Norwich Business School Low Carbon Conversion and Nuclear Power Energy Conservation and Management...

Low Carbon Conversion and Nuclear Power Energy Conservation and Management in Buildings Renewable Energy*NBSLM03E (2010) Low Carbon Technologies and Solutions: Sections 10 - 13N.K. Tovey () M.A, PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnv

* Energy Conservation in Buildings: The Basics Heat Loss Calculations Energy Management Carbon Emission Factors *Lecture 2NBSLM03E (2010)Low Carbon Technologies and SolutionsN.K. Tovey () M.A, PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnv

*Intrinsic Energy Use provision of comfortable thermal environmentFunctional Energy Use energy use associated with specific activities in building at time.Intrinsic Energy Use (mostly associated with heating) will vary little with different uses (apart from specifics e.g. warehouses, sports complexes etc).Functional Energy Use will vary depending on use e.g. office (high computer use), laboratory (equipment), supermarket, hotel etc.In a poorly insulated building, functional energy use over life time will be low as a percentageIn a well insulated building, functional energy can be the dominant use representing over 50% in the ZICER Building at UEA.Energy Conservation in Buildings: The Basics

*Heat Loss / Heat GainThree forms of heat transferConductionRadiationConvectionFor buildings - conductive losses are main issue to address in heat loss/heat gain.

AT1T2Heat Flow is proportional to temperature difference

Energy Conservation in Buildings: The Basics

*Construction of Typical UK Walls: Solid Walls most houses built pre-war.In addition to resistance of brick and plaster there is:Internal surface resistanceExternal surface resistanceEnergy Conservation in Buildings: The Basics

*Construction of Typical UK Walls: Solid Walls most houses built pre-war.U-value is amount of heat transferred per sqm for a unit temperature difference between inside and out.It is the reciprocal of aggregate resistance.R = rbrick + rplaster + rint + rextBut resistance = as A = 1.0 k for brick ~ 1.0 W m-1 oC-1rbrick = 0.22 / 1.0 = 0.22 m2 oC W-1For plaster k = 0.7 W m-1 oC-1 so rplaster = 0.013/0.7 = 0.02 m2 oC W-1Total resistance = 0.22 + 0.02 + 0.123 + 0.055 = 0.418 m2 oC W-1So U- value = 1 / 0.418 = 2.39 W m-2 oC-1Energy Conservation in Buildings: The Basics

*Construction of Typical UK Walls: post warCavities provide an extra air-space and hence extra resistance to heat flow.Energy Conservation in Buildings: The Basics

*Construction of Typical UK Walls: post warComponents of resistance Internal surface Plaster Brick Cavity Brick External Surface

rinternal = 0.123rplaster = 0.013 / 0.7 = 0. 02rbrick = 0.11 / 1 = 0.11rcavity = 0. 18rbrick = 0.11 / 1 = 0.11rexternal = 0.055Total resistance = 0.123 + +0.02 + 0.11 + 0.18 + 0.11 + 0.055 = 0.598 m2 oC W-1U value = 1 / 0.598 = 1.67 W m-2 oC-1.Or 70% of solid wall.Energy Conservation in Buildings: The Basics

*Construction of Typical UK Walls: post ~ 1960Components of resistance Internal surface Plaster Block Cavity Brick External Surface

rbrick = 0.11 / 1 = 0.11rblock = 0.11 / 0.14 = 0.76 rplaster = 0.013 / 0.7 = 0. 02rexternal = 0.055rinternal = 0.123rcavity = 0. 18Total resistance = 0.123 + +0.02 + 0.76 + 0.18 + 0.11 + 0.055 = 1.248 m2 oC W-1U value = 1 / 1.248 = 0.8 W m-2 oC-1.Or 50% of brick / cavity / brick wall.Energy Conservation in Buildings: The Basics

*Construction of Typical UK Walls: post ~ 1960Components of resistance Internal surface Plaster Block Cavity insulation Brick External Surface

rbrick = 0.11 / 1 = 0.11rblock = 0.11 / 0.14 = 0.76 rplaster = 0.013 / 0.7 = 0. 02rexternal = 0.055rinternal = 0.123rcavity insulation = 0.05/0.04 = 1.25Total resistance = 0.123 + +0.02 + 0.76 + 1.25 + 0.11 + 0.055 = 2.318 m2 oC W-1U value = 1 / 2.318 = 0.43 W m-2 oC-1.Or 50% of uninsulated brick / cavity / block wall.Brick / cavity / brick wall with insulation has U Value = 0.59 W m-2 oC-1Energy Conservation in Buildings: The Basics

*U values for non-standard constructions can be estimated in a similar wayU values are tabulated for standard componentsU value single glazing ~ 5.0 5.7 W m-2 oC-1U value double glazing ~ 2.5 2.86 W m-2 oC-1Floors typically 1.0 unless there is insulation.Roofs depends on thickness of insulationUninsulated post war ~ 2.0 W m-2 oC-1 25 mm - 0.89 W m-2 oC-1 50 mm - 0.57 W m-2 oC-1 100 mm - 0.34 W m-2 oC-1 150 mm - 0.25 W m-2 oC-1 200 mm - 0.18 W m-2 oC-1 250 mm - 0.15 W m-2 oC-1There are diminishing returns after first ~ 100mm and other conservation strategies become more sensible both economically and in carbon savings.Energy Conservation in Buildings: The Basics

