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Tìm Hiểu về Nhóm 20 (G20)

Nam Phong tổng hợp

G20 là Group 20, nhóm 20 gồm 19 nước và khối Liên Âu được thành hình từ năm

2008 với những yếu tính như sau:

1- Lịch Sử:

Nhóm 20 (G20) là một sự tập hợp cuả 20 bộ trưởng tài chánh và thống đốc ngân

hàng trung ương cuả 19 nước và khối liên Âu (EU), bên cạnh hai nhân vật đầu nảo

cuả Ngân Hàng Thế Giới (world bank) và Qũy Tiền Tệ Quốc Tế ( IMF).

Nhóm 20 nầy có tổng sản lượng nội điạ (GDP) bằng 80% cuả thế giới và 85% tổng

sản lượng toàn cầu (GNP), chi phối đến 80% cán cân mậu dịch và 2/3 sinh hoạt

thương mãi cuả nhân loại.

Nhóm 20 được đề nghị thành lập bởi Paul Martin, bộ trưởng tài chánh cuả Canada (về sau

thành Thủ Tướng) năm 2008 với mục đích chính là để hợp tác và thương nghị hầu

giữ vững hệ thống tài chánh quốc tế (international financial system) trong đó việc

nghiên cứu, duyệt xét và lập trình trong những nước có nền kỹ nghệ và kinh tế thị

trường, để ổn định và phát triển hệ thống tài chánh quốc tế.

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2- Họp Thượng Đỉnh:

Ngày 25 tháng năm 2009 thủ lãnh cuả nhóm nầy đã chính thức tuyên bố là nhóm

20 sẽ thay thế nhóm 8 (G8) trước đây. Các nhà lãnh đạo cuả các nước trong nhóm

20 họp thượng đỉnh một năm 2 lần từ 2008 đến 2011 và sau đó thì mỗi năm một

lần.

Tháng 11 năm 2011 họp tại Cannes ở Pháp quốc.

Năm 2012 họp tại Mexsico

Năm 2013 họp tại Nga

Năm 2014 họp tại Úc.

3- Chủ Trì:

Thay phiên chủ trì nhóm và tổ chức họp thượng đỉnh như sau:

Nhóm 1: Australia, Canada, Saudi Arabia, United States.

Nhóm 2: India, Russia, South Africa, Turkey.

Nhóm 3: Argentina, Brazil, Mexico.

Nhóm 4: France, Germany, Italy, United Kingdom.

Nhóm 5: China, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea.

Năm 2010 nhóm 5 Korea thì năm 2011 nhóm 4 France, rồi năm 2012 nhóm 3

Mexico, năm 2013 nhóm 2 Russia, năm 2014 Australia và năm 2015 Turkey.

Group 1

Australia

Group 2

India

Group 3

Argentina

Group 4

France

Group 5

China

Canada Russia Brazil Germany Indonesia

Saudi Arabia South Africa Mexico Italy Japan

United States Turkey — United Kingdom South Korea

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4- Tổ Chức:

Hiện tại nhóm chưa có thư ký thường trực lo việc điều hợp công tác hành chánh,

quản lý và tổ chức họp thượng đỉnh. Môt đề nghị vể bộ ba điều hợp nhóm nhưng

chưa có được một sự đồng thuận. Chủ trì luân phiên lo mọi việc hành chánh và tổ

chức cuả nhóm.

5- Thành Viên:

Thành viên gồm 19 nước và một khối Liên Âu như sau:

Thành

Viên Thủ Lãnh

TênThủ

Lãnh Danh Tước

Tên Bộ

Trưởng TC

Thống Đốc

N H

GDP

(nominal)

$Million

USD

GDP (PPP)

$Million

USD

GDP per

capita

(nominal)

$USD

GDP

per

capita

(PPP)

