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TRAINING WORKSHOP ON

NON-WOVENS IN GEOTEXTILES

AT SURAT

BY

S.K. PURI

CHIEF GENERAL MANAGER - NHAI

5TH MARCH 2008

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National Highways

Total Length of NHs : 65,569 km (2% oftotal road length)

Roads carry 85% of Passenger and 70% ofFreight Traffic

NHs carry about 40% of traffic

NHAI is entrusted with implementation ofNational Highways Development Project(NHDP)

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Components of NHDP

Phase Length (Km) Cost

(Rs crore)

Focus

I Bal. 1738 Bal. 9071 Golden quadrilateral (GQ)- connecting Delhi-

Mumbai-Chennai- Kolkata-Delhi Total Length 5846

II Bal. 6736 Bal. 43623 North South& East west Corridors (NS-EW)Total Length 7300

III 12,109 80,626

State capital connectivity,High traffic density,Imp.centers of tourism &economic activity

IV 20,000 27,800 Widening & Strengthening to 2-lane with

Paved shoulders

V 6,500 41,210 Six laning of high density corridors

VI 1000 Km 16,680

Expressway for connecting important placesVII (Being identified) 16,680 Ring roads to cities, flyovers, by-passes

SARDP-

NE

588 5208 Special Accelerated Road Development

Programme for NE

ICTT

Cochin

17 557 International Container Transhipment Terminal

Total 48,688 2,41,454

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Definition, Type, Process and PropertiesDefinition, Type, Process and Properties

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Any permeable textile natural or synthetic, used with foundationAny permeable textile natural or synthetic, used with foundation

soil, rock, earth, or any other geotechnical engineering relatedsoil, rock, earth, or any other geotechnical engineering related

material.material.

What is a Geotextile?What is a Geotextile?

Types of Geotextile

WovenNon-woven

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Needle Punched nonwoven

Thermally bonded nonwoven

Nonwoven GeotextilesNonwoven Geotextiles

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Method of production Process Form of fibre Polymer

Slit-flat tape PP (HDPE)

Wide loom (beam) Fibrillated yarn PP

Wide loom (creel) Multi-fi lament yarn PET (PA)

Woven

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Monofil woven fabric

PET multifilament woven fabric

Woven GeotextilesWoven Geotextiles

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Met f r t Pr ess For of f re Polymer

St t ed- ondedNonwoven base wit multi

filament stit yarn

PP orPE nonwoven

PE stit ing

Knitted Weft insertion filament yarn PE

War knitted Multi-filament yarn PE

Knitted GeotextilesKnitted Geotextiles

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Knitted base

Upper surface

Knitted GeotextilesKnitted Geotextiles

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Physical Properties

Property Value range

Thickness 0.25 7.5 mm

Stiffness Nil 25,000 mg-cm

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Mechanical PropertiesProperty Value Range

Compressibility Nil to high

Tensile strength (grab) 0.45-4.5 kN

Tensile strength ( wide width) 9-180 kN/m

Confined tensile strength 18-180 kN/m

Seam strength 50-100% of tensile

Cycle fatigue strength 50-100% of tensile

Burst strength 350-5200 k Pa

Tear strength 90-1300 N

Impact strength 14-200 J

Puncture strength 45-450 N

Friction behavior 60-100% of soil friction

Pullout behavior 50-100% of geotextile strength

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Hydraulic PropertiesProperty Value Range

Porosity (non wovens) 50-95%

Present open area (wovens) Nil to 36%

Apparent opening size ( sieve

size)

2.0 to 0.075 mm ( # 10

to # 200)

Permittivity 0.02-2.2s-1

Permittivity under load 0,01-3.0s-1

Transmissivity 0.01 to 2.0 x10-3m2/min

Soil retention: turbidity curtains Must be evaluated

Soil retention: silt fences Must be evaluated

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Endurance PropertiesProperty Value Range

Installation damage 0.70% of fabric strength

Creep response g.n.p.if

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Degradation PropertiesProperty Value Range

Temperature degradation High temperature accelerates

degradation

Oxidative degradation m.b.e. for long service lifetimes

Hydrolysis degradation m.b.c. for long service lifetimes

Chemical degradation g.n.p.unless aggressive chemicals

Radioactive degradation g.n.p.Biological degradation g.n.p.

