Nghiên Cứu Lịch Sử Nhân Loại Chia sẽ ebook : http...
Transcript of Nghiên Cứu Lịch Sử Nhân Loại Chia sẽ ebook : http...
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NghinCuLchSNhnLoi
ArnoldJosephToynbee
Chiasebook:http://downloadsachmienphi.com/Thamgiacngngchiassch:Fanpage:https://www.facebook.com/downloadsachfreeCngngGoogle:http://bit.ly/downloadsach
http://downloadsachmienphi.com/https://www.facebook.com/downloadsachfreehttp://bit.ly/downloadsach -
TableofContentsLINIULINGIBINTPCHNG1GIITHIU
I.NGHINCUVLCHSII.NGHINCUSOSNHCCNNVNMINHIII.KHNNGSOSNHGIACCXHI
CHNG2QUTRNHHNHTHNHCCNNVNMINHIV.CUHICHACLIPV.THCHTHCVTRLIVI.UIMCANGHCHCNH[24]VII.THCHTHCCAMITRNGSNGVIII.PHNGSCHNHA
CHNG3QUTRNHPHTTRINCACCNNVNMINHIX.NHNGNNVNMINHBGIAMHMX.BNCHTQUTRNHPHTTRINCACCNNVNMINHXI.PHNTCHQUTRNHPHTTRINXII.KHCBITNYSINHTSPHTTRIN
CHNG4QUTRNHSUYTNCACCNNVNMINHXIII.BNCHTVNXIV.NHNGGIIPHPNHMNHXV.SMTKIMSOTIVIMITRNGXVI.THTBITRONGQUTRNHTXCNH
CHNG5STANRCACCNNVNMINHXVII.BNCHTCASTANRXVIII.CHIARTRONGXHIXIX.SPHNHATRONGTMHNXX.MIQUANHGIACCXHIANGPHNRVCCCNHNXXI.NHPIUCAQUTRNHPHNRXXII.CHUNHAQUTRNHPHNR
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MCLCLINIULINGIBINTP
CHNG1GIITHIUI.NGHINCUVLCHSII.NGHINCUSOSNHCCNNVNMINHIII.KHNNGSOSNHGIACCXHI(1)CCNNVNMINHVXHINGUYNTHY(2)QUANIMSAILMVTNHDUYNHTCANNVNMINH(3)THIIMSOSNHGIACCNNVNMINH(4)LCHS,KHOAHCVVNCHNG
CHNG2QUTRNHHNHTHNHCCNNVNMINHIV.CUHICHACLIP(1)TVN(2)CHNGTC(3)MITRNG
V.THCHTHCVTRLI(1)MANHMITHNTHOI(2)PDNGTHNTHOIGIIQUYTVN
VI.UIMCANGHCHCNHVII.THCHTHCCAMITRNGSNG(1)SKCHTHCHCANHNGXSKHKHN(2)SKCHTHCHCAVNGTMI(3)TCNGCATAING(4)NHNTKCHTHCHCAPLC(5)NHNTKCHTHCHCASTRNGPHT
VIII.PHNGSCHNHA(1)VD(2)SOSNHGIABAGIIHN(3)HAINNVNMINHYUMNH(4)TCNGCAHIGIOLNCCHPHICCGIO
CHNG3QUTRNHPHTTRINCACCNNVNMINHIX.NHNGNNVNMINHBGIAMHM(1)NGIPOLYNESIA,NGIESKIMOVNGIDUMC(2)NGIOSMANLI(3)NGISPARTA(4)CCCIMCHUNG
X.BNCHTQUTRNHPHTTRINCACCNNVNMINH(1)HAIDUVTSAILM(2)TINTRNHTKHNGNH
XI.PHNTCHQUTRNHPHTTRIN(1)XHIVCTH(2)STHOILUIVTRLICACNHNSNGTO(3)STHOILUIVTRLICACCTHIUSSNGTO
XII.KHCBITNYSINHTSPHTTRINCHNG4QUTRNHSUYTNCACCNNVNMINH
XIII.BNCHTVNXIV.NHNGGIIPHPNHMNHXV.SMTKIMSOTIVIMITRNG
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(1)MITRNGTNHIN(2)MITRNGCONNGI(3)MTKTLUNPHNH
XVI.THTBITRONGQUTRNHTXCNH(1)CCHCASMPHNG(2)BNHCRUMI(3)TIMPHNGSNGTO:TNSNGCITIPHDU(4)TIMPHNGSNGTO:TNSNGTHCHYUMNH(5)TIMPHNGSNGTO:TNSNGKTHUTSMLITN(6)STSTCACHNGHAQUNPHIT(7)SAYMENCHINTHNG
CHNG5STANRCACCNNVNMINHXVII.BNCHTCASTANR(1)NGHINCUTNGQUT(2)PHNHAVPHCSINH
XVIII.CHIARTRONGXHI(1)THIUSTHNGTR(2)TNGLPBTRQUCNI(3)TNGLPBTRQUCNICATHGIIPHNGTY(4)TNGLPBTRNGOIQUC(5)TNGLPBTRBNNGOICATHGIIPHNGTY(6)NHNGNHHNGNGOILAIVBNX
XIX.SPHNHATRONGTMHN(1)NHNGCONNGLACHNVCCHNGX,CMXC,VLISNG(2)BUNGTHVTCH(3)OTHOTVTVO(4)CMGICCUNTRIVMCCMTILI(5)CMGICLNLN(6)CMGICNHTQUN(7)CHNGHAHOIC(8)CHNGHAVLAI(9)TNHTSIUNGHIMCACHNGHAVLAI(10)STCLPVPHPBINHNH(11)PHPTISINH
XX.MIQUANHGIACCXHIANGPHNRVCCCNHN(1)THINTISNGTOTRONGVAITRCUTINH(2)CUTINHMANGGM(3)CUTINHVICMYTHIGIAN(4)NHHINTRITDIMTNMTVVUA(5)THNGHINTHNTRONGMTCONNGI
XXI.NHPIUCAQUTRNHPHNRXXII.CHUNHAQUTRNHPHNR
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LINIUngD.CSomervellsgiithchldovsaongquytnhtmlcsutpu
bschca ti trong liniucangnhngtrangtip theo.Nhngt lcchabitnhngldo,mtscuhicginchoti,nhiunhttHoaK,mongmuncchngmtbntmlcvnhngphntivitscphthnhtrongthigiantitrckhitichoxutbnphncnlicacngtrnhvmidnhbanutnhngibtrhonqulubichintranh.Yucunyvcngbcthit,songtichatmccchgiiquytvqubnrnvicngtcthichin.CnhthchotikhingSomervellthngbovitiquathrngmtbntmlc,dongthchin,chontt.Thlvncgiiquyttheocchmmnnht.KhiticmtrntaybnthocangSomervell,thhnbnnmtriquaktkhicc
tpIVnVIvhnchnnmtkhicctpInIIIcphthnh.Tichorng,mtkhitcphmnocnangtrongqutrnhthchinthhotngphthnhs lmtcphmythmgnbvicucsngcangisngto.Songy,cucchintranh1939-1945,cngvinhngthayivhoncnhvcngvicmnemli,lmcntrmilinhqubuy(cctpIVnVIcxutbnch21ngytrckhicucchinnra).Strhonstiptcnukhngcbntmlcny.TinghincubnthocangSomervell,vmcdngrtkhologilinhngtngvtngcachnhti,songtivncnnhthmtcunschmidongikhcvit.Tibsungvchnhsalivnphongmtvich(visngmticholrtrnglngcangSomervell).Nhngtikhngichiubn tm lcnyvibngc tngdngmt,ng thiquytnhkhng thmvonhngonmngSomervelllcb,vtitinrngbnthntcgikhcthlnginhnxtkhchquanvnhngphnnolcnthithaykhngcnthittrongtcphmcamnh.Ngitmlckhololuncungcpchotcgimtshtrqubumtcgikhng
thtmnhthchinc,vtitinchcrngcgitngcquacunschgckhicnbnnysngiu.KhnngvnchngcangSomervellquthcrttitnhbingthnhcngtrongvicgiclunimcacunsch,trnhbyphnlnnidungcanbngnhngtngnguynbn,ngthitmgnsutpschxungchcnmt.Nuttranhimvnychobnthnmnh,chnhticngkhngthhonthnhcn.TicmthyrtvinhdkhicunschcNhxutbnihcOxfordphthnhy
.TicngxinchnthnhcmncV.MBoulter,ngithchinphndanhmcchocunschnycngnhcctpInIIIvIVnVItrc.
ARNOLDJ.TOYNBEE1946
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LINGIBINTPCunNghinculchsnhnloicangToynbeetrnhbymtlunimn
nhtvlinlcvbnchtvmhnhltngcalchsnhnloi,ktkhihnhthcxhigilnnvnminhlnutinxuthin.Lunimcminhha,vtronggiihnchophp,cchngminhtimigiaionbngnhngvdsinhngrtrattonbchiudilchsnhnloivncccnhshcthinayghinhn.Mtsvdminhhacphntchhtscchitit.Nhimvcangibintp,cnglbnchtvtnchcacunsch(chnhlbntmlc)ny,vcbnrtngin,lduytrnguynvnlunimcatcgidchtrongmtphtbiuvntt,gimbtmtsvdnhtnh,vginlc,vitllnhnrtnhiu,ccchititctrnhbybntrongnhngvdy.Timomuinghrngtpschnygiithiumtcchyvquanimtrithclch
scangToynbeekhngkmgsutpxutbntrongcngtrnhvnchahonttcang.NukhngthchcchnlngToynbeekhngtnthnhvicphthnhn.Nhngtikhngdmchorngncththaythchotcphmgchonchnh.Vcbn,ncthlmtsthaythchpnhnc;nhnghilngthchcchnlkhng,bilphnlnscthuhtcanbngctptrungsphongphtrongccvdminhha.Ngitascmthyrngchctcphmgcymixngngvitmccatimntrnhby.Dusdngrtnhiucuvonvngingnhbngcsaochocnivibntmlc,nhngtilunchorngcgisthybngchpdnhnrtnhiu.TonbbnthocaticngToynbeeckvnhngonthmvonitrn
cngtonbphncnlicngchpthun.iunykhngnhtthitphinurayhocccchthchcuitrangtrongtpsch.Ticpnchngnthunvmtcgiktnhkhisosnhtpschnyvinbngcscmthyrng,cngvicbintpnhmttrchikhngtuntheomtthlutnghimngtnoc.Cngcmthochaichcthmvomtvicu,dongToynbeehocbnthnti,nhmcptinhngskindinraktkhinbngccphthnh.Nhngvtngth,khixembatpucphthnhvonm1933vbatpcnlicphthnhvonm1939,ticmthythtkdiuvmnh ch phi tn rt t cng sc chomt cng trnh s ng ngng phc ca A.JToynbee.iucngnilngitrnidungctrnhbyvimtphngphptipcnkhoahclgiiccskinlchsmtcchrrngvcth.
D.CSOMERVELL
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CHNG1GIITHIU
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I.NGHINCUVLCHSCcnhshcthngtptrungminhhanhiuhnlhiuchnhlichongnhngnh
nghavxhiloingimtronghangsngvlmvic.Sphttrinmnhmcanhiunctrongvithkqua,cthhnltrongvithpningnykhinhlachnccqucgianhlmtlnhvccabmnnghinculchs.Tuynhin,khngthsdngmtqucgiahochnhthiqucgianochuucthgiithchtngtnbnchtlchs.CchnglqucAnh.NuqucAnh(trcylvngqucAnh)khngccoilmtbicnhnghinculchsltng,thchngtacthttinktlunrng,khngmtqucgiahininokhcchuupngcnhngyucu.NhngliulchsncAnhcdhiuhaykhngnuchngtachtmhiumtmnhn?
ChngtacthbitclchsnibcancAnhtnhngquanhcanviccnckhchaykhng?Nuc,phichngnhngquanhingoinychmangtmquantrngthyu?Vtrongkhiphntchnhngyutnutrn, liuchngtackt luncrngnhngtcngbnngoilnncAnhnhnhnghnnhhngcancAnhiviphncnlicathgii?Nuttcnhngcutrlitrnulkhngnh,thclchngtacthinktlunrng,mcdskhngthhiuclchscaccnckhcnubquamiquanhviAnhquc,songmtchngmcno,tacthhiuclchsncAnhmkhngcnxtnmiquanhgianviphncnlicathgii.CchttnhttipcnnhngvntrnllingcdnglchscancAnhvnhlinhngctmcchnh.Theothtngcdngthigian,chngtacnhngctmcsau:(a)Qutrnhhnhthnhnnkinhtcngnghip(tmtphntcuicathk18);(b)QutrnhhnhthnhchnhphLphinkhngchuynch(tmtphntcuith
k17);(c)Cucbnhtrnglnhthvtidng(btutnhngnmucanacui
thk16vinhng tncpbinvdnpht trin thnhnnngoi thng toncu, schimhuccthucanhitivsthnhlpmtcngngnitingAnhminhngqucgianihingoi);(d)PhongtroCicch(tphntthhaicathk16);(e)ThikPhchng,baogmmiithayvkinht,chnhtrcngnhkhoahc-
nghthutcacucvnnglchsny(tphntcuicathk15);(f)Sthnhlpchphongkin(tthk15);(g)CucciocangiAnhttngiocathikAnhhngsangCcgiophng
Ty(tcuithkth6).CinhnngcdnglchsAnhqucchothy,cnglixavqukhchngtacngttm
thybngchngvsclp.Cucciothkth6-khiimcattcnhnggscvittronglchsncAnh-chnhlstngphnvitnhchtclpnitrn,vlshpnhtnatcngngngimandi(ngichackhaihavcio-theoquannimbygi)thnhmtxhiTyphngmim.MmmngcachphongkincVinogradoffminhchnghnghnrngmchitrnmnhtAnhqucmumttrccucchinhphtcangiNorman.Mcdvy,sphttrinnythcrachtrbimtnhntbnngoi,lnhngcucxmlccangianMch.NhngcucxmlcnylmtphncacigilthikVlkerwanderungcangiScandinavia.NngthilnguynnhnhnhthnhchphongkinPhp,vcucchinhphtcangiNormanrrngynhanhsraicachphongkinchuu.nthikPhchng,phithanhnrngcvnhalnchnhtrcancAnhunnhnlungsinhkhtvngBc.Nuchnhthchuynchvqunchkhngcvuntrngtrongmtphmvihp,tanhgieohttrongmtvnm,vrisptrongkhongtnm1275ti1475,thchnghanhnvncaBcschngbaogibnrcrangoikhuvcphabcdyAlpstkhongnm1475tri.Phongtrocicch,mtlnnakhngphilmtskintrngiringcancAnh,mlxuthchungcakhuvcTyBcuutranhtchkhiminNam,vngTyaTrungHikhibchmvoditvongvqunlng.Trongthikcicch,
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AnhquckhngkhixngcngkhngthamgiavocuctranhuagiaccncchuubnbiTyDngcchinliphmlnhngthgiimibnkiaidng.Nginhcphnthngnitrnvitcchlmtknsautngimunutranhviccnglnitrc.Cnlihaictmccuicngcnxemxt:shnhthnhhthngnghvinvxhicng
nghip-nhngththngccoiltrngthnhtrnchnhmnhtAnhrisaumiphbinraphncnlicathgii.Nhngccchuyngiashckhnghontonngviquanimny.Vhthngnghvin,ngiActonni:Lchscamtqucgianichungphthuc
vohotngcamtslclng,cclclngnykhngxutphttqucgiamtnhngcnnguynrnglnhn.SxuthincachqunchhiniPhplmtphncaxuthxyratngttiAnh.NhngngiBourbonvStuartutuntheomtquylutnhnhaudnhncnhngktqukhcnhau,Nicchkhc,hthngnghvin-ktqunibcaAnhquc-lsnphmcamtlclnghotngkhngchncAnhmngthicAnhvPhp.VqutrnhhnhthnhcuccchmngcngnghipncAnh,khcthtrchdnli
cachuyngianoxcnghnngbHammond.TrongligiithiucacunSphttrincanncngnghiphini,haraquanimrng,nguynnhnquantrngnhtkhinchocuccchmngcngnghipxuthinAnhqucchkhngphininokhctrnthgiil:avtnghpcancAnhtrnthgiivothk18,baogmvtralcansoviiTyDngvvthchnhtrcantrongcncnquynlcchuu.Vvy,cvnhlchsncAnhchabaogivgnnhchcchnskhngbaogilmtmitrngltngnghinculchs,nutachkhostnmtcchclp.VnuiungviqucAnh,chcchnncngphingvibtkqucgianokhcchuu.Mcdktqulphnh,songsphntchvnttvlchsAnhqucgichochng
tamtmanhmi.NhngctmcmchngtatholunkhiingcdnglchsncAnhchnhlnhngchngcthtcashc,nhngnhngchngnyngthicngllchscamthnhthixhichungmqucAnhchlmtphntrong,vnhnggmAnhquctringhimucsthamdcaccqucgiakhc.Cigilmitrngltng thc ra tr thnhmtmhnhxhic cu thnhbinhiu cngng ccchngtccidinkhngchbibnthnqucAnhmcncccncPhpvTyBanNha,HLan,ccncvngScandinavia,v.vCutrchdncangiActonchothymiquanhvchotamtcinhntoncnh.Nhnglclngtcngkhngxutphttdntcmtnhngcnnguynrnglnhn
cmilinhvinhau.Chngskhngddngnghincutnonutachxtringmkhngcmtcinhntoncnhvtcngcachngtrongtonxhi.Nhngthnhphnkhcnhauchunhhngkhcnhautcclclng,chodcclclngnyccngmtnguynnhntngng,bichngsnggpvtcngtrlicclclngxutphttnguynnhntngngtheocchkhcnhau.Chngtacthnirng,mtxhiphinguvinhiuvntrongtintrnhphttrincan,thnhcnghaykhnglnhvovicmithnhvincantmnhgiiquytnhngvntheocchttnhtcth.Sxuthincamivnlmtththchphichung,mtthchthcphivtqua,vquachui ththchnycc thnhvin trongxhidnnhhnhcskhcbitgiachngviccthnhvinkhc.Cuicng,taskhngththuhiunghabtkhnhvinocamtthnhvincthdimtththchcthnukhngtnhnhnhvitngthockhngtngtcaccthnhvinkhc,cngnhnukhngcoinhngththchlintipylmtchuiskintrongtintrnhphttrincatonbxhi.Phngphplgiiccskinlchsnyclsrrnghnvimtvdcth,xut
phttlchscaccqucgia-thHyLpctrongvngbnthktnm725-325trcCN.Khnglusauthiimkhiuthikny,ttcthnhvintrongrtnhiuthni
trnuphiimtviplcdnsnnglnsinhk.Phngtinmusinhcangi
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HyLpclcbygihunhphthuchontonvovictrngtrtmtssnphmnngnghiptiuthtronggianh.Khicnkhnghonglngthcxyra,chnhquynccthnhphkhcnhauchngchivintheonhngcchkhcnhau.Mtsthnhph,nhCorinthvChalcis,ctgimdnsdthabngcchchimng
nhngkhuvccanhtcnngnghiphingoinhoSicily,minNamnc,oThracevnhngnikhclmthuca.Do,cthninhngvngthucacaHyLpccthnhlpnginlnhmmrngvnglnhthalcaxhiHyLpcmvnkhngthayictnhcan.Ngcli,mtscngngkhcchngiiphpthayicchsngcah.VdnhSparta,thamncnkhttcacccngdnbngcchtncngvchinh