$USD

HDI Dân Số

South

Africa President

Jacob

Zuma

Minister of

Finance

Pravin

Gordhan

Gill Marcus

357,259 523,954 7,101 10,505 0.597 49,320,500

Canada

Prime

Minister

Stephen

Harper

Minister of

Finance

Jim Flaherty Mark Carney

1,574,051 1,330,272 45,888 39,033 0.888 34,088,000

Mexico President

Felipe

Calderón

Secretary of

Finance

José Antonio

Meade

Kuribeña

Agustín

Carstens

1,039,121 1,567,470 8,959 13,971 0.750 112,211,789

United

States President

Barack

Obama

Secretary of

the Treasury

Timothy

Geithner

Ben

Bernanke

14,657,800 14,657,800 47,132 47,132 0.902 309,173,000

Argentina President

Cristina

Fernández

de

Kirchner

Minister of

Economy

Amado

Boudou

Mercedes

Marcó del

Pont

370,269 642,402 9,138 17,200 0.797 41,134,425

Brazil President

Dilma

Rousseff

Minister of

Finance

Guido

Mantega

Alexandre

Tombini

2,090,314 2,172,058 10,471 11,289 0.699 193,088,765

China President Hu Jintao

Minister of

Finance

Xie Xuren

Zhou

Xiaochuan

5,878,257 10,085,708 4,382 7,518 0.663 1,341,000,000

Japan

Prime

Minister

Yoshihiko

Noda

Minister of

Finance

Jun Azumi

Masaaki

Shirakawa

5,458,872 4,309,532 42,820 33,804 0.884 127,390,000

South

Korea President

Lee

Myung-bak

Minister of

Strategy

and Finance

Yoon Jeung-

hyun

Kim Choong-

soo

1,007,084 1,459,246 20,590 29,835 0.877 48,875,000

India

Prime

Minister

Manmohan

Singh

Minister of

Finance

Pranab

Mukherjee

Duvvuri

Subbarao

1,537,966 4,060,392 1,176 3,290 0.519 1,210,193,422

Indonesia President

Susilo

Bambang

Yudhoyono

Minister of

Finance

Agus

Martowardojo

Darmin

Nasution

706,735 1,029,884 2,963 4,380 0.600 237,556,363

Saudi

Arabia King Abdullah

Minister of

Finance

Ibrahim

Abdulaziz Al-

Assaf

Muhammed

Al-Jasser

443,691 621,993 16,641 23,742 0.752 27,123,977

Russia President

Dmitry

Medvedev

Minister of

Finance

Anton

Siluanov

Sergey

Mikhaylovich

Ignatyev

1,465,079 2,222,957 10,521 15,807 0.719 141,927,297

Turkey

Prime

Minister

Recep

Tayyip

Erdoğan

Minister of

Finance

Mehmet

Şimşek

Erdem Başçı 741,853 1,115,994 10,399 15,340 0.699 72,561,312

European

Union

E. Council

President

Herman

Van

Commissioner

for Economic Olli Rehn Mario Draghi 16,282,230 15,170,419 32,283 32,600

501,259,840

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Thành

Viên Thủ Lãnh

TênThủ

Lãnh Danh Tước

Tên Bộ

Trưởng TC

Thống Đốc

N H

GDP

(nominal)

$Million

USD

GDP (PPP)

$Million

USD

GDP per

capita

(nominal)

$USD

GDP

per

capita

(PPP)

$USD

HDI Dân Số

Commission

President

Rompuy

José

Manuel

Durão

Barroso

and Monetary

Affairs

France President

Nicolas

Sarkozy

Minister of

the Economy,

Industry and

Employment

François

Baroin

Christian

Noyer

2,582,527 2,145,487 40,591 34,092 0.872 65,447,374

Germany Chancellor

Angela

Merkel

Minister of

Finance

Wolfgang

Schäuble

Jens

Weidmann

3,315,643 2,940,434 40,512 35,930 0.885 81,757,600

Italy

Prime

Minister

Silvio

Berlusconi

Minister of

Economy

and Finance

Giulio

Tremonti

Ignazio Visco 2,055,114 1,773,547 33,828 29,418 0.854 60,325,805

United

Kingdom

Prime

Minister

David

Cameron

Chancellor of

the Exchequer

George

Osborne

Sir Mervyn

King

2,247,455 2,172,768 36,298 35,053 0.849 62,041,708

Australia

Prime

Minister

Julia

Gillard

Treasurer Wayne Swan

Glenn

Stevens

1,235,539 882,362 54,869 39,692 0.937 22,328,632

Bên cạnh các Thủ lãnh và bộ trưởng tài chánh các nước còn có 4 vị khác là:

1- Thống Đốc Ngân Hàng Thế Giới (world bank)

2- Chủ Tịch Qũy Tiền Tệ Quốc Tế (IMF)

3- Tổng Giám Đốc Qũy Tiền Tệ Quốc Tế (IMF)

4- Chủ Tịch Uỷ Ban Phát Triển (DC).

Trong danh sách cuả 19 nước thành viên cuả nhóm 20 mà Uỷ Tiền Tệ Quốc Tế liệt

kê nằm trong 28 nước được lương định theo số tổng sản lượng nội điạ (GDP) còn

có những nước khác theo thứ tự như sau:

10- Spain

16- Netherland

19 - Switzerland

20 - Belgium

21- Sweden

22- Poland

23- Taiwan

24- Thailand

25- Norway

26- Austria.

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Ngoài ra 7 tổ chức quốc tế sau đây sũng được mời tham dự hội nghị thượng đỉnh

G20 tại Nam Hàn :

1- United Nations (Liên Hiệp Quốc)

2- International Labour Organization (Tổ Chức Lao Động Quốc Tế)

3- World Bank (Ngân Hàng Thế Giơí)

4- International Monetary Fund (Qũy Tiền Tệ Quốc Tế)

5- Organisation For Economics Cooperation and Development (Tổ Chức Hợp Tác và

Phát Triển Kinh Tế).

6- Tổ Chức Thương Mãi Thế Giới (World Trade Organisation).

7- Financial Stability Board (Ban Điều Hợp Sự Ổn Định Tài Chánh).

Nguồn: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-20_major_economies

Trang Mạng Chính Thức cuả Nhóm 20: www.g20.org

Hội Nghị Thượng Đỉnh 2011 Đã Bàn Những Gì ?

Khẩu Hiệu cuả G20 - 2011 là Thế giới Mới và Sáng Kiến Mới (New world – New ideas)

Tuyên cáo kết thúc (Final Declaration)

Đã nêu lên tiêu đề ― Xây dựng Tương Lai Chung và Hành Động Cho Lợi Ích Chung – Ngày

4 Tháng 11 Năm 2011‖ . Gồm có 95 điều và điều thứ 95 là cám ơn nước Pháp đã chủ trì

nhóm 20 và tỗ chức họp thương đỉnh tai Cannes thành công tốt đẹp. Những điều khác thì như

những năm trước xung quanh những tiêu đề như sau:

- Chiến lược toàn cầu về phát triển và việc làm (a global strategy for growth and jobs)

- Giúp đỡ việc làm và bảo vệ xã hội ( Fostering employment and social protection)

- Xây dựng hệ thống tiền tệ quốc tế vũng chắc hơn và phục hồi bản vị nhanh hơn (

building a more stable and resilient international monetary system)

