NOI1cricJcD -L NIshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/1125/6/06_chapter1.pdf · •suol6e...

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NOI1cricJcD -L NI

Transcript of NOI1cricJcD -L NIshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/1125/6/06_chapter1.pdf · •suol6e...

Page 1: NOI1cricJcD -L NIshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/1125/6/06_chapter1.pdf · •suol6e snolupn ul 001 1e41 `SU 6iJO es.aanlp sll 10 lunoooe uo o1lewolxe ewpoaq uoos 11 `a11.aaluj

NOI1cricJcD -L NI

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sp iI pap.ap6e i Aeq pup `„6ulwjo^ Ilos„ sp o; pa.aaaj.a.J e.AaM aliJoad a}l.aajpl ^o

s^jpd jaddn atal su `a;laa}pl ^o Apn.s aqz ul palsaja}ul .o6 s.sl6oloped A-injuao

gjeljuaM} aq; J.O ^Ipq .salt aq; bui np `Je.P1 'aj!xnpq uf!M dlgsuollplaJ

s}l .o }unooou uo pup `>looJ u su allaajpl }o lpnjs ayj ul pelsaJajui

aje s.sl6oloa6 `AIIPI.IuI a;l.aalpl pawao. Xlln^ - sjonpoid pagslul; eq sp

pewaaj aJaM upooea ay. .o sa}iJe.Pl 19nai-u61u atgl allgM e6JPWOL41!1 o!jl.Jajpl,

sp jiud uI uana pup 9jIJajPJ 016JPWOglll, SP 9jl.a81PI s,upUPq ne peslaa}op.Jutao

(9E61 `xod UI) ..iow.Je ;Ieq lpoldo.i. ata; j.o alotgM atal ul puno. jejel pup

plpul ul peJanooslp jsil; `jonpoad 6ul.JegJpaM oljs;Jajopapyo P sl ajlaaJP1

,cIIpDI^!^ualos

w.aaj eq . asn o} Is-Ai; aq; sPM (LZBL) uoj6ulgp8 Jpt4. uoluldo ay1 ;o sl 1400saJd

„a^laa^pl„ waej aye .o dlus.Aou.nu eq o; pap6aa ui e.ndslp ewos s.slxe aaauf

`.J9A9MOH,n//non.46n,aon//noeo/4/,swJ8J jPlnouUJ8A 9y1 ;o .ualpnlnbe si 11

pup auojs)jolJq supew „a.laa^pl„ ulpp-1 uI •Iplaalpw slu; 9}pu6lsep ol

- w-'aa alai p8UIOO aH s^oijq /Cup upq .raj;eq gonw jej'M pup jlp pe .slsaJ

pup pJpu ewuoeq jI `pesodxe uagM •juewn.i.sul uojl /Cup u;IM .no eq plnoo

PUP gseJJ. UegM J40S /C.aan sPM ;I •eJgoo MOIIeX pup pe ;o WJO. eL ul UOJ!

.o Aj!zupnb 96.apl P 6ululp.uoo `saaod pup SeI IApo ;o Iln; UTIM Aplo pa.PJnpul

up sPM t.loltaM `6ulpllnq -+o; pasn lpi ejpw pa.Jet4 PeM ;o edA; p peAJes

-qo upupgon8 •(LO81 `upupt,lone) JpglelpW pup PJpUp3 `ejos/W Lo sal.i.unoo au;

t46no.juZ /au.Jno( p uo allgM 10081 `jegwaoea LZ-03 uo (plpul) PIPJe { ul wp.lndlp

