Mnh MNH D

Mnh MNH D

I/ nh nghaMnh l mt nhm t c cha mt ng t chia v ch t ca n ng t d chia l ng t ho hp vi ch t ca n v ngi v s . This is the man Mary saw yesterday.Trong cu trn chng ta thy c 2 mnh :(1) This is the man (ng t chia l is )(2) Mary saw yesterday (ng t chia l saw)Mnh thng c xem l thnh phn ca cu. Ni cch khc, mt cu c th gm nhiu mnh . Trong thc hnh, chng ta cn c vo ng t ddax chia nhn ra mnh . Chng ta c th ni rng c bao nhiu ng t chiath c by nhiu mnh .II/ Mnh chnh v mnh ph1. Mnh ph l mnh v mt ng ngha khng th ng mt mnh, v d which I want, when I saw it, .V mt cu trc, mnh ph a. Cc i t lien h: who, whom, which, whose, that, .. The girl who works at the caf is Johns sister.b. Cc ph t lin h why, when, where. I remember the house where I was born.c. Cc lin t ph thuc: when, while, as, as soon as, because, though, although, till, until, if, unless, wherever, whenever. When we lived in town we often went to the theatre.2. Mnh chnh l mnh khng thuc vo bt k loi no trong cc loi k trn. Mnh chnh thng c th ng mt mnh, nhng iu ny khng lun lun ng. He smiled when he saw his wife.3. Cc loi mnh a. Mnh tnh ngb. Mnh trng ngc. Mnh danh t4. Mnh tnh ng: c chc nng ca mt tnh t, ngha l c dung phm nh cho danh t ng trc n. Cc mnh ny bt u bng cc i t lin h nh: who, whom, that, whose.. hoc cc ph t lin h nh why, where, when. This is the bicycle that I would like to buy.a. Cc i t lin h trong mnh tnh ngNhng t ng u cc mnh tnh ng (who,, whom, which) c gi l cc i t lin h v chngc thay cho danh t ng trc v ch v mt i tng vi danh t.- who: dung thay cho danh t i trc, lm chu t

The man who saw the accident yesterday is my neighbour.-Whom: dung thay cho danh t ch ngi, lm tn ng

The man whom I saw yesterday is John.-Which: c dng thay cho danh t ch vt. con vt, s vt, lm ch ng hoc tn ng

The horse which I recently bought is an Arab.-Whose : c dung ch s hu cho danh t ch ng

i hoc vt ng trc. A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.- Of which: dung ch s hu cho danh t vh vt ngtrc, khng dung cho ngi:

This is the dictionary the cover of which has come off.-That : c th dung thay th who, whom, which. c bit trong cc trng hp sau y, that thng c dung hn:

+ khi i sau cc hnh thc so snh cc cp+ Khi i sau: all, same, any, the first, the last, v i khi sau It is/ It was+ Khi i sau cc i t bt nh: no one, nobody, nothing, something, somebody, someone, anybody,..+ Khi danh t i trc bao gm c ngi ln vt- Such as l i t lin h, khavs vi such as trong Big cities such as London, Tokyo, New Yorkb. Cc i t lin h vi cc gii t: Trong nhng cu c cha mnh tnh ng, thng c hai v tr- C th i trc cc i t lin h: who, whom, which, nhng khng c i trc that.- Cc giit, nu c, phi i sau ng t nu i t lin h l that hoc nu who, whom, which c b i:This is the boy that I told you of.c. Cc ph t lin h trong mnh tnh ng- where = in/ at which- when = at/ on which- whyd. Mnh tnh nh gii hn v khng gii hn- Tnh cht gii hn ca tnh tThe Thames, which flows through London, is a beautiful river.- Mnh tnh ng khng gii hnThe sun, which at midday was hot, made the traveler thirsty- Mnh tnh ng gii hnThat is the house that I would like to buy.5. Mnh trng ng: lm chc nng ca mt trng t hay ph t, mnh trng ng c cc loi sau y:a. Mnh trng ng ch mc dch- So thatShe dresses like that so that everyone will notice her- In order that Some people eat so that they may live. Others seem to live in order that they may eat.- For fear that I am telling you this for fear that you should make a mistake.- In caseWe had better take an umbrella in case it should rain. b. Mnh trng ng ch nguyn nhn- Because He sold the car because it was too small- As As he was tired he sat down.- Since Since we have no money we cant buy it.- Seeing that Seeing that you wont help me, I must do the job myself.c. Mnh trng ng ch ni chn- Where I will go where you tell me.- Wherever Sit wherever you like.d. Mnh trng ng ch thi gian- When When it rains, I usually go to school by bus.- While I learned a lot of Japanese while I was in Tokyo.- Before She learned English before she came to England.- After He came after night had fallen.- Since I have not been well since I returned home.- As I saw her as she was leaving home.- Till/until Ill stay here till/until you get back.- As soon as As soon as John heard the news he wrote to me.- Just as Just as he entered the room I heard a terrible explosion- Whenever Ill discuss it with you whenever you like.e. Mnh trng ng ch cch thc- As The fought as heroes do.- As if/ as though + Din t vic ngi ni tin c th xy ra hin ti hoc tng lai It looks as if its going to rain. + Din t vic ngi ni tin l kh hoc khng c tht hin ti. He looked at me as if I were mad + Din t vic ngi ni tin l kh hoc khng c tht qu kh You look as if you hard seen a ghost.f. Mnh trng ng ch kt qu- So + tnh /tnh t + that The coffee is so hot that I can not drink it- Such (a) + danh t + that It was such a hot day that I took off my Jacket.g. Mnh trng ng ch s tng phn- Though/ although ( mc d) Though he looks ill, he is really very strong.- No matter: c nghi tng t nh: (al)though, c theo sau bi how, what, where, who. No matter how = however No matter who = whoever No matter where = wherever No matter what = whatever- As Rich as he is, he never gives anybody anything.h. Mnh trng ng ch s so snh This exercise is not so easy as you think.i. Mnh trng ng ch iu kin If it rains we shall stay at home.6. Mnh danh t : Mnh danh t chc nng ca mt danh t

- Tn ng ca ng t- Ch t ca ng t- Tn ng cho gii t- B ng cho cu- ng cch cho danh t7. Mi quan h gia cc mnh Cc mnh c phn loi tu theo chc nng ( cng vic ca chng lm trong cu, thngl mi quan h ca chng i vi mnh chnh). V th cng mt mnh c nhiu chc nng khc nhau tu theo cu:Please tell me where you went.I am going to the house where you went. i t