- Tăng cường sự giám thị cuả Qũy Tiền Tệ Quốc Tế (strengthening IMF surveillance)

- Thi hành cải cách nghành taì chánh một cách trọn vẹn và sâu rộng (implementing

and deepening financial sector reforms)

- Lưu tâm đến giá cả thực phẩm và tăng gia nông phẩm và sản xuất (address food

price volatility and inceasing agricultural production and productivity)

- Cải tiến chức năng cuả thị trường năng lượng (improving the functioning of energy

markets)

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- Bảo vệ môi trường sinh thái thuộc về biển (proteting marine environment)

- Giúp đở năng lượng sạch, xanh và khả dĩ phát triển (fostering clean energy, green

growth and sustainable development)

- Đeo đuổi việc chống lại sư thay đổi thơì tiết (pursuit the fight against climate

change)

- Tránh tình trạng bảo hộ mâu dịch và gia tăng hệ thống thương mãi đa phương (avoid

protectionism and reinforce the multilateral trade system).

- Phát triển việc đầu tư để tăng trưởng toàn cầu ( development: Invest for global

growth).

- Tăng cường sức mạnh chống tham nhũng (intensifying our fight against corruption)

- Lập qui toàn cầu (global governance).

( chi tiết nguyên văn tại:

http://www.g20.org/Documents2011/11/Cannes%20Declaration%204%20November%202011

.pdf )

Trong bản tuy ên caó 95 điều đã làm nhi ều quan sát viên thất vọng!

Chung quanh những khoản nợ khổng lồ cuả Hy Lạp và Ý đã là đề tài chính cho chương trình

nghị sự cuả nhóm 20 năm 2011.

Quỹ Tiền tệ Quốc Tế yêu cầu các thành viên đóng góp thêm cho quỹ để có thể góp phần nào

cứu nguy tình trạng vỡ nợ cuả Hy lạp , và những nước khác đang trong tình trạng suy trầm

kinh tế.

Nhóm 20 còn chờ sự dứt khoát cuả khối Liên Âu là có cứu nguy Hy Lạp hay không. Khối

Liên Âu đã bỏ 50% khoản nợ cuả Hy Lạp và cho vay 100 tỷ trong số 138 tỷ mà Hy lạp cần để

khỏi vỡ nợ…!

Tổng Thống Barack Obama cuả Mỹ thì né tránh việc đóng góp thêm cho Quỹ Tiền Tệ Quốc

tế, nên đã yêu cầu Khối Liên Âu và Qũy Tiền Tệ Quốc Tế cần bơm them tiền cho ngân hàng

trung ương cuả Liên Âu . Hiện ngân hàng trung ương cuả Liên Âu cần một ngân khoản là 1

Ức Euro = 1.4 Ức Mỹ kim (trition) để có thể cứu nguy chẳng những Ý mà còn Tây Băng Nha

và Bồ Đào Nha nửa.

Nam Phong

5/11/2011

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Nguồn: www.g20.org

Nguồn : http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9QPPA8G0.htm

G-20 major economies

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors

Member countries in the G-20

Members of the European Union not individually

represented

Abbreviation G-20 or G20

Formation 1999

2008 (Heads of State Summits)

Purpose/focus

Bring together systemically important

industrialized and developing economies to

discuss key issues in the global economy.[1]

Membership 20[show]

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Current chair France (2011)[2]

Staff None[3]

Website g20.org

The Group of Twenty Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors (also known as the G-20, G20, and

Group of Twenty) is a group of finance ministers and central bank governors from 20 major economies: 19

countries plus the European Union, which is represented by the President of the European Council and by the

European Central Bank.[3]

Their heads of government or heads of state have also periodically conferred at

summits since their initial meeting in 2008. Collectively, the G-20 economies comprise more than 80 percent

of the world's GDP, 85 percent[4]

of global gross national product, 80 percent of world trade (including EU

intra-trade) and two-thirds of the world population.[3]

They contribute to 84.1 percent and 82.2 percent of the

world's economic growth by nominal GDP and GDP (PPP) respectively from the years 2010 to 2016,

according to the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

The G-20 was proposed by former Canadian Finance Minister Paul Martin[5]

(later, Prime Minister) for

cooperation and consultation on matters pertaining to the international financial system. It studies, reviews,

and promotes discussion (among key industrial and emerging market countries) of policy issues pertaining to

the promotion of international financial stability, and seeks to address issues that go beyond the

responsibilities of any one organization. With the G-20 growing in stature since the 2008 Washington summit,

its leaders announced on September 25, 2009, that the group will replace the G8 as the main economic council

of wealthy nations.[6]

The heads of the G-20 nations met semi-annually at G-20 summits between 2008 and 2011. Following the

most recent summit, which was held in Cannes in November 2011, all future G-20 summits will be held

annually.[]

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Contents

1 History o 1.1 Summits o 1.2 G-20 leaders' chair rotation

2 Organization o 2.1 Proposed permanent secretariat

3 Role of Asian countries 4 Member countries and organizations 5 Invitees 6 Critiques

o 6.1 Exclusivity of membership 6.1.1 Norwegian perspective 6.1.2 Global Governance Group (3G) response

o 6.2 Concerns 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links

History

A group photo of the participants of the 2008 G-20 Washington summit.

2009 G-20 London summit group photo.

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2009 G-20 Pittsburgh summit group photo.

