Nilai-Bangi-Kajang-Putrajaya-Bandar seri putra Public Transport Proposal
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Transcript of Nilai-Bangi-Kajang-Putrajaya-Bandar seri putra Public Transport Proposal
1
Urban Transportation
Lecturer: Prof. Dr. Riza Atiq
Nilai-Bangi-Kajang-Putrajaya-Bandar seri
putra Public Transport Proposal
Prepared by:
1- Marwan Samir Mahmmoud P60167
2- Ibrahim Hakeem Mohammed P60120
3- Mustafa talib yousif P60915
2
Chapter 1
Introduction:
The ability to access jobs, education, and public services is a fundamental part of human
development. An efficient and cost effective public transport system essentially connects
people to daily life. For many cites, though, effective public transport has been forgone,
leaving mobility needs exclusively in the hands of private vehicles and uncoordinated
paratransit operators. These cities have been largely unprepared for the consequences,
including severe traffic congestion, air and noise pollution, accidents, and the loss a sense
of community. A high-quality public transport system remains an indispensable element
in creating a city where people and community comes first.
The purpose of this research was to contribute to improvements in the planning and
design of public transport services in these five cities:
1- Kajang
2- Bangi
3- Putrajaya
4- Bandar seri putra
5- Nilai 3
Therefore it’s required to study public transport demand and requirement in 2020 for
these cities, which will be done by:
1- Urban transport study of these cities.
2- Studying of the current public transport.
3- Solutions for the problems of the urban transport.
4- Financial analysis.
3
Chapter 2
Study Area:
In order to study public transport demand and requirement in 2020 for these cities, each
area will be defined briefly:
(Figure 1) location of the study areas
4
Kajang:
Kajang, is a town in the eastern part of Selangor, Malaysia. Kajang is the district capital
of Hulu Langat. It is located 21 kilometers (13 mi) from of Malaysia's capital, Kuala
Lumpur.
The current locational gravity of growth in Kajang would be Sungai Chua. The total
population of Kajang has grown rapidly in the past few years, with estimated population
growth of 9% per annum. The soon-to-realize Klang Valley MRT station in Bandar
Kajang will boost the property value in Sungai Chua.
As of 2004, a few townships have been developed in Kajang, such as Taman Prima
Saujana (straight from Jalan Cheras), Sungai Chua, Taman Kajang Perdana (Kajang
Highlands). Lately, many high-end developments has mushroomed in Kajang such as
Twin Palms, Sri Banyan, Country Heights, Jade Hills and Prima Paramount.
Areas surrounding these new townships are easily accessible via the SILK Expressway.
Kajang is governed by the Majlis Perbandaran Kajang.
6
Bangi:
Bangi is a small town situated on the south of the district of Hulu Langat, in Selangor,
Malaysia. It is roughly situated between the towns of Kajang (9 kilometres away) and
Putrajaya (formerly Prang Besar) (also 9 kilometres away), and is linked to KTM
Komuter commuter train services via the Bangi Komuter station. The town is surrounded
by palm oil estates; a Malaysian Palm Oil Board/UKM research station is also based
close to the town.
Bangi is not to be confused with Bandar Baru Bangi, a newer and larger township several
kilometres north, similar to the town only by name and located closer to Kajang.
7
Putrajaya:
Putrajaya is a planned city, located 25km south of Kuala Lumpur that serves as the
federal administrative centre of Malaysia. The seat of government was shifted in 1999
from Kuala Lumpur to Putrajaya, due to the overcrowding and congestion in the Kuala
Lumpur areas. It has a total area of 49 km2.
Named after the first Malaysian Prime Minister, Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra, the city is
situated within the Multimedia Super Corridor, beside the also newly developed
Cyberjaya. The development of Putrajaya started in early 1990s, and today major
landmarks are completed and the population is expected to grow bigger.
8
Panorama of Putrajaya from Cyberjaya Lake Gardens
Planned as a garden and intelligent city, 38% of the area is reserved for green spaces by
emphasizing the enhancement of natural landscape. A network of open spaces and wide
boulevards were incorporated to the plan. Construction began in August 1995 and it was
Malaysia's biggest project and one of Southeast Asia's largest with estimated final cost of
US$ 8.1 billion. The entire project was designed and constructed by Malaysian
companies with only 10% of the materials imported.