I DANH T (Pronouns) 1. i danh t l t dng thay th cho danh t: a. Khng r ngha: V d: The boy cannot leave his father; for if he should leave him, he, would die. b. Ngha c xc nh: V d: The boy cannot leave his father; for if he should leave his father, his father, would die.2. Sau nhng ng t (nhm ng t tng biu): Tell, teach, show, give, promise, vv. ta c 2 cch t i danh t nhn xng:1. He showed me the book = He showed the book to me.2. She gave her a rose = She gave a rose to her.3. I promised him a reward = I promised a reward to him.3. Khi dng Tnh t Possessive Adjectives (tnh t s hu): V d: a. My ball-point pens are V dpensive. (Bt bi ca ti t lm). b. Your friends are honest. (Cc bn ca cu tht th)4. Khi dng Possessive pronouns (i danh t s hu): V d: 1. Your warm coat is long, mine is short. (o anh di , o ti ngn ) 2. This is your seat, that is his. (y l xe ca anh, kia l xe ca ti) 3. I have found my books, but not yours, (Ti tm thy sch ca ti, ch khng phi ca anh) 4. I met a friend of hers yesterday. (Hm qua ti gp mt ngi bn c y). V d th t ny cng l mt trng hp s hu kp (double possessive) v va dung of va dung s hu i t ging nh trng hp ni v d d.5. Cch dng c bit ca tnh t s hu:Trong Anh ng, ngi ta dung s hu tnh t trong nhng trng hp m ting Vit khng dng, nht l khi ni n nhng b phn trong thn th con ngi hay nhng vt c lin quan mt thit n thn th con ngi. V d: 1. They had their hats on their heads. 2. He had his pipe in his mouth.6. i t phn thn, v i danh t dng nhn mnh: Nhng t: myself, yourself, vv c th l Reflective pronouns (i danh t phn thn) hoc emphasizing pronouns (i danh t dng nhn mnh) tu theo cch dng trong cu. Khi no ngi ta dng nhng cch nhn mnh vo ch ng (subject) hay tn ng (object) th ta gi chng l Emphasizing pronouns. Khi no dng ch vic xy ra cho chnh ch t, th ta gi l Emphasizing pronouns. C th nh sau:+ Emphasizing pronouns (Nhn mnh vo ch ng (subject) hoc tn ng (object)): He himself met the girl. Chnh anh y gp c gi. I want to see the girl herself. Ti mun gp chnh c gi .Notes: Trong 2 v d trn y, hai t himself v itself, v ch dng nhn mnh, nn c th b i c m cu vn ng v mt ng php.+ i t phn thn ch vic xy ra cho chnh ch ng:She looks at herself in the mirror.C y nhn chnh c y trong gng.You must not overwork yourself.Anh khng c lm vic qu sc.+ Cch dng c bit ca i t phn thn:Khi no dng vi "By" ng trc, Reflective pronouns ch s c c. I was in the church by myself. Ti trong nh th mt mnh. Ging ca t GING (Gender)1. nh ngha: L hnh thc bin th ca danh t ch "tnh"- hay phn bit ging.2. Phn loi: Ging c chia thnh: 1- MASCULINE GENDER (Ging c) Mt danh t ch tn mt sinh vt ging c th thuc v Ging c Boy, man , father, son, cock, ox ... 2- FEMINE GENDER (Ging ci) Mt danh t ch tn mt sinh vt ging c i th thuc v Ging ci Girl, lady, woman , sister,nun, mother... 3- COMMON GENDER (Song thuc) Mt danh t ch tn mt sinh vt c th hoc ging c hoc ging ci th thuc v Ging chung. Police, person, friend, child, pupil, neighbour... 4- NEUTER GENDER (Trung tnh) Mt danh t ch tn mt vt v tri v gic th thuc v V thuc hay Trung tnh. Computer, table, pencil, fan ... 3. Dng thuc c phn bit vi m thuc bng my cch sau: a. Bng cch i khc phn cui ca ch - Bng cch thm ESS sau danh t ch ging c. (Khng thm yu t no khc)MasculineTranslationFeminieNgha

authorbarontc ging nam tcauthoressbaronessn tc gib nam tc

- Bng cch thm ESS sau danh t ch ging c. (b nguyn m ca vn cui cng ca danh t ging c)MasculineNghaFeminieNgha

actorconductorkch sngi dn nhcactressconductressn kch sn b dn

b. Bng cch i ch, dng hn mt ch khc People MasculineNghaFeminieNgha

bachelormonkn ng cha vng s, thy tu spinsternunn b cha chngni c, b m

AnimalsMasculineNghaFeminieNgha

boaroxln c b csowcowln ci b ci

c. Bng cch thm t: - Cho ngi: man , maid , woman, gentleman, lady, boy, girl. - Cho ngi v vt: male and female + Noun - Cho ng vt: he and she - Cho chim mung: cock; hen (eacock and peahen) V d: MasculineNghaFeminieNgha

man-worker man-teachernam cng nhnthy giowoman-workerwoman-teachern cng nhnb gio

4. Nhn Cch Ho (personalized): a- Mt danh t c nhn cch ho nn vit ch hoa u cu. V d: War leaves his victim on the battlefield. b- Danh t nhn cch ho c coi l ging c hay ging ci tu theo nhng qui tc sau dy: Notes (Ghi ch): + Nhng danh t: Ni v sc mnh , s c lit , siu phm c coi l ging c Death Sun War Wind Ocean Vocanoe

V d: War leaves his vietims on the battlefield. + Nhng danh t: Ni v tnh cm c tnh cch hin ho, du dng trm lng, c coi l ging ciMoon Spring Charity VirtueHope Earth Peace Liberty

+ Tn cc quc gia c coi l ging ci. V d: Vietnam is proud of her people + Trong cc cu truyn, nhng con th vt ln c coi l ging c. Nhng con vt nh v cn trng c coi l khng ging no " v thuc " hoc ging ci nh: a cat (con mo) , a mouse (con chut). 5. Ngi ta thng dng "she" thay th cho mt con tu, con thuyn, v i khi cho mt s my mc. V d: After the ship had been built, she as checked carefully. ng t

NG T(Verbs)1. nh ngha: ng t l dng din t mt hnh ng, vn ng, hot ng ca mt ngi, mt vt no .2. Phn loi:1. Ni ng t l nhng ng t khng cn tn ng i sau.V d: go, come, happen, fall, cry, etc2. Ngoi ng t l ng t phi c tn ng trc tip mi c th ngha.V d: sell, catch, give, hit etc...3. Tr ng t l ng t gip bin th mt ng t chnh.V d: have, has, do, does, did, shall, should, will, would, can, be, etc4. Cch, trng thi, th, ngi v s l nhng tnh cht ca ng t m chng ta cn phi bit bin th ng t cho ng V d: I often go to the theatre. He often goes to the theatre.5. Cch ch ng l cch t cu m ch t ng vai ch ng hay tc ng. V d: John killed a snake.6. Cch th ng l cch t cu m ch t ng vai th ng hay b ng.V d: A snake was killed by John.7. Thi nghi vn - Dng hi trc tip mt s kin.V d: Are you going to school?8. Mnh thi dng biu th mt mnh lnh hay mt yu cu.V d: Close the window at once! Give me your pen.9. Bng thi dung biu th s chc tng, c ao, mc ch, hay gi thit.V d: Long live Vietnam! I wish I were a bird.10. ng t phi ho hp vi ch ng v ngi v s. V d: I am happy now He is happy here. The boy runs in the morning. 11. Nhng ng t lp thnh thi qu kh v qu kh phn t bng cch them ED hoc D vo sau ng t gc (gi l ng t c Quy tc) V d: I work - worked I live - lived I visit - visitedCh : Nu tn cng bng Y v c mt ph m i trc Y thi phi i Y thnh I ri mi thm ED V d: I study - studiedNhng: He plays - played Nu mt Verb c mt hay nhiu vn m khi c nhn mnh vo cui, v tn cng bng mt ph m v i trc ph m c mt nguyn m (Cng thc 1-1-1), th hy gp i ph m ri mi thm ED V d: Fit Fitted Stop - stopped Drop DroppedNhng: visit Visited V visit khi c, nhn mnh vo vn th nht12. Ngoi ra ng php ting Anh cn quy nh mt loi ng t "bt qui tc", ngi hc phi hc thuc lng ba (3) th ng t: Gc, Qu kh v Qu kh phn t (PII). C th tra Bng ng t bt qui tc sau:IRREGULAR VEBS(Bng ng t bt quy tc)abideabode/abidedabode / abidedlu tr, lu li

arisearosearisenpht sinh

awakeawokeawokennh thc, thc

bewas/werebeenth, l, b.