2010 G-20 Toronto summit group photo.

2010 G-20 Seoul summit group photo.

2011 G-20 Cannes summit group photo.

The G-20, which superseded the G33 (which had itself superseded the G22), was foreshadowed at the Cologne

Summit of the G7 in June 1999, but was only formally established at the G7 Finance Ministers' meeting on 26

September 1999. The inaugural meeting took place on 15–16 December 1999 in Berlin. In 2008, Spain and the

Netherlands were included, by French invitation, in the G-20 Leaders Summit on Financial Markets and the

World Economy.

In 2006 the theme of the G-20 meeting was ―Building and Sustaining Prosperity‖. The issues discussed

included domestic reforms to achieve ―sustained growth‖, global energy and resource commodity markets,

‗reform‘ of the World Bank and IMF, and the impact of demographic changes due to an aging population.

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Trevor A. Manuel, MP, Minister of Finance, South Africa, was the chairperson of the G-20 when South Africa

hosted the Secretariat in 2007. Guido Mantega, Minister of Finance, Brazil, was the chairperson of the G-20 in

2008; Brazil proposed dialogue on competition in financial markets, clean energy and economic development

and fiscal elements of growth and development. In a statement following a meeting of G7 finance ministers on

11 October 2008, US President George W. Bush stated that the next meeting of the G-20 would be important

in finding solutions to the (then called) economic crisis of 2008. An initiative by French President Nicolas

Sarkozy and British Prime Minister Gordon Brown led to a special meeting of the G-20, a G-20 Leaders

Summit on Financial Markets and the World Economy, on 15 November 2008.[7]

Despite lacking any formal ability to enforce rules, the G-20's prominent membership gives it a strong input

on global policy. However, there are disputes over the legitimacy of the G-20.[8]

Additionally, there had been talk and hope for better organization and power at the Seoul summit, but there

was little done. Macroeconomics was discussed while development issues were ignored. Many hope that

global governance can be made more inclusive by the G 20 and that their declarations can actually be seen

through.[9]

Summits

See also: List of G-20 summits

The G-20 Summit was created as a response both to the financial crisis of 2007–2010 and to a growing

recognition that key emerging countries were not adequately included in the core of global economic

discussion and governance. The G-20 Summits of heads of state or government were held in addition to the G-

20 Meetings of Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors who continued to meet to prepare the leaders'

summit and implement their decisions. After the debut summit in Washington, D.C. during 2008, G-20 leaders

met twice a year in London and Pittsburgh in 2009, Toronto and Seoul in 2010.[10][11]

From 2011, when France chaired and hosted the G-20, the summits will be held only once a year.[12]

Mexico

will chair and host the leaders' summit in 2012.[13]

Date Host country Host city Website

1st[14] November 2008 United States Washington, D.C.

2nd[14]

April 2009 United Kingdom London [3]

3rd[14] September 2009 United States Pittsburgh [4]

4th[15] June 2010 Canada Toronto [5]

5th[16] November 2010 South Korea Seoul [6]

6th[17] November 2011[18] France Cannes [7]

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7th[13] June 2012[19] Mexico Los Cabos TBA

8th[20] 2013 Russia TBD

9th[21] 2014 Australia TBD

10th[22] 2015 Turkey TBD

G-20 leaders' chair rotation

To decide which nation gets to chair the G-20 leaders' meeting for a given year, all 19 nations are assigned to

one of five different groupings. Each group holds a maximum of four nations. This system has been in place

since 2010, when South Korea, which is in Group 5, held the G-20 chair. France, the host of the 2011 G-20

summit, is in Group 4, and Mexico, the host of the 2012 summit, is in Group 3. In 2013, Russia, which is in

Group 2, will host the G-20 leaders' summit. The table below lists the nations' groupings:[23]

Group Nations Group Nations Group Nations Group Nations Group Nations

Group 1

Australia

Group 2

India

Group 3

Argentina

Group 4

France

Group 5

China

Canada Russia Brazil Germany Indonesia

Saudi Arabia South Africa Mexico Italy Japan

United States Turkey — United Kingdom South Korea

Organization

The G-20 operates without a permanent secretariat or staff. The chair rotates annually among the members and

is selected from a different regional grouping of countries. The chair is part of a revolving three-member

management group of past, present and future chairs referred to as the Troika. The incumbent chair establishes

a temporary secretariat for the duration of its term, which coordinates the group's work and organizes its

meetings. The role of the Troika is to ensure continuity in the G-20's work and management across host years.

The current chair of G-20 is France; the chair was handed over from South Korea after the November 2010 G-

20 Summit.

Proposed permanent secretariat

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In 2010, French President Nicolas Sarkozy proposed that a permanent secretariat of the G-20 should be

established. Seoul and Paris were suggested as possible locations for its headquarters.[24]

China and Brazil

supported the establishment of a secretariat, while Japan and Italy opposed such an innovation.[24]

South Korea

proposed a "cyber secretariat" as an alternative.[24]

Role of Asian countries

According to a report released by Asian Development Bank, it says that Asia will play a more important role

in the process of global economic governance reform. The report states that the rise of emerging market

economies heralds a new world order, in which the G-20 has become the global economic steering

committee.[25]

The report noted that Asia has led the global recovery and the region will have bigger voice on the global

stage, such as shaping the G-20 agenda for balanced and sustainable growth through strengthening

intraregional trade and stimulating domestic demand.[25]

Member countries and organizations

As of 2011, there are 20 members of the G-20. These include, at the leaders summits, the leaders of 19

countries and of the European Union, and, at the ministerial-level meetings, the finance ministers and central

bank governors of 19 countries and of the European Union. In addition, Spain and the Netherlands have taken

part in the last four G-20 heads of state meetings, despite not being recognized members:[3][26]