phtnhngngilnggingHyLpgnnht.KtqulSpartachginhcthmtaivicigiphitrlnhngcucchintranhdaidngviccnclncn.trnhnhngcucchintranhlinminy,chnhquynSpartabucphiqunshaisngcangidn t trn xung di, bng cch thnh lp v thch nghi vi nhng t chc ngminhnguynthy,thnglvimtscngngHyLpgn,trongkhitinhngkhuvckhc,hnhthclinminhnyangdnbinmt.Athensligiiquytvndnstheomtcchkhc.Nkhngchtinhnhchuyncanh
ccsnphmnngnghipmcnkhaisinhrannsnxuthnghaxutkhuvsauphttrincccquanchnhtrchiasquynlcchnhtrmtcchcngbngchocctnglpminysinhtnhngcicchkinhtny.Nicchkhc,chnhquynAthensngnchnmtcuccchmngxhibngcchthc
hinthnhcngmtcuccchmngkinhtvchnhtr.Khmphragiiphpchovnkhnghonglngthcangdinratrndinrngy,ngiAthenstnhcmramtconngmicptinchotonbxhiHyLpc.chnhlldovsaoPericles,khinivAthensgiuccamnhkhngnhrngnltmgnggiodcchotonHyLp.Vicchnhntngthangcbnny,takhngchnAthens,Sparta,Corinthhay
Chalcis,mltonbxhiHyLpclmtrngtm,cthngthihiucnghacalchscccngngtntitrongthikt725-325trcCNcngnhcaschuyntiptthiknysangthiktiptheo.Nhngcuhinurayschngcligiipd dng no nu chng ta tm kim p n qua vic nghin cu c lp lch s ca ngiChalcis,ngiCorinth,ngiSpartahayngiAthens.Tquanimny,chngtathycthxemnh lch s cangiChalcisvngiCorinthdinbin theomt lgicbnh thngtrongkhingiSpartavngiAthenskhngitheolimnmbcsangconngkhc.Khngthgiithchngrnybtutu,vccsgiacgnglgiibngcchgirngngiSpartavAthensvnkhcvinhngngiHyLpckhcnhshunhngphmchtbmsinhcbittbuibnhminhcalchsHyLpc.iunycngtngngvivicgii thchsphttrincangiSpartavAthens
bngcchthanhnrngchngcsphttrinnocvrnghaicngngngiHyLpcvnvncbittuticuicuchuyn.Tuynhin,githuytmuthunvithctlchscchngminh.HylyvdvthnhphSparta,nhngcuckhaiqutdoTrngKhocAnhquctinhnhtiAthenscungcpbngchngrtthuytphcrngntngiathkth6trcCN,cucsngcangiSpartavnkhngcgkhcbitsovicccngngngiHyLpkhc.NhngimcbitcaAthenscngvy,khingiaotipvitonbthgiiHyLpctrongthikcmnhdanhlHyLpci(triviSparta,cchngminhllmvongct),nvngingnhphnngcngngHyLpkhc,nguyndonychcthhiuctcinhntngthmthi.TacngcimkhcbittngtgiaVenice,Milan,GenoavnhngthnhphkhcvngBctrongthikTrungcvskhcbitgiaPhp,TyBanNha,HLan,qucAnhvnhngqucgiakhcphngTytrongthikgnyhn.hiucccthnhphn,utinchngtaphitptrungchvotngth,vchnhcitngthnylmitrngtaddngnghincu.Thnhngkhinimtngth-thhnhthnhnnccmitrngnghincultngnylg?Vlmthnokhmphranhngbingiikhnggianvthigiancachng?
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TahyquaytrlivibngtmttccctmcquantrngtronglchsAnhquc,vxemthkhinimtngthnoscthnhlpcuthnhmitrngltngmlchsncAnhlmtphntrong.Nubtuvictmcgnynht-lshnhthnhxhicngnghip,chngta
thyrngkhnggianalcamitrngnghincultngcthphngonltoncu.giithchcucCchmngcngnghipncAnh,chngtaphiquantmnnhngiukinkinhtkhngchTyumcchuPhinhiti,chuM,Nga,nvvngVinng.Tuynhin,khichngtaquaytrlivihthngnghvinvnhngskintrc,vitkinhtnchnhtr,thphmvicachngtathuhpli.QuylutmngiBourbonlnngiStuartutuntheo(theolicangiActon)PhpvAnhkhngcnhhngglnngiRomanovNga,ngiOsmanliThNhK,ngiTimuridHindustan,ngiMn Thanh Trung Hoa hoc ngi Tokugawa Nht Bn Lch s chnh tr canhngqucgianykhngthgiithchtheolitngt.nychngtagpphimtgiihn,quylutmngiBourbonlnngiStuartutuntheocnhhngtrirngquaccncthuckhuvcTyuvcnhngcngngthucamibnkiaidngcathcdnTyu,nhngnkhngvntickhuvcbingiiphatycancNgavThNhK.Phangcaranhgiinyvolctuntheoccquylutchnhtrkhcvcnhngktqukhc.NutrluinnhngctmcutincalchsAnhquctrongdanhschtrn,chngta
sthysbnhtrngvtidngkhngchgiihntrongphmviccncTyumgnnhdinravitonbccncnmtrnbiTyDng.TrongkhinghinculchsthikCicchvthiPhchng,chngtacthbquasphttrintngiovvnhaNgavThNhK.ChphongkinTyukhngcquanhtngtcvinhnghintngphongkincphthincccngngByzantinevHigiongthi.Cuicng,cucciocangiAnhsangCcgioTyphngcngnhnchngtal
mtxhi,ngthiphitrgilloibkhnngcachngtagianhpccxhikhc.ChotiihitngioWhitbynm664,ngiAnhvncthciothnhCcgioVinTy thuc vnhaiCeltic.ThmchngiAnhc thgianhpcngvinhngngixWalesviNhLanthnhlpmtgiohiCcmibnngoigiohiRome,giohinythcchtgingnhmtalterorbis-thgiicangiNestoriatrnvnhaiVin ng ca C c gio. iu ny l mt sai lm theo nh li truyn dy ca thnhAugustine.Sauny,khiccncRpHigioxuthintrnbiTyDng,cchphiCcgioVinTycaoqucsngmcthbchiacthontonnhCcgioAbyssiniahocTrungvinhnghphingovihtrnlcachuu.Hoccngc th h b ci o thnh Hi gio, nh tnh cnh ca nhiu ngi Monophysite vNestoriakhivngTrungngchusthngtrcangiRp.Nhnggithuytlachnnycthbphnhnhnhngiukhngtng,nhngssuyngmvchngnhcchngtanhrng,mcdcuccionm597binchngtathnhmtphncaxhiCcgioTyphng,songnkhngbinchngtathnhmtchngtckhcmchvchramtngphntuynchiarsuscgiachngta,nhngngiCcgiophngTyvinhngtncacccngngtngiokhc.Sxemxt ln thhaivccctmc trong lchsAnhquccungcpchochng ta
phngtinxcnhccinhnhkhnggian,tinhiuthiimkhcnhaucaxhitrongcqucAnh,vulmitrngltngnghinculchsnhnhngglinquannqucAnh.Khitipcnnhngmuinhnhny,chngtasphiphnbitnhngimkhcbithinnhincaisngxhi-kinht,chnhtrvvnha,vrrnglsmrngkhnggianxhicnhngkhcbitrrtvinhnggchngtaangtptrungch.Ngynay,trnlnhvckinhtxhi,qucAnh,rrngcnhhngrtlntrnthgii.V lnhvcchnhtr,mt lnnaiugnnhhinnhin.Tuynhin,khichuynsanglnhvcvnhathsbnhtrngcaqucAnhnhhnrtnhiu.Vcbn,nbgiihnccqucgiacanhngngitheoThinChagiovoTinLnhTyu,MvNamHi.BtchpnhngnhhngvnhatbnngoinhvnhcNga,tranhvTrungHoa,tngionivixhichngta,vbtchpnhhngvnha
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mnhmhnnhiucaxhichngtalncccngngkhc,chnghnnhCcgioChnhthngvCcgiophngng,Higio,ngiovnhngngivngVinng,rrnglttchvnbnngoicithgiimchngtaangthucv.Nghincuklnghnvnhngthiitrc,chngtasthyrng,cbalnhvc,
giihnalcaxhimchngtaangphntchttbthuhpli.inhnhvonm1675,mcdsthuhpcthkhngrrtlmtrnlnhvckinht(tnhtnuchngtatgiihnmnhkhitmmrngcannthngmivbquaslngvnidungcan),songccngranhgiicalnhvcchnhtrcolichotikhichnggntrngkhpvinhngngranhgiicalnhvcvnhangynay.Vdnm1475,nhngvnghingoibinmtcbalnhvc,vngayctronglnhvckinht,ccngranhgiicngthuhpchotikhigntrngkhpvinhngngranhgiicalnhvcvnha,giybgiihnTyvTrungu-ngoitrmtchuicccncqunssausprtnhanhtrnccbngbinaTrungHi.Khostnm775,ccngranhgiivntiptcbthuhptrncbalnhvc.Vothiim,lnhacachngtagnnhbgiihntrongkhuvccaCharlemagnecngvinhngthchkthatchLaMAnh.Bnngoiphmviny,gnnhtonbvngbnoIberianthikthucvlnhthcaCaliphateRpHigio,Bcvng-Bcurivotaynhngngimandichacio,baphaTyBccaoqucAnhbchimhubinhngngiCcgioVinTy,vvngNamnmdiquynthngtrcangiByzantine.TahygixhimchngtavnangnghincuvgiihnkhnggianlcngngC
cTyphng,vngaykhichngtacgnghnhdungtmchonmtcitn,thhnhnhvtncaccbnsaotxhinytrongthgiingthicngcnphicxemxtcngvin,cbitkhichngtachnlnhvcvnha.lnhvcvnhany,chngtacthphnbitkhngnhmlnshindincathgiingynayvitnhtlbncngngkhcangtntivicnghnhthixhinhchngta:(I)XhiCcChnhthngngNamuvNga;(II)XhiHigiotptrungtrongkhuvcsamctriditheongchoquaBcPhiv
vngTrungngtiTyDngtiphangoiVnLTrngThnhcaTrungQuc;(III)Xhingiovngbnlcanhitican;(IV)XhiVinngtrongnhngkhuvccnnhitivninmgiavngsamc
vThiBnhDng.Nukhostkhn,chngtacncthnhnthyhainhmtntchcacccngng
tngtnaykhngcn.NhmthnhtbaogmnhngngiCcgioMonophysiteArmenia,Mesopotamia,AiCpvAbyssinia,cngvinhngngiCcgioNestoriaKurdistanvnhngngicuNestoriaMalabar,cngnhcctnDoThigiovngitheooParsee;nhmthhaibaogmcctnPhtgioLtmaithaTyTngvMngCcngviPhtgioTiuthaCeylon,Burma,SiamvCampuchia,cngvicctnoJainn.Mtiuthvcnlulkhitrvviinhnhnm775trcCN,chngtaphthinra
rng,slngvcimnhndincacccngngtrnbnthgiilcgnnhtngngvingynay.Vcnbn,bnthgiicacccngngnykhngthayik t lnxuthinu tincaxhiphngTy.Trongcucu tranhsinh tn,xhiphngTydnccithngthicanvochntngvphongtachngbnguythkinhtvchnhtr,nhngnvnchathbucchnguhngvmtvnha.Dphichuscpnngn,nhngchngvngiclinhhncamnh.Ktthclunimny,chngtacthktlunnhsau:cnphnbitrrnggiahaimi
quanh:miquanhgiacccngngtrongcngmtxhivnhngmiquanhgiaccxhivinhau.Vgiy,saukhikhostsbnhtrngcaxhiTyphngvkhnggian,chngta
cnphixemxtsbnhtrngcanvmtthigian.Lnnychngtagpphithctlkhngthbittrctnglaican,thctyhnchrtnhiulngkinthcvxhi
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phngTy,hayvbtkmtxhinokhcangtntimnghincucachngtacthphikhost.Do,chngtanhphithilngvivictmhiuimkhiucaxhiTyphngny.Khi lnh th ca Charlemagne b chia x gia ba ngi chu trai ca ng sau hipc
Verdunnm843,Lothaire-ngichulnnht-cquynshuhaithphAachenvRomev gia, ni linhai phn lnh thny, Lothaire c chiamt vngt bngngangquabmtTyu tcasngTiberv sngPoncasngRhine.Lnh thcaLothairevnccoi lmttrongnhngkhuvccvtra lvqutrnhlchsngquantmnht.BaanhemCarolingianngkhitinrnglvngtctmquantrngcbitcachuuchngta,bidutnglaicthnochngna,ncngcmtqukhhohngsaulng.CLothairevngnicangucaitrtAachentiRomevidanhhiuHongLa
M,vbctngtriditRomebngquadyAlpstiAachen(vtiptckoditAachenbngquaeobinnBctngLaM)tnglmttrongnhngbctngthnhthityucachLaM.BngcchxydngmtconngthngthngvitybctRomebngquadyAlps,thitlpmtbingiiqunstrnbtysngRhine,vchechnsnbntricangbingiibngcchthntnhvngphaNamncAnh,ngiLaMchiactmiphatycaphnlcachuubnkiadyAlpsvspnhpnvomtchgnnhtipgipvithunglngaTrungHi,ngoitrtrongphntthkny.Dovy,ngbingiibaoquanhlnhthcaLothairegianhpvocutrcalcachLaMttrcthiLothairecngnhcaxhiTyphngsau,nhngchcnngcangbingiinyivichLaMvxhiTyphngvsaulkhnggingnhau.ThichLaM,nlngbingii,cnsaunyvichngta,nlnntngcacucbnhtrngkhngchvhaiphamtheomihng.Trongsutgicngdicahaikhongthigianny,(khong375-675CN),nghalgiassuytncachLaMvxhiTyphngchngtadndnhnhthnh,mtchicxngsncaxhicctchravnhonnthnhctsngcasinhvtmicngchngloi.Rrngl,trongkhitmhiuxhiphngTytsaunm775,chngtabtuthyn
phbymtiukhchnnhngkhinimcachnhbnthnn-lkhinimvchLaMvxhicach.Ncngchotathyrng,btkyutnomchngtacthlntheoduvt,tlchsTyphngnlchsxhicxacngcthmangnhngchcnngkhcnhautronghaiskthpkhcnhauny.VnglnhthcaLothairetrthnhnntngcaxhiphngTyldoThinChagio
khitinvphabingiiLaM,gpphiplccangimandintvngthoang,vdndnkhaisinhramtxhimi.Do,trongqutrnhlntheogcrcantrongqukh,davoquanimny,mtsgiaphngTytptrungchvolchsThinChagiovcangimandi.ngtanhnthycthitheoduvtchaidnglchsnychontncccuccchmngtronglnhvckinht,xhivchnhtrtronghaithkcuitrcCN,khixhiHyLp-LaMcibspdochnngkhngkhiptcucchinHannibal.VsaoqucLaMvncnhtaydicanvhngtybcvthutmgcphatycaphnchuubnkiadyAlps?VnbdndtvhngdocucutranhmtmtmtcnviCarthage.VsaosaukhivtdyAlpsndnglisngRhine?VnthikAugustus,scsngcankitqusauhaithkchintranhvochnh.Vsaongimandicuicngtrnquabingii?Biv,khiscchbitgiamtxhivnminhvmtxhikmvnminhhnngngli,vcncnthngbngkhngnnhmnghingvmtbn,ththigiansuichoxhihoangshn.Vsao,khingimanditrnquabingii,hlichmtrnvigiohiphabnkia?Chainguynnhn:Vmtvtcht,docccuccchmngvkinhtvxhitheosauchintranhHannibalemvvsnlphngnglmvicnhngkhuvcbtnphcaphngTy,vcucdicbtcdcacclaongphngngnykotheomtqutrnhthmnhpnhacacctngiongphngvoxhiHyLp-LaM.Vmttinhthn,ldocctngionyvilihacahvmtscuricnhnmtthgiikhc,tmthynhngvngtbhoanggieotrngtrongtmhncamttnglpthngtrvnthtbi
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trongthgiitrnth,hngmongcuvnvnmnhcaxhiHyLp-LaM.Trili,ivimtnhnghinculchsHyLp-LaM,cnhngngiCcgioln
ngimandiuhindinnhnhngsinhvtcamtthgiicnb-cgilgiaicpbtr![1]-trongvngoixhiHyLp-LaM(hoccthsdngmtkhinimrnghnlHyLp c).ng ta s ch ra rngnhngbc thy v vnhaHyLp c, trc v k cMarcusAurelius,gnnhubquashindincah.ngtaschnoncGiohiCcgiolnnhngbinhonngimandilnhngcnbobnhchxuthintrongcthcaxhiHyLpcsaukhi tnh trngsckhecanbbomndndocucchinHannibal.Cuciutranychophpchngtavramtktluntchccvsbnhtrngngc
thigiancaxhiTyphng.Cucicaxhi,mcddihnbtkmtqucgiaringlnothucvn,nhngcngkhngtntiluhnthigiantnticaccchngtcidinchon.Khilntheodnglchs,trvkhithycan,chngtaschmtigiaioncuicngcamtxhikhc,mkhithycaxhinyrrnglnmxahnnhiutrongqukh.Tnhlintccalchs-mtcmtcthchpnhncsdng-khngphiltnhlintcnhcucicamtcthnl.Nlslintccuthnhbinhngvngicaccthhnitipnhau,vmiquanhgiaxhiTyphngchngtavixhiHyLpccthsosnh(tuyhikhpkhing)nhmiquanhgiaconcivicham.Nulunimvtinycchpnhnthchngtasngrng,mitrngl
tngnghinculchskhngphilmthnhthidntc,cngkhngphiltonbnhnloi,lmtnhmnhtnhcanhnloimchngtagilmtxhi.Chngtaphthinnmhnhthixhinhvyvntntichotingynay,cngvinhngbngchnglchsvnvtcaccxhibditvongvbinmt.Vtrongkhikhmphcchoncnhkhaisinhmt trongnhngxhicn tn tinngynay(chnh lxhicachngta),chngtatchnlnnmmcamtxhirtngchkhcmgianvixhicachngtatntimtmiquanhchacon;trongxhicachngtangvaitrlcon.Trongphntiptheochngtascgnglpramtdanhschhonchnhccxhitheokiunutrncbitltngtntitrnhnhtinhnyvtrnhbymiquanhgiachngvinhau.