bearborebornemang, chu dng

becomebecamebecometr nn

befallbefellbefallenxy n

beginbeganbegunbt u

beholdbeheldbeheldngm nhn

bendbentbentb cong

besetbesetbesetbao quanh

bespeakbespokebespokenchng t

bidbidbidtr gi

bindboundboundbuc, tri

bleedbledbledchy mu

blowblewblownthi

breakbrokebrokenp v

breedbredbrednui, dy d

bringbroughtbroughtmang n

broadcastbroadcastbroadcastpht thanh

buildbuiltbuiltxy dng

burnburnt/burnedburnt/burnedt, chy

buyboughtboughtmua

castcastcastnm, tung

catchcaughtcaughtbt, chp

chidechid/ chidedchid/ chidden/ chidedmng chi

choosechosechosenchn, la

cleaveclove/cleft/cleavedcloven/cleft/cleavedch, tch hai

cleaveclavecleaveddnh cht

comecamecomen, i n

costcostcostc gi l

crowcrew/crewedcrowedgy (g)

cutcutcutct, cht

dealdealtdealtgiao thip

digdugdugdo

divedove/ diveddivedln; lao xung

drewdrewdrawnv; ko

dreamdreamt/ dreameddreamt/ dreamedm thy

drinkdrankdrunkung

drivedrovedrivenli xe

dwelldweltdwelttr ng,

eatateeatenn

fallfellfallenng; ri

feedfedfedcho n; n; nui;

feelfeltfeltcm thy

fightfoughtfoughtchin u

findfoundfoundtm thy; thy

fleefledfledchy trn

flingflungflungtung; quang

flyflewflownbay

forbearforboreforbornenhn

forbidforbade/forbadforbiddencm on; cm

forecastforecast/ forecastedforecast/ forecastedtin on

foreseeforesawforseenthy trc

foretellforetoldforetoldon trc

forgetforgotforgottenqun

forgiveforgaveforgiventha th

forsakeforsookforsakenrung b

freezefrozefrozen(lm) ng li

getgotgot/gottenc c

gildgilt/gildedgilt/gildedm vng

girdgirt/ girdedgirt/ girdedeo vo

givegavegivencho

gowentgonei

grindgroundgroundnghin; xay

growgrewgrownmc; trng

hanghunghungmc ln; treo ln

hearheardheardnghe

heavehove/ heavedhove/ heavedtrc ln

hidehidhiddengiu; trn; np

hithithitng

hurthurthurtlm au

inlayinlaidinlaidcn; khm

inputinputinputa vo (my in ton)

insetinsetinsetdt; ghp

keepkeptkeptgi

kneelknelt/ kneeledknelt/ kneeledqu

knitknit/ knittedknit/ knittedan

knowknewknownbit; quen bit

laylaidlaidt;

leadledleddn dt; lnh o

leapleaptleaptnhy; nhy qua

learnlearnt/ learnedlearnt/ learnedhc; c bit

leaveleftleftra i; li

lendlentlentcho mn (vay)

letletletcho php; cho

lielaylainnm

lightlit/ lightedlit/lightedthp sng

loselostlostlm mt; mt

makemademadech to; sn xut

meanmeantmeantc ngha l

meetmetmetgp mt

mislaymislaidmislaid lc mt

misreadmisreadmisreadc sai

misspellmisspeltmisspeltvit sai chnh t

mistakemistookmistakenphm li, lm ln

misunderstandmisunderstoodmisunderstoodhiu lm

mowmowedmown/ mowedct c

outbidoutbidoutbidtr hn gi

outdooutdidoutdonelm gii hn

outgrowoutgrewoutgrownln nhanh hn

outputoutputoutputcho ra (d kin)

outrunoutranoutrunchy nhanh hn; vt qu

outselloutsoldoutsoldbn nhanh hn

overcomeovercameovercomekhc phc

overeatoverateovereatenn qu nhiu

overflyoverflewoverflownbay qua

overhangoverhungoverhungnh ln trn, treo l lng

overhearoverheardoverheardnghe trm

overlayoverlaidoverlaidph ln

overpayoverpaidoverpaidtr qu tin

overrunoverranoverruntrn ngp

overseeoversawoverseentrng nom

overshootovershotovershoti qu ch

oversleepoversleptoversleptng qun

overtakeovertookovertakenui bt kp

overthrowoverthrewoverthrownlt

paypaidpaidtr (tin)

proveprovedproven/provedchng minh(t)

putputputt;

readreadreadc

rebuildrebuiltrebuiltxy dng li

redoredidredonelm li

remakeremaderemadelm li; ch to li

rendrentrenttoc ra; x

repayrepaidrepaidhon tin li

resellretoldretoldbn li

retakeretookretakenchim li; ti chim

rewriterewroterewrittenvit li

ridridridgii thot

rideroderiddenci

ringrangrungrung chung

riseroserisenng dy; mc

runranrunchy

sawsawedsawnca

saysaidsaidni

seesawseennhn thy

seeksoughtsoughttm kim

sellsoldsoldbn

sendsentsentgi

sewsewedsewn/sewedmay

shakeshookshakenlay; lc

shearshearedshornxn lng cu

shedshedshedri; rng

shineshoneshonechiu sng

shootshotshotbn

showshowedshown/ showedcho xem

shrinkshrankshrunkco rt

shutshutshutng li

singsangsungca ht

sinksanksunkchm; ln

sitsatsatngi

slayslewslainst hi; git hi

sleepsleptsleptng

slideslidslidtrt; lt

slingslungslungnm mnh

slinkslunkslunkln i

smellsmeltsmeltngi

smitesmotesmittenp mnh

sowsowedsown/ sewedgieo; ri

speakspokespokenni

speedsped/ speededsped/ speededchy vt

spellspelt/ spelledspelt/ spellednh vn

spendspentspenttiu si

spillspilt/ spilledspilt/ spilledtrn ra

spinspun/ spanspunquay si

spitspatspatkhc nh

spoilspoilt/spoiledspoilt/spoiledlm hng

spreadspreadspreadlan truyn

springsprangsprungnhy

standstoodstoodng

stavestove/stavedstove/stavedm thng

stealstolestolennh cp

stickstuckstuckghim vo; nh

stingstungstungchm ; chch; t

stinkstunk/ stankstunkbc mui hi

strewstrewedstrewn/ strewedrc , ri

stridestrodestriddenbc si

strikestruckstrucknh p

stringstrungstrunggn dy vo

strivestrovestrivenc sc

swearsworesworntuyn th

sweepsweptsweptqut

swellswelledswollen/ swelledphng ; sng

swimswamswumbi; li

swingswungswungong a

taketooktakencm ; ly

teachtaughttaughtdy ; ging dy

teartoretornx; rch

telltoldtoldk ; bo

thinkthoughtthoughtsuy ngh

throwthrewthrownnm ; ling

thrustthrustthrustthc ;nhn

treadtrodtrodden/ trodgim ; p

unbendunbentunbentlm thng li

undercutundercutundercutra gi r hn

undergounderwentundergonekinh qua

underlieunderlayunderlainnm di

underpayundercutundercuttr lng thp

undersellundersoldundersoldbn r hn

understandunderstoodunderstoodhiu

undertakeundertookundertakenm nhn

underwriteunderwroteunderwrittenbo him

undoundidundonetho ra

unfreezeunfrozeunfrozenlm tan ng

unwindunwoundunwoundtho ra

upholdupheldupheldng h

upsetupsetupsetnh ; lt

wakewoke/ wakedwoken/ wakedthc gic

waylaywaylaidwaylaidmai phc

wearworewornmc

weavewove/ weavedwoven/ weaveddt

wedwed/ weddedwed/ weddedkt hn

weepweptweptkhc

wetwet / wettedwet / wettedlm t

winwonwonthng ; chin thng

windwoundwoundqun

withdrawwithdrewwithdrawnrt lui

withholdwithheldwithheldt khc

withstandwithstoodwithstoodcm c

workwrought / workedwrought / workedrn (st)

wringwrungwrungvn ; sit cht

writewrotewrittenvit

Php tnh lc

TNH LC(Astractions) Trong cc hi thoi thng ngy, cc tr ng t thng c tnh lc. Nhng trong vn vit, vic dung tnh lc nn c hn ch. Di y l cc th th lc chnh trong ting Anh.1. Pronoun + Auxiliary or Defective/Modal Verbs (i danh t + tr ng t) I've = I have

