North America Safety Regulation testing Seminar
Transcript of North America Safety Regulation testing Seminar
Copyright© 1995-2010 Underwriters Laboratories Inc. All rights reserved. No portion of this material may be reprintedin any form without the express written permission of Underwriters Laboratories Inc. or as otherwise provided in writing.
UL 507 & CSA C22.2 No. 113
Testing Seminar风扇测试研讨会
January 20, 2010
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You will您将
Be in awareness of general knowledge of integral safety regulation system in US知晓美国安规体系的基本概念
Obtain a broader picture of testing rationale, philosophy, principle, method, practice… than ever before更加了解测试原因、理念、原理、方法及经验做法…
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Agenda研讨会日程概览
2010-01-27, AMSafety regulation in US
美国安规
2010-01-27, PM & 2010-01-28 whole dayTesting theory & practice测试理论与实践
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标准存在的价值取决于其为人所接受与使用的程度!
任何成品标准技术委员会在开发与出版标准时,都会从环境、健康和安全的角度充分考虑器具在其整个生命周期内从设计、制造、包装、运输、安装、使用、维护、存储、维修到报废处理每个环节, 相关工业体系现实以及人类行为习惯在所有涉及层面中的
因素。
所有测试都是对现实中各方面可能发生情形之合情合理模仿!
The worth of any standard is measured by the degree of its acceptance and use.
After careful consideration, and in view of the state of the art and the generally better understanding of the all involved factors ranging from Design, Manufacture, Packing, Transport, Installation, Operation, Maintenance, Storage, Service,Waste Disposal…relevant industry reality, to Human Behavior in terms of Environment, Health & Safety during the whole lifespan of the appliance in question, the end-product standard Committee develop and publish the final approved version of Standards.
All Testing are simulation to foreseeable & reasonable conditions, situations etc likely occurred during each aspects in Reality.
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站在标准制定者的角度去理解和应用标准!All the factors must be considered from systematic standpoint because standard for safety is an organic, integral whole of all the factors involved.
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美国国家标准学会(American National Standard Institute,ANSI)是美国非营利性民间标准化团体.
The American National Standards Institute or ANSI is a privatenon-profit organization that oversees the development of voluntary consensus standards for products, services, processes, systems, and personnel in the United States.
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IEC 60364 LOW-VOLTAGE ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS
TN-C
TN
IEC classifications of Power Distribution network Systems
TN-ST
TN-C-S
Based on the Earthing of transformer secondaries
I
TT
IT
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Typical U.S. Power Distribution network
Three-phase transformer secondary(U.S. commercial 120/240 V)
Single phasetransformer secondary(U.S. residential 240/120 V)
Three-phase transformer secondary(U.S. commercial 208/120 Vand 480/277 V)(Europe et al 230/400 V)
Three-phase transformer secondary(U.S. commercial 120/240 V)
Single phasetransformer secondary(U.S. residential 240/120 V)
Three-phase transformer secondary(U.S. commercial 208/120 Vand 480/277 V)(Europe et al 230/400 V)
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US RESIDENTIAL ELECTRICAL BRANCH CIRCUITS
TN System
PEN (protective earthing neutral)
TN System
PEN (protective earthing neutral)
p/36Copyright © 2007 Underwriters Laboratories Inc. ® All rights reserved
Service equipment(distribution panel)
Maincircuitbreakeror fuses
Branch circuit breakers or fuses
Generalusereceptacle
NeutralBus
Equipment grounding(earthing) bus
Utility transformer
Utilitypole
EARTH
Typical Residential Electrical Service Typical Residential Electrical Service ((TNTN--CC--SS system) Used in USAsystem) Used in USA-- 120/240 120/240 vacvac, 60 Hz, 60 Hz
Copyright © 2001, Underwriters Laboratories Inc. All rights reserved
7-14 kV
240 v120v
120v
Main bondingjumper
Utilityearthingelectrode
240 v120 v
Buildinggrounding (earthing)system (TN System)
Typical ConnectionsTypical Connections
Branch circuit conductors
Ungrounded (hot) conductor
PEN Conductor(combinationneutral andgroundingconductor)
(Separate from Neutral (N) conductor)
Neutral (N) conductor
Protective earthing (PE) conductor
Watt-hourmeter
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Harmonization Distortion
IEEE Std 519-1992IEEE Recommended Practices andRequirements for Harmonic Control inElectrical Power Systems
POWER QUALITY
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General Knowledge in Engineering
Factor of safety (FoS) can mean either the ratio of a product performance capability over that actually required, or amultiplier applied to the maximum expected load to which a product will be subjected, or to the basic theoretical empirical parameters required in standards for design and engineering.