*Ventilationin poorly insulated buildings may be only 25 30% of lossesIn well insulated buildings may be > 80% of total heat losses.>> ventilation heat recovery e.g. ZICER.Ventilation occursThrough door/window openingThrough crack around windows / doors / floorsThrough fabric itselfThrough vents, chimneys etc.Adequate ventilation is required for healthCovered by specifying a particular number of air-changes per hour (ach) i.e. whole volume is changed in an hour.In a typical house 1 1.5 achIn a crowded lecture room may need 3 4 ach


*Ventilation: equivalent parameter to U-value i.e. Proportional to temperature difference Volume * ach * specific heat of air / 3600 W m-2 0C-1

Specific heat: quantity of energy required to raise temperature of unit mass (volume) of material by 1 degree.

For air, specific heat ~ 1300 J m-3

Ventilation heat loss rate = volume * ach * 1300/3600 = 0.361 * ach * volume


*Five components to heat loss / gain parameterLosses through FloorRoofWindowsWallsVentilation

20: Heat Loss / Heat Gain CalculationsVentilation: Volume * 0.361 * ach Total Heat Loss / Heat Gain Rate (H) H = Area * Uvalue of fabric components + Volume * 0.361 * ach Heat lost from a building in a cool climate (or heat gained in warm climate) must be replaced (removed) by the heating (cooling) appliance e..g boiler (air-conditioner)Heat to be replaced (removed) = H * temperature difference (inside outside)Heat Loss / Heat Gain Calculations

*Design considerations:Heating/Cooling Capacity depends on internal and external temperatures.What should design temperature be?Internally comfortable temperature thermostat setting.Externally ?In internal temperature is set too high, sufficent heating will not be supplied in extreme conditions.But extra cost is often implied.Design External temperature in UK for heating 1oC In more extreme parts -30C is sometimes selectedHeavy weight buildings do store heat to allow for some carry over to colder conditions.Heating appliances usually come in standard sizes size to next size above requirement.Heat Loss / Heat Gain Calculations

*Design considerations:Hot water heating is often provided by same sourceProvides an extra buffer for peak heating demand.Heating / Cooling must be designed to cope with peak design demand.Annual Energy ConsumptionIncidental gains arise fromBody heatLightingHot water useAppliance useSolar gain

Decrease / Increase overall annual heating (cooling) energy consumption typically by several degrees.

Heat Loss / Heat Gain Calculations

*If incidental gains from all sources amount to 2250 watts, and the heat loss rate is 500 W C-1. Free temperature rise from incidental gains = 2250 / 500 = 4.5oCIf thermostat is set at 20 oC, No heating is needed until internal temperature falls below 20 4.5 = 15.5 oC.

15.5oC is the neutral/base/or balance temperature.In UK and USA and used internationally the balance temperature for heating is on average 15.5oC (60oF).Each building is different and for accurate analysis, corrections must be applied.To allow rapid assessment of annual energy consumptionHeating Degree Days (HDD)Cooling Degree Days (CDD)There appears to be no standard for the base temperature for Cooling Degree Days but UKCIP02 uses 22oCHeat Loss / Heat Gain Calculations

*Degree Days are an indirect measure of how cold or how warm a given period is.Used for estimating annual energy consumption.Heating Degree DaysFor every 1oC MEAN temperature on a particular day is below base temperature we add 1.For 10oC we add 15.5 -10 = 5.5For -1oC we add 15.5 (-1) = 16.5For -10oC we add 15.5 (-10) = 26.5For days when MEAN temperatures above base temperature we do not add anything.Total Degree Days over a period is sum of all individual daysGives approximate estimate see shaded box in hand out for more accurate method.Monthly Degree Days are published atwww.vesma.com


*Annual Degree Days East Anglia20 year average 1959 1978 - 243020 year average 1979 1988 - 235120 year average 1988 - 2007 - 2182

Example: 1Heat Loss Rate (coefficient) is 450 WoC-1What is estimated energy consumption for heating in January to March based on latest 20 year data= 450 * ( 337 + 303 + 272) * 86400 = 35.46 GJOr 450 * (337 + 303 +272) * 24 / 1000 = 9850 kWh 86400 is seconds in a day24 is hours in a dayHeat Loss / Heat Gain Calculations

20 year averageJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec1979 - 1998374336291228145723636691572663411988 - 200733730327221212865333162143258338

*120 132 144 156 168 180 192 204 216 228 240HoursBoiler Output for a house during early January 1985. 20 15 10 5 0 -5-10Temperature oC10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0Boiler Output (kW)Heat Loss / Heat Gain Calculations

*If no heating is provided and mean external temperature is 20oCInternal temperature has a much lower amplitude and lags by several hoursCan be used in effective managementHeat Loss / Heat Gain Calculations

*In morning period, boiler is full on during period, but throttles back during evening periodHeat Loss / Heat Gain Calculations