Sunlight ( UV) degradation Major problem unless protected

Synergistic effects m.b.e.

General aging Actual record to date is excellent

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TYPICAL

PHYSICAL

PROPERTIES OF GEOTEXTIL

ESTYPICAL

PHYSICAL

PROPERTIES OF GEOTEXTIL

ES

Functi nStrengthrange

k perMass perunit area

gm persq mR ll i th

MetreR ll length

Metre

Separati n 0.5 5 70 - 500 3.8 to 5.5 (4.5) 50 to100

Filtration 0.3 2 70 - 250 2.5 to 4.5 50 to100

Drainage 1 5 500 - 2000 1.5 to 5.5 25 to 50

Reinforcement 30 - 1000 /A 3.8 to 5.5orstrips

50 to100orDefine

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DENSITY MELTING STRAIN CREEP

UNITSPOLYMER

g/cm3 C % CREEP

PE, PP 0.90 to 0.95 110 to 170 >100 HIGH

PET 1.38 >240 10 to 15 LOW

The polymers used for GeotextileThe polymers used for Geotextile

Abbreviation:PE: Polyethylene

PP: Polypropylene

PET: Polyester

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EN 12447Geotextilesandgeotextile-relatedproducts-Screeningtest

methodfordeterminingtheresistancetohhyyddrroollyyssiissinwater

EN 12226Geotextilesandgeotextile-relatedproducts- Generaltestsfor

ee aalluuaattiioonnfollowingdura ilitytesting

EN 14030(ISO12960)

Geotextilesandgeotextile-relatedproducts-Screeningtestmethodfordeterminingtheresistancetoaacciiddaannddaallkkaalliinnee

liquids

EN ISO13438Geotextilesandgeotextile-relatedproducts-Screeningtest

methodfordeterminingtheresistancetoooxxiiddaattiioonnatele atedoxygenpressure

EN ISO12225Geotextilesandgeotextile-relatedproducts-MMiiccrroobbiioollooggiiccaallresistance(soilburial)

Durability Test MethodsDurability Test Methods forGeotextileforGeotextile

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Functions and properties of GeotextilesFunctions and properties of Geotextiles

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The

functions

of

Geotextiles

The

functions

of

Geotextiles

Separator

Reinforcement

Drainage

Filter

Energyabsorber

ontainer

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Reservoirs, damsReservoirs, dams

Liquid wasteLiquid waste Solid wasteSolid waste

RoadsRoads RailroadsRailroads

Erosion protectionErosion protection

Retaining wallsRetaining walls

Drainage systemsDrainage systems

APPLICATIONS FOR GEOTEXTILESAPPLICATIONS FOR GEOTEXTILES

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1 ROADS1.1 APPLICATIONS IN FILTRATION AND DRAINAGE

Pa ementdrains

Sub-horizontaldrains

Curtains

Trenches

Settlementacceleration

applications

materialsGeotextiles

Geocompositedrain

(PVD)

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1 ROADS1.3 APPLICATIONS AS BARRIER

MEMBRANE-ENCAPSULATED SOILS- moisturebarrier

maintenanceofbasematerialproperties

forusein

lowcostpavements

in:wetregions

expansiveclays

goodbasesoils(lateriticsoils,..)