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II.NGHINCUSOSNHCCNNVNMINHChngtaphthinrngxhi(haynnvnminh)phngTylhuducamtx
hitin.Phngphphinnhintheouicuctmkimnhngxhitngngxahns lxemxtvdnhngxhikhcangcng tn ti, lcngngCcgioChnhthng,cngngHigio,cngngngiovcngngVinng,vxemthliuchngtacthphthinrachamcanhngxhihaykhng.Nhngtrckhitinhnhcuctmkimny,chngtaphilmrmnhangtmkim
iug,nicchkhc,ulnhngduhiucamiquanhtrchmchngtacthchpnhnlmchngcvngchc.VthcrathchngtatmthynhngduhiunocamtmiquanhtngtnhgiaxhicachngtavixhiHyLpc?Hintngutinlmtnhnctrungng(tcchLaM)hpnhttonbxhiHyLpcthnhmtcngngchnhtrnnhttronggiaioncuicalchsxhiny.Skinnyrtngquantm,vninghchrrtvihintngvschnhquynaphngcaHyLpcibphnchia trckhichLaMxuthin,vncnginghchrrtkhngkmvivicvsqucgiacaxhiphngTycphnchiachotinay.Tinxahnna,chngtathyrngngaytrcchLaMlmtthiklonlc,kodi(ngcchiuthigian)tnhtlticucchinHannibal.Trongthikny,xhiHyLpckhngcnphttrinmsuytnrrt,shnhthnhchLaMngnchnssuytntrongmtthigian.Nhngkhongthigiancuicngcngchngminhrrngrng,ltriuchngcamtcnbnhnananghyhoixhiHyLpccngnhchLaM.Mtlnna,sspcachLaMctipnibimtkhongdng,haymtthikqugiathiimbinmtcaxhiHyLpcvsxuthincaxhiTyphng.Khongdngnyc lpyvicchotngcahai tchc:GiohiCcgio,
cthnhlptrongvtntiquathichLaM,vmtstriuikthasmntitnmclntnhngvnglnhthccachtrongthikgilVlkerwanderungcanhngngimandintvngthoangphabnkiaccngbingiicach.ChngtatngmthailclngnylgiaicpbtrtrongncvgiaicpbtrncngoicaxhiHyLpc.Mcdkhcnhauvmimt,songhgingnhauchphichuskhinhrttnglpthngtrcaxhiHyLpc,nhngtnglpthngtrcaxhicmtphnghngvmtquynlnho.Sthtl,chLaMspcnGiohithtnti,chvGiohichoiquynlnhonhnvlngtrungthnhtrongkhichLaMnhmtchaimtnitrn.VthmGiohi,mtthnhvinsngsttmtxhibditvong,trthnhcininuidngchomtxhimirai.Vyulvaitrcanhngnhntkhctrongmiquanhtrchcaxhichngta
tronggiaionqu,btngun t thikVlkerwanderung, thikmnhngkb trngoibangtrnxungtphabnkiangbingiicaxhic-baogmngiGermanvngiSlavtkhuvcrngBcu,ngiSarmatiavngirHungntthonguyn-u,ngiSaracentbnoRp,ngiBerbertdyAtlasvsamcSahara-nhngchnhquynthaksmntitncngGiohichiassnkhulchstrongsutthikquhaycngilthikAnhhng?SoviGiohi,snggpcahmangtnhtiuccvkhngngk.Hunhttchubtiuditbngbolctrckhithikquktthc.NgiVandalvOstrogothbnhbihontontrongnhngcucphncngcachLaMangsuytn.LanbnglncuicngcangnlaLaMcngthiuchyttcnhngchthiuthnngthngny.Nhngnhmkhcb tiudit trongnhngtrnchinhuynhtngtn:chnghnnhngiVisigoth,nhnnutintngiFrankvnktliutngiRp.Stcntntitrongcucutranhsinhtngiaccxhinydndnbthoihavsngvtvngchotikhibdpttbicclclngchnhtrmishuscmnhkhngththiu.DomccvngtriuMerovingianvLombardblclngmslkintrcskintorachCharlemagne,qutsch.ChchaitrongschnhquynthakcachLaMchothyccchudutrchtrongsnhngqucgia thucuchuhini, lchnhquynAustrasiaFrankdoCharlemagnesng lpvchnhquynWessexcaAlfred.
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DovymthikVlkerwanderungvccsnphmsmntitncan,gingnhGiohivchLaM,ulduhiucamiquanhtrchgiaxhiTyphngvxhiHyLpc,nhnggingnhchLaMvkhcviGiohi,chngchlccduhiuvkhnghngth.Khichuyntnghincuvduhiusangnghincuvcnnguyn,chngtasthyrng,trongkhiGiohithucvctnglailnqukh,thccthchthakcangimandi,cngnhchLaM,hontonthucvqukh.SsinhsicachngnthunlhqucasspchLaM,vssplduhiucnhbohinnhinchosspcachnhbnthnchng.VicnhgithpnggpcangimandiivixhiTyphngcachngtachc
hngyscchoccnhshcphngTycathhtrc(chnghnnhFreeman),nhngngiluncoitchcchnhquynLphinlsphttrintmtstchcttrnhtnhmhchorngccblccangiTeutonmangtheotvngthoang.NhngcctchcTeutonnguynthyny,nuchngctnti,cngchlcctchcskhaimangctnhcanginguynthyhunhminivmilc,vthctlhkhngtntiquathikVlkerwanderung.Lnhocaccoqunngimandilnhngnhthmhimqunsvbnchtcaccthchktha,cngnhbnthnchLaMvothican,lchuynquyncngrntiluynbichintranh.Chchuynquyncuicngcahbdptttnhiuthktrc,khimthnhthixhimiraivdndnsnsinhracimchngtagiltchcnghvin.Hintngnhiusgiackhuynhhngnhgicaoqumcvaitrcangiri
viisngxhiTyphngchngtacthcxemlmtphntndcanimtinsailmrng,tinbxhicgiithchbngshindinnhnggitrbmsinhchucattin.MtphpichiusailmbtnguntcchintngcngnhkhoahctnhinlmsngtdndtccnhshcphngTythhtrchnhdungccchngtcnhlnguynthahc,vhnnhnkhcchngtcnhlphnnghahcgiiphngnnglngtimtngngthisinhrabtkhvtothayinhngnimtrckiavnbtngvnhtr.Ccnhshctladimnhkhichorngchnhsphatrncadngmumi-nhhmtmtcchndvnhhngcachngtctrongcucxmlccangir-cthgiithchchosxuthinmivsaunycassngvslnmnhcuthnhlchscaxhiTyphng.Lthuytnychorngngimandilnhngchngtcthunkhitcaonngichinhpht,dngmuvntiptccsnsinhvkhinchothnxccchuducahtrnncaoqu.Sthc,ngirkhngphiltcgisngtorabnthtinhthncachngta.Hli
dngcnhphicaxhiHyLpc,nhngthmchhkhngthginhlyvaitrlchslngitungranktliun.HxuthintrongbicnhxhiHyLpcangphichunhngvtthngchtmntgyrachomnhtrongthiklonlctrchngthk.Hchthuntynhgingknknhoc lcc loinxcchtkhcmthi.ThikAnhhngcah lonktca lchsHyLpc,chkhngphichngmu lchscachngta.Nhvy,cbanhntnglutrongqutrnhchuynitxhiHyLpcsangx
hiTyphngmi,l:hnhthichnhquyntrungngnhlchngcuicaxhic,giohiphttrintronglngxhicvnuidngsphttrincaxhimivnhngcucxmlnghnlontrongthikAnhhngcangir.Trongsccnhntnythnhntthhaictmquantrnglnnht,trongkhinhntthbactmquantrngnhnht.MtduhiunachothymiquanhtrchgiaxhiHyLpcvxhiTyphng
ngclutrckhichngtachuynsangkhmphnhngxhitinkhc,lschuyndicacinihocnginhnguynthycaxhimitnginhnguynthycaxhitincan.Chngtathyrngngbingiicaxhic,nhtrongvdchngtaphntch,trthnhtrungtmcaxhimivchngtaphichunbchonhngschuynditngttrongnhngtrnghpkhc.XhiCcChnhthng.Nghincuvkhithycaxhinyskhngbsungvo
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danhschcachngtanhngmuchngtcmi,vnrrnglanhemsongsinhcaxhiTyphng,vlconcaxhiHyLpc,schuyndialcandinravhngngBc,thayvhngTyBc.VicinihaynginhnguynthynmvngAnatoliacangiByzantine,nchuttngtrongnhiuthkdosbnhtrngcaithlxhiHigio.Saucng,ncngtmchngphttrinantonvphabcvphangquaNgavSiberia,lnvobnhngcathgiiHigiovvntivngVinng.SphnchiaringbitxhiCcTyphngvxhiCcChnhthngccho
rngcngungctslygiovitinthnchungcachng,lGiohiThinChagio.Nphnlythnhhaibnth,GiohiThinChaLaMvGiohiThinChaChnhthng.Cuclygiomttihnbathkmihontt,btuvicuctranhlunbitrmtndoanvothkth8vktthcbngsontuytviquanimthnhcvonm1054.Trongthigian,giohicaccxhiangphnkrtnhanhnyitheonhngquanimchnhtringhch.GiohiThinChaphngTyctptrungdiquynlcclpcachGiohongtrungc,trongkhiGiohiThinChaChnhthngtrthnhmtbphnngoanngoncachnhquynByzantine.CcxhiIran,RpvxhiSyriac.Xhivnangtiptctntimchngtaphi
phntchlcngngHigio.Khirsotbicnhcaxhiny,chngtanhnthycmtchnhquyntrungng,mttngiophqutvmtthikVlkerwanderung,tuychngkhngginghtvibicnhchungcacccngngCcTyphngvCcChnhthng,nhngcnghinnhintngt.ChnhquyntrungngcaxhiHigiolvngtriu Abbasid ca Baghdad.[2] Gio hi ti cao y, d nhin l Hi gio. Thi kVlkerwanderungtrnqualnhthCaliphate,khivngtnybgiyxobiccblcdumcThNhKvMngCthonguyn-u,ccblcngiBerberBcPhivccblcRpbnoRp.GiaionquxutphttthikVlkerwanderungnykodikhongbathk,tnm975tinm1275trcCN.VimktthcthiknycngccoilimkhiucaxhiHigionhchngtathytrongthgiingynay.Chotigithmithurrng,nhngcuctmkimxahnkhinchngtaphii
dinvinhngvnphctp.Thnht,xhitincaxhiHigio(vnchaxcnhcdanhtnh)cchngminhkhngphilchacamtaconduynht,mlhaiaconsongsinh,viunyrtgingvixhiHyLpc.Tuynhin,trongkhixhiCcTyphngvCcChnhthngchungsngbncnhnhauquahn1000nm,thktcccacpanhemsongsinhnylihontonkhc.Nghal,mttronghaiaconcaxhimchngtaangitmdanhtnhnutchngvstnhpngianhemcan.ChngtasgihaixhiHigiosongsinhnylcngngIranvcngngRp.imkhcbitgiahaiaconcaxhichanhdanhmchngtaangtmkimkhnggingnhtrnghplygiogiaccconcaxhiHyLpc.khngphilvntngio,vmcdHigiocngchiathnhchinhnhlngiSunnivngiShiinhGiohiCcgiochiathnhGiohiThinChavChnhthng,songslygionytrongoHikhngxyrangthivibtkgiaionnocasphnlygiacccngngHigioIranvHigioRp-mcdcuclygiocuicngphvxhiHigioIrankhiphnnhnhShiichimuthBaTtrongphntucathk16sauCN.Bngcch,nhnhHigiocangiShiitkhngnhmnhtivngtrungtmcaxhiHigioIran(triditngsangty,tAfghanistantiAnatolia),chonhnhHigioSunnichimuthhaibncathgiiIran,cngnhccncRpphanamvphaty.KhisosnhcpanhemsongsinhcaHigiovicpanhemsongsinhcaxhiThin
Chagio,chngtasthyrng,xhiHigiochimuthkhuvcgilBaT-ThNhKhocIranmangimtngngchcchnvixhiTyphng,trongkhixhiHigionmgikhuvcRpcnlimangcimtngngvixhiCcChnhthng.Vd,linhhncavngtriuCaliphatecMamlukdnglnCairotrongthk13sauCNnhc chng ta nh ti hu du ca ch LaM c Leo - vua x Syria dng ln Constantinopletrongthkth8.BmychnhtrcaMamluk,cngnhLeo,ckchthctnginhgn,hiuquvbnvng.NtringcvichTimurkhuvcIranlngging-manghnhdngrngln,mh,smntitn,xuthinvbinmtgingnh
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ch Charlemagne phng Ty. Thmmt im tng ng na, y l ngn ng c lmphngtintruynbvnhatrongkhuvcRpltingRp,cngchnhlngnngcavng triu Abbasid ca Baghdad. Cn trong khu vc Iran, nn vnminhmi to raphngtintruynbmichoringn,ltingBaT-thngnngchnhthnhbngcchghpnittingRp,gingnhtingLatinhchnhthnhbngcchghpnitheotingHyLp.imtngngcuicng,ylcucchinhphtvthntnhxhiHigiovngRpcaxhiHigiokhuvcIrandinratrongthk16tmthyhnhnhngdngcachnhmnhtsxmlccacngngCcTyphngchnglicngngCcChnhthngtrongcccucThptchinh.Cucxmlcnylnnccimvonm1204,tronglnThptchinhthtnhConstantinople,khimtngchngnhxhiCcChnhthngsbchimngvthntnhhontonbingianhemcan-nhnhmnhxynvixhiRpbathksau,khilclngcaMamlukbpvngtriuAbbasidcaCairocthnhlpbiOttomanPadishahSelmIvonm1517.Giychngtaphixtnmtcuhi,ulduncuicngcaxhichanh
danhtrongvngtriuAbbasidcaBaghdadngvaitrcuicngtrnvichnhtr,tngtnhvaitrcachLaMtrongxhiHyLpc?NulnngcdnglchsktvngtriuAbbasid,liuchngtactmthyhintngtngngvithiklonlcmchngtaphthinlgiaionpchtcaxhiHyLpchaykhng?Cutrlilkhng.SauvngtriuAbbasidcaBaghdad,chngtathycvngtriu
UmayyadcaDamascus.Bncnh,tathy1000nmxmnhpcaxhiHyLpcbtuvisnghipcaAlexanderMacedontrongnacuithkthttrcCN,tiptheolnnqunchHyLpSeleuciaSyria,chindchcangiPompeyvcucchinhphtcangiLaM,vchktthcvicucphcthngphngcaccchinsHigiocitrongthkth7sauCN.CccucchinhphtcangiRpHigiocxacvnhpli,theonhpiucalchs,nhngcucchinhphtcaAlexander.Chngcngthayibmtthgiitrongvngkhong6-7nm,nhngthayvimi,chnglibinntrlithnh mt th tng t nh tnh trng trc kia. Ging nh cuc chinh pht ca ngiMacedon,bngcchltchAchaemenid(cngilchBaTcaCyrusvnhngngithak),nchunbmtmnhtmumchohtgingcaxhiHyLpc,cucchinhphtcangiRpcngmngchongiUmayyad,vsauhlngiAbbasid,tilpmtchnhquyntrungngtngngvichAchaemenid.Nutbncachaichchnglnnhau,chngtascmthyntngtrcs
tngngcaccngnttngnggiachng.Stngngkhngchvmtalmcnmrngnphngphpcaitrvthmchnnhnghintngcbithncax hi v i sng tm linh. Chng ta c thminhha chc nng lch s ca vng triuAbbasidbngcchmtnnhmtstihpvnitipchAchaemenid-stihpcamtccuchnhtrbphhydotcngcalclngbnngoivstipnimtgiaioncaisngxhibngtqungbicucxmlccangoibang.VngtriuAbbasidccoilstipnicachnhquyntrungngvnlgiaiontnticuicngcaxhivnchacnhdanhcachngta,vnhvycuctmkimphingcdnglchsxahnhngnghnnmna.GiychngtaphixemxtntintrctipcachAchaemenidtrongcuctm
kimhintngmchngtakhngtmthytincaVngtriuAbbasid:lthiklonlctngtnhthiktronglchsHyLpcngaytrckhithnhlpchLaM.imtngnggiasthnhlpchAchaemenidvchLaMlqurrng.