*With time switching larger boiler is required to get temperature to acceptable levelsHeat Loss / Heat Gain Calculations

*Large building in tropical country has 12000 sqm of single glazingElectricity consumption is as shownIf Cooling Degree Days are 3000, and coefficient of performance of air-conditioner is 2.5, what is annual energy consumption?Gradient of cooling line is 75 kW /oCAnnual consumption is 75 * 3000 * 24= 5400 MWhIf carbon factor is 800 kg /MWhCarbon emitted= 5400 * 800 / 1000 = 4320 tonnesHeat Loss / Heat Gain Calculations

*Gradient of line = 75 kWoC-1actual heat gain rate = 75 *2.5 = 225 kW oC-1 must allow for COP of air-conditionerInstalling double glazing reduces heat gain rate by:12000 * ( 5 - 2.5) = 30 kW oC-1 U values before and after double glazingSaving in electricity with be 30 /2.5 = 12 kWoC-1Saving in electricity consumed= 12 *3000 * 24 = 864 MWhcarbon saving = 864*800 / 1000 = 691.2 tonnes


*Annual electricity saved = 864 MWh - Annual carbon saved = 691.2 tonnes

Marginal cost is 740 Paise/Unit - 9.328p per unit at Exchange Rate on 07April 2008Total saving in monetary terms would be 864 * 1000 * 0.09328 = 80,594 per yearWith a life time of 30 years say, this represents a saving of 2.4 millionA total of 25920 MWh saved and 20700 tonnes of carbon dioxide. If K glass (low emissivity glass were installed) savings would be around 50% larger

Data for IndiaHeat Loss / Heat Gain Calculations

*New house designed with heat loss rate of 0.2 kW oC-1Two optionsOil boiler - oil costs 45p/litre: calorific value 37 MJ/litreHeat Pump electricity costs 4.5 per kWhExamine most cost effective option.Heat pump data as shown in graph.Capital costs:Oil Boiler 2000, Heat Pump 4000Heat Loss / Heat Gain Calculations

TemperatureCOP6.5312.54.0164.283.2

Col (5) = 15.5 col (2)Col (6) = 0.2 * col (5) * col (4) * 24Col (7) = col (6) / col (3)Oil required 9456 kWh = 34042 MJSo 34042 / 37 = 920 litres are neededCost of oil = 920 * 0.45 = 414Cost of electricity for heat pump = 2658.5 * 0.045 = 119.64 and an annual saving of 294.36Analysis is best done in tabular formHeat Loss / Heat Gain Calculations

External Temperature (oC)COP from graphNumber of daysDifference from balance temperatureHeat Requirement (kWh)Requirement after allowing for COP (kWh)(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)Jan - Mar6.5390938881296Apr - Jun12.549131310.4327.6Jul - Sept164.292NoHeatingneededOct - Dec83.2927.533121035Total energy requirement8510.4Boiler efficiency90%Energy input boiler option as oil9456Total effective electrical input via heat pump2658.6

Annual saving in energy costs = 294.36

At 5% discount rate, cummulative discount factor over 10 years is 8.721735So the discounted savings over life of project

= 8.721735 * 294.36 = 2567.36

This is greater than the capital cost difference of 2000 (i.e (4000 - 2000), there will be a net saving of 567.36 over the project life and the heat pump scheme is the more attractive financially.


Energy Management: Electricity Consumption in a medium sized regional office of a large companyElectricity Consumption improves in late 2004Implementation of conservation measures - Low Energy Lighting phased over autumnSudden jump in consumptionNearly double early 2005 level33% higher than historic levelCost increase ~ 10000 - 12000 paCO2 increase ~ 100 tonne per annumAppears to be associated with malfunction of air conditioner*

*Energy Management: Electricity Consumption of several offices of a large company

Electricity Consumption kWh/m2 )Local Authority OfficesNorwichGreat YarmouthKings LynnNaturally ventilatedAir-conditionedGood Practice5497289125140Typical85178

ElectricitykWh/m2kWh/employeeGreat Yarmouth125.34695Kings Lynn140.03226Norwich289.43817

Annual Household consumption of Electricity in Norwich 3720 kWhEnergy Management: Electricity Consumption and Carbon Dioxide Emissions of several offices of a large company*

ElectricityCarbon DioxidekWh/sqmkWh/employeekg/sqmtonnes/employeeGreat Yarmouth125.3469589.23.34Kings Lynn140.032261052.43Norwich289.43817188.22.48

*Basic analysisAim: Assess overall energy performance of buildingNormalise to a standard time periodAssess variation with external temperaturePredictionAim set targets for energy consumption following improvements Issues to addressConvert all units to GJ or kWhfor GJ multiply heat loss rate by Degree Days and number of seconds in a day (86400).for kWh multiply heat loss rate by Degree Days and number of hours in a day (24).Energy Management: Assessing Annual Consumption

*Degree day methodQuickerOil & coal heating difficult general estimates of consumption Mean temperature methodMore accuratePlot mean consumption against mean external temperatureEnergy Management: Assessing Annual Heating Requirements