-P6uy wo.i; upupuon8 uolllwPH slouPJ •aa !q pa.aodeJ ;s-jl; spM a.laa.p1

SIS3N3S31I831V1

NO 3al1Ve 31I-i 3O M3IA38 V- NOIi`d0IdISSVl0 (NV NOIlINI33a 'L'L

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'A11. ulndod paulp6

seq uepJq of f,llllge aq; ueul uaule.a sseup.aeq alnlosge 1o A1.aedo.ad au1

'JeAeMOH sseupiPL4 1o luawejinba.A eq . uo11IuI1ap s,upupuong wo-q pe;uulw fle

(Z961) uewJ9t4S Pue (6b61) zaa.ad na `AIIp96 '(296L `6011e)1 6961 `Pu01up18)

.ale o1 a nsodxe uo uepueq oslu Auw s/elo pap}low/a6.aewou111 sespo awos ul

leul uo1luew aq; ul!M 1ua.apddp ewpoeq wial eq 1o asn eq . ul salllnolll!P aul

•suol6e snolupn ul 001 1e41 `SU 6iJO es.aanlp sll 10 lunoooe uo o1lewolxe ewpoaq

uoos 11 `a11.aaluj su paw.aal Alleul6l.ao sum `seiljado.ad IeolsALld o1lloads u11M

pup edXl ^ooj .aelno1l.aed e uo pedoleAep lonpo.ad uo1le.aalle aul g6nogj

'Aunlueo yluaalaulu au1 6ul.anp seipnls

all.aalpl aul ul!M Palploosse osle auaM (££8l) 1\eS,coA pup (£880 lallew `(£L80

Plegoaul `(3L80 euuAM `0981) alo0:^ PUP 6uiN 1(0981) lsin8 `(6981) puo.up18

`(£981.) lapela>i`(3980 alp6uIM `(8£81.) )iJel0`(8£8L) 91o0`(9£81) pzues `(LZ81)

uol6ulqua •sedAl )Ioou snol.aen .aan0 peWJO`sall.aalei up1Pul uo se!pnls 10

.aegwnu algp.aaplsuoo p peMalAe.a (0681.) e ie1 (9P8L `-vt81) PlogmeN 10 s>{.aoM

aul ul punol cup scull esaul uo suo1ldl.aosea Aluedojd algp^jJ WeJ p u11M ){oo.a

1o edll.aeinoll.aed e of Xllpul6l.ao paliddu sum al1iaTPI, w.aal aq; lpul uees eq

snug upo lI '.ale of einsodxe uo peuepaeu uolgM /oualslsuoo 11os 1o Iel.aalpw

e of all-aalpi, w.aa1 eq1 1o asn eq . palol,alsaj eq alll slu 1o pua ayl sp,a2MOl

,cluo sum 11 '1'1.81 01 L08L pol.aad aul 6ulunp ,Claleulwl.aoslpul euols)Iol.aq pup

allualei sp.aoM aq; pesn pup `uMOU){ lljood a.aaM s.aalop.apuo Ipoil/\leue asouM

lel.aalpw a .ao1 p.aoM o1lloeds 6ulsn 1o e6p1Uenpeslp 9u1 pazlluej upupuong

•>joo.a IPUl6l.ao UP 1O 6ul.aa4lpaM Jo uolle.aalle 10 lonpo.ad eq; sum ;! 'JO >{00-1

pe-jellp.ao pejagjuaM P sum 1!leul 6uiAes Aq slid Pal1!lenb >IDOJ P se all.aalpl

pegluosep ouM esoul `uooS '„Ilos„ 1o IPA0wa.a ay1 of anp eq of panallaq

sum eoul.ans eq lu a11.aa.pl 1o eoua.aunoop •uo11p611sanul 10 U11WOP .maul

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pinous e .iJe}pI ;p q: eA Lpjadw!ewuoeq 1! `a.announf sly} zV •(ZE61 `.aouanl.aoS)

e xnuq wie; aye j.o Jnonp4. ul pepiposlp eq a !jajPI waa; eq.aeq eqM

o; sp a .nds!p a gpjap!suoo uaaq spu e eq. `snug •e .ixnpq o; leo!.uep! si

aj!jejpl ;pub peJeplsuoo (E064) u^-apM pup u^apM •a.!xnpq pallpo eq Plnoys ^!