9
Bandar Seri Putra:
Bandar Seri Putra (formerly Bandar Putra Mahkota) is known to many as the Seri Putra
is a new township in Hulu Langat district, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. Accessible
via a dedicated Putra Mahkota Interchange EXIT 213 off the North-South Expressway
Southern Route.
10
Nilai 3:
Nilai 3 wholesale centre is undoubtedly a one-stop destination of wholesale, tourist and
shopping paradise that offers a wide variety of goods and items at very attractive and
competitive prices. Especially its located in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia where very rare
having this kind of concept.
In judging from its sheer size — 165ha — it is currently still holds the record as the
country’s largest wholesale centre even though there are some areas try to establish same
concept. It is not easy to emerge as such and success like Nilai-3, Malaysia. Apparently,
hard work from the management and state government linkage is crucial. They have done
a great job on this.
It still has some free lands to be developed in future. Few years ago, the developer
completed some rows of shop named Istanabul near the first entrance junction. Roughly
about 40 newly built shops there. This is additional good news for tourist. After
completed these shops, size of the unoccupied land is reduced by some portion. We do
believe in the near future there will be some more shops to be build by developer. This is
to cope with the people coming to this place especially weekends and public holidays.
12
Chapter 3
Transportation Facilities:
Public transport is a shared passenger transportation service which is
available for use by the general public, as distinct from modes such as taxicab, car
pooling or hired buses which are not shared by strangers without private arrangement.
Public transport modes include buses, trolleybuses, trams and trains, rapid transit (metro,
subways undergrounds etc) and ferries. Public transport between cities is dominated by
airlines, coaches, and intercity rail. High-speed rail networks are being developed in
many parts of the world.
Most public transport runs to a scheduled timetable with the most frequent services
running to headway. Share taxi offers on-demand services in many parts of the world and
some services will wait until the vehicle is full before it starts. Paratransit is sometimes
used in areas of low-demand and for people who need a door-to-door service.
Public transport services are usually funded by government subsidies and fares charged to
each passenger. Services are normally regulated and possibly subsidized from local or
national tax revenue.
Using public transport can be a very convenient way to travel. With increasing road
congestion traveling by bus or rail can often be quicker and more relaxing than traveling
by car. In addition, technological improvements such as real time information at bus
stops, and in other countries the use of social media and Smartphone apps have helped to
make travelling by bus and rail more convenient.
The public transportation system in Malaysia comprises of bus, railway and taxi
services. The Klang Valley has an integrated public transportation system incorporating
the Light Rail Transit (LRT), monorail, railway and bus services is being
developed. Taxis and limousine services are also available at reasonable rates, and these
facilities will be explained briefly:
13
1- Bus:
A bus is a road vehicle designed to carry passengers. Buses can have a capacity as high as
300 passengers. The most common type of bus is the single-decker rigid bus, with larger
loads carried by double-decker buses and articulated buses, and smaller loads carried by
midibuses and minibuses; coaches are used for longer distance services. Bus
manufacturing is increasingly globalised, with the same design appearing around the
world.
Buses may be used for scheduled bus transport, scheduled coach transport, school
transport, private hire, tourism; promotional buses may be used for political campaigns
and others are privately operated for a wide range of purposes.
Buses are the cheapest way to get around Malaysia and the best place to catch the bus and
guarantee a seat is at the town’s bus terminal. There are luxury buses available for long-
distance travel and these can be booked a couple of days in advance. The air-conditioned
buses can be rather chilly, so take a blanket with you. Although they tend to be rather
slow, local buses are regular and reliable.
The bus types available in Malaysia are:
a) Mini bus:
The Kuala Lumpur Mini-Bus Service or Bas Mini was one of the oldest and popular
Malaysian public bus service, having served in Kuala Lumpur and the Klang Valley
region. The buses were primarily painted pink with a white stripe on the sides, and had a
capacity of 20-30 passengers, due to its smaller size. The bus operated on a commission
basis, with service operators being paid according to the fare they collected.