Member Official title Current Leader Official title

Current

Finance

Minister

Central Bank

Governor

GDP

(nominal)

$Million

USD

GDP (PPP)

$Million

USD

GDP per

capita

(nominal)

$USD

GDP

per

capita

(PPP)

$USD

HDI Population

South

Africa President Jacob Zuma

Minister of

Finance

Pravin Gordhan Gill Marcus 357,259 523,954 7,101 10,505 0.597 49,320,500

Canada Prime

Minister

Stephen Harper

Minister of

Finance

Jim Flaherty Mark Carney 1,574,051 1,330,272 45,888 39,033 0.888 34,088,000

Mexico President Felipe Calderón

Secretary of

Finance

José Antonio

Meade

Kuribeña

Agustín

Carstens

1,039,121 1,567,470 8,959 13,971 0.750 112,211,789

United

States President Barack Obama

Secretary of

the Treasury

Timothy

Geithner

Ben Bernanke 14,657,800 14,657,800 47,132 47,132 0.902 309,173,000

Argentina President

Cristina Fernández

de Kirchner

Minister of

Economy

Amado Boudou

Mercedes

Marcó del Pont

370,269 642,402 9,138 17,200 0.797 41,134,425

Brazil President Dilma Rousseff

Minister of

Finance

Guido Mantega

Alexandre

Tombini

2,090,314 2,172,058 10,471 11,289 0.699 193,088,765

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Member Official title Current Leader Official title

Current

Finance

Minister

Central Bank

Governor

GDP

(nominal)

$Million

USD

GDP (PPP)

$Million

USD

GDP per

capita

(nominal)

$USD

GDP

per

capita

(PPP)

$USD

HDI Population

China President Hu Jintao

Minister of

Finance

Xie Xuren Zhou Xiaochuan 5,878,257 10,085,708 4,382 7,518 0.663 1,341,000,000

Japan Prime

Minister

Yoshihiko Noda

Minister of

Finance

Jun Azumi

Masaaki

Shirakawa

5,458,872 4,309,532 42,820 33,804 0.884 127,390,000

South

Korea President Lee Myung-bak

Minister of

Strategy

and Finance

Yoon Jeung-

hyun

Kim Choong-

soo

1,007,084 1,459,246 20,590 29,835 0.877 48,875,000

India Prime

Minister

Manmohan Singh

Minister of

Finance

Pranab

Mukherjee

Duvvuri

Subbarao

1,537,966 4,060,392 1,176 3,290 0.519 1,210,193,422

Indonesia President

Susilo Bambang

Yudhoyono

Minister of

Finance

Agus

Martowardojo

Darmin

Nasution

706,735 1,029,884 2,963 4,380 0.600 237,556,363

Saudi

Arabia King Abdullah

Minister of

Finance

Ibrahim

Abdulaziz Al-

Assaf

Muhammed Al-

Jasser

443,691 621,993 16,641 23,742 0.752 27,123,977

Russia President Dmitry Medvedev

Minister of

Finance

Anton Siluanov

Sergey

Mikhaylovich

Ignatyev

1,465,079 2,222,957 10,521 15,807 0.719 141,927,297

Turkey Prime

Minister

Recep Tayyip

Erdoğan

Minister of

Finance

Mehmet

Şimşek

Erdem Başçı 741,853 1,115,994 10,399 15,340 0.699 72,561,312

European

Union

E. Council

President[27]

Commission

President[27]

Herman Van

Rompuy

José Manuel

Durão Barroso

Commissioner

for Economic

and Monetary

Affairs

Olli Rehn Mario Draghi 16,282,230 15,170,419 32,283 32,600

501,259,840

France President Nicolas Sarkozy

Minister of

the Economy,

Industry and

Employment

François Baroin Christian Noyer 2,582,527 2,145,487 40,591 34,092 0.872 65,447,374

Germany Chancellor Angela Merkel

Minister of

Finance

Wolfgang

Schäuble

Jens Weidmann 3,315,643 2,940,434 40,512 35,930 0.885 81,757,600

Italy Prime

Minister

Silvio Berlusconi

Minister of

Economy

and Finance

Giulio Tremonti Ignazio Visco 2,055,114 1,773,547 33,828 29,418 0.854 60,325,805

United

Kingdom

Prime

Minister

David Cameron

Chancellor of

the

Exchequer

George

Osborne

Sir Mervyn King 2,247,455 2,172,768 36,298 35,053 0.849 62,041,708

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Member Official title Current Leader Official title

Current

Finance

Minister

Central Bank

Governor

GDP

(nominal)

$Million

USD

GDP (PPP)

$Million

USD

GDP per

capita

(nominal)

$USD

GDP

per

capita

(PPP)

$USD

HDI Population

Australia Prime

Minister

Julia Gillard Treasurer Wayne Swan Glenn Stevens 1,235,539 882,362 54,869 39,692 0.937 22,328,632

In addition to these 20 members, the following forums and institutions, as represented by their respective chief

executive officers, participate in meetings of the G-20:[3]

the Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund the Chairman of the International Monetary Fund the President of the World Bank the International Monetary and Financial Committee the Chairman of the Development Committee

Membership does not reflect exactly the 19 largest national economies of the world in any given year. The

organization states:[1]

“ In a forum such as the G-20, it is particularly important for the number of countries involved to be

restricted and fixed to ensure the effectiveness and continuity of its activity. There are no formal criteria

for G-20 membership and the composition of the group has remained unchanged since it was established.