We've= we have

You've= you have

I'd = I had , I would

He'd= he had, he would

I'm= I am

He's = he is , he has

We're= we are

You're

It's= it is

'twas= it was

That's = that is

There's= there is

I'll= I will, shall

'twill= it will

Let's= let us

2. Auxiliary or Defective + Negative (Tr ng t + Not)To be :Isn't = is not

Wasn't = was not

Weren't = were not

To have :Haven't= have not

Hasn't = has not

To do : Don't= do not

Doesn't= does not

Didn't = did not

Can: Can't= can not

Couldn't= could not

Will:Won't= will not

Wouldn't= would not

Shall : Shan't= shan not

Shouldn't= should not

Must:Mustn't = must not

2. Cch dch cu "PHI KHNG"/ Cu hi ui (Tag Questions) Vi Cu hi "phi khng" ta phi nh cc lut sau y: 1/ Th tnh lc thng dc dung cho cu hi "phi khng? - hi ui". V d: You love me, don't you? You don't love me, do you? 2/ Nu phn th nht (chnh) l th ph nh , cu hi s l khng nh. V d: John doesn't learn English, does he? 3/ Nu phn th nht (chnh) l th khng nh cu hi s l ph nh. V d: John learns English, doesn't he? 4/ Nu ch t ca ng t phn th nht (chnh) l danh t , ta phi dng i t danh t thay n cu hi. V d: John learns English, doesn't he? Hoa met her last night, didn't she? LIN T(Conjunctions)1. nh ngha: Lin t l t dng ni cc t loi, cm t hay mnh .2. Phn loi: Lin t c chia lm hai loi chnh: a. ng lp (song song): Dng loi lin t ny ni nhng cc t loi hoc cm t/ nhm t cng mt loi, hoc nhng mnh ngang hng nhau (tnh t vi tnh t, danh t vi danh t ...):V d: He and I are students.She is beautiful and kind.They are learning to read and write. b. Lin t ph thuc: Loi lin t ph thuc ni kt cc nhm t, cm t hoc mnh c chc nng khc nhau - mnh ph vi mnh chnh trong cu.3. Nhng lin t ng lp (song song): Nhng lin t ng lp gm:AND V d: She is a good and loyal wife. I have many books and notebooks. BOTH ... AND V d: She is both good and loyal. They learn both English and French.AS WELL AS V d: He has experience as well as knownledge. NO LESS THAN V d: You no less than he are very rich. NOT ONLY ... BUT (ALSO) V d: He learns not only English but but (also) Chinese. I like playing not only tennis but (also) football.OR V d: Hurry up, or you will be late. EITHER...OR V d: He isn't either good or kind. I don't have either books or notebooks. NEITHER ... NOR V d: He drinks neither wine nor beer. She has neither husband nor children.BUT V d: He is intelligent but very lazy. She is ugly but hard-working. THEN V d: You have eaten nothing; then you must be very hungry. The plant looks very faded; then it hasn't been watered for long.CONSEQUENTLY V d: You didn't work hard for this term; consequently, he failed the exam. HOWEVER V d: He is a very lazy student; however, he can pass all the exams easily. It was raining very hard; however, we went out without umbrellar. NEVERTHELESS V d: She studies very hard; nevertheless, she always gets bad marks. STILL, YET V d: I speak to you peaceably; still/yet you will not listen. She says she does not love me, yet, I still love her.OR, ELSE, OTHERWISE V d: We have to work hard, or/else/otherwise we will fail the exam. ONLY V d: Go where you like; only do not stay here.THEREFORE V d: He violated the traffic signs, therefore he was punished.4. Nhng lin t ph thuc (chnh ph): Nhng lin t ph thuc: FOR V d: He will surely succeed, for (because) he works hard. WHEREAS V d: He learns hard whereas his friends don't. Wise men love truth whereas fools avoid it.WHILE V d: Don't sing while you work. Don't talk while you eat. BESIDES, MOREOVER V d: We have to study hard at school; besides, we must pay attention to physical exercise. He stole two watches; moreover, he broke the window.SO V d: He is a good teacher; so, he is very popular with students. It rained very hard; so, we didn't go out that night. HENCE V d: I had not money about me; hence I did not buy the book. He came late; hence, he missed the first part of the lesson.- Lin t ni mnh (nh trng ng): a. Thi gian (Time): AFTER V d: A man shoud take a little rest, after he has worked hard. The ship was checked carefully after she had been built. AS V d: He came her, as the clock struck six. They left as the bell rang..AS SOON AS V d: I will phone you as soon as I come home. They will get married as soon as they finish university.BEFORE V d: Don't count your chickens before they are hatchd. He talks as if he were very wise.. V d: He has been very weak, since he was taken sick.AS LONG AS V d: No one can harm us, as long as we remain friends. I will lend you some money as long as you promise to pay me back.UNTIL V d: People do not know the value of health until they lose it.WHEN V d: When you visit this country, you should bring thick winter clothes. WHILE V d: Make hay while the sun shines. Step while you dance. b. Ni chn (Places): WHERE V d: The bed room is the best place where I do my homework. WHEREVER V d: His mother follows him wherever he goes. I will go wherever to find a suitable job for me. c. Th cch (Manner): AS V d: Do as I told you to do. AS IF V d: He talks as if he knew everything about her. He dances as if he were a professional dancer. d. So snh (Comparisons): AS V d: He is as tall as his brither. This bag is as expensive as that one.THAN V d: She is more beautiful than her sister. She looks fatter than his friend. e. L do (Reasons): AS V d: As it rained very hard, we stopped they games. BECAUSE V d: We could not pass the test because we didn't learn hard. I didn't meet her because she had left earlier.SINCE V d: I must go since she has telephoned three times. f. Mc ch (Purposes): THAT V d: I work hard that I may succeed in life.SO THAT V d: We went very early so that we could catch the last bus.IN ORDER THAT V d: We learn French in order to study in France. g. iu kin (Conditions) : IF V d: I will phone him if I have his phone number. UNLESS (IF NOT) V d: You will be late unless you set off now. Unless you work hard, you will not pass the eams. PROVIDED THAT V d: I will pardon him provided that he acknowledge his fault. You can enter the room provided that you have the ticket.. IN CASE V d: You should take an umbrella in case it rains. Please take a map with you in case (that) you may get lost. h. S tng phn, tri ngc: ALTHOUGH, THOUGH, EVEN THOUGH V d: Though/even though /although it rained hard, I went out with her. AS V d: Rich as he is, his isn't ever happy. EVEN IF V d: Even if my watch is right, we will be too late. NOT WITH STANDING THAT V d: He is poor not with standing that he works very hard.CU B NG (Passive Voice)1. B /Th ng cch l cch t cu trong ch ng ng vai b ng. V d: 1. Chinese is learnt at school by her. 2. A book was bought by her.Ch : iu kin c th chuyn cu ch ng sang b ng: Th 1: Cu ch ng phi xc lp c c tn ng. (object) Th 2: Cu ch ng phi c Ngoi ng t. (transitive verbs)