The mini bus started operating on 23 September 1975 under the Ministry of
Transportation. At that time, the mini bus operated on various routes according to their
individual colours (blue- white, yellow-white, red-white, purple-white and dark green-
white). The mini bus was responsible for servicing nearly sixty different routes. Three
major companies (Syarikat Kerjasama Pengaman (M) Bhd, Bas Mini Wilayah and
14
Konsortium Pengusaha Bas Mini Sdn Bhd) monopolized the various bus routes while
smaller operators were allowed to service certain areas only.
In 1975, when the mini bus was introduced as a service, the bus-fare was just 40 sen.
Later in 1991, the fare was increased to 50 sen while two years after, the fare was again
adjusted to 60 sen. The mini bus did not have any fixed time-table. Instead, the service
operated on a commission basis whereby the operators were paid according to the
number of trips and fare collection they could raise in one day. Sometimes, in order to
outdo a competitor, a driver would detour from the designated route much to the
annoyance of the passengers.
In 1990, the then Deputy Minister of Transport, Datuk Paduka Rahmah Osman,
standardized the colour of the mini bus to “Pink” and white. On the 1st July 1998, the
services of the mini bus was terminated in the city of Kuala Lumpur . Once a notorious
mode of transport for the many commuters in Kuala Lumpur, the “Pink Lady” will
always be remembered for its death-defying activities on public roads.
15
b) Rapid KL buses:
RapidKL bus is the largest bus operator in the Klang Valley, Malaysia. As of 2011, it
operates 167 routes with 1400 buses covering 980 residential areas with a ridership of
about 400,000 per day.
RapidKL bus routes were previously operated by Intrakota Komposit Sdn Bhd, a
subsidiary of DRB-Hicom Bhd; and Cityliner Sdn Bhd, a subsidiary of Park May Bhd.
When it took over, there were 179 routes. Since January 2006, RapidKL has redrawn the
entire network.
RapidKL divide into six areas:
1- Kuala Lumpur City Centre (Central Business District)
2- Kepong, Segambut, Selayang, Batu Caves, Gombak, Jalan Ipoh & Sentul
3- Setapak, Wangsa Maju, Ulu Klang, Setiawangsa, Keramat, Ampang & Pandan
4- Cheras, Kajang, Ulu Langat, Putrajaya, Cyberjaya, Semenyih, Sungai Besi, Seri
Kembangan, Serdang & Balakong
5- Klang, Shah Alam Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya, Jalan Klang Lama &
Puchong
6- Shah Alam Utara, Subang, Damansara, Petaling Jaya Utara, Bangsar & Kota
Damansara
16
c) Metrobus:
Metrobus Nationwide is a privately owned public transport company in the Klang Valley
that was formed in 1992. It is based in Subang Jaya. It is the second largest stage bus
(regular or trunk bus route) and feeder bus operator in Kuala Lumpur after Rapid KL.
Metrobus Natiowide owns a huge fleet of Nissan Diesel, Hino and Mercedez Benz buses
to serve all its routes.
17
2- Train
Malaysia’s railway network is fast and efficient, consisting of three types of
service: express, limited express and local trains. Express trains are reserved for
1st and 2nd class passengers, limited express trains usually just 2nd and 3rd
coaches, while local trains are usually limited to 3rd class. There are overnight
sleeper births available on Express and limited express trains. Tourist rail passes
are a good way to save money if you planning on travelling by train a lot and last
for five days, ten days and fifteen days.
The types of train in Malaysia are:
1- KTM KOMUTER:
KTM Komuter is a commuter train service in Malaysia operated by Keretapi
Tanah Melayu (KTMB). It was introduced in 1995 to provide local rail
services in Kuala Lumpur and the surrounding Klang Valley suburban areas.
It is popular with commuters into the city, who thus avoid being caught in
road traffic congestion. The trains used are air-conditioned electric multiple
units. 'Park & Ride' facilities are provided at stations at a nominal charge.
18
KTM Komuter is currently the most profitable passenger service offered by
KTMB, contributing RM84.63 million to group revenue in 2006, higher than
KTM Intercity's profit of 70.94 million in the same year. According to the
Ministry of Transport Malaysia 2008 Statistics, the ridership for the KTM
Komuter is approximately 36.557 million passengers per annum.