KhcbitchnhvmtchititlchnhquyntrungngcaHyLpctrngthnhtchnhquyntng l tcnhnchnhgysptrongthik lon lc trc, trongkhisthnhlpchAchaemenid,vaitrphhyvtixydngRomelcaccchnhquynkhcnhau.VaitrphhydochnhquynAssyriamnhn,nhngngaykhiAssyriacgnghonttvaitrnybngcchkhaisinhmtchnhquyntrungngtrongxhimnvalt,ththyditmnhdochnghaqunphitqucan.Ngaytrccnhhngtrngcuicng,nhnvtchnhtngtngqu(610trcCN),vvaitrcanbtcdctraochomtdinvinttrcnnayvnchngvaiph.NgiAchaemenidthu
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hochnhnggmngiAssyriagieotrng,tuyvysivainyvnkhnglmthayicimcavkch.Nhvy,saukhinhndincthiklonlc,giychngtatnhtcthnh
danhxhiangtmkim.CthkhngnhrngkhngphilxhicangiAssyria.NgiAssyria,cngnhngiMacedoncnhsaucavkchlchstrngthinny,ngvaitrnhngkxmnhpnrilii.Vixhichanhdanhny,khincthngnhtdichAchaemenid,chngtacthdtheotintrnhloibccthnhphnvnhangoilaidongiAssyriaemliquaqutrnhthaythtngbcngnngAkkadianvchvithnhnmbngngnngAramaic(tingSyria)vmutAlphabet.Bn thn ngi Assyria, trong nhng ngy cui cng ca mnh, h cng dng mu t
AlphabetcangnngAramaicvittrngiydanhmthnhthcbsungchomuthnhnmkhctrnghoctruynthngcadntc.KhihsdngmutAramaic,tacthconrnghsdngngnngAramaic.DsaothsaukhichnhquynAssyriaspvtiptheolchBabylon(cngilchcaNebuchadnezzar)yumnh,chvitvngnngAramaicvntiptclanrngchotithkcuitrcCN,khingnngAkkadianvchvithnhnmbmaimthontontrnlnhthMesopotamiaquhngcah.CngcthphthinsthayitngngtronglchsngnngIran,vnxutphtt
thngnngkhhiuv tcbitncangiMedevngiBaT,nhngngithngtrchAchaemenid.Phiimtvivicghichpbngmtngnng(tingIranhaytingBaTc)khngcmutvitcaringn,ngiBaTchpnhnchvithnhnmkhclnvchAramaicghichplngiyda,nhngcuicngchcchvitAramaictntilmphngtinchuynticangnngBaT.Thtralcbygichaiyutvnha,mtntSyriavmttIran,angtkhng
nhmnhvngthingycnglinktgngihnvinhau.Tgiaioncuicathiklonlc,trckhithnhlpchAchaemenid,khinhngngiAramaeabkhutphcbtuquynrnhngkchinthngAssyria,qutrnhnydinralintc.Numunxemxtbicnhsmhncan,chngtacthnhnvotmgngtngiohiucrng,lmthnomthiklonlctruynsinhkhchoZarathustra,giophiIran,vccgiophicangiDoThingthi.Vmt tngth,ccnhntcangiAramaeahocSyriasovingiIrancthccoilcnhhngsurnghn.Nuquanstsauthiklonlc,tasthynhntngiIrannhtdnvlmhinlnhnhnhxhiSyria-trongthikcaitrcavuaSolomonvvuaHiramcngthi-phtkinraiTyDngvnDngcngvibngmutAlphabet.ny,cuicngchngtacngxcnhcxhisaunyskhaisinhrahaixhiHigiosongsinh(risaulihpnhtlmmt),vginlxhiSyriac.Khiphthinranhdanhny,chngtahykhostliHigio-tngiophbinm
xhiSyriatntidatrnnvriphnchiathnhhaixhiIranvRp.GiychngtacthnhnthymtskhcbitthvgiaqutrnhphttrinHigiovThinChagio.ChngtabitrngmmmngcalclngkintoraThinChagiokhngnmtrongxhiHyLpc,mcngungctbnngoi.Ngcli,mmmngcaHigiolikhngntbnngoi,msinhrattrongniticaxhiSyria.NgisnglpraHigio,tintriMuhammad,lycmhngchyutDoThigio-mttngiomicaxhiSyria,lnthhaisautngioNestoria-mthnhthccaThinChagiotrongnhntSyriakhiphcuthcansovixhiHyLpc.Dnhinmttchcvinhgiohi ti cao khngbao gi cmmmngn thun tmt x hi nnht. TrongtrnghpCcgio,chngtanhnthyccyutcaxhiHyLpcphttrintcctngiothnbvtritlHyLpc.Tngt,nhngquymrnghnnhiu,chngtacthphthinranhhngcaxhiHyLpciviHigio.Tuynhin,nivtngth,Ccgiolmtgiohitrungngbtnguntmtmmmngngoilai,trongkhiHigiobtnguntmtmmmngniti.Cuicng,chngtacthocmcdchchuyncanginhnguynthycacc
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xhiIranvRptnginhnguynthycaxhiSyriatin.RanhgiicbncaxhiHigioIran,tAnatoliann,chothymtsdchchuyntoln.Ngcli,quhngcaxhiHigioRpSyriavAiCpbaophtonbvnglnhthcaxhiSyriacdchchuyntnginh.Xhinc.Xhiangtntimchngtaphiphntchtiptheolxhingio.
Mtlnna,chngtalinhnthytnnmngcannhngduhiutiubiuchobitstnticamtxhitinphatrctrntrcthigian.Chnhquyntrungngtrongtrnghpny lchGupta(khongt375-475trcCN).Tngiochung lngio,ginhcquynlcticaontrongthiGuptasaukhihtcngvthaythPhtgio-vnchimuthtrongkhong7thktrntiulcavnlcinicachaitngiony.ThikVlkerwanderungtnphchGuptavicucxmlngcarHungnntvngthonguyn-u,cnglnhngngingthitncngchLaM.Thikqu,dohotngcanhngyuttrngyracngvithigiansngcanhngchnhquynkthacachGupta,nmtrongkhongtnm475-775trcCN.Saulkhiimcaxhintntinngynay.TrngphiSankara-chacatritln-hngthnhvokhongnm800.Khilixahnvqukhtmkimxhicxa-tincaxhingio-chngta
sthytrnbnhdinnhhncngmthintngphctphacuctmkimxhiSyriacachngtatrn,lcucthmnhpcaxhiHyLpc.NkhngbtutchindchAlexander,vnkhnglihqunoludilnnnvnhan,mbtnguntcucxmlccaDemetrius,vvuaHyLpcaBactria,khong183-182trcCN,vktthcbngsspcachnhquynaphngcuicngtheokiuHyLpcvonm390,cthcoignnhchnhxclthiimthnhlpchGupta.LntheoduvtcaltrnhgingnhkhiitmxhiSyriaTyNam,tmran
mtchnhquyntrungngtinHyLpc,mchGuptacthcoilsnilican.ChngtatmthychcangiMaurya,doChandraguptathnhlpvonm323trcCN,phttrinccthnhdivngtriucaHongAokatrongthktiptheovlitntrongtaytncpngiPushyamitravonm185trcCN.Sauchny,chngtatmthymtthiklonlcvinhngcucchintranhginhquynlcgiaccthlnhaphng.SkinnibttrongthiknylcucicacPhtSiddharthaGautama.CucivquanimsngcaNgilbngchngrrtnhtchothyxhingthilcyangtriquamtthiktit.BngchngnyccngcbicucivquanimcamtngisngcngthiviNgi-Mahavira-ngisnglpoJain,vbinhiungikhcna,nhngngiquaylngvicucitrnthtmtimtthgiikhcthngquahnhthctuhnhkhhnh.Cuicng,sauthikrirenny,chngtacthtmthymtthiklnmnhcghilitrongkinhV.Vnhvy,chngtanhndincxhitincaxhingio,tahyginlxhinc.NginhnguynthycaxhinnmtrongccthunglngIndusvthnglusngGanges,ritbnhtrngrakhptiulca.Vtralcansaugnnhngnhtvixhihudusauny.XhiTrungQucci.Chcnlimtxhihinangtntinacnphinghincu,
vncquhngminVinng.Chnhquyntrungngcaxhinylmtch,cthnhlpvonm221trcCN,vicctriuithaklnhTnvnhHn.Tngiochunglphiitha,mtbinthcaPhtgiodunhpvovngtriuHnvtrthnhnginuidngxhiphngnghinnay.Saukhichnhquyntrungngsp,thikVlkerwanderunggyrabiccblcdumcthonguyn-u,nhngkxmlclnhthcavngtriuHnvokhongnm300,mcdbnthnvngtriuHnthcranhngchchomtthikquthn100nmtrc.KhichuynsangkhostcctincavngtriuHn,chngtathyduhiurrng
camtthiklonlc,lchsTrungQucgilthiChinQuc,kodihaithkrisaucichtcaKhngPhuTvonm479trcCN.Haiduhiucathikny,lnglichnhtrtstvxuthinmttnglptrthchngvtritlthct.NnhcchngtanhnmtthiktronglchsHyLpcgiathiZeno-ngithnhlpchnghaKhck-vtrnchinActium,giaionnychmdtthiklonlctronglchsHyLp
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c.Hnna,trongtrnghpny,nhngthkcuicathiklonlcchlnhimcamtsphhoitchcdinrattrc.NgnlacachnghaqunphitbnglnttrcthicaKhngTvvnchykhingnhratiuchuncangiquntlnhn,l,ngha,tr,tn.Sthngthithtccavtritgianyvmtnsnitingthgiikhccngthiving-LoT-lnhngbngchngchothychaingunhnrarng,thihongkimsau lngxhimhangsng.ChngtasttngchocixhimKhngTvnhoinimvilngtnknh,cnLoTthquaylnglinhCcgiorikhithnhphCht?CltannginlxhiTrungQucci.Tngphiitha-thtngiochungmthngquanxhiTrungQuccisinhra
xhiVinngngynay-tngtnhGiohiCcgiovkhcviHigiovngio,bimmmngcankhngnmbntrongxhicanmntnikhc.ithabtnguntlnhthxhincvlsnphmcaccvvuaHyLpcaBactriavnhngngithakbnHyLpcah,ngiKushan.ChcchnrngncmrtrongccvnglnhthcangiKushanthunglngTarim,ningiKushankthavngtriuTinHn,trckhinhnglnhthnybtichinhphtvthntnhbivngtriuHuHn.Thngquacnhcany,ithathmnhpvoxhiTrungQuccivsaucgiaicpbtrcaxhinychpnhndonhucucaringn.NginhnguynthycaxhiTrungQucci l luvcsngHongH, tn
bnhtrngtiluvcsngDngT.Luvccachaiconsngnyunmtrongkhuvcnginhnguynthycaxhiphngng,vnbnhtrngtheohngtynamdctheobbinTrungHoavchngngbctiTriuTinvNhtBn.Ditch.Nhnggttrcngichngtathunhtctnhngtntchtmthytrong
ccxhiangtnti,vchorngchngthucvmtxhililn,thgilditch.DoThigiovgiophiParseelnhngditchcaxhiSyriactrccucthmnhpxhiHyLpcvothgiiSyria.CcgioMonophysitevNestorialditchhnhthnhtsphnngcaxhiSyriatrccucthmnhpcannvnminhHyLpc,kthavthchnhngcucphnkhngchnglixhiHyLpcvithtngiobanucangiSyria.Nhng tn theoo Jainnv ccPht tphiTiu thaCeylon,Burma,Siam[3]vCampuchialditchcaxhinctronggiaionchMaurya,trccucthmnhpcaxhiHyLpcvothgiin.CcPhttphiLtmaithaTyTngvMngC tng tnhnhng tnNestoria.Hidin chomtphnngbtthnhcabinthPhtgioithathnhthcbanucaxhinthnhhnhthimi-cnhonndinhhngcaccxhiHyLpcvSyriac-vcuicngcxhiTrungQuccichpnhn.Khngcditchnotrongsnycungcpchochngtaduvtbsungthmvodanh
schccxhi,nhngnhngcucnghincuvnchahonchnh.Chngtacthlixahnnavqukhvtmchamcamtsxhimchngtanhndin.XhiMinoan.TrongnnmngxhiHyLpcctntinhngduhiuchcchnca
mtxhicxatntitrcn.Chnhquyntrungngcaxhinylmtchmmi hot ng can lin quan cht chnbin, cbo v di s ch huy ca binAegeantmtcncoCrete.NlimtcitnbngtingHyLpclthalassocracy(quynlccabin)caMinosvnhngdutchtrongtngcaonhtcabmttrit,ylcc lu i c khai qut gn y Cnossus v Phaedrus. Thi kVlkerwanderung sauchnhquyntrungngnycthtmthytrongnhngghichpchnhthcngthicaccvngtriuth18,19v20caAiCp,mcdnbthayitnhiudoslngmnhacathica,chnghnnhtrongnhngtuyttcHyLpcxanhtlIliadvOdyssey.iunychcchn,khngtthnhiu,scungcpchochngtanhiuhnnhngthctrnglchs.ThikVlkerwanderungnydngnhbtuvicucthmnhpcangimandi
Achaeavnhngtcngiiloi-tvngniachuucaAegean,nhngkbnhtrnghngrabincvvtquaquynlccabinCrete.ChngckhochcvcngtrnhcahlsphhyccluiCretevothikmccnhkhochcgilcui
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Minoannh.nhimcathiknylkhidngthcngiAegean,saunhngchinthnglintip,ptanchKhatti(Hittite)Anatoliavtncng,nhngkhngtiuditcchmicaAiCp.CchcgixpthiimhyditCnossusvokhongnm1400trcCN,vccbnghichpcangiAiCpchophpchngtaxcnhthikdngthcngibxyratrongkhongnm1230ti1190trcCN.Tchngtacthcoigiaiontnm1425-1125trcCNlgiaionthucvthikquny.Khilntheoduvtlchscaxhicxany,chngtagpphitrngidokhngth