`aao wnlulwnip se pasn eq upo goigM Euiwnip pe JpAq y6noua su!p.uoo e;!JeJpl

eq 4.! }ay; peSSe-4s (E36.)xod •a.ao uo.al pup ej!xnpq `seJ!.aajpl snoeo!i!s `s>loo.a

o!}lJ8 l`aj!.aa^pl en.a; `e6.apwoy111 llawuu s;onpo.ad 6uijeL41paM o!j!.ae }o spul>I

Ip.aaneS pezlu6ooe.A pup `wnlup}!^ pup wn!uiwnlp 4.o sep!xo `ep!xo uo.ai pe;,ejpAq

sap!seq uiu;uoo ;snw e .IJea.pi jpU; pe .P .s(l L61) .aowJ d al!uM `sep!xo 4.o

WJO4 eq ui e.!xnpq ui seop j! se s}s!xe a.!.aa.pi ui pulwnlp ay; Ipll; pe odej

(E061) PuPIIOH •ei jeTpj aui4ep ol pesn uaaq sPq uo!Je.Iao s!u;`Pulwnip ui

peip;aue aip silos pup s}onpo.ad 6u!.aagJpaM Ipo!doi auj }o icupw eou!S

•uo!}!u!4.aps,ueupyong o. pai dwoo a !JBIPIdo uoMul4ap

an!suega.adwoou .ao4. uoije;!.ao poo6 p.a94.4.oo; pewees sej!.aa1pI4.o uo!;lsodwoo

Ipoiwagosnug •(E061 `PUPIIOH `E061 `slog n0)suoi6eJ luo!do.aj 4.os;.apd .aeq o

woJ4. pauie;qoejaM s;!nsaj apl!wis •;ue;uoouo.a! .good Aian!teIBJ u;!M ep!xo

wniuiwnip 4.o siunowp e6JPI pau!p;uoo sJeq .o •sep!xo uoji u! uo!.a examsjeq;o

`PulwnIP 4.o s.unowp Iipws peulp}uoo se;!.aa:pl eseq . }o awos eI!L4M seJ!Je Pl

up!puI 4.o slsf,lpup Iuolweyo Pausllgnd(E061) U.JPM Pupu4apM `.aa;pl91;;!l d

•sa}!xnpq U}!M sa;!.ja.EIeset4 4.ouosijpdwoo pa!gpue sanipn soI!!s MOI pup sap!

-xojpluwnlulwnlp 4.o aouesaJd •saliegoAeS wo.a4. e !jejPj 4.o s!sAlpup uo pespq

zO!SMol pup £OzIV `EOzad 4.o SJua}uoo pe PAe a 8APt4 eset TpuZ pe;sa66ns

pup sq;!ja.pl 4.o so!^sjja0opapgo Ipo!wauo ulpw aq; pags!!gs}sa ouM (8681)

.aanpg sum ;I •;ue .uoo uo.a1 q61u 9L4; o; uo!}uq;^uUMp.ap Appailp ppq uuuPt4ong

y6nou4Ip `snoulwn!p io/pup snou!6n.Aie; sum a4l.aa!pl1P14pe se66ns oqM

(E881) jeIIPW cq pa.dwe;ju sPM a;!Ja.uj 4.o uOi^Psi-jeloe.apuo Ipo!wayo 9L-Ii

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pesodoid SCI;ueoa.a ejov •;U panlJJ app os aq plnoo uo!J OU-!ssplo alquideoop

/C!Ips.aan!un pup l.ao}opLs!jps ou `'o;a s;onpo.ad 6U!.aag;peM au} }o uotl!sodwoo

e w!.In age eu!w.aa.ap Allp.aaue6 ;pg; sjooJ .ua.apd aq; j.o uo!j!sodwoo

pup ed/\. `suo!;!puoo 6u!.aaq;paM eq j.o /C1!sueiui eq. sp eons s.ao;opt

pa.aou6i oJjag}!g pesodo.ad suoqpo!J!ssplo Ipot6olp.a9u!w - Ipo!wago aq; lip aou!S