2- Klang Valley Mass Rail Transit:
The Klang Valley Mass Rapid Transit is a proposed 3-line 150 km Mass Rapid Transit
(MRT) system in the Klang Valley/Greater KL conurbation which envisages a “Wheel
and Spoke” concept comprising two northeast-southwest radial lines and one circle line
looping around Kuala Lumpur city. Klang Valley MRT will not only significantly
increase the current inadequate rail network but will also serve to integrate the existing
rail networks and expectantly alleviate the severe traffic congestion in the Greater KL
metropolitan area. The proposal was announced in June 2010 and was approved by the
government of Malaysia in December 2010. Construction of the first line is targeted to
commence in July 2011. The project also represents one of the economic entry point
project identified for the Greater Kuala Lumpur/Klang Valley National Key Economic
Area under the Economic Transformation Programme.
19
In June 2010, the Prime Minister Najib Razak announced during the tabling of the 10
Malaysia Plan that the government was studying the MRT proposal for Greater Kuala
Lumpur. The original proposal was dubbed the “Klang Valley Integrated Transportation
System”, but it is more commonly referred to as the “Greater Kuala Lumpur MRT” or
“Klang Valley MRT” by the press and analysts. While the concept plan itself was
conceived by a joint venture between Gamuda Berhad and MMC Corporation Berhad,
contract awards for the design and construction packages is expected to tendered out by
the government via the Swiss challenge method, if approved. The Gamuda-MMC JV
indicated its intention to be the project lead and undertake tunneling works. The newly-
launched Land Public Transport Commission (SPAD) will oversee and coordinate the
entire MRT development in terms of cost and viability, alignment and integration, and
will play the role of regulator once the project is completed. National infrastructure
company, Syarikat Prasarana Negara would ultimately own and operate the MRT.
In December 2010, the government approved the implementation of the MRT project,
and appointed Gamuda-MMC JV as Project Delivery Partner. Apart from tunneling
works, the Gamuda-MMC JV will not be allowed to bid for the other eight parcels of the
project.
The usual properties of any MRT are:
Speed Up to 100 km/hr
No. of couches 4-8 couches per train (couches 22m x 3.1m)
Capacity Up to 80000 passenger / hr / direction
Acceleration /
deceleration
1.2 m/s2
Rail 1435mm gauge
Headway ≥ 120 s
Suitable Suitable for radial movement For high density and high plot
ratio area.
20
Power supply 750 V dc
Sub-station 3 – 5 km spacing
3- RapidKL Light Rail Transit (LRT):
Light rail or light rail transit (LRT) is a form of urban rail public transportation that
generally has a lower capacity and lower speed than heavy rail and metro systems, but
higher capacity and higher speed than traditional street-running tram systems. The term is
typically used to refer to rail systems with rapid transit-style features that usually use
electric rail cars operating mostly in private rights-of-way separated from other traffic but
21
sometimes, if necessary, mixed with other traffic in city streets. If this is the case, then
under the law of many countries such systems are legally tramways, although the vehicles
which run on them are sometimes designated "supertrams". Modern light rail technology
is flexible and adaptable, and whether any given system is considered a true rapid transit
system or not depends on its characteristics.
The properties of any LRT are:
Speed Up to 40 km/hr
No. of couches 2 - 6 couches per train
Capacity Up to 40000 passenger / hr / direction
Acceleration / deceleration 1.2 m/s2
Rail 1000 or 1435mm gauge
Headway ≥ 120 s
Suitable Suitable for high density and high plot ratio area.
Power supply 750 V dc
Sub-station 3 – 5 km spacing
Rapid KL LRT (rapid transit in central Kuala Lumpur) is serving a large part of the
Klang Valley conurbation in Malaysia. It is owned by Syarikat Prasarana Negara and
operated by RapidKL, a major public transport company in the conurbation. The rail
network consists of the Ampang Line and the Kelana Jaya Line, which were opened in
1995 and 1998 respectively. Along with the KTM Komuter and Kuala Lumpur Monorail
22
networks, this system constitutes the core of public transport in Kuala Lumpur with an
average daily ridership of 326,000 in 2008, about 83% of the bus network's 392,000
operated by the same company during that period. The Ampang and Kelana Jaya lines
were constructed and initially operated by different owners; Sistem Transit Aliran Ringan
Sdn. Bhd. for the Ampang Line and Projek Usahasama Transit Ringan Automatik for the
Kelana Jaya Line. In 2004, operational aspects of the two LRT lines were transferred to
RapidKL under the second phase of the restructuring process of Kuala Lumpur's public
transportation network.