2. Qui tc Cu b ng.a. ng t ca cu b ng: To be + Past Participle (Pii).b. Tn ng ca cu ch ng thnh ch ng ca cu b ngc. Ch ng ca cu ch ng thnh ch ng ca gii t "BY" Active : Subject - Transitive Verb ObjectPassive : Subject - Be+ Past Participle - BY + ObjectV d: The farmer dinks tea everyday. (Active) Tea is drunk by the farmer everyday. (Passive)3. Khi mt ngoi ng t ch ng c hai tn ng, mt trc tip v mt gin tip (nhm tng biu), c th chuyn thnh hai cu b ng.V d: I gave him an apple. An apple was given to him. He was given an apple by me.4. Mt s cu c bit phi dch l "Ngi ta" khi dch sang ting Vit.V d: It is said that = people say that ; (Ngi ta ni rng) It was said that = people said that. (Ngi ta ni rng) Mt s ng t c dng nh trn: believe, say, suggest, expect, ... 5. Ta dng ng t nguyn th trong th b ng: TO BE + PAST PARTICIPLE ch mt nh hay s bt buc hoc s khng th c.V d: This exercise is to be done. This matter is to be discussed soon.6. Sau nhng ng t: to have, to order, to get, to bid, to cause hay mt ng t ch v gic quan hoc cm tnh, ta dng Past Participle (Tham kho phn Bng ng t bt quy tc) bao hm ngha nh b ng:V d: We had your photos taken. We heard the song sung. We got tired after having walked for long. 7. Bng chia Ch ng sang B ng:Simple presentdodone

Present continuous is/are doingis/are being done

Simple Past didwas/were done

Past continuouswas/were doingwas/were being done

Present Perfecthas/have donehas/have been done

Past perfect had donehad been done

Simple futurewill dowill be done

Future perfectwill have donewill have been done

is/are going to is/are going to dois/are going to be done

Can can, could docan, could be done

Mightmight domight be done

Must must domust be done

Have tohave tohave to be done

8. Mt s Trng hp c bit khc:a. Mt s ng t c bit: remember; want; try; like, hate ... V d: I remember them taking me to the zoo. (active) I remember being taken to the zoo.(passive) V d: She wants her sister to take some photogtaphs.(actiove) She wants some photographs to be taken by her sister. (passive) V d: She likes her boyfriend telling the truth. (actiove) She likes being told the truth. (passive)9. Mt s Trng hp c bit nguyn mu c TO: Suppose; see; make; V d: You are supposed to learn English now. (passive) = It is your duty to learn English now. (active) = You should learn English now. (active)V d: His father makes him learn hard. (active) He is made to learn hard. (passive)V d: You should be working now.(active) You are supposed to be working now.(passive)V d: People believed that he was waiting for his friend (active). He was believed to have been waiting for his friend.(passive)CU IU KIN(Conditionals)I- My lu v cu iu kin: Cu iu kin gm c hai phn: Mt phn nu ln iu kin v mt phn cn li nu ln kt qu hay c gi l mnh ch iu kin v mnh ch kt qu. V d: If it rain, I will stay at home. You will pass the exam if you work hard. Hai mnh trong cu iu kin c th i ch c cho nhau V d: You will pass the exam if you work hard.II- Cc loi cu iu kin: Type 1: iu kin c th xy ra hin ti hoc tng lai. V d: If I have enough money, I will buy a new car. (Simple present + simple Future)Type 2: iu kin khng th xy ra hin ti hoc tng lai -c mun hin ti. (Nhng thc t khng th xy ra c). V d: If I had millions of US dollars now, I would give you a half. ( I have some money only now) If I were the president, I would build more hospitals. (Simple present + future Future (would))Ch : cu iu kin loi 2 (Type 2), trong v "IF", to be ca cc ngi chia ging nhau v l t "were", ch khng phi "was". Type 3: iu kin khng th xy ra trong qu kh - mang tnh c mun trong qu kh. (nhng thc t khng th xy ra c). V d: If they had had enough money, they would have bought that villa. [Past Perfect + Perfect Conditional] If we had found him earlier, we might/could saved his life. Type 4: Cu iu kin Hn hp:Trong ting Anh c nhiu cch khc nhau c dng din t iu kin trong mnh ch iu kin vi "If". Ngoi 3 loi chnh nu trn, mt s loi sau cng c s dng trong giao tip v ngn ng vit:1- Type 3 + Type 2:V d: If he worked harder at school, he would be a student now. (He is not a student now) If I had taken his advice, I would be rich now.Cu iu kin dng o.- Trong ting Anh cu iu kin loi 2/3, Type 2 v Type 3 thng c dng dng o. V d: Were I the president, I would build more hospitals. Had I taken his advice, I would be rich now. If not = Unless.- Unless cng thng c dng trong cu iu kin - lc Unless = If not. V d: Unless we start at once, we will be late. If we don't start at once we will be late. Unless you study hard, you won't pass the exams. If you don't study hard, you won't pass the exams. CCH(Voices)Gm: Ch ng (Active Voice) v B ng (Passive Voice).1. Ch ng: L cch t cu trong Ch ng ng vai ch ng/ch th.V d: 1. She learns Chinese at school. 2. She bought a book.2. B /Th ng cch l cch t cu trong ch t ng vai b ng V d: 1. Chinese is learnt at school by her. 2. A book was bought by her.Ch : iu kin c th chuyn cu ch ng sang b ng: Th 1: Cu ch ng phi xc lp c c tn ng. (object) Th 2: Cu ch ng phi c Ngoi ng t. (transitive verbs)

3. Qui tc B ng cch:a. ng t ca cu b ng cch: To be + Past Participle.b. Tn ng ca cu ch ng thnh ch t ca cu b ngc. Ch t ca cu ch ng thnh ch t ca gii t BY Active : Subject - Transitive Verb ObjectPassive : Subject - Be+ Past Participle - BY + ObjectV d: The farmer dinks tea everyday. (Active) Tea is drunk by the farmer everyday. (Passive)4. Khi mt ngoi ng t ch ng c hai tn ng, mt trc tip v mt gin tip (nhm tng biu), c th chuyn thnh hai cu b ng.V d: I gave him an apple. An apple was given to him. He was given an apple by me.5. Mt s cu c bit phi dch l "Ngi ta" khi dch sang ting Vit.V d: It is said that = people say that ; (Ngi ta ni rng) It was said that = people said that. (Ngi ta ni rng) Mt s ng t c dng nh trn: believe, say, suggest, expect, ... 6. Ta dng ng t nguyn th trong th b ng: TO BE + PAST PARTICIPLE ch mt nh hay s bt buc hoc s khng th c.V d: This exercise is to be done. This matter is to be discussed soon.7. Sau nhng ng t: to have, to order, to get, to bid, to cause hay mt ng t ch v gic quan hoc cm tnh, ta dng Past Participle (Tham kho phn Bng ng t bt quy tc) bao hm ngha nh b ng:V d: We had your photos taken. We heard the song sung. We got tired after having walked for long. 8. Bng chia Ch ng sang B ng:Simple presentdodone