*Two component partsTemperature relatedIndependent of temperatureHot water & cooking if by gasTotal Energy = W + H*degree days*86400W energy for hot water + cooking (gas)H is heat loss rate for the homeTwo unknowns W & H, Know degree days & energy consumption in two different periods of yearEstimate heat loss & steady energy requirementAssessing Annual Heating Requirements: Degree Day Method

*Energy consumption 2 successive quarters: 31.76 & 18.80 GJCorresponding degree days: 1100 and 500

Total Energy consumed = W + H * degree days*86400 1100 * H * 86400 + W = 31.76 ..(1) 500 * H * 86400 + W = 18.80 ..(2)Simultaneous equations (subtract 2 from 1)

H = (31.76 18.80) * 109 = 250 Watts (1100-500)*86400Substitute for H in either equation to get W

W = 31.76 * 109 - 1100 * 250 * 86400 = 8 * 109 = 8GJH - heat lossW - hot waterAnnual Heating Requirements: Degree Day Method - example

*Once H & W have been calculatedPerformance for subsequent quarters can be estimatedIf degree days for 3rd quarter = 400Consumption predicted to be 400 * 250 * 86400 + 8 * 109 = 16.64 GJ H W

If actual consumption is 17.5 GJ then energy has been wastedAnnual Heating Requirements: Degree Day Method - example

There is a fair amount of scatter about trend lineLines drawn at 1.5 standard deviations above an below trend lineSome consumption data points lie outside the band and should be classified as Reporting IncidentsWith time tighter deviation lines can be drawnAnalysis of Energy Consumption Data in a Building Degree Day Method*

*Electricity consumption varies during year.Base load for appliances and refrigerationVariable lighting Load depending on number of hours required for lightingIntercept is base load (A)Gradient is Lighting Load Parameter LInstalling Low Energy Lighting will decrease gradient by a factor 5

Installing more efficient appliances will reduce base load

Installing both measures will reduce both L and AAnalysis of Lighting in a Building not heated by electricity

Chart2

9.6

10.08

10.56

11.04

11.52

12

12.48

Lighting Hours

kWh / day

Sheet1

360

480

29.6400

310.08420

410.56440

511.04460

611.52480

712500

812.48520

Sheet1

Lighting Hours

kWh / day

Sheet2

appliances and lighting

Lighting Hours

Mean Wattage over day

Sheet3

*Plot the mean consumption over a specific period against mean external temperatureGenerally more accurate than Monthly Degree Day Method as short term variations can be explored.With Daily readings, variations with day of week can be explored e.g. Weekend shut down, do Mondays see extra consumptionTwo parts to graphHeating part represented by sloping lineBase load for cooking/hot water by horizontal line.Do not merely do a regression lineAnalysis of Energy Consumption Data in a Building Mean Temperature Method (not heated electrically)

Chart1

7.375-65

6.875-46.875

6.375-26.375

5.87505.875

5.37525.375

4.87544.875

4.37564.375

3.87583.875

3.375103.375

2.875122.875

2.375142.375

22

2.052.05

1.981.98

22

1.981.98

External Temperature

Consumption (kW)

Sheet1

0.25

consumption

21.5-67.3755

19.5-46.8756.875

17.5-26.3756.375

15.505.8755.875

13.525.3755.375

11.544.8754.875

9.564.3754.375

7.583.8753.875

5.5103.3753.375

3.5122.8752.875

1.5142.3752.375

1622

182.052.05

201.981.98

2222

241.981.98

Sheet1


Consumption (kW)

Sheet2

Sheet3

MBD000A90E4.doc

*Gradient of line is related to heat loss rate (coefficient)Adjust for boiler efficiencyMultiply by to get heat loss rate (coefficient) e.g. 70% for non condensing boiler, 90% for condensing boiler300% for heat pump

Efficiencies of all boilers are available on SEDBUK Database www.sedbuk.com/index.htm

Two parts to graph

Heating part represented by sloping lineBase load for cooking/hot water by horizontal line.Analysis of Energy Consumption Data in a Building Mean Temperature Method (not heated electrically)

Chart1

7.375-65

6.875-46.875

6.375-26.375

5.87505.875

5.37525.375

4.87544.875

4.37564.375

3.87583.875

3.375103.375

2.875122.875

2.375142.375

22

2.052.05

1.981.98

22

1.981.98


Consumption (kW)

Sheet1

0.25

consumption

21.5-67.3755

19.5-46.8756.875

17.5-26.3756.375

15.505.8755.875

13.525.3755.375

11.544.8754.875

9.564.3754.375

7.583.8753.875

5.5103.3753.375

3.5122.8752.875

1.5142.3752.375

1622

182.052.05

201.981.98

2222

241.981.98

Sheet1


Consumption (kW)

Sheet2

Sheet3

MBD000A90E4.doc

*Data before conservationIntercept = appliance and refrigeration load (A).Gradient is Lighting load (L)Low energy lighting installed should reduce L by 80%Actual data after installationSuggests that improvement of 80% is not achieved.If actual data are shown as blue line improvements in energy management have taken place or replacement of appliances with more energy efficient ones.Analysis of Lighting in a Building not heated by electricity An Example