The network has 59 stations with 56 kilometres of lines that operate on standard gauge.
Sri Rampai LRT station was not in operation since the beginning of revenue service on
the line until December 2010. Under the line extension and MRT project, 54 new stations
and 83 km of new track will be constructed with an expected completion date at 2016.
These stations are scattered throughout Kuala Lumpur, with several stops close to or
within the peripheral regions of Selangor. Train services operate from 6.00 a.m and
typically end before midnight daily with frequencies varying from approximately three
minutes during peak hours to twenty-three minutes during non-peak hours.
4- KL Monorail:
A
23
monorail is a rail-based transportation system based on a single rail, which acts as its sole
support and its guideway. The term is also used variously to describe the beam of the
system, or the vehicles traveling on such a beam or track. The term originates from
joining mono (one) and rail, from as early as 1897, possibly from German engineer
Eugen Langen who called an elevated railway system with wagons suspended the Eugen
Langen One-railed Suspension Tramway (Einschieniges Hängebahnsystem Eugen
Langen). The transportation system is often referred to as a railway.
Colloquially, the term "monorail" is often used erroneously to describe any form of
elevated rail or people mover. In fact, the term refers to the style of track, not its elevation.
The properties of any Monorail are:
Speed Up to 30 km/hr
No. of couches 2 - 4 couches per train
Capacity Up to 10000 passenger / hr / direction
Rail 10000 gauge
Headway ≥ 90 s
Suitable For intra-city travel
The KL Monorail (previously known as Peoplemover Rapid Transit - PRT) in Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia opened on 31 August 2003, and serves 11 stations running 8.6 km
(5 mi) with two parallel elevated tracks. It connects the Kuala Lumpur Sentral transport
hub with the "Golden Triangle". It was completed at a cost of MYR 1.18 billion by the
KL Infrastructure Group (KL Infra).
KL Infra declared bankruptcy on 15 May 2007 after repeatedly missing loan repayments.
On 29 November 2007, Syarikat Prasarana Negara Berhad (SPNB) signed a sale-and-
24
purchase agreement with KL Monorail Systems Sdn Bhd (KLMS). The current operator
for the KL Monorail system is RapidKL Rail, a wholly owned subsidiary of SPNB.
According to Ministry of Transport statistics, the annual ridership for the Monorail Line
in 2008 was 21,765,233.
On 1 March 2012, KL Monorail was integrated with the Ampang Line light rail transit
when the "paid-up" or restricted areas of the Hang Tuah monorail and LRT stations, and
also at the Titiwangsa monorail and LRT stations, were physically linked up, allowing
transfers without the need to buy new tickets for the first time since the system became
operational.
25
Chapter 4
The methodology adopted is shown in the Figure below:
The transportation planning process relies on travel demand forecasting, which involves
predicting the impacts that various policies and programs will have on travel in the urban
area. The forecasting process also provides detailed information, such as traffic volumes,
bus patronage, and turning movements, to be used by engineers and planners in their
designs. A travel demand forecast might include the number of cars on a future freeway
or the number of passengers on a new express bus service. It might also predict the
amount of reduction in auto use that would occur in response to a new policy imposing
taxes on central-area parking.
Estimation of total production and attraction from one zone to on other zones in this
study area will be based on land use and sosio-economic.
30
Modal Split:
Modal split models aim to determine the number of trips on different modes given the
travel demand between different pairs of nodes (zones). These models try to
mathematically describe the mode choice phase of the sequential demand analysis
procedure. Generally, choice models are used for modal split analysis. That is, it is
assumed that the probability of choosing a particular mode is the probability that the
perceived utility from that mode is greater than the perceived utility from each of the
other available modes.