•a^!aa^pi snou!wnly sp EE'G upq} ssal o!lp.a £OZIV : ZO!S pup I. upq; ssa! JeL4WJ

£OZiy : £OZad q.!M esog; eI!gM `a^!aa^pl snou!6n.a.aal su pew.aa; eq EE'l upq;

ssa! oljpj £OZIV : £OZgd 6u!npq sletiaJpw ;pg} pasodo.ad (L961) Ao^l pqu!S Pup

(LL60 A08 squ!S pup upJp?!pun.apN 'Z'Z Is e tja;pl io} of;uj s!q4 ^O }!w!! .aaddn

aq; pa!.!pow caq; .aa;p-I •0'3 o; SC-I, eq Pinogs o!pp.a aq. sl!os of !je;lel .ao^ pup

a;!.aa;pl su pewee aq p!nogs ip!ae w eq; 'EE'L upq; ssa! s! O!;p.a £OZiy : ZO!S ^!

a_pg1 pa;plnd!^s (OE6I.) eucoa pus u4-JPN uo!;!ui.ap aj!.aa;pl J04 slspq U ep!noid

oa_ pa.aap!suoo 8-au £OZIv pup £OZq-^ `ZOIs J.o sol;pa aq1 `Jul-4e;pw pa.aaq}peM

aq.. ^o sep!xo!nbses pup po!I!s .o suola..aodo.ad eq} u! e6upg0 9n!ss9.a6o.ad

aq; ui slInsa.a uo!}po!W!o!I!sap .ao uo!;ps!}!.aa;pl sy '(LE6l `J0u9n!JDS)

pe se66ns uaaq anpq aj!JajRI j.o sa!}a!.apn snou!wniu .ao snou!6n.a.aa; `sno!o!I!s

`uo!.IU!}ap eL4 j.o an!;oeds.aad ppoaq eq1 u!g1!M `sngl '(Z961 `6u!)4 t8V61

'.JegwnH `ll61. `.aow.aad) s.Insa.a q.oq .ao uoa! JO pu!wnip Jegi!e u! a.uewgo!.aua

up pup eop!d sa>jpj uo!^po!}!o!I!sap go!gM /Cq 6u!.aagJpeM }o ^onpo.ad p su

pas!u6ooa.a uaaq spq a^!.aajpl juq; smogs lliselo S!gl •(-L61. 'AOg pgu!S Pup

upjuApun.ap)! :EE6L `xod) ei!;ojd a}!.aa^pi aq; ;o s;!un ^uanj!.suoo aq. jo quo sp

pup (Z-V61 `,ca0 'LE61. `ddogs!g) suo!lp6a.a6as sp inooo l ow el!xnuq pup

ui suoq.aodoid 6u!AJUA ui jeq.abo; .anooo lllew.aou se ip'Cq pup s'pl0 (9L61

`aupIJ dO ) pa!.!o!I!sap eq .aeq..an; plnoo u!Iop)l su uoljps!.!.aa;p! ^o sseooid

aa.eldwooui j.o aldwpxe up su paiep!suoo aq plnoo u!Iop)! !q pas!.aa;op.apgo

Ipi.aa:I,pw u `pa.deoop si uo!jpo!;!o!I!sep q^!M uo!a.ps!l!.aajpl ^O !;!W!uoucs eq.