Present continuous is/are doingis/are being done

Simple Past didwas/were done

Past continuouswas/were doingwas/were being done

Present Perfecthas/have donehas/have been done

Past perfect had donehad been done

Simple futurewill dowill be done

Future perfectwill have donewill have been done

is/are going to is/are going to dois/are going to be done

Can can, could docan, could be done

Mightmight domight be done

Must must domust be done

Have tohave tohave to be done

9. Mt s Trng hp c bit khc:a. Mt s ng t c bit: remember; want; try; like, hate ... V d: I remember them taking me to the zoo. (active) I remember being taken to the zoo.(passive) V d: She wants her sister to take some photogtaphs.(actiove) She wants some photographs to be taken by her sister. (passive) V d: She likes her boyfriend telling the truth. (actiove) She likes being told the truth. (passive)10. Mt s Trng hp c bit nguyn mu c TO: Suppose; see; make; V d: You are supposed to learn English now. (passive) = It is your duty to learn English now. (active) = You should learn English now. (active)V d: His father makes him learn hard. (active) He is made to learn hard. (passive)V d: You should be working now.(active) You are supposed to be working now.(passive)V d: People believed that he was waiting for his friend (active). He was believed to have been waiting for his friend.(passive)THN T (Interjections)1. nh ngha : Thn t l mt m thanh pht ra hay ting ku xen vo mt cu biu l mt cm xc ng hay mt biu l mnh m no v c th hin trong vn vit bng du cm thn hoc du hi.2. Mt s thnh t thng gp: Ch s phn khi : hurrah, cheer up Ch s khing b : bah, pshaw, pood, tut, for shame Ch s nghi ng : hum. Gi ai ; hi han : hello, hey, well Ch s bc mnh : hang, confound Ch s sung sng : o, oh, aha, why, ah, Ch s au n : ouch, alasV d: Nonsense! The snow will not hurt you. Well, you may be right. Mt s thn t hoc cm t thng thng nhng li c s dng nh thn t v chng c pht ra km theo cm xc nh:Shame!Xu h qu i mt!

Bravo!Tht l tuyt!

Good!Gii qu!

Silence!Im i!

Oh dear!Tri i! Em/anh yu!

Damn!M kip n!

Farewell!Chc em/anh ln ng mnh gii nh!

Bad!Ti th!

LI NI TRC V GIN TIP(Dicrect and Indirect Speeches) 1. Gii thiu: Trong li ni trc tip, chng ta ghi li chnh xc nhng t, ng ca ngi ni dng. Li ni trc tip thng c th hin bi: cc du ngoc kp " " - tc l li ni c t trong du ngoc. V d: 1- He said, I learn English. 2- "I love you," she said.2. Nhng thay i trong li ni Trc v Gin tip: 2.1 i th ca cu: Th ca cc ng t trong li ni gin tip thay i theo mt nguyn tc chung l li v qu kh (cc th xung cp):Th trong Li ni trc tipTh trong Li ni gin tip

- Hin ti n- Hin ti tip din- Hin ti hon thnh- Hin ti hon thnh TD- Qu kh n- Qu kh hon thnh- Tng lai n- Tng lai TD- Is/am/are going to do- Can/may/must do - Qu kh n- Qu kh tip din- Qu kh hon thnh- Qu kh hon thnh TD- Qu kh hon thnh- Qu kh hon thnh (khng i)- Tng lai trong qu kh- Tng lai TD trong qu kh - Was/were going to do- Could/might/had to do

Hy xem nhng v d sau y:He doesHe is doingHe has done He has been doingHe didHe was doingHe had doneHe will doHe will be doingHe will have doneHe may doHe may be doingHe can doHe can have doneHe must do/have to doHe didHe was doingHe has doneHe had been doingHe had doneHe had been doingHe had doneHe would doHe would be doingHe would have doneHe might do He might be doingHe could doHe could have doneHe had to do

2.2 Cc thay i khc:a. Thay i i t Cc i t nhn xng v i s hu khi chuyn t li nitr c tip sang li ni gin tip thay i nh bng sau:I TCHC NNGTRC TIPGIN TIP

i tnhn xngCh ngIhe, she

wethey

youthey

Tn ngmehim, her

usthem

youthem

i ts huPhm nhmyhis, her

ourtheir

yourtheir

nh danhminehis, her

ourstheirs

yourstheirs

Ngoi quy tc chung v cc thay i i t c nu trn y, ngi hc cn ch n cc thay i khc lin quan n v tr tng i ca ngi ng vai tr thut li trong cc v d sau y:V d: Jane, "Tom, you should listen to me."+ Jane t thut li li ca mnh: I told Tom that he should listen to me.+ Ngi khc thut li li ni ca Jane Jane told Tom that he should listen to her+ Ngi khc thut li cho Tom nghe: Jane told you that he should listen to her.+ Tom thut li li ni ca Jane Jane told me that I should listen to her.b. Cc thay i trng t khng gian v thi gian:Trc tipGin tip

ThisThat TheseHereNowTodayAgoTomorrowThe day after tomorrowYesterdayThe day before yesterdayNext weekLast weekLast yearThatThatThoseThereThenThat dayBeforeThe next day / the following dayIn two days time / two days afterThe day before / the previous dayTwo day beforeThe following weekThe previous week / the week beforeThe previous year / the year before

V d: Trc tip: "I saw the school-boy here in this room today."Gin tip: She said that she had seen the school-boy there in that room that day.Trc tip: "I will read these letters now."Gin tip: She said that she would read those letters then. Ngoi quy tc chung trn dy, ngi hc cn ch rng tnh hung tht v thi gian khi hnh ng c thut li ng vai tr rt quan trng trong khi chuyn t li ni trc tip sang li ni gin tip.3. Cu hi trong li ni gin tip: Cu hi trong li ni gin tip c chia lm loi:3.1. Cu hi bt u vi cc tr ng t: Ta thm If/whetherV d: Trc tip: "Does John understand music?" he asked.Gin tip: He asked if/whether John understood music.3.2. Cu hi bt u who, whom, what, which, where, when, why, how: Cc t hi trn s c gi nguyn trong cu gin tip:Trc tip: "What is your name?" he asked.Gin tip: He asked me what my name was.3.3. Cc dng c bit ca cu hi trong li ni gin tipa. Shall/ would dng din t nghi, li mi:V d: Trc tip: "Shall I bring you some tea?" he asked.Gin tip: He offered to bring me some tea.Trc tip: "Shall we meet at the theatre?" he asked.Gin tip: He suggested meeting at the theatre.b. Will/would dng din t s yu cu:V d: Trc tip: Will you help me, please?Gin tip: He ashed me to help him.Trc tip: Will you lend me your dictionary?Gin tip: He asked me to lend him my dictionary.c. Cu mnh lnh v cu yu cu trong li ni gin tip.V d: Trc tip: Go away!Gin tip: He told me/The boys to go away.Trc tip: Listen to me, please.Gin tip: He asked me to listen to him.d. Cu cm thn trong li ni gin tip.V d: Trc tip: What a lovely dress!Tu theo xc cm v hnh thc din t, chng ta c th dng nhiu hnh thc khc nhau nh sau:Gin tip: She exclaimed that the dress was lovely. She exclaimed that the dress was a lovely once. She exclaimed with admiration at the sight of the dress. e. Cc hnh thc hn hp trong li ni gin tip.Li ni trc tip c th bao gm nhiu hnh thc hn hp: cu khng nh, cu hi, cu mnh lnh, cu cm thn:V d: Trc tip: She said, "can you play the piano? and I saidnoGin tip: She asked me if could play the piano and I said that I could not. PHRASES(Cm t)1. nh ngha: Cm t l mt nhm t kt hp vi nhau to thnh ngha nhng khng y . V d: The sun rises in the east.People in the world love peace.Trong cc v d trn y, cm t l nhng nhm t c in m:2. Cc loi cm t:Da trn cu trc, cm t c phn thnh my loi sau y:a. Cm danh tb. Cm danh ng t c. Cm ng t nguyn mud. Cm gii te. Cm phn t f. Cm tnh ta. Cm danh tCm danh t l mt nhm t bt u bng mt danh t v c chc nng ng cch. Cm danh t ny thng i ngay trc hoc ngay sau danh t n biu t.V d: A victim of the war, he hated the sight of soldiers.b. Cm danh ng t - nh ngha: Cm danh ng t l mt nhm t bt du bng mt danh ng t (ng t tn cng bng ui ing). Nhm t ny c gi l cm danh ng t v n c s dng nh mt danh t (c chc nng nh ch ng hoc tn ng):V d: A famer hates spending money. (Cm danh ng t lm tn ng cho hates) Chng ta cn ch cm phn t cng bt u bi mt ng t tn cng bng - ing nhng lm chc nng ca mt tnh t.- Cch dng ca cm danh tCm danh ng t c chc nng ca mt danh t. Cm t ny c chc nng: + Lm ch ng ca ng tV d: Hunting tigers was a favourite sport in many countries.+ Lm tn ng cho ng tV d: Children love reading fairy tales.+ Lm b ng cho nh tV d: The most interesting part of our trip was watching the sun setting.+ Lm tn ng cho gii tV d: Many people relax by listening to music.- Danh ng t v cc i t s huCc i t s hu (my, your, his, her.) c th dung trc danh ng t:He dislikes my working late.Chng ta c th dung danh t ( nhng khng nn dung danh t dng s hu cch) trc danhdoongj t.They are looking forward to Mary coming.- Cc ng t theo sau bi danh ng t+ Nhng ng t sau y c th theo sau bi danh ng t:admitavoi considerdelaydislayV dcuseforgivelikepreventrememberAnticipateBeginDeferDenyEnjoyFinishLovePostponeStopsuggest