The factors which affect the choice of a mode (and hence the perceived utility from a
mode) are:
Socio-economic factors like income, automobile ownership, age, and so on.
Service-related factors like in-vehicle travel time, access to public transport (or
transit systems), frequency of transit system operation, out-of-pocket cost, and the
like.
The current modal split can be determined by observing equivalent land use in the area
based data collection by City Hall of Kuala Lumpur average modal split in Klang Valley.
31
Item Land Use Bus user %
car/van/jeep user %
m/cycle user %
1. Government Office 27.6% 57.4% 15.0%
2. Non-Government Office
48.0% 45.6% 6.4%
3. Bank 49.9% 45.0% 5.1%
4. Hotel 35.9% 60.1% 4.0%
5. Shopping Centre 54.3% 40.7% 5.0%
6. Bungalow House 12.1% 84.0% 3.9%
7. Semi-Detached House 16.2% 79.4% 4.4%
8. Link House 42.1% 48.5% 9.4%
9. Condominium 13.7% 85.1% 1.2%
10. Apartment 39.9% 45.0% 15.1%
11. Flat 49.5% 28.3% 21.7%
Although these cities (Kajang, Bangi, Bandar seri putra, putrajaya, Nilai 3) have different
means of public transport like buses, trains and taxis but there are some problems and
in the quality of services which will discussed
32
Existing Situations:
1) Traffic management: The smart traffic controlling system is able to effectively
reduce traffic congestion. The smart traffic light uses a camera as a sensor that
really”sees” the real traffic situation. Video images are captured by the cameras
placed on high positions and the images are processed in order to gauge the
number of incoming vehicles, the length of the queue as well as to detect
accidents.
This means that the smart traffic system responds almost immediately every time
a slight change occurs in the traffic patterns. It is done by using the total-disperse
system and all the traffic lights at every intersection are all smart traffic lights.
Thus, a fast response is achieved according to the traffic situation at a particular
intersection.
During peak periods, it distributes the green time according to the ratio length of
the respective queue. It also priorities traffic flows accordingly. Test on site shows
that the system is able to respond correctly within 120 seconds. Physically, the
system consists of four basic components, namely the Smart Camera sensor for
collecting traffic data, the Intelligent Controller for controlling traffic flows at an
individual intersection, the Intelligent Coordinator for coordinating the timing of
an individual controller with its neighbors and the Smart Traffic Advisor.
Communication is based on wireless Local Area Network that links all local
controllers.
This system has been employed at main intersections around Bangi and Kajang
for the past few years, but still, traffic flows cannot be eased if the traffic
demands still growing, because traffic management measures alone cannot
effectively increase road capacity levels.
33
2) Public transport:
A. Rail Transport: Rail transport in Malaysia comprises heavy rail
(including high-speed rail), light rail transit (LRT), monorail and a
funicular railway line. Heavy rail is mostly used for intercity passenger
and freight transport as well as some urban public transport, while LRTs
are used for urban public transport and some special use such as
transporting passengers between airport buildings. There is one high-speed
railway line with two high-speed train services linking Kuala Lumpur with
the Kuala Lumpur International Airport. The sole monorail line in the
country is also used for public transport in Kuala Lumpur while the only
funicular railway line is in Penang.
Rail transportation optimal usage had not been achieved for many reasons,
like unavailability of car/ motorcycle parking near the rail stations.
B. Bus: Many of companies operating in the area (Rapid KL) to support the
public transport by buses between each zone and connect them with
capital Kuala Lumpur. These companies do operating daily flights
contribute to these trips to provide transport for the citizens of the areas
mention most of these trips launched from the town of Kajang, but the
existing bus system and infrastructure is still lacking a lot, like
unavailability of key stations model.
C. Taxi: since not all people have private cars, so they need taxis to carry
them from place to other in a private way without crowding in buses, and
to save time if you see the time is more important than money, but the
problem is at peak periods and during bad weather, and because of the
variety of drivers nationalities and origins, mode taxicabs become
unreliable.