*A appliance LoadW water heating LoadH heat loss parameterL lighting Load parameterMore complex for analysis as both H & L are unknownCombine A & W to give overall appliance + hot water load (A*)E = (degree days * H + lighting hours * L) * 86400 + A*Where E = energy consumption3 unknowns H, L & AIf we have data for 3 quarters Estimate values for H, L & A by solving 3 simultaneous equationsIf appliance load is known calculation is easierActual analysis is beyond the scope of this scope, but the potential does exist. If more than three month data are available then opportunities for statistical analysis exist.Analysis of Heating and lighting in an electricilly heated Building Method 1

*SavingExcessNo energy conservation horizontal lineWinter following improved insulationSummer no savings heat conservation onlyWinter parallel to 2Summer - improved management of hot waterShould be (4) + (5) but gradient is in fact less - energy conservation performance has got worseCumulative Deviation MethodNot as detailed as other methods, but good for displaying monetary savings in Lay Mans terms

Actual data from large residential building in Shanghai in 2006Fudan University Twin TowerGradients of lines 43.05 MWh per deg C per month heating 52.12 MWh per deg C per month coolingAssume 720 hours in a month 59.8 kWoC-1 heating and 72.4 kWoC-1 cooling =43.05/720 = 52.12/720ANALYSIS OF BUILDING WITH HEATING AND COOLINGAll energy consumption is from electricity*

Annual Heating Demand - 1675 MWhAnnual Cooling Demand - 2515 MWhAnnual Baseline (Functional) Demand - 2304 MWhFunctional Energy Use is 35.5% of total energy use.Baseline consumptionAnalysis of Energy Data - Fudan University Twin TowersANALYSIS OF BUILDING WITH HEATING AND COOLINGNeutral Temperature - 17.5oC

Baseline consumption - 192.0 MWh/month*

* Energy Conservation in Buildings: The Basics Heat Loss Calculations Energy Management Carbon Emission Factors *NBSLM03E (2010)Low Carbon Technologies and SolutionsN.K. Tovey () M.A, PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnv

Emission Factors for Fossil Fuels in UKEmission factors for Fossil fuels as used in the UK are available at:http://www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/statistics/climate_change/gg_emissions/intro/intro.aspx.Single values if emission factors are quoted per unit volume or massTwo different values are quoted if specified in terms of energy content e.g. GJ, kWh depending on whether Lower or Higher Calorific Value is used.Which calorific value should be used.,If lower CV is used then emission factor is higher when specified in energy termsIf higher CV is used the emission factor is lower when specified in energy terms

Emission Factors *

CO2Fuel TypeUnitskg CO2 per unitNatural GaskWh net0.20374kWh gross0.18358cum2.0091therms net5.9712therms gross5.3801

*Calorific Values across the UK on 29/05/2010 Emission Factors: Calorific Values of Natural Gas Calorific values vary slightly among fuelsFor natural gas it also depends on pressure and compositionIs becoming more variable as increased amounts are imported from overseas

Charging ZoneCalorific Value MJ/cumEastern38.9East Midlands39.4Northern40.2North East39.5North Thames39.0North West39.0Scotland39.7South East39.1Southern39.1South West39.1West Midlands39.1Wales North39.0Wales South39.3Scottish Independents38.3Stranraer39.6

Emission Factors for electricity depend onFuel mixEfficiency of Generation by each fuelFuel mix varies from day to day less coal at weekendsFuel mix varies from day to night *Emission Factors: Electricity Generation