FoS is required to accommodate, allow and compensate for the uncertainties & variations in terms of design, material, manufacture, usage…
Margin of Safety (M.S.) — if the product is loaded to the maximum load it should ever see in service, how many more loads of the same force can it withstand before failing. In effect, margin of safety is a measure of excess capacity.
The relationship between M.S. and FoS is M.S. = FoS − 1.
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Testing Philosophy
The theory behind many testing is that if a deliberate over loaded M.S. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10… …times normal values to which it will be subject in service does not cause the product in question to break down (fail), the product will be safe to use under normal operating during its whole lifespan.
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Testing Philosophy
When various different conditions/situations/criteria are applicable
for optional with respect to testing,
you can, beyond doubt, conclude that the more severe for the product in question
prevail.
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Whether it is one homogeneous piece, or comprises several layers [any combination arrangement of solid, liquid and gas material ], theinsulation will be equivalent circuit as follows for analyze purpose,
Theoretical Background:
IL-Over Insulation IL-Through Insulation ICCapacitanceLeakage Leakage
AC(Alternating current)
IAAbsorption
ITotal
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0 180 360 540 720 900
0 180 360 540 720 900
0 180 360 540 720 900
Voltage
IL
IC
Insulation Resistance
Capacitance
Current in phase with Voltage
Current leading by 90°out of phase with
Voltage
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Physics Common Sense recap,
Resistance (R) is essentially friction against the motion of electrons.
Reactance (X) is essentially inertia against the motion of electrons.
It is measured in ohms just like resistance (R).
Inductive reactance formula:
Capacitive reactance :
Impedance (Z) is a comprehensive expression of any and all forms of oppositionto electron flow, including both resistance (R) and reactance (X).
fLX L π2=
fcX C π2
1=
Source: Lessons In Electric Circuits, VolumeⅡ-AC by Tony R. Kuphaldt
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X CX C
Rimaginary
Z (Vector sum)
IL
IC ITotal
Cap
aciti
vely
coup
led
curre
nts
DO
MIN
ATE
NOTE:Relative Value
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Theoretical Background:
IC IALeakage Capacitance AbsorptionIL-Over Insulation IL-Through Insulation
Leakage
+ −+ −DC
(Direct current)
+
-
ITotal
Source: IEEE Std 43-2000(R2006)
IEEE Recommended Practice for Testing Insulation Resistance of Rotating Machinery
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Factors to affect Insulation Property
MaterialThickness, Shape, Contour…Manufacture processTemperature, HeatHumidity, Moisture …Vibration, Abrasion, Mechanical abuse…Pollution degree, Contamination, environmental…Working Voltage, voltage surges and transients …Aging…
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33 Continuity of Grounding Circuit Test
与UL 507 Cl. 33可替换的重测方法 对应的: CSA C22.2 No.0.4Impedance Test
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1、校验证书 + 出厂COC
2、常用J型和K型, 温升数据记录仪校验需与之配合热电偶Thermocouple 3、热电偶接点建议规格见下图
4、热电偶线径规格: 不小于30 AWG,不大于24 AWG
5、选择合适接点设备,胶水与催化剂
Outer insulation
Thermocouple wire insulation
Junction
Approximately 1.5mm
Approximately 15mm
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热电偶点温度热稳定判定
Thermal equilibrium
T温度℃
0时间:mint
已测试时间:te min
两次间隔三次读数
间隔为初次读数时已测试时间的百分之十,如少于5 min以5 min 为准
COMMON PRACTICE:趋势平稳或下滑, 各温度点三次读数相差1℃以内
读数间隔时间:te x 10% min
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37 Dielectric Voltage Withstand TestThe primary purpose of dielectric strength (alternating
current or direct current) testing is to determine,
1) if the dielectric can operate safely and reliably at its rated voltage and
2) if it can withstand high voltage surges and transients during its whole expected lifespan.
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37 Dielectric Voltage Withstand Test
A. 塑胶壳表面需要贴导电薄纸
B. 以马达输标称出和电压为选取测试电压依据
C. 如有across-the-line 或 line-to-ground电容,需要用DC 电压进行测试,在AC值上乘于1.414倍
D. 如有可换向罩极马达,在罩极环与定子与硅钢片或者定子绕组之间打耐压
E. 跳断电流设置: 遵循120 k ohm 原则