In view of the objectives of the G-20, it was considered important that countries and regions of systemic

significance for the international financial system be included. Aspects such as geographical balance and

population representation also played a major part. ”

All 19 member nations are among the top 28 economies as measured in GDP at nominal prices in a list

published by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) for 2010.[28]

Not represented by membership in the G-20

are Switzerland (19), Taiwan (24), and Norway (25), even though they rank higher than some members. Spain

(10), the Netherlands (16), Belgium (20), Sweden (21), Poland (22), and Austria (26) are included only as part

of the EU, and not independently. When the countries' GDP is measured at purchasing power parity (PPP)

rates,[29]

all 19 members are among the top 25 in the world in October 2010, according to the IMF. Iran (18),

Taiwan (19) and Thailand (24) are not G-20 members, while Spain (13), Poland (20) and the Netherlands (21)

are only included in the EU slot. However, in a list of average GDP, calculated for the years since the group's

creation (1999–2008) at both nominal and PPP rates, only Spain, the Netherlands, Taiwan, and Poland appear

above any G-20 member in both lists simultaneously. Spain, being the 10th largest economy in the world and

5th in the European Union in terms of nominal GDP, is a 'permanent guest' of the organization. Although the

current Spanish government's policy is to not request official membership, opposition candidate Mariano

Rajoy said he will request full membership.[30][31]

As such, Spain has been invited and attended the last four G-

20 summits with its own delegation.

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Invitees

Typically, several countries that are not permanent members of the G-20 are nonetheless extended invitations

to participate in the summits. The invitees are chosen by the host country. For the 2010 summits, for example,

both Canada and South Korea invited Ethiopia (chair of NEPAD), Malawi (chair of the African Union),

Vietnam (chair of ASEAN), and Spain. As one of the world's 12 largest economies, Spain has been invited to

every summit. Canada also invited the Netherlands (the world's 16th-largest economy), while South Korea

invited Singapore. Both Canada and South Korea invited seven international organizations: the United

Nations, the International Labour Organization, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the

Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, the World Trade Organization, and the Financial

Stability Board.[32][33]

Critiques

Exclusivity of membership

Although the G-20 has stated that the group's "economic weight and broad membership gives it a high degree

of legitimacy and influence over the management of the global economy and financial system,"[34]

its

legitimacy has been challenged. With respect to the membership issue, U.S. President Barack Obama has

noted the difficulty of pleasing everyone: "everybody wants the smallest possible group that includes them.

So, if they're the 21st largest nation in the world, they want the G-21, and think it's highly unfair if they have

been cut out."[35]

Norwegian perspective

In an interview with Der Spiegel,[36]

Norwegian Foreign Minister Jonas Gahr Støre called the G-20 "one of the

greatest setbacks since World War II." Although Norway is the largest contributor to development programs in

the World Bank and United Nations, it is not a member of the E.U. and thus not represented in the G-20 even

indirectly.[36]

Norway, like the other 170 nations not among the G-20, has little or no voice within the group.

Støre characterized the G-20 as a "self-appointment group", arguing that it undermines the legitimacy of

organizations set up in the aftermath of World War II, organizations like the IMF, World Bank and United

Nations:

“ The G-20 is a self-appointed group. Its composition is determined by the major countries and powers. It

may be more representative than the G-7 or the G-8, in which only the richest countries are represented,

but it is still arbitrary. We no longer live in the 19th century, a time when the major powers met and

redrew the map of the world. No one needs a new Congress of Vienna.[36] ”

Global Governance Group (3G) response

According to Singapore's representative to the United Nations, UN members who are not G-20 members have

responded to the G20's exclusivity by either reacting with indifference, refusing to acknowledge the G20's

legitimacy, or accepting that the G-20 will be the premier forum for international economic cooperation going

forward but hoping to "engage the G-20 as the latter continues to evolve so that our interests are taken on

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board."[37]

Out of this latter group Singapore has taken a leading role in organizing an informal "Global

Governance Group" of 28 non-G20 countries, with the idea being that by working collectively they might

channel their views into the G-20 process more effectively.[38][39]

Singapore's chairing of the Global

Governance Group was cited as a rationale for inviting Singapore to the November 2010 G-20 Summit in

South Korea.[40]

Concerns

The G20's transparency has also been questioned by critics who call attention to the absence of a charter and

the fact that the most important meetings are closed-door.[41]

Critics propose[by whom?]

an alternative such as an

Economic Security Council within the United Nations, where members should be elected by the General

Assembly based on their importance in the world economy and the contribution they are willing to provide to

world economic development.[42]

The cost and extent of summit-related security is often a contentious issue in the hosting country and G-20

summits have attracted protesters from a variety of backgrounds, including anarchists, anti-capitalists and

nationalists.