ccchvitCrete,nhngnhngchngckhocgirngcmtnnvnminhvtchttrngthnhoCrete,tnhinsinhsinynbngnganglnhthAegeantiArgolidthkth7trcCN,vtdndnbnhtrngraccphnkhccalcaHyLptronghaithkktip.NgoiracncbngchngvstnticannvnminhCretekodingcvtnthimi.ChngtacthgixhinylMinoan.NhngliuchngtacthamnviviccoimiquanhgiaxhiMinoanvHyLpc
gingnhgiaxhiHyLpcvixhiphngTy,hayccxhicquanhtrchkhcmchngtanhndin?Trongnhngtrnghpny,sidylinktgiahaixhilmtthtngiochung,tobigiaicpbtrcaxhicvsaunhmtciknhnhthnhxhimi.NhngchngcgmangbngdngxhiMinoantrongccvthnOlympus-hnhtngctlicaathngioHyLpc.ThuytathnnychnhthckinhinlsthiHomer,vy,chngtathynhngvthndongimanditngtngractruynvothgiiMinoantrongthikVlkerwanderung,khihhyditn.Zeus-vthnchintranhcangiAchaea-ngtrtrnnhOlympusvitcchlk
otngibu cangi tinnhimCronosbng scmnh.ng taphn chia chin liphmcavtr,traoncvmttchoccanhtrailPoseidonvHades,vgilibutrichoringmnh.ThuytathnnylcangiAchaeavthmnhpdnvothgiiMinoan.ChngtakhngthycmtduvtnocatngioMinoanthmchnhngvthnbphtrut,vthnCronosvccTitancnggingnhZeusvnhmchinbinhlccvthncangta,ulsnphmcaathngioHyLpc.Chngtannnhlirng,tngiobphnlnngimandiTeutontbtrckhihbtunhngcuctkchcamnhvochLaM,thtngiocduytrvsnglcbinhngngihhngcahtrongvngScandinavia-bnhngnginytbtrongthikVlkerwanderung(cuctkchcangiphngBc)cachnhhvonmhocsuthksau.NucmthnhthcgiohitrungngtntitrongxhiMinoantithiimngimandiTeutontrnqua,nphiccimtngiokhcviathngioOlympus,cnggingnhcimtnngngcaCcgiokhcviOdinvThor.Mtthnhvyliuctntihaykhng?Cnhngduhiumnhtchothylctrong
liphnxtcahcgivinhtvchny:ny,tacthccccchngcvtnngngcangiCretec;ta
nhnthydngnhkhngchlmtthctlitmlinhphbin,mviiucctncan2000nmsaunhmtnhmnhscchuynsangchocctncanhngtngiokthangphng,ngiIran,ngiCcgiovngiHigio.Nbaohmmttinhthngioiuctlicatnngng,vkhcxaviquanimtngiocathiHyLpcNusosnhtngthnvitngiocangiHyLpc,cthnirngncnhiutnhtmlinhhn,hoctmtkhacnhkhc,nmangnhiuduncnhnhn.TrongChicnhncaNestor,ninhngbiutngcashisinhcnhnthygingtrnunngvihnhdngconnhngvbm,nng(vnthn)rrngckhnngbantngcucsngthgiibnkiachonhngtn,nngrtgnnhngtncamnh.NngcanhginhngaconcamnhngaycthgiibnkiaTngioHyLpcngcnhngcuchuynthnthoican,songchthnchaiphitnh,dcnhiuhaytquynnng,cngkhngbaogithamgiavomtmiquanhcnhngnginhcchratrongtnngngthiMinoan.Schiarcah,cnhdubngccmithgiaccgianhvthtc,cngdnhnthynhsadngvhnhdngvtnhcchcah.Trili,trongthgiiMinoan,nhnvtccoi lnthnticaothngxuyntixuthin.Kt
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lunchunglchngtaangthyshindincamttngionthn(chthmtvthn)ln,trongvnthngiavticao.[4]ngthicngcmtchngcviunytrongtruynthngcaHyLpc.NgiHy
LpduytrhuynthoivmtthnZeusoCretethcskhngphi l thnZeusOlympus.VthnZeuscangiCretenykhngphillnhocamtnhmchinbinhvnngaytutrngthnhylngcnhvchimotvngquccamnhbngscmnh.Vthnnyxuthintronghnhhimtatrssinh.ClngicngnhtviatrthhintrongnghthutMinoancThnhMumpmtcchtnknh.Vngikhngchcsinhra-ngicnmti!PhichngskhisinhvchmdtcangictihintrongssinhravmticaDionysus,ThngcangiThracevvthnticaotronghuynthoiEleusis?PhichngnhngcuchuynhuynthoiHyLpc,gingnhchuynphthyuchuhini,lphncnstlicatngiothucmtxhihontonbinmt?GisngiCcgiokhngchngchinivingiViking-ngispdi
quynlccangiCcvthtbitrongvicciongiVikingtheotnngngcamnh-chngtacthtngtngratnglpdiyxhilpramtxhimitrongtngiothnhhnhltnngngcangiAesir.Chngtacthtngtngraxhiminy,khinphttrinthgpthtbitrongvickthpvitngiocanhngngimandiScandinaviavtmkimspngcaisngtmlinhtrnmnhtmxhimicnbtrng.Trongsnghonncaisngtinhthn,tndcamttngioc,thayvbqutschnhxhiTyphngcachngtaqutschthutphthykhindmthchthcGiohi,cthlictikhmphnhmtbuvtbchngiu.VmtsthnthnhccthpngnhucucathiibngmtkthpngoilaigianghithcCcgiochimuthvinhngnghilcangimandicngungctngiFinnhocngiMagyar.Datrncimtngngny,chngtacthtilpcculchstngiocath
giiHyLp cnh sau: sphchng cchuyn thoi c xavEleusis v sphtminhthuytthnb-theoNilssonlmttngiotbin,ctorabimtvthnhmo-tskthpgiaccnghilDionysuscangiThracevcchuynthoiMinoanvssinhravmticathnZeuscangiCrete.RrnglchuynthoicxacangiEleusislnthuytthnbucungcpchoxhiHyLpcimtthdngchttinhthnmncnnhngkhngthtmctrongtnngngathngioOlympus,mtthuyttmlinhcathgiikhcnhchngtatngmongtmthythiklonlc.Thuyttmlinhdogiaicpbtrtrongnctoravcucchngicahvigiohitrungngnhmtiuttyu.Datrnnhngimtngngny,phichngtaskhngngcnhinnunhnthy
trongcchuynthoivthuythuynbctntilinhhncatngiochungcaMinoan.Dchossuyonnycngstht(viunybnghivntrongphnsaucacunschkhiphntchngungcthuythuynb)[5]thncngkhmmbochochngtacoixhiHyLpclmthuduthtscaxhitrc.Ldonokhingiohinyphitridytngtrotnribditvong?VailngiktliunnukhngphilnhngngirtnphthgiiMinoan?KhitipthuthuytathntnhngngiAchaeahiust,nhngkcpthnhth,xhiHyLpctuynbthanhnhlchamcan.NkhngthtmnhthakxhiMinoannukhngbtchctheoticmmucangiAchaeavttuynbmnhlmtkgitcha.NugiyquaylivinnmngcaxhiSyria,chngtasthyrngnhnggmnh
tm thy nnmng ca x hi Hy Lp c,mt chnh quyn trung ng vmt thi kVlkerwanderung, cng ging vi nhng g xy ra trongnhng chng cui ca lch sMinoan.CnchnngcuicngdothikVlkerwanderunghuMinoangyraldngthcnhngngidumctmkimminhmicah,tnhtrnghnlongyradosthcycalnsngngimandiphngbccuicng,cngilngiDoria.BylikhiAiCp,mtsktnnnylitrnbbinngbccachAiCpvtrnnquenthucvi
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chngtavitngikchPhilistintrongkinhCuc.TiynhngkchtnnntthgiiMinoannychmtrnviccblcngiDoThicvntvngthoangxRptrigitticcvngthucaSyriacaAiCp.Xahnnavphabc,dynicaLebanonvchramtgiihniviccblcdumcAramaeavchechchongiPhoeniciabbinvnthotcnhhngcakchtrongkinhCuc.Tnhngyutny,mtxhimi-xhiSyriac,hnhthnhkhicnchnnggimbt.Chotigi,xhiSyriaccmilinhvibtkthnhvincnocaccchngtcc
linquantixhiMinoan,ncnggingnhmiquanhgiaxhiHyLpcvixhiMinoan-khnghnkhngkm.MtdisnmxhiSyriathahngtxhiMinoancthlbngmutAlphabet(nhngiunykhngchcchn),mtdisnkhccthlvicthnghimnhngchuynibinngdi.Banu,thtngcnhinkhithyxhiSyriaccngungctxhiMinoan.Ngita
vnchimtkhmphchngtchnhquyntrungngcaxhiSyrialchmicaAiCpvrngnthngiocangiDoThilphcsinhcanthngioIkhnaton,nhngccchngcthctchngliquanimny.KhngcbtkbngchngnogirakhnngthakcaxhiSyriaiviccxhimidintiubiulchKhatti(Hittite)Anatolia,vngtriuSumerUr,ccvngtriuAmoritekthanBabylon,nhngxhimchngtastinhnhphntchngaysauy.XhiSumer.Khikhostbicnhcaxhinc,iuutinthuhtschca
chngtaltngioV.GingnhtnngngathngioOlympus,nhiuchngcchothynnysinh tnhngngimandi trongqu trnhdinra thikVlkerwanderung,ngthikhngchothyduhiunocamttngioctoratrongthikrirenbigiaicpbtrcaxhiangsuytn.Trongtrnghpny,ngimandilnhngngiAryaxuthinTyBcntbui
bnhminhcalchsn,cngnhtbuibnhminhcalchsHyLpcngiAchaeaxuthinAegea.DatrnstngngvimiquanhphthinragiaxhiHyLpcvxhiMinoan,chngtamongiskhmphratrongbicnhcaxhincmtchnhquyntrungngvivngthoangnmphabnkiaccngbingiican.ttincangiAryasinhsngnhmtgiaicpbtrbnngoichotikhichnhquyntrungngsptoiukinchohxmnhp.Cthnhndinchnhquyntrungngvnhvvngthoangckhng?Clchngtasnhnccutrlichohaicuhinybngcchtrahaicuhikhc:NgiAryatmcngvontkhino?Vcaitrongsh,vnkhiutcngmtim,ktthcmtchnkhckhng?NgiAryanimtthtingthuchngnngn-u.Sphnblchscanhmngn
ngny-mtnhmuchuvnhmkhcnvIran-chothyngiAryachcchnphixmnhpvontthonguyn-u,theonhngconngmsaunyrtnhiungikthahitheobinhngkxmlcThNhK,MahmudxGhaznahvothk11vBabur,ngithnhlpchMughal(MngC),vothk16cathiichngta.KhinghincusphntncangiTh,chngtathyrngmtvitrongshtinxunghngng-namnnvmtskhctinvhngty-namnAnatoliavSyria.Chnghn,cngthiviMahmudxGhaznah,ngiThSaljuqkhixngcucchintranhchnglicucThptchinhcaxhiTyphng.CcghichpcaAiCpccungcpbngchngchngminhrngtronggiaiont2000-1500trcCN,ngiAryatphquathonguyn-u,gcmngiThstphqua3000nmsau,iutinonbcchncangiThtrongcucphnhatiptheocah.TrongkhimtsngiTh,nhchngtabitctnhngtiliucangin,xmnhpvon,thskhctnphIran,Iraq,SyriavcuicnglAiCp,nihthnhlptrongthk17trcCNmtchcaitrcacctlnhquningimandimlchsAiCpgilHyksos.VyulnguynnhngyrathikVlkerwanderungcangiArya?Chngtacth
trlibngcchtcuhi:ulnguynnhngyrathikVlkerwanderungcangiTh?Theoghichplchs:lsspcavngtriuAbbasidvngiThphntn
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theochaihngvtthicachAbbasidlmmichottcblcbntronglnhthcanlnnhngvngthucaxaxithunglngIndus.Giithchnycgichochngtamtmanhminocacucphnlytngngcangi
Aryakhng?Cutrlilc,vkhinhnvobnchnhtrcakhuvcTy-Namgiaion2000-1900trcCN,chngtathynbkhngchbimtchnhquyntrungng,gingnhvngtriuBaghdad,ccaitrtmtthphIraq,vlnhthcantriditheocngcchngtcngmttmim(vichAbbasid).Chnhquyntrungngny lchSumervAkkadcthnh lpvokhongnm
2298trcCNbingiSumerUr-EngurUrvcAmoriteHammurabikhiphcvokhongnm1947trcCN.StanrcachsaukhiHammurabiquaidntithikVlkerwanderungcangiArya.KhngcbngchngtrctipnochngminhrngchSumervAkkadkoditin,nhngkhnngnycgiratnhngktqukhaiqutgnytrongthunglngIndus.lmtnnvnha(cninitkhongnm3250tikhongnm2750trcCN,datrnhaivtrckhostutin)cmiquanhrtgngivinnvnhacangiSumerIraq.ChngtacthnhndinxhimtrongchSumervAkkadngvaitrchnh
quyntrungnghaykhng?Phntchcctincachny,chngtatmthybngchngvmtthiklonlctrongnhqunsSargonngiAkkad,xAgade,lmtbiutngngch.Lixahnna,chngtathymtthikphttrinhngthnhvsngtomnhnggkhaiqutcUrtrongthigiangnyminhchng.Chngtakhngbitlthiknykodibaonhiungcdngthigiantrong(hayvtqua)thinninkthttrcCN.XhinhndinnycthgilxhiSumer.CcxhiHittitevBabylon.SaukhinhndincxhiSumer,chngtacthtip
tcnhndinhaixhikhcbngphngphpkhost,lnnykhngphitxhiminxhicmtheothtngcli.NnvnminhSumertridinphangbnoAnatolia,saunygilCappadocia.