Fuel Mix December - January2008/92009/10Coal44%34%CCGT36%46%Nuclear15%17%

Chart1

170643.55400703.5335467175861122414833.5228031710

172726.5527984.5034310093061167214959.5008960

173984531240.503364476966923315358.50060610

175036.55365340334255.56568.5897413929.5005890

173829525045.50182715.5132218478132380011230

172547.5492714014608321124.5714013239.51280111450

164775.5519394.5031777494321046813681.50057770

164465.55009360321310.59823.5719213133236080570

1694615028230332893.514019.51125513758118078980

16947050352403495613881.5746912960.5186.5096200

170333.5511985.503618713631.510817132780080780

171989497430.50272145.51443.511765118961710370

17251249001426278201997.51180412956596.504890

172689.5517412.51517.5382696.57314.51316812589.57.504680

172108.5533296.54442401049.510105.5105711073421.5000

1717985262400424204.512438.59861115340000

172165.5536713.504043867894.5859710068157.5000

170360.55381660406543.53300.51408710581306.503500

167753502760.50366852.5918212286973192.5000

168123.5494495.50344861.59049101368580.50000

1719435103501675.5426260.55100168019878.51379037740

172714.5505637.504402531585.590497213.5408011360

177601483853.504181914371.598897785.5140073080

182341.5477164030242332629310642800284530

187640.542726901972572102.570146031.500472790

1891894054710195665.51371.566615363.500312250

1892314240380202082301182845101.500373160

189766.545400002776691066.5120035570415077610

191513454138030425910738102845459.500119460

186388.542707202811372442289825526.500465910

189366.542280502764318527.598154730.500446610

191981.5418673.50232290.57019.5837646414510452660

191019456960.50274252.510137.5879848260071590

190174.54647720278136417195994122.500195430

191405.5482218.50474203.55972.511161470324003720

1892444683064186.55055521249311383402500860

189280457550.505072699458.5116314284006630

195374.54707720532580228311184463011501730

182763.54654261950.5536670.52662.5135024401.5109015330

178414449762.5755453042.52731108874319.50000

178711.5383137.5740.5477440.517403113804747.5167000

180098.5458825.5255551953018643.5133995072265.508160

181024.54871480497465.525460.572994994.51250480

December 2009 January 2010

Nuclear

CCGT

Oil

Coal

Wind

PS

NPSHYD

OCGT

Other

INTFR

INTIRL

MWh per day

UK Electricity Generation - December 2009 - January 2010

daily

HALF HOURLY OUTTURN GENERATION BY FUEL TYPE DATA (MW)

TotalNuclearCCGTOilCoalWindPSNPSHYDOCGTOtherINTFRINTIRL

DateData in this section is daily generation

2008111517585126584.5379828.54638.5267419.519966.584951562883.5035477307

2008111633169131338.5388578.51543.5281996.57169.58722144710035179337

2008111735281129230.54220703942.5417099976511392136350016840587

2008111835537129361390413.55411.544049213002.51223312427.50011347951

2008111934669132113381429.54742440100214791012512269.50013582462

2008112035245133092.5378172.51772430754.5205311197812126.5162.508788306

20081121355131331473893982057427111145511391212065322010884301

2008112235748132577.53393473655.539253772891036110615.50040625616

2008112334387138512328137.51981.5394325.513634955710251.50038930240

2008112439044137801.539054010352.5477937.5119491447411150.5433.507405851

2008112539612145302392383115605316678988.51147711164.5003467676

2008112638711152580.53906567310514142.516642.51373311691.5243.503770154

2008112739027152295.5376278.59291.5488403.517653.51659913236.522205147219

2008112838210157234.5372057.512841506730.537751305112754004466427

2008112937439158048.5346260.55795448667255.51297511255007899235

2008113037598158806347497.53935418735.513851418610544.50013709275

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2009090626959214649.5364090.5066149.51229897171311200368290

2009090730898215195.54001320206745.512871.51442212922.51321.5014310

2009090831368215335414595.50209845.5231221312613695.5963000

2009090930821199162.544089835.5214061101631340813830118000

2009091030231179793.5465132.50202765.52470.51068513980.5144.5011690

20090911286191712244595690200731.51018.51048512864.5003910

2009091227516178638.5430455.5097342.547471064511439.500103610

2009091327028174100.5401029.50825641340892611952.5110419660

2009091429326169269.54387960225872.5945.51028111668.50026070

2009091529291169524.54577953255.5228609.58479508110260020070

2009091629671168902.5461985.50218450.518209203105370033740

2009091730079173255450969.50202682.57589769916920.5022450

2009091828848168409464136.502149193253942610186.522.507590

2009091928469148402443964.50137853.57377.57909107240055470

2009092026766148919.54352510106159929490021056000120060

20090921288491362794635580217595.51999990751111900660

2009092229616131456463063.5022857121403.51328611443.529902320

2009092329772129276.54687740242522.516938.5134071175900570

2009092429214133856462988.50247615.517582.59816114804002710

2009092528928128231.54721180221114.516919.510006114020000

20090926277281237364307670170163.511603.51078411526.55301770

2009092726755127662423568.50145081.516856.5765911023.50018480

2009092828681134875446154.50238756.515168799910760.574.50150

200909293089613679345454402637186451.51659211662.580.502590

2009093029889134795.5456631028328675261206811266.5530000

2009100129844132165.54611190265191.55914.58597103170.5000

2009100228159127663.54480100263009.511444.5876310612.50000

2009100327311140327.5391349.5017835726440852611122153.501620

2009100428161144075394153.50173160768910422122550024090

2009100530379144866.54237781195.530050352101278612653427000

2009100630022144184.5440265542529669411215.58734114178203580

2009100731348144721453829.50290389.578621127411620.541302330

2009100831360140804.5475777.5028286061161057811327.50000

2009100930723138437.5462006028513214721849311717.51806710

2009101028256137260.5416262.50201814.56125807110827.500142440

2009101128464135272.54159190153676.5144829296911600226910

2009101230384137733.54571466682939752447.51079182790022480

2009101331009138253.54677920313062.537047660812734.5014010

2009101431693141071.5479009.50312207200689838395.50000

20091015321511447784834850304923.51572.51168193930000

20091016314851458854739640286626264277058538.50000

2009101731344147245.545234102271751458.58305849784000

20091018305481481934339800228599.55955.578448426.50000

2009101931851144884.5451257.51963340186.53967104828521.5272000

2009102033062142458.54485021291.53416981803811010867458306420

2009102132431151020.5445926.52137.5349459.51156077838288.52011000

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2009102530195169801.5373756.50176580187337522106040029200

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2009102832232189872426073.5215029786760351078314337.56.5000