34
3) Private transportation:
A. Private car: the high personal income lead to increasing the number of
private cars, which led to a traffic jam, especially in intersections at peak
hours at after noon time, and increasing the number of daily trips which also
cause a traffic jam especially in the center, and driving in speed resulted
traffic accidents in streets and intersections especially at the traffic peak in
crowds and the maximum capacity.
B. Motorcycle: motorcycles are used by the young and lower income groups,
and it is has economical usage of fuel around the city, but it is not safe for
those who don't have driving license, and that caused making road accidents.
4) Road Infrastructure: In today's world of globalization, the provision of
infrastructures, of which road network plays an important and integral role, is
essential to enhance the nation's competitiveness and maintain an edge over its
competitions. In Malaysia, the road network forms the bloodline of the country’s
economic activities carrying about 96% of transported goods and passengers.
Based on the Ministry of Transport’s statistics, the share of road transport of
passengers comprises 64.8% by private car and 30.0% by bus, as compared to
4.7% by rail transport and 0.5% by air transport. The road transport also moved
303 million tons of goods or an overwhelming 96.4% of total trips.
Development of the transportation infrastructure during the Seventh Plan period
focused on capacity expansion to ensure the availability of facilities to meet
demand. For the Eighth Plan period, emphasis was given to increasing the
capacity and accessibility in less developed areas while in urban areas, the focus
was to enhance efficiency and improve public transport services. In the Ninth
Malaysia Plan, PWD has so far been allocated RM9.6 billion for the construction
of new roads as well as upgrading of existing ones, but some roads have assumed
functions for which they were not originally designed such as residential roads
that have become trunk roads due to ill-considered road connections. These
anomalies have presented difficulties in the design and management of the overall
road network, and plot ratios for commercial spaces within the City Centre have
35
progressively increased over the years and created increased pressure on the road
network.
Chapter 5
Solutions for the study area
1- Constructing a new LRT line.
36
LRT SYSTEM
• Speed – up to 40 km/hr
• 2 – 6 couches per train
• Capacity – up to 40,000 passengers / hr / direction
• Acceleration / deceleration ≈ 1.2 m/s2
• Rail – 1000 or 1435mm gauge
• Headway ≥ 120 s
• Suitable for radial movement
• For high density and high plot ratio area.
• Feeder bus service is required
• Power supply: 750 V dc
• Sub-station: 3 – 5 km spacing
Cp = Theoretical passenger line capacity
n = vehicle per train
S = Maximum passenger per vehicle
h = headway in second
α = guideway utilisation factor (0.6)
τ = load factor (0.9)
h
nSCp
3600
37
n h
1 25.93
2 51.86
3 77.79
4 103.72
5 129.65
6 155.58
7 181.51
9 207.44
10 259.3
Possible range:
(h) : 120 sec to 300 sec.
(n) Max. Couches: 5 (veh/train)
n=0.03856*h
h
n 280**75.0'*9.0*360026240
38
2- Constructing a multi-storey parking near the LRT
stations.
A multi-storey car park or a parking garage is a building (or part
thereof) which is designed specifically to be for automobile parking
and where there are a number of floors or levels on which parking
takes place, It is essentially a stacked parking lot, and limited to 5 till
6 stories with the total capacity up to 500 cars per lot and Apply
multiple access and exit system to avoid traffic congestion in and out.
41
Conclusion:
Sustainable transport means using transport with less impact to the
humans and the environment by using other transport such as bicycle, car
sharing and electric trains. Malaysia has achieved a progress in economics
especially in the last three decades of this century. The huge development in
Malaysia effect of the citizens to increase the private vehicles , motors and
other transportation .Therefore the amount of disposal materials and
emission the toxic gases increased due to this progress in the transportation.
However the grow ownership of the different type of transportation
contribute of increasing the air contamination and toxicity due to emission
poison gases such as carbon dioxide sulfur dioxide and lead.
However the grow ownership of the different type of transportation
contribute of increasing the air contamination and toxicity due to emission
poison gases such as carbon dioxide sulfur dioxide and lead.
Therefore, it is the responsibility of the government to provide public
transport that is safe and comfortable to help people. In addition, supply the
development of policies that help to reduce harmful emissions and find
alternatives that will ensure transport sustainability and its use by people.