Nhngtmthtst,rtntngvtrnckhccctiliubunbngiaodchbngchvithnhnm,cccnhkhoctmthyCappadocia,lchngcchngminhiuny.SaukhiHammurabiquai, lcchnhquyntrungngcaxhiSumersp,ccvnglnhthCappadociacanbnhngngimandintphatybcchimng.Vokhongnm1750trcCNVuaMursilIxKhatti-ngicaitrchnhquynthaktrongphntthkny,tncngvnhbiBabylon.Kxmlcrtvmangtheochinliphmvnhngngimandikhc-ngiKassitentIran-thnhlpmtthlcIraqtn ti trongvngsu thk.chKhatti tr thnhhtnhncamtxhiHittitemnhngkinthcrirccachngtavnchyucctnhngghichpcangiAiCp,theongiHittitethngxuyntrongtnhtrngchintranhsaukhiThothmesIII(1480-1450trcCN)mrngquyncaitrngiAiCpnSyria.SsuytncachHittitedinracngthikVlkerwanderunghyditchCretenhtrnhbytrn.NgiHittitecvnhthahnghthngtinoncangiSumer,nhnghcmttngiocaringmnhvcngcmtloichvittnghnhtrongngitaghinhnctnhtlnmloingnngHittitekhcnhau.Mtxhikhc,cngclinquannxhiSumer,ckhmphquanhngghichp
cangiAiCp thk15 trcCN, trongkhuvcquhng caxhi Sumer. lBabylon,nimccthlcKassite,AssyriavElamngvothk12trcCN.CctchccaxhihusinhtrnnntngxhiSumerny,trongmikhacnhhunhurtgingvicctincachnhxhiSumer,dokhinccnhnghincunghingrngnlmtxhiphnbithaylmtchngktcaxhiSumer.Tuynhin,thntrngvnhnvchngtasginlxhiBabylon.Tronggiaioncui
camnh,kodisutthkth7trcCN,xhinyphichungnhngtnthttrmtrng trongmtcucchinkodihng trmnmngaybn trong tri timn,giangiBabylonvlclngqunscangiAssyria.XhiBabylontnticthm70nmsaukhiAssyriaspvcuicngbchAchaemenidcaCyrusnutchng.Giaion70
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nmnybaogmctriuicaNebuchadnezzarvnhtBabyloncangiDoThi,nhngngicoiCyruslmtthinnggiithot.XhiAiCpc.XhirtngchnynilntvngthunglnghlusngNiletrong
sutthinninkthttrcCN,chonthkth5thlitnsaukhitnti,tuticui,tnhtllugpbalnxhiphngTycachngtatnhnnay.Nkhngcchamvcngkhngcconnidi;khngcxhinoangtntihinnaycthkhngnhlhuducan.Ttcvinhquangcannmsbttctmkimvtmthytrong.Rtcthcckimtthp-nhngnhnchngbtngchngkinshindincanhngngikintorachngtronggn5000nm-stntihngtrmnghnnmna.Chngcgngngcnhinkhichngcthtntiluhnconngivtrongmtthgiichngcnaiccthngipcachng,chngstiptctho:TatntittrcthiAbraham.Tuynhin,nhnglngmhnhchphngvnykhngchlbiutnglchscaxhi
AiCpc.Chngtacnnirng,xhinytntitrongkhong4000nm,nhngphnnathikxhiAiCpckhngcnscsngna,nnicthcoinchlmtsinhthchtnhngchabchnvi.HnphnnalchsxhiAiCpclmtphnktqudi.Nulntheoduvtlchscaxhicny,chngtasthyrnghnmtphntcuc
icanlmtgiaionphttrinhngthnh.NguynnhnthcyshnhthnhnnvnminhAiCpcidiuyquynddicathinnhinkhcnghit - lvickhaiquang,thoncvtrngtrttrnvngrngmlynguynthy,vngthunglnghluvkhuvctamgicsngNile.ThgiiAiCpcsaubclshpnhtsmsavmtchnhtrvocuigiaionctngilthikTinTriu,vttinhcaocantrongthikhongkimrcrcavngtriutht.VngtriunynhducigilnhcaothnhtucaxhiAiCpc,lsphihpsclaongcaconngitrongnhngcngtrnhkhngl,tviccitomlychoticccngtrnhxydngkimtthp.Ncngtti nh cao trong chnh tr v ngh thut. Ngay c trong lnh vc tn gio, ni kin thcthngbcoilngungctaiha,nhngthgilvntkimtthpvnxcnhnrngthiknycngchngkinscsngto,xungtvlthikucasgiaothoagiahaihotngtngio-lvicththnMttrivthnOsiris-saunysphttrinkhixhiAiCpcbcvothiksuytn.Thikhngthnhricngtriqua,vthiksuytnbtubnggiaionqukt
vngtriuth5tith6,vokhongnm2424trcCN.Tithiimny,chngtanhnthynhngduhiuquenthuccathiksuytnvithtquenthucxuthintronglchscaccxhikhc.SphnlycavngtriuAiCpcthngnhtthnhnhiuchnhquynnh cpaphng thngxuyn tranhginh lnnhaumangnhnhiukhng thnhmlncathiklonlc.Nctipni,vokhongnm2070trcCN,bngmtchnhquyntrungngthnhlpbivngtriuaphngThebesvcthngnhtbivngtriuth12,vokhongnm2000-1788trcCN.Sauvngtriuth12,chnhquyntrungngsp,vthikquttyunyatithikVlkerwanderungcaxhiAiCpcivicucxmlccangiHyksos.Cvnhylimktthccaxhiny.Nutuntheothtthnglcacuc
khostvlnngcdnglchsktthkthnmsauCN,chngtacthdngliyvni:GiychngtalntheolchsAiCpc,tnhngduchncuicngcan thk thnm,ngc ln21 thk,vgpmt thikVlkerwanderung theo saumtchnhquyntrungng.NhvychngtatmvtingnnguncaxhiAiCpcvcoigiaiondinratrckhiimnylmtxhictinmchngtasgilXhisngNile.Tuynhincnphibcbquanimny,bi l,nugiyni licuckhosttheo
chiuthun,chngtaskhngthtmthymtxhimimlmtthhontonkhc.Chnhquynthakcangirblt;ngiHyksosbtrcxut;vchnhquyntrungngvithphttiThebesckhiphc,hontoncch.Sphchiny, theoquanimhinnaycachngta, lhintngngkduynht
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tronglchsAiCpc(ngoitrcuccchmngthtbittrongtrngnccaIkhnaton)dinragiathkth16trcCNvthkth5.Thigiantnticachnhquyntrungng,mlintipbltritithnhlp,lpytonbhaithinninkmkhngcmtxhiminoht.NunghinculchstngiocaxhiAiCpc,chngtacngsthyrngsauthikqu,cmttngiochimuththakttnglpthngtrtrongthiksuytntrc.Dvy,nkhngddngchimcuthmkhngtriquamtcucutranhno,vutinnbovvngvngavcamnhbngcchlpramttngiophquttronggiaionsuytntrcbitnglpbtrtrongnccaxhiAiCpcttngioOsiris.TnngngOsirisntvngtamgicsngNile,khngphitvngthngAiCp,ni
hnhthnhlchschnhtrcaxhiAiCpc.DngchychnhtronglchstngioAiCpclcuctranhugiamtvthnsngtrntrngianvthlctnhindilngtvithnmttritrnthinng,cuctranhunybiuhinquavic linhhncacycilunphinxuthintrnmttvbinmtdilngt.Cucxungtthnthnhnykthpvicucxungtchnhtrvxhigiahaibphndnchngnhngnimhaitnngngnyphttrin,nhlsthhinthnhc.Bphnthcngthnmttri-thnRe -cdin tquahnh tngccPharaoh,ciukhinbigii tusHeliopolis,trongkhitnngngththnOsirislmttngiobnhdn.ylcucxungtgiatngioticaovtngiobnhdnvncsclicunnhngtnringl.imkhcbitctyugiahaitngiotronghnhthcnguynthycachnglskhng
tngngtrongvincnhsaukhichtcacctnmchngra.ThnOsiriscaitrvslinhhnchttrongthgiibngtidilngt.CnRethunhnnhngtncamnhsaukhichtvbanchohssngtrnbutri.Nhngsphongthnhnychdnhtngchonhngaicthtrgi,mtcigicaongttngun,chotikhisbttcamttrignnhchdnhringchoPharaohvccthnhvintronghonggiavinhnggnhvuanggp.Ccikimtthplnhnglngmcxytrongnlcbovsbttcacnhnbngmtkintrchngv.Trongkhi,tngioOsirischimlnhmtt.Hnhthcbttmnbanphtclqu
rsovivicnhcthinngtrntricathnRe,nhngchngquacnglthtngiovvsngqunchngnhnvphatrcdispbcvnn,vxoadurnghphichungpbcbtcngtrongcucinymbonimhnhphcbtditchoccchnhncamnh.XhiAiCpcphnchiathnhtnglpthngtrvgiaicpbtrtrongnc.PhiimtvinguyctnngngOsirisngycngtrnnphbin,tnglptusHeliopoliscgngbinOsiristhnhvdngbngcchchothngianhptnngngthnmttri,nhngtrongqutrnhny,Osirisnhncnhiuhnrtnhiusovinhnggmthnphimt.Khigianhpvogiophi thmttricaPharaoh, thnngthiginhctngioththnMttrichosngqunchnglaokhcamnh.KtqucavickthptngionylCmnangcaciCht-cunschhngdnminginvisbttthngtrisngtngiocaxhiAiCpcquahaithinninkktthccan.tngthnReihiocthayvphixykimtthp,cnthnOsirisgivaitrnhmtvphnquancathgiidilngt,khindnAiCptinrng,cichtchnhlqutngcaccvthnchbanthngchonhngaisngxngng.Nhvy,dichnhquyntrungngcaxhiAiCpc,chngtathynhngntc
trngcatngiochungctorabigiaicpbtrtrongnc.TnglaicatnngngOsirisnysrasaonuchnhquyntrungngAiCpckhngckhiphc?Liuncthtrthnhcininuidngmtxhimi?utin,chngtamongrngnschinhphc ngiHyksos, nhGio hi Cc quyn r c ngiman di ci o.Nhngchuynkhngxyra;lngcmthcangiHyksoslnthtngiochtcatnglpthngtr,vktqultnngngOsirisbxuyntcvsuythoi.Sbttmtlnnalicembn,mcdcigikhngcnlcckimtthpnamchlmttvnttrnmtcungiyci.Chngtacthphngonrng,trongcngvickinhdoanhny,cngnhnhngsnphmitrkhc,mtmnhnggirthucmtlinhunnhnhngbnchysemlichonhsnxutlinhunnhiunht.Do,cucphchithkth
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16trcCNkhngchlskhiphcchnhquyntrungng;nlsphatrnnhngtbosngcagiohiOsirisvinhngtbochtcaxhiAiCpcanghphithnhmtqunthnnht-mtdngtithitxhitmchttronghaithinninkcuicngsngli.ChngcxcthcnhtchngminhrngxhiAiCpcchisinhnylsthtbi
hontoncathlccgngvcndytcicht.Lnnylmtconngi,PharaohIkhnaton,ngiccngtitotngiobvhiuhabitnngngOsiriscagiaicpbtrtrongsutccthkcathiklonlckodi.Ikhnatontoramtkhinimmivthnthnhvconngi,cucsngvthinnhin,vtrnhbyntrongmtnnnghthutvthicami;nhngcixhichtvnkhngthnhmphcsinh.ThtbicangminhchngrngchngtangkhicoihintngxhitronglchsAiCpctthkth16trcCNtrichlonktcaxhiAiCpcthayvllchstkhithainghnnlcditvongcamtxhimi.CcxhiAndes,Yucatec,MexicvMaya.TrckhiccnhthcdnTyBanNhat
chnti,chuMsnsinhrabnxhiktrn.XhiAndesPeruthnhlpcmtchnhquyntrungng,lchInca,trckhibPizarrotiuditvonm1530.XhiMexiccnggnttitrnhtngt,chnhquyntrungnghnhthnhlchAztec.VothiimxyracucvinchinhcaCortez,chnhquynthnhphTlaxcalalthlcc lpduynht cn st li, vngiTlaxcala cui cngcngquyphcCortez.XhiYucateckhuvcbnoYucatanbxhiMexicdnthuphct400nmtrc,songchngulhuducamtxhicxahn-xhiMaya-ttimttrnhvnminhvnhnvncaohnccxhikthan.Nhngntutdckhngphanhvktthcmtcchybntrongthkth7sauCN,lichngcvstnticamnhquaqunthditchntcanhngthnhphptuytvitrongnhngkhurngmaYucatan.Xhinyxutsctronglnhvcthinvnhc,nlpcmththngninichnhxcnmcngngcnhin.NhngnghiltngiokhngkhipcCortezkhmphMexicodngnhlphinbnvcngmanrttngioccangiMaya.Nhvycccucnghincugipchngtaimdanh19xhi,aschngcmi
quanhtinhocthakvimthocnhiuxhikhc:lccxhiTyphngChnhthng,Iran,Rp(haixhiIranvRphinnayhpnhtthnhxhiHigio),ngio,phngng,HyLpc,Syriac,nc,TrungQucc,Minoan,Sumer,Hittite,Babylon,AiCpc,Andes,Mexic,YucatecvMaya.ChngtangthicngnulnnghivnvshindinringbitcaxhiBabylonbncnhxhiSumerRpHittite,Babylon,AiCp c, Andes, Mexic, Yucatec v Maya (Hai x hi ny hin hu s chia ct mt phnBabylontSumer,vmtscpkhccngcthccoilnhngxhinnhtvimtonkttngtnhxhiAiCpc.Nhngchngtastntrngctnhcthcachngchotikhinocnhngbngchngthuytphcthayiiu.ThcrachngtacngcthchiaxhiCcChnhthngthnhmtxhiChnhthngByzantinevmtxhiChnhthngNga,vxhiphngngthnhmtxhiTrungHoavmtxhiTriuTin-NhtBn.Nhvytngscachngtastngln21.Songnhngllgiithchvbovphngphpcachngtasphidnhchophntiptheo.
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III.KHNNGSOSNHGIACCXHI(1)CCNNVNMINHVXHINGUYNTHYNutinhnhsosnhchthng21xhi,vnlmcchcacunschny,chcchn
chngtasgpphinhngkinphni.kinutinvnginnhtphnbcvnmchng taxut l: Ccxhinaykhngccimchungnongoivic ttcchngulmitrngnghinculchs,thmchcimnycngqumhvchungchungnncthkhngtnhncngc.Cutrli,nhngxhilmitrngnghinculchslmtchngloitrong21
hnhmutiubiucachngtacuthnhmthnhthicth.Ccxhithucvhnhthiny thng c gi l nn vnminh (hay x hi vnminh), phn bit vi cc x hinguynthycnglmitrngnghinculchstothnhmthnhthikhctrongcngchngloi.Do,21xhicachngtacnphicmtimctrngtngngcthvchngunmtrongtintrnhcannvnminh.Mtimkhcbitnagiahaihnhthirtdnhnra.Snnvnminhbitlrtnh.