See also

List of G-20 summits Group of Thirty BRICS

References

1. ^ a b FAQ #5: What are the criteria for G-20 membership? from the official G-20 website

2. ^ [1] The French Republic is honored to chair the Group of Twenty in 2011. 3. ^

a b c d e f G-20 Membership from the Official G-20 website

4. ^ "No Clear Accord on Stimulus by Top 20 Industrial Nations". The New York Times. March 15, 2009. p. A1. 5. ^ "Who gets to rule the world," Macleans (Canada). 1 July 2010-07-01; Thomas Axworthy. "Eight is not enough at

summit," Toronto Star (Canada). 8 June 2007, retrieved 2011-04-16. 6. ^ "Officials: G-20 to supplant G-8 as international economic council". CNN. 2009-09-25.

http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/09/24/us.g.twenty.summit/index.html. Retrieved 2009-09-25. 7. ^ The G-20 Summit: What’s It All About?, from the Brookings Institute 8. ^ http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/184899/index.en.shtml 9. ^ http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/190338/index.en.shtml 10. ^ UK to host G20 financial summit" 26 November 2008 from the UK Prime Minister's Office 11. ^ US to host next G20 workd meeting BBC News, 28 May 2009 12. ^ "Leaders' statement, the Pittsburgh Summit," p. 19 §50, 25 September 2009. 13. ^

a b Robinson, Dale. "G20 Commits to Deficit Reduction Time Line," Voice of America. June 27, 2010; "Mexico to host G20

summit in 2012," Xinhua. June 28, 2010. 14. ^

a b c The G-20 Leaders Summit on Financial Markets and the World Economy from the G-20 Information Centre at the

University of Toronto 15. ^ Canada (2009-09-25). "Canada to host 'transition' summit in 2010". Toronto: Theglobeandmail.com.

http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/canada-to-host-transition-summit-in-2010/article1301423/. Retrieved 2010-06-27.

16. ^ "Korea to Host G20 in November". The Korea Times. 25 September 2009. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/biz/2009/11/123_55021.html. Retrieved 26 September 2009.

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18 Tìm Hiểu Nhóm 20 - www.vietnamvanhien.net

17. ^ "French G20 summit to be November 2011 in Cannes". Business Recorder. 2010-11-12. http://www.brecorder.com/news/latest/15666:french-g20-summit-to-be-november-2011-in-cannes.html. Retrieved 2010-11-12.

18. ^ "Cannes albergará próxima cumbre del G20 en noviembre de 2011," Agence France Presse. November 12, 2010. 19. ^ Los Cabos to Host G20 Summit in 2012 20. ^ "French G20 LEADERS SUMMIT - FINAL COMMUNIQUÉ". G20-G8. 2011-11-04. http://www.g20-g8.com/g8-

g20/g20/english/for-the-press/news-releases/g20-leaders-summit-final-communique.1554.html. Retrieved 2011-11-04. 21. ^ "French G20 LEADERS SUMMIT - FINAL COMMUNIQUÉ". G20-G8. 2011-11-04. http://www.g20-g8.com/g8-

g20/g20/english/for-the-press/news-releases/g20-leaders-summit-final-communique.1554.html. Retrieved 2011-11-04. 22. ^ "French G20 LEADERS SUMMIT - FINAL COMMUNIQUÉ". G20-G8. 2011-11-04. http://www.g20-g8.com/g8-

g20/g20/english/for-the-press/news-releases/g20-leaders-summit-final-communique.1554.html. Retrieved 2011-11-04. 23. ^ Carin, Barry (November 4, 2010). "The Future of the G20 Process". Centre for International Governance Innovation.

http://www.cigionline.org/publications/2010/11/future-g20-process. Retrieved 2011-10-19. 24. ^

a b c "Who Would Host a G20 Secretariat? Chosun Ilbo (ROK). November 15, 2010.

25. ^ a b "Asia to play bigger role on world stage, G20: ADB report". The People's Daily, PRC. 2011-04-26.

http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90778/98506/7361425.html. Retrieved 2011-04-26. 26. ^ "What is the G-20". G20.org. http://www.g20.org/about_what_is_g20.aspx. Retrieved 2010-06-27. 27. ^

a b The Council president speaks on foreign policy and security matters, while the Commission president speaks on other

matters. [2] 28. ^ "Gross domestic product, current prices". IMF. October 2010.

http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=35&pr.y=12&sy=2010&ey=2010&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512,941,914,446,612,666,614,668,311,672,213,946,911,137,193,962,122,674,912,676,313,548,419,556,513,678,316,181,913,682,124,684,339,273,638,921,514,948,218,943,963,686,616,688,223,518,516,728,918,558,748,138,618,196,522,278,622,692,156,694,624,142,626,449,628,564,228,283,924,853,233,288,632,293,636,566,634,964,238,182,662,453,960,968,423,922,935,714,128,862,611,716,321,456,243,722,248,942,469,718,253,724,642,576,643,936,939,961,644,813,819,199,172,184,132,524,646,361,648,362,915,364,134,732,652,366,174,734,328,144,258,146,656,463,654,528,336,923,263,738,268,578,532,537,944,742,176,866,534,369,536,744,429,186,433,925,178,746,436,926,136,466,343,112,158,111,439,298,916,927,664,846,826,299,542,582,967,474,443,754,917,698,544&s=NGDPD&grp=0&a=. Retrieved 2011-04-07.

29. ^ "Gross domestic product based on purchasing-power-parity (PPP) valuation of country GDP". IMF. October 2010. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2010&ey=2010&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512,941,914,446,612,666,614,668,311,672,213,946,911,137,193,962,122,674,912,676,313,548,419,556,513,678,316,181,913,682,124,684,339,273,638,921,514,948,218,943,963,686,616,688,223,518,516,728,918,558,748,138,618,196,522,278,622,692,156,694,624,142,626,449,628,564,228,283,924,853,233,288,632,293,636,566,634,964,238,182,662,453,960,968,423,922,935,714,128,862,611,716,321,456,243,722,248,942,469,718,253,724,642,576,643,936,939,961,644,813,819,199,172,184,132,524,646,361,648,362,915,364,134,732,652,366,174,734,328,144,258,146,656,463,654,528,336,923,263,738,268,578,532,537,944,742,176,866,534,369,536,744,429,186,433,925,178,746,436,926,136,466,343,112,158,111,439,298,916,927,664,846,826,299,542,582,967,474,443,754,917,698,544&s=PPPGDP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=29&pr.y=6. Retrieved 2011-04-07.