2009102931875194281.5420032.50303970.57684.57660133660000

2009103031590193143444006.50238095.517403.5870813045101000

2009103129298183092420484.501825039999.5785613412007950

2009110128529184168.539323001496441116393181349700237970

2009110232892184682462328.50257850.517320.51134814024.5004330

2009110332213185117474811027903012005.51019913819.50012000

2009110432265186471.546593502990653027971412800.50044880

2009110532984180973.5480600.503074032763.51076912626.5150.5000

200911063309217956345885203052178339.5120451439043708630

2009110732058176852.5469099.50203204.53081774313127.5008510

2009110832532177045.54783250199020.51585.5866611630.5001620

2009110934750170718.5493338.50336664.55859.51281112106.5500960

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2009111233728158367439346.50293165.51400482429682.5004160

2009111331586177034446435.503254597664.51255411328.51242.5043810

2009111430745177406417853.50172859.516046.5763411069.500446670

2009111530890180279423101.501565361140192961138100435000

20091116316581835944527790296270.513136.5758213018.5360071710

20091117323781759804539980255408172739954126010055840

2009111832227177684.5484212.5028199411966.51157714358.50098810

20091119322401774834768930251279.5213671162615561.50078720

2009112033093174925.5491731023561717333.511283169860061850

2009112129941176929.5449108.5014794816508100231826800287150

2009112230687176406439875012558921104.51019316789.51350342140

2009112332924178253.54878620269371147161090217652.50073000

20091124332751647555042860285535.516437879817751.5156076760

2009112533046161457509688.5025617627113100621823123.50110490

2009112632919158893.55062600282149.522263.59955178110083350

2009112734204159529519752029146388121245019935.510.5050520

20091128333981626265091630206254.52576.58160190760061620

2009112932558168290.5474399017554020634687017276.500219860

2009113036384168555513431.503291376398.51339416103.5212061000

2009120136415170643.55400703.5335467175861122414833.5228031710

2009120236285172726.5527984.5034310093061167214959.5008960

2009120336248173984531240.503364476966923315358.50060610

2009120435338175036.55365340334255.56568.5897413929.5005890

2009120532645173829525045.50182715.5132218478132380011230

2009120631939172547.5492714014608321124.5714013239.51280111450

2009120735311164775.5519394.5031777494321046813681.50057770

2009120834473164465.55009360321310.59823.5719213133236080570

20091209355841694615028230332893.514019.51125513758118078980

200912103657516947050352403495613881.5746912960.5186.5096200

2009121136806170333.5511985.503618713631.510817132780080780

2009121236181171989497430.50272145.51443.511765118961710370

200912133667617251249001426278201997.51180412956596.504890

2009121439270172689.5517412.51517.5382696.57314.51316812589.57.504680

2009121540215172108.5533296.54442401049.510105.5105711073421.5000

20091216400751717985262400424204.512438.59861115340000

2009121739741172165.5536713.504043867894.5859710068157.5000

2009121841507170360.55381660406543.53300.51408710581306.503500

2009121939790167753502760.50366852.5918212286973192.5000

2009122039052168123.5494495.50344861.59049101368580.50000

20091221408401719435103501675.5426260.55100168019878.51379037740

2009122238849172714.5505637.504402531585.590497213.5408011360

2009122338999177601483853.504181914371.598897785.5140073080

2009122435257182341.5477164030242332629310642800284530

2009122532477187640.542726901972572102.570146031.500472790

20091226323111891894054710195665.51371.566615363.500312250

20091227343861892314240380202082301182845101.500373160

2009122835822189766.545400002776691066.5120035570415077610

2009122935956191513454138030425910738102845459.500119460

2009123035665186388.542707202811372442289825526.500465910

2009123136361189366.542280502764318527.598154730.500446610

2010010135638191981.5418673.50232290.57019.5837646414510452660

2010010236517191019456960.50274252.510137.5879848260071590

2010010338276190174.54647720278136417195994122.500195430

2010010441461191405.5482218.50474203.55972.511161470324003720

20100105414761892444683064186.55055521249311383402500860

2010010642205189280457550.505072699458.5116314284006630

2010010743419195374.54707720532580228311184463011501730

2010010843586182763.54654261950.5536670.52662.5135024401.5109015330

2010010940899178414449762.5755453042.52731108874319.50000

2010011040717178711.5383137.5740.5477440.517403113804747.5167000

2010011142713180098.5458825.5255551953018643.5133995072265.508160

2010011240856181024.54871480497465.525460.572994994.51250480

daily

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Nuclear

CCGT Data in this section is daily generation

Oil

Coal

Wind

PS

NPSHYD

OCGT

Other

INTFR

INTIRL

generationbyfueltypehistoric

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Nuclear

CCGT

Oil

Coal

Wind

PS

NPSHYD

OCGT

Other

INTFR

INTIRL

Sheet2

HALF HOURLY OUTTURN GENERATION BY FUEL TYPE DATA (MW)

CCGTOilCoalNuclearWindPSNPSHYDOCGTOtherINTFRINTIRLTotalCCGTOilCoalNuclearWindPSNPSHYDOCGTOtherINTFRINTIRL

MWMW

DateTimeMax23766264626044927012502480100471602014122Data in this section is daily generation

PeriodMin00000000000to copysee start of 2010 - remainder does not have faormulae0000000000