Cn s x hi nguyn thy bit ln hn rt nhiu. Vo nm1915, ba nh kho c Typhngbttayvothchinmtcucnghincusosnhccxhinguynthy.Httragiihnlchnghincunhngxhicngunthngtintngiy,tnhravokhong650,aschngukhngcntntinngynay.Khngthnoaraslngccxhinguynthyhnhthnhrisuytntkhiloingixuthinvokhong300nghnnmtrc,nhngrrnglslngcaccxhinguynthysovinhngnnvnminhlnhnrtnhiu.Gnnhcnbngvispovslngnitrnlsvttricaccnnvnminhso
vixhinguynthyvmtkchthccth.Ccxhinguynthyuctui thtngingn,vbgiihntrongnhngkhuvcaltnginhhpngthibaogmslngngitnginh.Cthnirng,nucthtinhnhmtcuciutrasthnhvincanmnnvnminhcntntinngynay,quavithkngnngimchngtnti,chngtasthyrngmicngngringltrongsnmnnvnminhbaogmnhiungihntngdnscattcxhinguynthyktbuibnhminhcanhnloi.Tuynhin,chngtaangnghincukhngphilcthmlxhi,vchnlquantrngivimcchcachngtalsxhitngtntitrongtintrnhvnminhhacbitnngynaylkhnh.(2)QUANIMSAILMVTNHDUYNHTCANNVNMINHQuanimthhaibcbkhnngsosnh21nnvnminhcachngtatringcvi
quanimthnht.Khngcti21hnhmuidinchomthnhthixhinhvymchcmtnnvnminhduynht-nnvnminhcachngta.LunimvtnhduynhtcannvnminhnylmtiusailmdoccnhshcTy
phngbnhhngbimitrngxhicah.imhiulmnmch,trongthikcni,nnvnminhTyphngcachngtagingtmlikinhtrakhpthgii,vnnkinhtnythngnhttrnnntngxhiTyphng,kotheosthngnhtvchnhtr.McdcccucchinhphtcaqunivccqucgiaphngTychabaogibaoqutvtrnvnbngnhngcucchinhphccacngnghipvcngnghcan,nhngsthclttchnhthinhnctrnthgiingthiulmtphntronghthngchnhtrnnhtcaxhiTyphngnguynthy.ylnhngsthcngch,nhngnucoichnglchngcthhinsnnhtca
nnvnminhthqulthincn.McdccbnkinhtvchnhtrngynayucTyphngha,songbnvnhavcnbnvncnnguynnhttrckhixhiTyphngcachngtabtucucchinhphcthgiivmtkinhtvchnhtr.lnhvcvnha,btcaibitquanstucththyrngnhngntctrngcabnnnvnminhngoiphngTyvncnrtrrt.Nhngnhiungikhngcctmnhn;vquanimcahcminhhaquavicsdngtthdn(nativestrongtingAnh)vnhngttngngtrongccngnngTyphngkhclmchnhngngidnca
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ccnnvnminh.Khiginhngngithucccnnvnminhkhclthdn,chngtacngngthi
hontongtbmuscvnhacah.Chngtacoihnhnhngngvthoangdtrnngp cc vngngqu, v chng ta kho st hnhmtphn cahng thc vt aphngchkhngphinhnhngconngiccmxcnhchnhchngta.Dovnnghvhlnhngthdn,nnchngtachorngmnhcthtiudithhoc,theokiucchhinihn,khaihachohvtintngmtcchlngthinlchngtaangcithinnigingcah,nhngsthclchngtachahtmhiuh.Tuynhin,bncnhotngvnhngthnhcngtrnphmvitoncucannvnminh
phngTyxttheophngdinvtcht,quanimsailmvsduynhtcalchs,vnchorngchcduynhtmtdngchycannvnminhduynht,lnnvnminhcachngta,vrngttcnhngnnvnminhkhchoclphlucanhoclbinmttrongsamc.Quanimnycthcquyvbangungc:otngvk(tchomnhltrungtmcathgii),otngvmtVinngkhngthayi,votngvqutrnhchuynbinlchsdinratrnmtngthng.iviotngvk,ylmthintngrttnhin,bingiphngTychngta
khngphilnhngnnnhnduynhtcan.NgiDoThitriquaotngrnghkhngphilmttrongnhngmldntcduynhtclachn.Nhnggchngtagilthdnthhgilkngoio(gentile),cnngiHyLpcgilngimandi(hayngir-barbarian).Nhngvdinhnhnhtcaotngvkcllbcqucthvitvonm1793cvhongminhtritcaTrungHoa,CnLong,gichomtcngsngiAnhchuynchovuangta,vuaGeorgeIII:
NgingnglmtvHong,sngphabnkiaranhgiicanhiuidng;yvymbthithcbithmmunthpkmmunchiaphnlitctnnvnminhcachngta,ngigiimtcngsknhcnmangtheothngipcamnhTackthngipcangi;nhngnghnghimchnhcbclmtcchkhimtnngknhliurtngkhenngiVithnhcuvvicgimtthndncangisanglmcontintronghongcung
cataviukhinnnthngmigiancngiviTrungHoa,ntrivittcllicavngtriutavkhngthchpnhn.Mcdngikhngnhrnglngknhtrngivithintriukhinngimongmunthunpnnvnminhcachngta,songccnghithcvlutlcachngtahontonkhcviccnghithcvlutlcaccngi,chonn,dcngscangicththuthpcnhngkinthccnbnvnnvnminhcachngtachngna,ngicngskhngthgieocycctpqunvphongtccachngtalnmnhtxaxicangi.Vl,chodvcngscangictigiinu,ngicngskhngthuciug.Caitrmtthgiirngln,tachcmtmctiuduynht,lduytrmtch
caitrtuytivhonthnhccphnsiviqucgia.Nhngcngphmklvtgikhnglmtaquantm.Nutaralnhchpnhnnhngcngvtdongigin,hihong,thchlvlngknhtrngivitinhthnthithcngigichngtnghndmxaxiny.Uynghicavngtriutathuphcmiqucgiatrnthinh,vvuachacamincuhindngnhngcngphmtgitheongbhocnghnghi.Nhsgicangicthtnmtchngkin,chngtacttcmith.Takhngcoitrngnhngvtklhaykholovkhngcnhucusdngnhngmymccancngi.[6]Mtthksaubcthngipny,lngkiuhnhcanhngngikvCnLongphi
sp.lktccmaicngcthonccaskiungo.otngvVinngkhngthayirrngcngrtphbinmtakhngcnphi
nghincusurngtmkimnguynnhn.Cthndatrnthctlphngng,tnyhmnghaminitAiCptiTrungHoa,tngcthivttrcphngTyrtxavgiy,cvnhbttliphasaucngxakhngkm;do,trongkhichngtatinlnphatrcthhnlnphidmchntich.Cthhn,chngtaphinhrngivi
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nhngngiTyphngbnhthngthhiubitduynhtv lchsci Vinngc gi gn trong nhng cu chuyn k trong kinh Cuc. Khi nhng nh thm himphngTycchngkin,giaskinhngcvnimvuisng,rngisnghinnaybingiiTransjordaniancasamcRphontonginghtvimtisngcattinhtrongcunkinhCingun, thcvnhcimkhngthayicaphngngcchngminh.NhngnhnggmccnhthmhimgpkhngphilVinngkhngthayimchlthonguynRpkhngthayi.Trnthonguyn,mitrngvtlkhcthlmtnhntthcysphttrincaconngivkhnngtthchngcahbgiihntrongmtphmvirtnhhp.iunyxynvittcnhngaimithiicanmchnlisngkhcnghitvkhthayitrnsamc.ktlunVinng khng thay i th nhng bng chng nh va nu l qu vn vt. Trong th giiphngTycngc,chnghnnhvngthung lngAlpine,vnkhngbnhngdukhchhin i ng chm ti, cc c dn vn sinh sng ging ht nh t tin h t thiAbraham.Nhvy,chnglchngtacngcthsuyratlunimnymtphngTykhngthayihaysao?otngvtintrnhlchsdinratheomtngthnglvdchothyxuhngn
ginhaqumcvnmconngithngthhintrongmisuynghcamnh.Nhngsgiacachngtaspxpccthikthnhmtchuinnhttunytiukia,tothnhchuithik,nhcconthntrexengiacctvy.Trncytremccsgiahinickthaychchaion-cvhini,mcdkhngtngngchnhxcvikinhCucvkinhTnchocsphnbitthiimtrcvsauCN.SphnchiagiaionlchsnylmtdisnxutphttquanimcagiaicpbtrthixhiHyLpc,thhinttngbthacanvigiaicpthngtrbngcchtoramthnhnhilphontongiahthngtngioccaHyLpviGiohiCcgio,(hddngcthathhnnhiusovichngta,vtmhiubitgiihncah).lldophtsinhotngvktrongvicchuynimttrong21xhicachngtathnhmtxhikhc.[7]Theothigian,ccnhshccachngtaphthinrarngsthuntinhnchovics
dngknhvinvngcahngmnhnlchsbngcchbsungthmmtgiaionthba,mhgilthitrungc,vhchennvogiahaithikkia.NhngtrongkhisphnchiagiacinvhiniidinchosphnchiagialchsHyLpcvlchsTyphng,thsphnchiagiatrungcvihinichidinchoschuynigiamtgiaionca lch sTyphngsangmtgiaionkhc.Cng thc cin+trungc+hinilkhngng;mphilHyLpc+Typhng(trungc+hini).VlinuchngtacngnhnchiamtgiaioncalchsTyphngthnhmtthikringbitthtisaokhnglmiutngtvinhnggiaionkhc?Khngcgmbochosphnchiathmmtgiaionbtutkhongnm1075tikhongnm1475lngc,vcnhiuldochornggnychngtabcsangmtgiaionmikhiuvokhongnm1875.Nhvychngtac:TyphngI:Giaionmngmui,675-1075.TyphngII:Giaiontrungi,1075-1475.TyphngIII:Hini,1475-1875.TyphngIV:Hu-hini,1875-?Nhngchngta lchng,vrngscnbnggia lchsHyLpcv lchsTy
phngcinvhini(nubnthch)chthhinttnghphiccbvsthincnmthi.iugingnhmtnhalchoxutbncunschnhanalthgiinhngtrongchtonphntchmichititvvnglngchoatrunghivchuu.Ngoiracncmtkhinimrtkhcvtnhnnhtcalchstntingthivi
ccotngphbinctrnhbytnytigi,ilpvilunimcacunschny.ychngtachmtrnvimtsnphmcalthuytnhnchnghchini:ylthuyttruynbcnhctitrongcunNgiAiCpcvngungccannvnminhcaG.ElliotSmithvcunCcconcathnMttri:Mtnghincuvlchscicann
-
vnminhcaW.HPerry.Cctcginytinvotnhnnhtcannvnminhtheomtllcbit:KhngphichuynngyhmquahayngymaicthchinnhstruynbtrnphmvitoncucannvnminhTyphngcnhtvduynht,mchnhlnhnggcthchinhngnghnnmtrcbistruynbcannvnminhAiCpc-lmttrongvinnvnminhchtvkhngchuduno.HtinrngxhiAiCpclthhincnhtvduynhtcamtnnvnminhctoramtcchclp,mkhngcshtrnotbnngoi.TtcnhnghnhthcnnvnminhkhcubtnguntAiCp,baogmccccngngchuM,vnhhngcannvnminhAiCpcccholvntitnHawaiivong.Dnhin,khngthphnhnsthcrngtruynblphngphpnntngcanhiu
cngngh, khnng, t chcv tng, tbngmu tAlphabet cho ti chicmymaySinger,ucsgiaotipgiaxhinyvixhikhc.Trongxhichngtahinnaystruynbgiithchchoviccmtcatrphngng,cphRp,cacaoTrungM,caosunguynliuvngAmazon,thiquenhtthuclTrungM,thiquenmtheohthpnhphncangiSumer,mbngchnglngshillingcachngta,hsRpmlcuclntnv.vThnhng,thctlsngtrngtrnnphbintrnthgiithngquastruynbtnincphtminhra,khngphilchngcchngminhrngcungncngtc tnhrngri theokiu tng t.Cngkhngphi lvngnhluynthpbnhtrngrakhpthgiitManchestermktlunrngcngnghluynkimcngphicquyvmtimkhingunduynhtnhth.Trongtrnghpnychngccachngtaphicchngminhtheocchhontonkhc.Btchpnhngquanimsailccachnghavtchthini,phihiurngccnn
vnminhkhngcxydng trnnhngvingchvt cht, tmymay, thuc l, sngtrng,ngaycccbngmutvbngcuchngcngkhng.XutkhumtcngnghcaphngTyrancngoilviclmdnhttrni.Nhngemmtbithhocmtvthnhnonmtnixalsgpkhkhnhnrt,rtnhiulnkhimunnhmlntrongtmhncamtxhingoiphngTyngnlatmlinhkhcvinhnggangsoisngtmhnn.Mcdvntntrngnggpcastruynb,songcnphinhnmnhvaitrcasngtonguynthytronglchsnhnloi,vchngtaphitnhcnhmnhrngtialahocmmmngcasngtonguynthycthbngphtthnhngnlahocnymmthnhmtcnhhoatrongbtkhnhthinocaisngxhi.tra,chngtacthtrttrchnhimlnvainhngngitheothuyttruynbxhiphngtrnghpcmtcuhimctra:liuphngphptruynbcccoilnhntquytnhcamtthnhtucthnocaconngihaykhng.Freemanvitvonm1873:
Khcthnghingrngnhiukhmphquantrngnhtcacucsngvnminhclplinhiuln,tinhngthiimvccqucgiakhcnhau,vnhiuqucgiakhcnhauttinhngmcphttrincthcaxhikhilnutinngitacntinhngphtminh.VvymcngnghinncphtminhclpTrungHoavtrongthitrungcchuu;vngitatinrngmttintrnhtngtcvndngchonhiumcchkhcLaMci,mcdkhngaithchinbciquantrnglpdngtintrnhquenthucvncsdngchonhiumcchnhvovicinsch.Cthtinrng,nhnggxyraviinncngxyravichvit,vchngtacthlymtvdkhctmtnghthuthontonkhc.Thtvy,tvicsosnhnhngcngtrnhkintrcccnstliAiCp,HyLp,,ccothucaAnhvnhngthnhphntTrungM,chngtathyrngnhngphtminhkhungcavmivmtuytvicthchinkhngchmt ln trong lch s ngh thut ca nhn loi. Chng ta cng khng nghi ng vicnhiunghthutnginvthityucaisngvnminh-sdngmyxay,cungn,thuynbvthunhangahoang-cphthinnhiulnnhiuthiimvaimkhcnhau.Vichnhtr,cngkhngcskhcbitno.Mttchcchnhtrgingnhauthngxuthincchnhaurtxa,nginvhoncnhihishindincachngxuthinnhngthiimvaimcchnhaurtxa.[8]
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Mtnhnhnchnghchinicngphtbiukingingnhvy:Nhngimtngngtrongtngvthiquencaconngichyuldos
tngttrongcutrcbnoconngivktqutnhincaqutrnhtduycah,dhnhngnikhcnhau.Trongmttrngthinocalchsnhnloi,sphttrintnhcchvtrtucaconngilnhnhau,nnchcchntinhthncahphicnhngc tnh,nng lcvphngphphotngchungtrn tonthgii.Tnhtngngtronghotngcanobnycthythk19quatrtucaDarwinvRussellWallace,khilmvictrncngmtdliugingnhau,ngthiarathuytTinha;vncncchngminhquaviccnhiushuchungivicngmtphtminhhockhmphvothi.Shotngtngtnhautrongqutrnhtduychungcaniging-dliucngrirc,nnglccngsng,thktqucngmh-giithchsxuthincacctnngngvtchcnhtnngngTotem,chngoihn,vnhiunghiltyukhchuhtnhngcngngngisngringbittrnkhpacu.[9]
(3)THIIMSOSNHGIACCNNVNMINHngi,chngtagiiphaikintringcnhnguphnbckhochnghincu
sosnhcachngta:Mtkinchorng21xhicachngtakhngcctnhnochungccoilmitrngnghinculchs;quanimcnlichorngtnhnnhtcannvnminhlmgimthiuslngnnvnminhxungchcncmt.Nhngngichtrchny,ngaycnuhbthuytphcbiphnphnbincachngta,clsvnphnikhnngsosnh21xhivinhauvchngkhngcngthii.Bytrongschnghinvncntnti;14xhikhclitnvtrongsnyctnhtbaxhi-AiCpc,SumervMinoan-tridititnbuibnhminhcalchs.Baxhi,cthcnhngxhikhcna,ucniniringbitsoviccnnvnminhcntntidoskodithiimlchs.Cutrlil:Nhngthiiclinquanvinhauvmtthikchati6000nm-
tnhtthiimxuthinnhngnnvnminhcxanhttngcbitchotixhihinnaycachngtacnphicxcnh,vmcchcachngtalnghincutrntrcthigiantngi-lgiihnvchiudithigiancabnthnccnnvnminh.Giy,trongkhinghincunhngmiquanhgiaccnnvnminhvinhautheothigian,sthhthakcaonhtmchngtagpquaminnvnminhlba,vtrongmitrnghp,bathhnyucnhiuhnkhongthigian6000nmcachngta,vhnhthicuicngcanlmtnnvnminhhinnayvncnangtnti.Thctltrongcucnghincuvccnnvnminhcamnh,chngtakhngpht
hinratrnghpnocsthhkthacaohnba,cnghalhnhthinycnrttrtrntrcthigiancaringn.Hnna,tuituyticantnhnngynaylrtngnsovinhnghnhthianhchcanccxhinguynthy,vncngtuivibnthnloingitntitrong300nghnnm,theocontrungbnh.Nhctiiunykhngphiphtbiurngmtsnnvnminhkodintnbuibnhminhcalchs,bilcimchngtagillchschngquachllchscanhnloitrongmtxhivnminh,nhngnuhiunghatlchsltonbthigiansngcaloingitrntrit,chngtasthygiaionsnsinhraccnnvnminh,tnhtkhibtulchsloingi,chchimc2%thigian,nghal1/50tuithcanhnloi.Nhvy,ccnnvnminhcachngtacthccngnhnmtcchthchnglcngthivinhau.Mtlnna,nhngngichtrch,chodbquakinphnbccahvmtthi
gian,cth litchikhnngsosnhgiaccnnvnminhdonhiuskhcbitgiachngvtrnhphttrin.Chngphiasnhngthcgilnnvnminhugnnhkmphttrin,haynghnlthiuvnminh,chonnvicxcminhstntisongsonggiachngviccnnvnminhthcth(ldnhinlnhnnvnminhcachngta)nthunlphcngvchhaysao?Tannnhrngtrnhphttrin,cngnhthigian,chlmtkhinimtngi;vtonb21xhicachngta,nusosnhviccxhinguynthy,uccoiltinbvtbc;nhngttcchng,nusosnhvibtk