Materials

asphalt impregnated geotextiles

reinforced geomembranes

geogrids (when hard cracking)

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1 ROADS1.4 SEPARATION AND REINFORCEMENT MATERIALS

SEPARATION

GEOTEXTILES

GEOCOMPOSITES

REINFORCEMENT

GEOGRIDSGEOTEXTILES

GEOSTRIPS

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2 BENEFITSOF GEOSYNTHETICSEPARATORS2.1 TYPICAL APPLICATIONS

-preventcontamination

-avoid build-upofporepressure

-avoid

loss

of

granular

material

Located at the interface between soil and aggregate

sub-base sub-gradeinterfacesembankments

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3 BENEFITS OF GEOSYNTHETIC REINFORCEMENT

3.1PAVEMENT SYSTEMS

3.1.1 ASPHALT OVERLAY

3.1.2 BASE/SUBGRADE

3.2 EMBANKMENTSOVERSOFT SOILS

3.3SLOPES AND WALLS

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3.1 PAVEMENT SYSTEMS

3.1.1 ASPHALT REINFORCEMENTMECHANISMS GEOTEXTILE

GEOGRID

WITHOUT REINFORCEMENT

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3.1 PAVEMENT SYSTEMS

3.1.1 ASPHALT REINFORCEMENT

thinnonwoven geotextilescanbeusedwhen

crackingstillkeepstheaggregatesinterlocking

(tensilecharacteristicsarenotrequired)

protectorlayer- retardscrackpropagationbydeviation

moisturebarrier increaseslifetimeaftercracking

Note:

The asphalt impregnated geotextile do not acts as

a reinforcement, but as a protector layer and amoisture barrier.

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3.1 PAVEMENT SYSTEMS3.1.2 SOIL STABILIZATION

The use of a geosynthetic placed at the sub-grade/fill interface to increase the

support of construction equipment over a weak or soft sub-grade

ApplicationsTemporary roadways

Initial construction lift of permanent ways or embankments

Area constructions platforms

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3.1 PAVEMENT SYSTEMS3.1.3 BASE AND SUB-BASE REINFORCEMENT

The use of a geosynthetic placed as a tensile element at the bottom or

within a flexible pavement base or sub-base to:

-increase the service life

-obtain equivalent performance with a reduced structural section

-avoid subsidence problems (sinkholes)ApplicationsPermanents ways

Parking lots

Airport taxiways

Container loading facilities

Railway tracks

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3.1 PAVEMENT SYSTEMS

3.1.4 ADVANTAGES

-costsavingsinconstructionandmaintenance

-increaseofservicelife

-decreaseoreliminateover-excavationandrequiredgranularfill

inpavementssystems,lifecyclecostanalysisareimportanttoshowadditionalmaintenancecostsavings

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3.2 EMBANKMENTS OVER SOFT SOIL

3.2.1 Applications

-basal reinforcement

-piled embankments with basal reinforcement

-reinforcement over areas prone to subsidence

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3.2 EMBANKMENTS OVER SOFT SOIL

3.2.2 Basal reinforcement mechanisms

foundation extrusion

bearing capacity

rotationalstability

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3.2 EMBANKMENTS OVER SOFT SOIL

3.2.3 Piled embankments basal reinforcementdesign

Ultimate limitstates

Pilegroupcapacity

PilegroupextentVerticalloadingshedding

Lateralsliding

Overallstability

Serviceability analysis

Reinforcementstrain

Foundationsettlement

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3.2 EMBANKMENTS OVER SOFT SOIL

3.2.4 Construction

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3.3 REINFORCED SLOPES AND WALLS

3.3.1 applications

landslidereparation

bridgeabutment

increaseworkingarea

reducefilledareareducefillingmaterial

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3.3 REINFORCED SLOPES AND WALLS

3.3.2 types

Walls(angleofinclinationlargerthan80o)

Steepslopes

Blockwalls

.

reinforcementspacing

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4. REQUIREMENTS AND TECHNICAL PROPERTIES

Mainlymechanicalcharacteristics

Tensilestrength(ISO10319)

Seamtensilestrength(ISO10321)Punctureresistance(ISO12236)

Impacttest(ISO13433)

Mainlyhydrauliccharacteristics(forseparation)

Openingsize(ISO12959)