FUELHHFUELHH20081115139767.02083333331666001005554289050691001484503527339767

FUELHH20081115239767.0416666667164720988753718870668001486503482139767

FUELHH20081115339767.062516500092395342915059600148403407639767

FUELHH20081115439767.083333333316049084075342897059200148603277339767

FUELHH20081115539767.104166666715731081565338901055200148603216439767

FUELHH20081115639767.12515586079535343909055300148603183039767

FUELHH20081115739767.1458333333151310752253427670541001486383082739767

FUELHH20081115839767.1666666667146160722453459090515001486523014739767

FUELHH20081115939767.1875142530702153489860514001484522965839767

FUELHH200811151039767.2083333333139930701053399880534001486522940239767

FUELHH200811151139767.2291666667139820696253389760596001484522939039767

FUELHH200811151239767.25141540698853369710600001486522958739767

FUELHH200811151339767.2708333333147970753453409900599001460523077239767

FUELHH200811151439767.2916666667150190784153359730608001462523129039767

FUELHH200811151539767.3125149720804153359820675001484523154139767

FUELHH200811151639767.3333333333149480881153379700669001484103222939767

FUELHH200811151739767.35416666671575109730533994828668300148203421939767

FUELHH200811151839767.37516317010879533892850066400148403611039767

FUELHH200811151939767.395833333316588011957534392964875200148403770139767

FUELHH200811152039767.416666666716675012547534692366274800148403838539767

FUELHH200811152139767.437516894013015534792955666800148403889339767

FUELHH200811152239767.458333333316909013048534994140469100148603882839767

FUELHH200811152339767.479166666716930012974535995041876200148403887739767

FUELHH200811152439767.516894013069539997338876300148603897239767

FUELHH200811152539767.520833333316786013327543897129676300148403906539767

FUELHH200811152639767.541666666716645013083544395433676500148403871039767

FUELHH200811152739767.562516815012741542998234473500148403853039767

FUELHH200811152839767.5833333333166341512594542298035065300148403813239767

FUELHH200811152939767.6041666667164528112758541689638864600148403812139767

FUELHH200811153039767.6251634615412680541989031465100148403793839767

FUELHH200811153139767.64583333331621523612963541585433668200148403818539767

FUELHH200811153239767.66666666671623343013359542279432268200148403872639767

FUELHH200811153339767.68751680581314634544581036668100148204103639767

FUELHH200811153439767.708333333317313138816462544873591672500148404447139767

FUELHH200811153539767.72916666671730616101718954447771656815510148404633239767

FUELHH200811153639767.7514408136714290453862313666571110148603884639767

FUELHH200811153739767.7708333333145431099140624539596112864550148403810139767

FUELHH200811153839767.79166666671746379416694546264490876800148604421939767

FUELHH200811153939767.81251455249313163457755490857900148403631039767

FUELHH200811154039767.83333333331736251414651550763692269300148404176939767

FUELHH200811154139767.85416666671727628013692550560883069300148404036839767

FUELHH200811154239767.87517218313117550961754669100148403918539767

FUELHH200811154339767.895833333316952012446551365828867500148403801639767

FUELHH200811154439767.916666666716665011525551467433067900148403687139767

FUELHH200811154539767.937516452010397551363127866800148203542139767

FUELHH200811154639767.95833333331623501007955156480663001484503467439767

FUELHH200811154739767.979166666713353081924592601050800123402848039767

FUELHH2008111548397687807048712765353030500148401758539767379828.54638.5267419.5126584.519966.584951562883.5035477307

FUELHH20081116139768.020833333315775095685562708057100148203366639768

FUELHH20081116239768.041666666710441062783710507037600148602279839768

FUELHH20081116339768.062515412092945596799052800148403311339768

FUELHH20081116439768.083333333312660071484676643043800148402704939768

FUELHH20081116539768.104166666715019081945609743051000148203155739768

FUELHH20081116639768.125145500824356107430511001484483118939768

FUELHH20081116739768.1458333333138510788256107300509001482423010639768

FUELHH20081116839768.1666666667133070764756087800511001484522938939768

FUELHH20081116939768.1875126530745956077880510001482522855139768

FUELHH200811161039768.2083333333127800725056037460519001484522843439768

FUELHH200811161139768.2291666667127720726756066730560001482522841239768

FUELHH200811161239768.25126850759156026830559001484522865639768

FUELHH200811161339768.2708333333129940798655996240560001484522929939768

FUELHH200811161439768.2916666667132130782356025280568001484522927039768

FUELHH200811161539768.3125131560721255954840617001482522859839768

FUELHH200811161639768.3333333333131720720856034410614001484522857439768

FUELHH200811161739768.3541666667140670779556033590624001482522998239768

FUELHH200811161839768.37515013088825594315063000148403191839768

FUELHH200811161939768.39583333331607701005555132919064900148203415739768

FUELHH200811162039768.416666666716696011006549824424664600148603582239768

FUELHH200811162139768.437516904011832550119831467100148403690439768

FUELHH200811162239768.458333333317142012466550415838667300148603781539768

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Norwich Business School Low Carbon Conversion and Nuclear Power Energy Conservation and Management...

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