- Tt c cc ng t c gii t theo sau v vi ng t khc:Care for leave offInsist on put offKeep on take togive up go on- Cc t nh thng dng sau y (phn ln tn cng bng gii t):Be ashamed ofBe aftaid ofBe busy Be capableBe fed up withBe fond ofBe good atBe scared ofIts no useBe sorry forBe tired ofBe worthBe used toCant standCant helpLook forward toHave an objection to

c. Cm ng t nguyn mu+ nh ngh: Cm nh t nguyn mu l mmt nhm t bt u bng mt ng t nguyn mu c to (to go, to work)Our duty is to sever our country.+ Cch dng: Cm t nguyn mu c th:- Lm ch t ca ng t To get money is their ambition.- Lm tn ng ca ng t The Prime Minister didnt want to tell the truth.Tn ng ny c th i trc bng what, when, how.. I dont know what to say.- Lm b ng cho ng t His job was to teach handicapped children.Tuy nhin, b ng ca ng t cng c th l mt ng t nguyn mu khng c to khi ch t ca cu c all, only, best, most, what + mnh i trc: All I wanted to do was go home. - Lm trng t vi cc chc nng sau y: Trng t ch mc ch Sally went to the seaside to enjoy fresh air. Lm trng t ch nguyn nhn They wept to see the desolation caused by the flood. Lm trng t ch kt qu The firemen attempted to rescue the trapped child, only to be driven back by the fire.- Lm tnh ng They have a lot of food to eat in the winter. = a lot of food that they can eatTng t, chng ta c th ni: A book to readA man to talk toNothing to fearSomething to talk aboutA pen to write withA table to write onA tool to open it withA case to keep my records in

