year (millions)
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Military activitiesMilitary activities
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Nuclear weapons tests
A tm ospher ic te sts
U nderground tes ts
1945100
50
0
50
100
150
NUMBER
1 950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
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Doses due to atmospheric nuclear testing
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Occupational exposures
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Man-made sources Natural sources
0 10 20 30
Millionsexposed
Artificial
Natural
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Civil nuclear power
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Global average levels
Source: UNSCEAR 2000 Report
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Annual per caput dose (mSv)
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Annual per caput dose (mSv) for USA
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In summary:
Medical uses
rather than
nuclear power
is responsible
of increased
radiation
levels
In summary:
Medical uses
rather than
nuclear power
is responsible
of increased
radiation
levels
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What are the health effects attribuatble to
radiation exposure?
What are the health effects attribuatble to
radiation exposure?
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272010 Seminar, Santiago, Chile
Overall
UNSCEAR
conclusion
Overall
UNSCEAR
conclusion
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Dose
(mSv) Dose
(mSv)
Likelihoodofradiationeffects
~1000~1000
Certainty(100%)
~100~100
Bu
rns,
sic
knes
s &
dea
thB
urn
s, s
ickn
ess
& d
eath
Increasing risk of cancerIncreasing risk of cancer
Epidemiology Statistical estimation:
populations
Limit of epidemiological
knowledge
Limit of epidemiological
knowledge
Pathology Clinical diagnosis:
individuals
Pathology Clinical diagnosis:
individuals
Limit of pathological knowledge
Limit of pathological knowledge
5%5%
28
BiologyInference BiologyInference
Deterministic effects
Deterministic effects
Stochastic effects
Stochastic effects
Radiation protection region
Radiation protection region
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Background incidence Background incidence
backgroundannual dosebackgroundannual dose
Plausibility of stochastic effects, pp Plausibility of stochastic effects, pp
Dose, DDDose, DD
increment ofppincrement ofpp
increment ofDDincrement ofDD
average 2.4 mSvtypical 10 mSvhigh 100 mSv
average 2.4 mSvtypical 10 mSvhigh 100 mSv
risk factor risk
factor
2922 April 2023
Radiation protection region
Radiation protection region
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Dose (mSv)
Certainty
(100%)
epidemiology pathology
Risk estimation
Risk estimation
Collective attributionCollective attribution
Individual attributionIndividual attribution
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Likelihood of Health Effect
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The International
Protection Paradigm
The International
Protection Paradigm
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The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) deals with the
paradigm
2010 Seminar, Santiago, Chile
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ICRP Basic Principles
Justification of any endeavor or action that entails a
change in the level of radiation exposure.
Optimization of radiation protection and safety.
Restriction of individual doses attributable to a given
situation and also of the probability of incurring doses.
Justification of any endeavor or action that entails a
change in the level of radiation exposure.
Optimization of radiation protection and safety.
Restriction of individual doses attributable to a given
situation and also of the probability of incurring doses.
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Are these principles necessary and
sufficient from the point of view of ethics?
Are these principles necessary and
sufficient from the point of view of ethics?
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Teleological(consequence)
Utilitarian(utility)
Deontological(duty)
Areatic(virtue)
Doctrines on
Ethics
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TeleologicalMind the ends, which
justify the means
UtilitarianDo the greatest good
for the greatest number of people
DeontologicalNot do unto
others what they should not do
unto you
Areatic be virtuous, wise
and prudent, aim at humanity
EthicalAphorisms
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Justificationof Actions
Optimizationof Protection
IndividualRestrictions
Prudence(commitment
&environment)
ProtectionPrinciples
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Justification=
Teleology
Optimization=
Utility
Limitation=
Deontology
Prudence=
Areatic
Ethicsof
Protection
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Teleology & JustificationTeleology & Justification
• The ends or
consequences of a
protective action
should determine its
morality, namely
whether such act is
good or evil
• The ends or
consequences of a
protective action
should determine its
morality, namely
whether such act is
good or evil
• Any decision that
alters the radiation
exposure situation
should do more good
than harm
• Any decision that
alters the radiation
exposure situation
should do more good
than harm
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Utility & OptimizationUtility & Optimization
• The morality of
protective actions
should be judged
against its contribution
to the overall utility,
namely to the best
welfare among all
people.