^i •sW1p.1}9UOO wo.a; eeJ IOU J9A9 Og s! uoljpo!l!o!I!saP uo paspq uoll!u!Lap

eql 'uo!^po!;!oil!sap 4.o .ao ;uawgo!.aua uo.a! ^o sw.aa. u! .aaq^!e paulLep aq

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Ja}aM of asolo Jo ^e s>jooi e^plpawJe.UI Jo olseq j.o uol;pJa;je ay; 6ulJeq eM

luoldoJ. ^o Suolllpuoo Japun ;py; pe .se66ns Aay1 Jay;Jn j '(9961 `Upw;JeH

:1161 `uOSIJJeH -'6881 `Ilassn8) seilp>jip pup polils 4o IPAOWeJ pup seplxolnbses

4o uol;pJ;uaouoo ay; of 6ulppal 6uIJaq;paM jpolwayo-oolslyd .o sesseooJd

xeldwoo Aq pewJO. (9E61 `pzuag :SE81 `>>JeIS `•1Z81 `uo.6ulgpg) wnnplseJ

p spy sepia;pl ;pyl 6ulslspydwe `>joo. p aq o} a}lJa^pl panallaq AlpeAJeS8JUn

OqM SJa>jJOM XIJp8 ay} j.O ;SOW `JanaMOH •;Joddns yonw pe>jOna SOU anpq

(1961 `YJpyJ3) sa}lwJe Pup `(E061 `PupIIoH) pile oeq BUTA. JJlu }o sajlinlgou

ay. 6uljse66ns slepoW 'UOI;pWJO4 !Jp}uewlpes p sp a.IJe I peJep!SUOO

(9061) IleJay49M '(2961 `uo;alpuad Pup ;;OOSeJd `£881 `1911eW) .xe.uoo IPOIBOI096

uplipJ;snyui awpu^ooJ ay} 4o aoup^deoop eq peXplap ,auo}spuus .Jesap„

of IjIUI44e sal pllpJ.sny uI •adoJn3 ul uMou\jun ;nq `soldoJ. ay. ul ;UeF AeJd

gooj paJ ^joiJq Jo `yslidJnd„ e sp ;I pesiJa^opJpyo (Z981) ulpg pup (t,-V81)

plogMaN }o uollduJOsep ;salljpe ay1 •ed,C. >jooJ p sp papJp69J sum a.tJe I

`AJnl.uao q .eEIuaM^ ay; 4o Ja;Jpnb }sJl^ aye IIwn 'ASJanoJ;uOO pup a;pgep

yonw paje;!dloe d oslp spy a.iJe l j.o slseUe6 ay} `uol;lul,Lap ay. a'jll

S31I2 31V13O SIS3N39 'Z' t

'(9861 `1861 `uupwllayos) swpJ6plp /CJpuJe £OZed-£OZIV-OIS Uo

uMOys ueaq aney sadA. )jooJ snolJpn Jano pedolanap „splay a^lJa^p^„ sedA;

^ooJ .uaJa44lp uo pawJo; a .iJe t Jo4 uolTpol4lssplo Mau p pasodoJd (1861)

uupwllayoS `sUOIjpot4!ssejo 6ul;slxe eq. ^o salopnbeppul ay; 6ulJeplsuo0

's^onpoJd pa;pJnpul eq .

4.o esoy1 6ulpnloul Sol^slJe.D Jpyo luolslyd - Ipoi6oloydJOw aye. punoJp U8AOM

aJp `ujjej!Jo lpolwayo et 4l s.sl6oloped Aq 1CIJplnotjJpd suolllul4ap

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up!!pMpH ^o Apn^s e 'awl; awes e i.d '(91'61 `pupnnsp.JLS pup uoZelpuad)

sa.s!6oloa6 Aq pa^deoop XI!ppaj ;ou spM s!y; `-aanaMOH 'e !Je , 4o uo!.!u!jep

luo!sAgd uleqJeq..a lleo!wayo p ui pe;lnsaaJO uozijoL lion p sle . eq;!a

e lielpl Lo uo!a.d!aosep eq . of pal s!ul -uo!zse66ns.aaw.ao^ eq 6u!o.ao4u!a.a

sJeq .o pule (6161 `qea'9361 `uo^j!.ag) s.s!6oloped Aq Al.sow .no pa!.a.apo e a

uo!}le;!d!oa.ada.a pule uoqles!l!gow uo sa!pnZs Ipo!wauo sno.aawnu `(L161 `IlagdweS)

a^p^!d!oa.ad p 6u!aq ei!.ae l j.o .deouoo ay} ^o uo!^lelnw.ao$ ay; .ae v

'(L161 `IlagdweS)