Permeabilitynormaltotheplane(ISO11058)

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Technical Requirement as per MoSRTHSpecifications for use in subsurface drains

Breaking load not less than 10 kN/m

Minimum Failure strain of 10%

Apparent opening size 0.22mm 0.43 assoil properties

Allow water flow @ not less than

10lit/sqm/sec Minimum puncture resistance of 200 N

Minimum tear resistance of 150N

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Technical Requirement as per MoSRTH

Specifications for use in Highway Pavement

Minimum Tensile strength 36.3 Kg

Elongation 50% Asphalt Retention 10 kg/10sqm

Melting Point 150C

Surface Texture- heat Bonded on one sideonly

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Technical Requirement as per MoSRTH

Specifications for use in Protection Works

Aperture : Rectangular, square or oval

Colour : Black Strength : Min 10kN/m

Elongation: Max 15%

Form : GR1-GG3 standards Life : Min 8 years

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Typical Specification of NHAISeparation and drainage

Properties Units Fabric

PHYSICAL

Grab TensileStrength KN 0.900

Grab Tensile Elongation % 50

Mullen Burst KPA 2750

Puncture KN 0.575

Trapezoid Tear KN 0.355

UVResistance %@hr 70/500

HYDRAULIC

ApparentOpeningSize(AOS) Mm 0.150

Permittivity Sec 1.5

FlowRate 1/min/m2 3225

LifePeriod Years 120

MINIMUM AVERAGE ROLL VALUES

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Distribution of Geotextiles in the UnitedKingdomDistribution of Geotextiles in the UnitedKingdom

Nonwovens Wovens Knitted Extruded

55 65 10 35

5 3 ~ 10

2 10 15 20

10 2 15 5

3 2 5 21 ~ ~ ~

1 1 ~ ~

2 ~ ~ ~

6 2 5 5

6 2 5 5

4 10 45 15

5 3 ~ 3

Dams

Canals

Tunnels

Roads

Rail

Structures

Drainage

Solid Waste

Liquid Waste

Embankments

Other

Erosion

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Distribution of Geotextile Use in SouthA

siaDistribution of Geotextile Use in SouthA

sia

Nonwovens Wovens Knitted Extruded

45% 35% 5% 15%

Nonwovens Wovens Knitted Extruded55 35 10 35

5 8 ~ 10

2 25 15 20

10 2 15 5

3 2 5 2

1 ~ ~ ~

1 1 ~ ~2 ~ ~ ~

6 2 5 5

6 2 5 5

4 10 45 15

Percentage distribution of Geotextile type in the South Asia

Percentage distribution of Geotextile type per application

Solid Waste

Liquid Waste

Embankments

Erosion

Dams

CanalsTunnels

Roads

Rail

Structures

Drainage

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History of Geotextiles in IndiaHistory of Geotextiles in India Used commercially since early 80s

However, during 80 90 the use was restricted to

separation, filtration and drainage application for both non-

woven and woven type

Indian manufacturer like Hitkari, Tata Mills etc.

participated in production of non-woven type for civil

engineering application

Major boost in usage came after 1995 with major ports andhighway development projects.

Application included marine protection below rip-raps and

armour layers for separation and filtration for land

reclamation projects.

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Few Examples of NHAI ProjectsFew Examples of NHAI ProjectsProject Purpose Qty.

Visakhapatnam In Marshy/ Slushy Soils 1,08,100 sqm

Vallarpadam,

Cochin

Geotextile (non woven) as

separation/ filtration layer

4,30,260 sqm

Tuticorin Below sub-grade 2,55,000 sqm

Paradip (i) for high embankment over land

drains(ii) below sub-grade

1,04,250 sqm

40,640 sqm

JNPT Package II

(SH-54 & Aamra

Marg)

Woven geotextile below

embankment

64,600 sqm

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THANK YOUFOR YOUR ATTENTIONTHANK YOUFOR YOUR ATTENTION