• The morality of
protective actions
should be judged
against its contribution
to the overall utility,
namely to the best
welfare among all
people.
• The level of radiation
protection should be
the best under the
prevailing
circumstances,
maximizing the margin
of benefit over harm.
• The level of radiation
protection should be
the best under the
prevailing
circumstances,
maximizing the margin
of benefit over harm.
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Deontology & Individual ProtectionDeontology & Individual Protection
• The morality of
protection should be
judged by the
goodness or rightness
caused by the
protective actions on
specific individuals,
and not only by their
overall consequences
or utility.
• The morality of
protection should be
judged by the
goodness or rightness
caused by the
protective actions on
specific individuals,
and not only by their
overall consequences
or utility.
• Inequitable protection
options should be
prevented by
restricting individual
doses (dose limits,
constraints and
reference levels)
• Inequitable protection
options should be
prevented by
restricting individual
doses (dose limits,
constraints and
reference levels)
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Areatism & PrecautionAreatism & Precaution
• The focal point for
judging the moral of
protective actions
should be their
virtuosity rather than
their consequences,
utility or duty.
• The focal point for
judging the moral of
protective actions
should be their
virtuosity rather than
their consequences,
utility or duty.
• Protection should be
provided to both,
present and future
generations and their
environment, against
scientifically plausible
radiation harm even if
it is uncertain.
• Protection should be
provided to both,
present and future
generations and their
environment, against
scientifically plausible
radiation harm even if
it is uncertain.
• The focal point for
judging the moral of
protective actions
should be their
virtuosity and not only
their consequences,
utility or duty.
• The focal point for
judging the moral of
protective actions
should be their
virtuosity and not only
their consequences,
utility or duty.
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Justification=
Teleology
Optimization=
Utility
Limitation=
Deontology
Prudence=
Areatic
Ethicsof
Protection
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Ethical MatrixEthical Matrix
Teleology
(consequ.)
Utilitarian
(utility)
Deontology
(duty)
Areatic
(virtue)
Antropo-centric
Eco-centric
DoneDone
Being doneBeing done
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Objectives of radiation protection of the environment
Objectives of radiation protection of the environment
• to maintain biological diversity,
• to ensure the conservation of species, and
• to protect the health and status of natural
habitats, communities, and ecosystems
• to maintain biological diversity,
• to ensure the conservation of species, and
• to protect the health and status of natural
habitats, communities, and ecosystems
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ICRP RecommendationsPublished by Elsivier
2008 Recommendations of the International Commission on
Radiological Protection
Volume 37, Issue 1-3, 2008
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The International
Nuclear Safety Regime
The International
Nuclear Safety Regime
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The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is responsible for the global regime
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The IAEA is the only organ within the UN
system with specific statutory responsibilities
on radiation protection and safety
The IAEA is the only organ within the UN
system with specific statutory responsibilities
on radiation protection and safety2010 Seminar, Santiago, Chile
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IAEA Functions
Verifying Peaceful Uses
Developing & Transferring Technology
Providing for Protection and Safety
Verifying Peaceful Uses
Developing & Transferring Technology
Providing for Protection and Safety
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“For their efforts
[i] to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and
[ii] to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is
used in the safest possible way“
“For their efforts
[i] to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and
[ii] to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is
used in the safest possible way“
The Nobel Peace PrizeThe Nobel Peace Prize
20052005
The Nobel Peace PrizeThe Nobel Peace Prize
20052005
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to establish standards
to establish standards
to provide for their applicationto provide for
their application
to service international conventionsto service international conventions
IAEA
statutory safety functions
IAEA
statutory safety functions
2010 Seminar, Santiago, Chile
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Legally Binding
ConventionsLegally Binding
Conventions
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Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident
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Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency
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Convention on Nuclear Safety
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Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the
Safety of Radioactive Waste Management
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Convention on Physical Protection of Nuclear Material
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International
Radiation Safety
Standards
International
Radiation Safety
Standards
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Commissionon Safety Standards
(CSS)
Nuclear Safety StandardsCommittee(NUSSC)
Radiation Safety StandardsCommittee(RASSC)
Waste Safety StandardsCommittee(WASSC)
Transport Safety StandardsCommittee(TRANSSC)
Expert Groups Expert Groups Expert Groups Expert Groups
IAEA Board of Governors
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Long experience
1962: first
international
standards.