,C^!I!gow Jeg6!q 9q; O. anp sleM uo!JpJ.ueouoo auk feu; 6u!lsa66ns `4o ;g6nogj

Xl.aawjo4 sleM uleq sr ija^pw pajulnwnoou9u1 .o !}!l!gow 4oae-i6ep Jeg6!q p

4o uo!;!u6oo9.a eq o. pal s!UJ a^!Je3 I en-a; eqq allJepun Allleaaue6 ;p U; seuoz

P!llled ^o uo!;!u6ooa.a eq wo.a}pewwei$osls ajp;!d!oa.ad e se a}!.ae 1 uoziioq

e;!jejulaye Moleq pe^uool eq o} pa.aap!suoo s! .aa;pM puno.a6 eq j.o ^uawgo!.aue

,o eoinos at 4ije^pM aye ^o uo!^enjonl4 eq 4o eueos eq 4-o q p!M eq.

si euoz aj!Je I ^o sseu^ o!y; au; ^pqj pa;se66ns(3£61) ;ngaleW .aa}pm puno.a6

Aq s;onpo.ad uo!;!sodwooep 4.o }uewaolelda.a p ;nq `s>loo.a .o uo!}!sodwooep

n4!s u/4-o ;Insai aye ;ou a.ap se}!.aa^pl ley; pajle^s pup a;!.aa^el 4-o uo!l

-lewjo4. 9L4; u!ae;pM puno.a6 4-o aoule^.aodwieq pessa-4s (9061) ueJPlopW

-uo!)p^!d!oa.)d Ao uo!Jplnwnoop of pal pup `pan!!

J.aogs spM`XpMp pegs M Xlejeldwoo}ueuodwooauk 4-o ^pq^ uuqsse AIu!p;.aao

spM yo!gM A;!I!gow sit 4j `wjoJ el!gowwi pa;plej ao el!gowwi ui pa^pj!d!oajd

a.aaM pup el!gow ewpoeq s}ueuodwoo lpnp!sej eq (1) :uo!Lplnwnoop wnnp!sa.a

^o sseoo.ad eqZ ui pe!idwi a.aaM s.ueweIe auk ^o A^!I!gow ^o sesugd oMl

-sluieu!w .uejsisa.a pup zjapnb l.alepuooes `.apdspla4- paje;lp awos `sep!xo uo.a!

`leu!wnlp 4-o wnnp!sa.a p 6u!A el `sep!xo UN `N `614 `pj `!S 4o IPAOWeJ e eldwoo

Xl.apeu uis;lnsa.a e6pu!pip ^oe4Jed ssal .ao aaow 4o suo!;!puoo Aepun algp;

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att4oJd 6ut eq eM Jpy; anattaq o. s1si6otogdaow096 pat stuL •aouaJJnooo sit

uiptdxe o} e6uego of}ewilo ueyj aJow 6uiq.awos sajinbeJ suoi.!puoo snotpwoup

aapun a.tja;pt 4.o uotjngtJ}sip aql ajjJ.oad eopj.ans uotleuptd P ui uot}p.tdtoa.Jd

}o tapow aa^et aq. pule `uot^ujnwnOOP tenptsa.J q .!m 6utlsum-uMOp 4.o

tapow pto au; ueeM.aq sisay.uAs p a^{pw s.st6otoydaowo96 spew `4.atia.J Mot 4.o

suoiJ!puoO uapun AttpJ9u86 `s^uawuoatnua IUOl601oe6 paiJPA ut a;iJajPI 4.o aouaJ

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