30. ^ http://economicsnewspaper.com/policy/spain/the-g20-monitor-systemic-seven-countries-to-try-to-rebalance-the-world-economy-14480.html

31. ^ http://www.elpais.com/articulo/economia/Espana/sera/invitado/permanente/G-20/elpepueco/20100326elpepueco_9/Tes

32. ^ Five leaders invited to join G20 at Toronto summit Reuters 2010-05-08 33. ^ Singapore among five non-G20 nations to attend Seoul Summit International Business Times 2010-09-24 34. ^ About G-20 g20.org Accessed: 2010-09-22 35. ^ Kelly Chernenkoff Obama to Usher In New World Order at G-20 Fox News 2009-09-25 36. ^

a b c "Norway Takes Aim at G-20:'One of the Greatest Setbacks Since World War II'". Der Spiegel. 22 June 2010.

http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,702104,00.html. Retrieved 2010-06-27. 37. ^ Global Governance: The G-20 and the UN Terraviva 2010-03-26 38. ^ SIIA welcomes new 3G initiative for small states Singapore Institute of International Affairs 2010-02-12 39. ^ Statement by Singapore on behalf of the Global Governance Group un.org 2010-06-02 40. ^ Singapore among five non-G20 nations to attend Seoul Summit International Business Times 2010-09-25

Nhóm Mạng Việt Nam Văn Hiến

19 Tìm Hiểu Nhóm 20 - www.vietnamvanhien.net

41. ^ "The G-20 ought ro be increased to 6 Billion" Daniele Archibugi, Opendemocracy.net

Haas, P.M. (1992). "Introduction. Epistemic communities and international policy coordination," International Organization 46,1:1-35.

Hajnal, Peter I. (1999). The G8 system and the G20 : Evolution, Role and Documentation. Aldershot, Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing. 13-ISBN 978-0-7546-4550-4/10-ISBN 0-7546-4550-9; OCLC 277231920

Reinalda, Bob and Bertjan Verbeek. (1998). Autonomous Policy Making by International Organizations. London: Routledge. 10-ISBN 0-415-16486-9/13-ISBN 978-0-415-16486-3; 13-ISBN 978-0-203-45085-7;10-ISBN 0-203-45085-X; OCLC 39013643

Augusto Lopez-Claros, Augusto, Richard Samans and Marc Uzan. (2007). The international monetary system and the IMF, and the G-20 : a great transformation in the making? Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 10-ISBN 0-230-52495-8/13-ISBN 978-0-230-52495-8; OCLC 255621756

External links

Official G-20 website 2010 Seoul G20 G-20 Information Centre from the University of Toronto A Guide To Committees, Groups, And Clubs from the International Monetary Fund G20 Special Report guardian.co.uk IPS News - G20 Special Report The G20's role in the post-crisis world by FRIDE The Group of Twenty—A History, 2007

Nguồn: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-20_major_economies

Nguồn: http://www.g20.org/index.aspx

IMF role in spotlight at G20 summit

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CANNES, France

Leaders from within troubled Europe and far beyond are working Friday on ways the International Monetary

Fund could do more to calm Europe's debt crisis.

Political chaos in Greece has hamstrung the leaders of the Group of 20 leading rich and developing

economies, meeting on the French Riviera for their last day of a summit Friday. Italy's dance with financial

disaster and doubts about its commitment to reforms only exacerbated the concern.

One way some countries want to increase confidence is by boosting the resources of the International

Monetary Fund.

"There is a broad view among G-20 leaders that there does need to be additional IMF resourcing," Australian

Prime Minister Julia Gillard said late Thursday night. "Leaders recognize that it is an appropriate move ... so

people could be reassured."

The United States, however, maintained its position that the IMF should use its existing resources and

leverage them for best use, according to Ben Rhodes, a deputy national security adviser. The U.S. is the fund's

largest stakeholder.

In a historical turnaround, European leaders had hoped to use the summit to get big developing countries like

China to help with money to stem the debt crisis that has rocked the eurozone for the past two years and

threatens to push the world economy into recession.

A draft declaration being discussed by the leaders lays out ways in which countries rich and less rich should

stabilize the world economy and achieve more balanced growth.

The document -- if confirmed at their last day of meetings Friday -- would commit Italy to adopting a rule by

2013 on balanced budgets, and to quickly follow through on promised reforms.

It says developing economies would commit to policies to encourage domestic demand, and the U.S. would

pledge near-term measures on tax reforms, jobs and debt reduction to keep the economic recovery from

turning sour.

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President Barack Obama, sidelined at the summit by the focus on Europe, implored European leaders to

swiftly work out details of a rescue plan, aware of the political fallout back in the United States if they fail.

Obama joined the leaders of Germany, France, Italy, Spain, the European Union and IMF for extra talks on the

eurozone crisis late Thursday night.

The actions of the greater G-20 depend on the viability of a broad European Union plan to save the euro,

presented just one week ago.

That includes a deal with banks to forgive Greece 50 percent of the money it owes them, and an extra euro100

billion ($138 billion) in rescue loans to Athens. It also includes a pledge to strengthen banks across the

continent and to boost the firepower of their bailout fund to as much as euro1 trillion ($1.4 trillion). A stronger

bailout fund is crucial because it would protect large economies like Italy and Spain, which are too big to be

rescued, from needing financial aid.

Nguồn: http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9QPPA8G0.htm

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