+ Nhng t v cm t dng vi ng t nguyn mu- Too + tnh t + ng t nguyn mu You are too young to understand.For + i t c th dung trc ng t nguyn mu: The coffee is too hot for me to drink.Cu trc trn c th chuyn sang dng so + tnh t + that The coffee is too hot that I cant drink it.Chng ta cng c th dng trng t trong cu trc trn He spoke too quickly for me to understand.- So + tnh t + as + ng t nguyn mu He was so stupid as to park his car in the no-parking area.- Tnh t + enough +ng t nguyn mu Mary is old enough to travel by herself.- It is + tnh t + of you(him, her) + ng t nguyn muKhi dch nn bt u t you + ng t nguyn mu trc It is so nice of you to help me.- But + ng t nguyn mu She had no choice but to obey.Sau but chng ta cng c th dng ng t nguyn mu khng to They did nothing but dance and sing.- Mt s tnh t sau y thng c theo sau bi ng t nguyn mu: Tnh t din t tnh cm Mt s tnh t khc - Sau cc tnh t ch s th t nh: first, the second, the last, the only thay cho mnh tnh ng- Ch t ca cm ng t nguyn mu Cu c tn ng ch v ngi Cu khng c tn ng ch v ngi+ Phn loiC 3 loi cm ng t nguyn mu- Cm ng t nguyn mu n- Cm ng t nguyn mu tip din: to be + hin ti phn t- Cm ng t nguyn mu hon thnh: to have + qu kh phn td. Cm gii ta. nh ngha: Cm gii t l mt nhm t bt u bng mt gii t v thnh c theo sau bi mt danh t hoc i t:Into the house on the tableAfter them in the street Cm gii t thng khng th ng mt mnh, tr khi lm u v trong cc tnh hung i thoi m cc thnh phn khc( ch t, ng t..) ca cu c hiu ngm. Cm gii t thng c xem l thnh phn cu cu v c dung nh tnh t v trng t. Tnh t: b ngha cho danh t v i tCm gii t c dng nh{ Trng t : b ngha cho cc t loi khcb. Cm gii c dng nh tnh t Khi c dng nh tnh t, cm gii t c chc nng nh tnh t: b ngha cho danh t v i t.Chng ta hy so snh:a) The rose is a very beautiful flower.b) The rose is a flower of great beautiful.Trong cu (b), chng ta dung cm gii t of great beautiful thay th cho tnh t beautiful tropng cu (a). c.Cm gii t c dng lm trng t- Khi c dng nh trng t, cm gii t c chc nng b ngha cho nh t , tnh t, mt trng t khc (i khi c th b nghacho gii t v lin t na) He writes carefully. He writes with care.- Cm gii t lm trng t c th b ngha cho ng t theo nhiu cch khc nhau:She sings like a bird. (Like a bird tr li cu hi vi How?. Trng t ch th cch)She sings in the morning. (In the morning tr li cu hi vi When? Trng t ch thi gian).- Cm gii t lm trng t c th b ngha cho tnh t:Her face was pale with fright.The prize-winning actress was radiant with joy.- Cm gii t lm trng t c th b ngha cho mt trng t khc:The plane arrived late in the afternoon.e. Cm phn ta. nh ngha: Cm phn t l mt nhm t bt u bng mt phn t (c th l mt hin ti phn t hoc qu kh phn t). Ngi ta s dng cm phn t khi mun bt mnh , lm cho cu vn di tr nn ngn ngn hn. Thay v ni The girl who is driving the car is Marys sister hoc The concert which was given by the Beatles was a great success, ngi ta thng ni: The girl driving the car is Marys sister. The concert given by the Beatles was a great success.Chng ta ch c dung cm phn t khi ch t ca phn t ch v cng mt i tng vi ch t ca ng t chnh. Working all day long, he felt tired.Trong cu trn, ch t ca oking va felt ch v cng mt ngi. = He felt tired because he had worked all day long.Ngc li, cu sau y sai v ch t ca phn t khc vi ch t ca mnh chnh:*Being a hot day, he felt tired. (Ch t ca being l it, ch t ca felt l he)b. V tr ca cm phn t- Khi din t hnh ng xy ra trc hoc cng lc vi hnh ng trong mnh , cm phn t c th nm u cu hoc gia cu Working all day long, he felt tired. The boy going over there is working at this restaurant.- Khi hnh ng trong mnh v hnh ng do cm phn t din t din ra song song v ko di, cm phn t c th c 3 v tru cu: Singing a new song, the schoolboys walked into their classroom.Gia cu: The schoolboys, singing a new song walked into their classroom.Cui cu: The schoolboys walked into their classroom, singing a new song.c. Cc loi cm phn t- Cm phn t hin ti; bt u bng mt hin ti phn t.Turning toward the class, the teacher asked for silence.- Cm phn t qu kh: bt u bng mt qu kh phn t. V tr ca cm t ny trong cu khng tu thuc vo thi gian m tu thuc vo ch t ca cm phn t. Cm phn t ny nn c t gn ch t ca n:Bombed repeatedly during the war, the city has lost many beautiful building. Chng ta dung cm phn t hin ti khi ch t ca cm t lm hnh ng do phn t din t v dung cm phn t qu kh khi ch t ca cm t nhn chu hnh ng do ngi hoc vt khc gy nn.- Cm phn t hon thnh: bt u bng having + qu kh phn t. Cm t ny c dng khi cn nhn mnh rnh hnh ng th nht hon tt trc khi hnh ng th hai bt u.Having done my homework, I went to the movies.Having been beaten once, the boy didnt want to go out alone.d. Chc nng ca cm phn tCm phn t c cc chc nng sau y:- Tnh t: Cm phn t c dung tng ng vi mt mnh tnh ng, c chc nng b ngha cho danh t hoc i t bn cnh: The woman driving the car is my sister. ( cm t)- Trng t: Cm phn t c dung tng ng vi mnh trng ng. Trong trng hp ny cm phn t c dng thay th cho: Mnh trng ng ch thi gianWalking alongthe country road, I saw a big tiger.= While I was walking along the country road Mnh trng ng ch nguyn nhnSeeing that it was raining, he put on his raincoad.= Because he saw that it was raining Mnh trng ng ch s tng phnPossessing all the advantages of education and wealth, he never made a name.= Although he possessed all the advantages of education and wealth. Mnh trng ng ch iu kinFollowing my advice, you will gain your object.= if you follow my advicee. Ch t ca cm phn t: Trong cc v d trn, chng ta thy cm phn t c dung thay th cho mt mnh . Cm phn t cng c dng thay th cho mt cu n khi cn thit, nhgi l chng ta c th kt hp hai cu n li thnh mt cu n bng cch dung cm phn t, nh cu vn tr nn ngn gn hn. iu kin cho hai cu n c th kt hp vi nhau l ch t ca hai cu phi ch v cng mt i tng:The woman took the baby in her arms. She smiled happy.= Taking the baby in her arms, the woman smiled happily.f. Cm tnh tCm tnh t l mt nhm t bt u bng mt tnh t, khc vi cm gii t v cm phn t c dung nh tnh tThe sea lay down below them, golden in the sunlight.g. Cm t c lp- Bao gm mt ch t v mt phn tSpring advancing, the swallows appear.- Khng c ch t, ch c phn tStrictly speaking, you have no right to be here. (CU)(Sentences)I/nh ngha: Cu l mt nhm t to thnh ngha y .Cu c th l mt cm t. Nhm t ny c cha mt ng t v ch ng ca nThe little boy looks very happyCu c th ch gm c mt t nhng to thnh ngha y :"Rain!" "Stop!"Cu cng c th gm 2 t tr ln, khng cha ng t chia nhng vn to thnhngha y Thanks awfully!II/ Trt t ca t trong cuCc mu cu c bn: Ch t x nh t (sv)Lions roar.Ch t: Lionsng t: roar Ting Anh c su mu cu c bn sau y:1. Ch t +ng t (SV)2. Ch t +ng t + b ng (SVC)3. Ch t +ng t + tn ng (SVO)4. Ch t +ng t + tn ng + tn ng (SVOO)5. Ch t +ng t + tn ng + b ng (SVOC)6. There +ng t + ch t (THERE + SV)s ni rng mu cuCc mu cu c bn, vi cc thnh phn ti thiu ca cu c th dc ni rng bng cc cm t phm nh.A boy put three bottles on my doorstep.III/ S ho hp ca ch t v ng tCh t n v v ng n: trong cu bao gi cng c 2 thnh phn ch yuCh ngV ngS ho hp ca ch t n v ng t: ng t lun lun phi ho hp vi ch t v ngi v sOne of the boys likes swimming.Hai hoc nhiu ch t n ni vi nhau bng and i vi ng t s nhiuDanh t s nhiu ch thi gian , trnh lnh v ch s o lng i vi ng t s tCc danh t tp hp c th i vi ng t s t hoc s nhiu tu theo ngi niDanh t tn cng bng s nhng c ngha s t thng i vi ng t s t.Cc phn s v cc t nh : some, part, all, half, majority, minority, the last, the rest, the remainder i vi.Cc i t bt nhng t ho hp vi ch t, khng ho hp vi cc danh t theo sau cc gii t sau y:With

Along withAs well as

Together withBeside

In addition toOther than

like

Trong cc cm t there + be, ng t ho hp vi ch t theo 3 trng hp sau y: + ng t ho hp vi ch t gn nht ng sau+ ng t ho hp vi tt c cc ch t+ i khi trong m thoi chng ta bt gp there is kt hp vi mt ch t s nhiu.IV/ S phn loi cuMc ch hoc cng dngCu trcV/ S phn loi cu theo mc ch hoc cng dngCu kCu k c th dng khng nh v ph nhThe farmer is (not) feeding the chickens.Cu nghi vn: dung hiCu hi c/khng : l cu hi m cu tr li l c hoc khngIs he a student? Yes, he is/ No, he isntDoes he like coffee? Yes, he does/ No, he doesnt+ Cu hi xc nhIs he a student?Does he like coffee?+ Cu hi ph nhIsnt he a student?Doesnt he like coffee?Cu hi WH: l loi cu hi bt u vi cc t dng hi who, whom, which, what, why, where, when, how.What is happiness? Cu hi k: Cu hi k l loi cu hi mang hnh thc ca cu k, ln ging cui cu:Youve got some money? Cu hi ui+ Nu ng t trong cu k l be, phn ui s l:Be + not + tnh tFather is here, isnt he?+ Nu ng t trong cu k l be + not, phn ui s lbe + ch tFather isnt here, is he?+ Nu ng t trong cu k l cc ng t khc dng khng nh, phn ui s lDo/does/did not + ch tYou like coffee, dont you?+ Nu ng t trong cu k l cc ng t khc dng ph nh, phn ui s lDo/does/did + ch tYou dont like coffee, do you?+ Nu cu k bao gm cc tr ng t dng khng nh, phn ui s l:Tr ng t + not + ch tYou can speak English, cant you?+ Nu cu k bao gm cc tr ng t dng ph nh, phn ui s l:Tr ng t + ch tYou cant speak English, can you?Cu hi rt gnCu hi phn ngCu hi la chnCu hi t tCu cu khin

Cu mnh lnh Cu yu cu Cu cm thn

What + tnh tHow + tnh tHow + trng t + ..Trng t nh: here, there, in, out, away..Cu cm thn cng c th th hin nhiu hnh thc khcMt s cc t ng thng dung c xem nh t cm than.