Long experience
1962: first
international
standards.
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Safety Standards Hierarchy
Safety GuidesSafety Guides
Safety RequirementsSafety Requirements
Safety FundamentalsSafety Fundamentals
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http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1273c_web.pdf
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http://www-ns.iaea.org/standards/http://www-ns.iaea.org/standards/
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22 April 2023 65
rendering
APPRAISAL SERVICES
coordinating
RESEARCH &
DEVELOPMENT
fostering
INFORMATION EXCHANGE
providing
TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
Provisions
for the
application
of the
standards:
IAEA
mechanisms
promoting
EDUCATION & TRAINING
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Chile
&
the International
Nuclear
Safety Regime
Chile
&
the International
Nuclear
Safety Regime
22 April 2023 662010 Seminar, Santiago, Chile
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Chile and the IAEAChile and the IAEA
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Full engagement of Chile
Chile is a contracting party of the safety
conventions.
Chile participate in the development of
international safety standards
Chile can make use of appraisal services
of the IAEA to check that it is applying
correctly international safety standards
Chile is a contracting party of the safety
conventions.
Chile participate in the development of
international safety standards
Chile can make use of appraisal services
of the IAEA to check that it is applying
correctly international safety standards
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Full engagement of CCHEN
From April 16, 1964, i.e. over nearly half a
century, the Comisión Chilena de Energía
Nuclear (CCHEN) has assisted the
Government in all affairs related with
nuclear energy.
It has a solid, long-standing, professional
experience in nuclear issues
From April 16, 1964, i.e. over nearly half a
century, the Comisión Chilena de Energía
Nuclear (CCHEN) has assisted the
Government in all affairs related with
nuclear energy.
It has a solid, long-standing, professional
experience in nuclear issues
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Organization(the issue of ‘independence’)
‘Independence” is not referred to by the Convention, which indicates that Governments:
“shall establish or designate a regulatory body…provided with adequate authority, competence and financial and human resources…”
“shall take the appropriate steps to ensure an effective separation between the functions of the regulatory body and those of any other body or organization concerned with the promotion or utilization of nuclear energy.”
The only real ‘independence’ is provided by knowledge!
‘Independence” is not referred to by the Convention, which indicates that Governments:
“shall establish or designate a regulatory body…provided with adequate authority, competence and financial and human resources…”
“shall take the appropriate steps to ensure an effective separation between the functions of the regulatory body and those of any other body or organization concerned with the promotion or utilization of nuclear energy.”
The only real ‘independence’ is provided by knowledge!
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Free-downloadable References
UNSCEAR documents (2000, 2001 & 2006 reports)
http://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/publications/2000_1,
http://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/publications/2000_2,
http://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/publications/2001,
http://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/publications/2006_1.html,
http://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/publications/2006_2.html
IAEA Safety Fundamentals
http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1273_web.pdf
IAEA Basic Safety Standards
http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1273_web.pdf
IAEA Safety Glossary
http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1290_web.pdf
UNSCEAR documents (2000, 2001 & 2006 reports)
http://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/publications/2000_1,
http://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/publications/2000_2,
http://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/publications/2001,
http://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/publications/2006_1.html,
http://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/publications/2006_2.html
IAEA Safety Fundamentals
http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1273_web.pdf
IAEA Basic Safety Standards
http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1273_web.pdf
IAEA Safety Glossary
http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1290_web.pdf
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72WNU, Daejon, July 2009
[email protected]@arn.gob.ar
+541163231758
Av. del Libertador 8250Buenos Aires
Argentina
Thank you!
Thank you!
22 April 2023