-
mttiuchunltngno,sbcoiltthuquxavchngcxhinocthnilphttrinhnnhngxhikhc.Nhvy,vmtlthuyt,chngtavnbolukinrng21xhicachngtacnc
xemlhinnhincngthiivbnhng.Vnhngngichtrchcuicng,ngayckhigisrnghchulngnghechngta
giithchtnytigi,vncthtuynbrnglchscaccnnvnminhchngcgkhchnlnhngchuiskinlchs;mmiskinlchslcnhtvbncht;vrnglchskhngthtlpli.Cutrlil,mcdmiskin,cngnhmicth,ulcnhtvdokhngth
sosnh,nhngncngcthlmtthnhvintrongtnglpcamnhtheomtphngdinno,vvvyvncthcsosnhvinhngthnhvinkhcthuccngtnglpy.Khngchaicthsngno,dlngvthaycyc,ginghtnhaumtcchchnhxc,nhngnunhvylmsaoconngichngtacthlpraccngnhkhoahcnhsinhlhc,sinhvthc,thcvthc,ngvthc,vdntchctrncsnghincusosnh?Trtucaconngilicngrcrivadng,nhngchngtathanhnquyntntivtsdngcatml.Tuynhin,imgyranhiubtnghnhtlmcphttrincathnhtuccnnvnminhtnhnngynay.Chngtathanhnmtcucnghincusosnhvccxhinguynthydidanhhiucanhnchnghc.Mcchllmchoxhihinnaycachngtavnminh,iumnhnchnghcangthchiniviccxhinguynthy.Nhngvtrcaxhichngtascxcnhrrnghntrongphncuicachng
ny.(4)LCHS,KHOAHCVVNCHNGCbaphngphpkhcnhauxemxtvtrnhbysuynghcachngta,vquath
hinnhnghin tng trongisngnhn loi.Phngphpu tin lxcminhvghichpcchintngthct;phngphpthhailgiithch,thngquamtnghincusosnhcchintngthctcxcminh,rtranhngquylutchung;vphngphp th ba l ti to cc s vt, hin tng thng qua ngh thut di hnh thc vnchng.Tacthgichungphngphpxcminhvghichplicchintngthctlphngphplchs,phmvinghincucaphngphpnylnhnghintngxhicaccnnvnminh;phngphpgiithchvrtraccquylutchunglphngphpkhoahc,vtrongqutrnhnghincuisngnhnloi,ngnhkhoahcchchtlnhnchnghc,phmvinghincucaphngphpny lhin tngxhicaccxhinguynthy;vcuicng,vnhclphngphpcakchnghvtiuthuyt,phmvicanlmiquanhcnhncaccnhnvt.Ttc,vcbn,uctmthytrongnhngcngtrnhcaAristotle.Tuynhin,sphnbcabaphngphpnygiababphnnghinculitchtch
hntatng.Vdnhphngphplchs,nkhngghichplittcmisvt,hintngtrongisngnhnloimchalinhngsvt,hintngtrongisngxhicaccxhinguynthy,tnhnchnghcmixcnhcccquylutcan;vntraochosinhvthcccsvthintngvisngcacccth-mcdgnnhttcisngcacccthungquantmvquantrngcghichp,khngphitrongxhinguynthy,mlmttrongnhngxhikhctrongtintrnhvnminhvnvnthngccoilthucahtcaphngphplchs.Dolchschcpmtschkhngphi tonbnhngsvthin tng thc t trongisngnhn loi;vmtkhc,bncnhvicghichpliccsvthintng,phngphplchscngphicuvinnkhnnghcuvsdngccquylut.Phngphplchs,cnggingnhkchnghvtiuthuyt,vnphttrintthnthoi,
mthnhthcnguynthycaslnhhivbiutmtrong-cngnhtrongnhngcuchuynctchkchotrconhoctrongnhnggicmcangiln-ranhgiigiathctvhcukhngcxcnh.VdnhvIliad,btcaibtucnnhmttiliu
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lchssthynchaynhngchitithcu,nhngngcli,btcaichtmcnnhmttcphmhcusthynchaylchs.TtctiliulchsutngngviIliadvimny,nghalchngkhngthhontonloibyuthcu.Schnlc,spxpvyutthctnthunlmtphngphpthucvlnhvchcu,vquanimphbinchorngkhngsgianocthccoilvinubnthnngtakhngphilmtnghsvi;rngGibbonsvMacaulayslccsgiavihnsoviccsgiakhkhan-nhngngicgngtrnhnhngimthiuxcthccccngnghipgiutrtngtngcahtora,citnnycngiWalterScotttra,bnthnngcngccoilmtsgiavinhmtstiuthuythnlbtktcphmlchsnocamnh.DsaochngnacngkhmvitchaidngtruynlchslinlcmkhngaranhngnhnvtvkhinimhcunhncAnh,ncPhp,ngBoth,Giohi,bochhocquanimchung.Thucydides[10]vitkchvnhngnhnvtlchsbngccht nhng li thoi h cu voming h, nhng phng php trc lun ca ng,mc dthuytphchn,songthcskhngmangnhiutnhhcuhnsoviphngphpginlunnngn,trongnhngkchtcgiahiniaranhnghnhnhgitocahthhinquanimchung.Bncnh,lchscngphcvchomtsngnhkhoahcphthucchuyncng
thchanhngquylutchungkhngchvccxhinguynthymvttcccnnvnminh:chnghnnhngnhkinht,chnhtrvxhihc.Dkhngcnthitphiavollcamnh,nhngchngtacthchngminhrng,lch
skhngthunkhitkhisdngnhngphngphpkthpvikhoahcvvnchng,thkhoahcvvnchngcngkhnginottribucvinhnggccoilphngphpcaringchng.Ttcngnhkhoahcutriquamtgiaionmvicxcminhvghichpthctlhotngkhiutchccduynht,vngnhnhnchnghcchvamihnhthnhtgiaion.Cuicng,nukchnghvtiuthuytkhngphilstrnhbymtcchhcu,mhontonlhcuvkhnggngoinhngmiquanhcnhnhcu,thsnphmcachng,thayvcAristotlenhnxtlchnthtvgiutnhtritlhnclchs,schtonnhnghnhnhtngtngvlvkhngthchpnhn.Khigitcphmvnhcltcphmhcu,chngtachmunnirngccnhnvttrongtcphmkhngthcngnhtvibtknginotngsngtronglchs,cngnhkhngcmilinhnovccskincth.Sthcl,chngtamunnirngtcphmcmtshcumangtnhchtcnhn;vnuchngtakhngnirngnntngcancsngtcdatrnnhngskin lchsxhictht thchviunycvnhquhinnhinmthi.Thtvy,chngtathanhnrnglingikhenvinhdnhtdnhtngchomttcphmhculnchnthtnhcucsng,vrngtcgithhinmtkinthcuynthmvbnchtcucsngconngi.Cthhn:NutcphmhcuvmtgianhthdtlenYorkshire,chngtacthkhenngitcgibngcchtndngrng,nhnggngvitchothynghiubitvnhngthtrnvngWestRidingrnhlngbntay.Tuyvy,sphnbitcaAristotlegiaphngphplchs,khoahcvhcuvngi
nguyntnhhpltheomtnhhngchung,vclldosxuthinnuchngtaphntchnhngphngphpnymtlnna,vtasphthinrarngchngphnbitvinhautrongstngngkhixlnhngdliuvislngkhcnhau.Phngphpxcminhvghichpcchintngthctchthchhpvimtmitrngnghincuctdliu.Phngphpgiithchvlpcngthcccquylutcthcpdngvtracnthittrongnhngmitrngcqunhiudliuhindinnhngkhngnhiudliukhost.Hnhthcsngtovbiudinnghthutcgilhculphngphpduynhtcthsdngkhilngdliulvs.y,giabaphngphp,chngtathymtskhcbitvbnchttheonhlng.Ccphngphpkhcnhautnhhudngcachngtrongvicxlnhngslngdliukhcnhau.Liuchngtacthphthinramtkhcbittngngcclnhvcringbittrongbacucnghincucachngtakhng?btunghincuvnhngmiquanhcnhn-vnthucvahtvnchng-
chngtanhnthyngayrngrttnhnvtcnhngmiquanhthctcnhnthvvquantrngtiuscahtrthnhtivcmhngvnchng.Ngoinhngngoi
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lhimhoiny,nghincuvisngcaconngitrongnhngmiquanhcnhnphiimtvivstrnghptngt.Ghichptondinvchngliukhngth.Btccngthcnothhinnhngquylutcachnguqutmthnghocththin.Tronghoncnh,khngthtruynbdliungktrkhicmthnhthckhcchuynticivhnbngcihuhn,vhnhthcchnhlhcuvnchng.Giy,khiphthinravmtslngctnhtmtcchdingiitrongkhinghin
cunhngmiquanhcnhn, thphngphphcu thngcsdng lphngphpcngthchaquyluttrongkhinghincunhngxhinguynthyvphngphptmkimthctkhinghincuvccnnvnminh.iuutincncpl,chaiphngphpnghincunyuxemnhcmcch
nhmticcmiquanhcaconngi,songkhngphilnhngmiquanhquenthuchaycnhnxyntrongkinhnghimtrctipcaminginng,phnvtrem.Nnhmnmiquanhxhicaconngi-vnvtrangoiphmvinhngmiquanhcnhnxanht,vnhngmiquanhphicnhnnycduytrthngquacccchxhigiltchc.Nukhngccctchcthxhiskhngthtnti.Thtvy,bnthnccxhichngqualnhngtchctrngthicaonht.Nghincuvxhihaynghincuvmiquanhcacctchctrongxhilnhnhau.Chngtalicththyrng,slngdliumcccucnghincuphixlvmi
quanhgiacctchcxhicaconngilnhhnrtnhiusovislngccmiquanhcnhn.Chngtacthphntchxahnlslngmiquanhgiacctchcxhicghichpclinquantivicnghincuccxhinguynthyslnhnrtnhiusovislngnhngmiquanhlinquannvicnghincunhngxhivnminh,vslngccxhinguynthybitlntihn650,trongkhicucnghincuvccxhinmtrongtintrnhvnminhchophpchngtanhndinckhngqu21xhi.Bygicons650mu,mcdkmrtxascnthitpdngphngphphcu,songthchhpccnhnghincukhiubngviclpcngthcccquylut.Trili,nghincuvmthintngchcmthaichcmuthkhngthpdngphngphpnokhchnllitkthct;vnhchngtathy,ychnhltrnghpmtaphisdngphngphplchs.Lcu,dngnhlmtnghchlkhiququytrng,ccnhnghincuctrongtay
mtslngdliurtnhkhikhostccnnvnminh,trongkhiccnhshchinicachngtaphnnnrnghbchmngptrongngunvtnccdliu.Nhngthctlccsvt,hintngcpbccaonht-mitrngnghincu-ccnvsosnhccalchs-cslngqutpdngphngphpkhoahc,giithchvcngthchaccquylut.Dvy,tronghoncnhny,chngtanhchpnhnnhngkhkhnththchvktqucanhngnlcyscthhintrongphncnlicacunschny.
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CHNG2QUTRNHHNHTHNHCCNNVNMINH
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IV.CUHICHACLIP(1)TVNNgaykhitipcnvnnguynnhnvqutrnhhnhthnhccxhivnminh,chngta
nhnthydanhsch21xhinitrncchiathnhhainhm.Trongs,15xhilhuducaccxhitinthuccngchngloivin,trongcnhngxhihudugngivixhitincannmcvicphntchchngbitlpvinhaucthgytranhci.Ngcli,mtvixhicmiquanhtrchrtlnglokhinchonghandtrongkhinimtrchcthkhinchngtailcng.Nhnghybquachuynny.Trndi15xhinitrnlpthnhmtnhmphnbitvi6xhihnhthnhtrctiptisngnguynthycnlinhchngtathy.Shnhthnh6xhinychnhltmimchcachngtahinnay.lccxhiAiCpc,Sumer,Minoan,Sinic,MayavAndean.Vyimkhcbitcbngiaxhinguynthyvxhitinhahnlg?khng
philchuynchaykhngshindincacctchcxhi-vnlphngtinchuynticcmiquanhphicnhngiacccth,thnhthnhnnxhi-bilngaycnhngxhinguynthynhbnhtcngcxydngtrnmtnntngrnglnhnsoviphmvinhhpcanhngmirngbuccnhntrctipcamtcth.Tchclbiutngcattcxhivdolbiutngchungcacxhinguynthyvxhitinhahn.Xhinguynthyccctchccachng-ltngiomangctrngcannnngnghipmtvma;tnngngtotemvchngoihn;nhngiucmk,ktnpvphnchiathbctheotui;mtthiimnotrongcucithnhlpccnhmphnbittheogiitnh.Mtstchcnychcchnlphctpvcthtinhvichngkmgnhngcimcaccxhivnminh.Cngkhngphinnvnminhphnbitvixhinguynthybisphncnglaong,
vchngtacngcththytnhtcnhnghnhthcsngcaphncnglaongtrongisngxhinguynthy.Ccvvua,phthy,thrnhayngihtrongulccchuyngiatronglnhvccamnh-mcdthctlHephaestus-thnthrntrongthnthoiHyLp-bquchn;vHomer-thistrongthnthoiHyLp-bm,ngrngschuynmnhatrongxhinguynthyliubtbnhthngvckhuynhhnggiihnnhngngithiunngvmtphngdinno.Mtkhcbitcbngiannvnminhvixhinguynthytheonhchngtabit
(nhc liiunyrtquantrng) lsngytrangvmphng.Btchc lc tnhchungcattcisngxhi,hotngcanctmthycxhinguynthylnxhivnminh,trongmihotngxhi,chnghnnhvicbtchckiucchcaccminhtinhinnh.Tuynhin,nhotngtheonhiuhngkhcnhautronghaihnhthixhi.xhinguynthy,nhchngtabit,hnhngbtchchngvthhitrcvccttinquai.Nhngngiangng-tuytakhngnhnthych-nhngcthcmnhnc,saulnghlnhngngicaotuitiptrchouytncah.Do,trongxhinguynthy,sngytranghngvqukh,ccphptcvtpqunxhivnkhngthayi.Trili,trongxhithuctintrnhvnminh,sbtchchngvnhngcnhnsngtonmquyncaitrivinhngngithphn,dohlngikhaiph.Trongnhngxhinhvy,cibnhtpqunnhWalterBagehotgitrongcunTnhinvchnhtrcang,bphvvxhirivotrngthivnngkhngngngthayivphttrin.Nhngnuthimnhrngimkhcbitnygiaxhinguynthyvxhipht
trincaohnctnhchtludivcnbnhaykhng,thchngtaphiaracutrliphnh.Ldol,nuchngtachbitnxhinguynthytrongmtiukincnh,ylbitachbitnchngtsquansttrctipdinratrongnhnggiaionlchscuicngcachngmthi.Tuynhin,dbnhngktququansttrctipnhla,vncnhngldothuytphcchngtatinrngtronglchsxhinguynthyphitntinhnggiaiontin,trongnhngxhinyvnngnhiuhnbtcmtxhivnminhnotngvnng.Chngtatngphtbiurng,xhinguynthyctuithngang
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vinhnloi,nhnggiphinilichonglchngcnlntuihnnhnloi.Lisngxhivctchcxhicnctmthymtsloingvtcvkhcchkhngphichconngi,vrrnglnhngloinykhngthtinhathnhngitrkhichngsngtrongmtmitrngxhi.Bctinhatngitinsthnhngihinivnchonttny,dinratrongccxhinguynthy,trongnhnghoncnhmchngtakhngctiliughichpli.lmtbinisusc,mtbcphttrinvi,hnbtktintrnhnokhcmloingitcdiccnnvnminh.Xhinguynthy,nhchngtabitnhvosquansttrctip,cthvnhnhng
ngiangnmngvitrnsncamtngnni,vimtvchnibndivmtvchnibntrnchnngang;cnccnnvnminhcthvvibnbcanhngngingsaynvatnhgicvbtuleolnbmtcavchniphatrn;trongkhi,chngtangvaitrlnhngngiquanstctmnhnbgiihnbisnnivmpdicavchphatrn,vchthymtsngivtlntrnnhtrongkhinhngthnhvinkhcvldonophibndi.Lcucthchngtackhuynhhngphntchhontonhainhm,tnvinhnhngngileolnlccvnngvinvcoinhngngicnnmlitrnsnnilnhngkthtbi;nhngnghkli,chngtathyrngskhnngoanhnnutmthitreoliphnxt.Cuicngthnhngngingvikiacngkhngthnmmic;vhvnkhngc
sinhratrnsnniny,vchngcsclccamtaingoitrchnhhcthkohlnkhongbngphngtrnbmtcavchbndi.Mtkhc,ccbncahlcbygicngchmivarikhisnninyvbtuleolnvchniphatrn;vkhngnhnthycsnniphatrn,nnchngtakhngthbitcucuatiptheoslncaonuhocgiankhnmcno.Chngtachbitrnghkhngthdnglinghtrckhitisnniktip,dchonnmu.Vth,chodcthnhgiscmnhvkthutcngnhchcatngvnngvintithiimhinti,chngtavnkhngthququytrngliucaitrongshleolnctisnnibntrn,vnlmctiunlctrcmtcahhaykhng.Tuynhin,mtiuchcchnl,mtsngitrongbnhskhngbaogilncti.Vchngtacththyiuny,cmivnngvinanghnghileolnthchaingi(idinchonhngnnvnminhsuytn)ringctrxungsnnivbcuc.Chngtathtbitrongvicphthinitngtrctipchocuctmkimcamnh,
limkhcbitludivcbngiaxhinguynthyvnnvnminh,nhngtnhcchngtalithymtchtnhsnglelicuinghm,cthgipchchomctiuquantrngnhtcacuciutrahinnay:lqutrnhhnhthnhtnhinccnnvnminh.Khiuvivictheodiqutrnhtxhinguynthysangnnvnminh,chngtaphthinrarngimctlicaqutrnhnylschuynhattrngthithngsangtrngthihotngtchcc.Cngthcnitrncngcpdngchoqutrnhhnhthnhccnnvnminhthngquaslykhaicagiaicpbtrtrongnckhitnglpthngtrcannvnminhtntitrcvnnhmtkhnnglnho.Nhngtnglpthngtrnhvytheonhnghalthng;vkhitanirnglclngsngtocamtnnvnminhangphttrinthoihahocbbomnthnhtnglpthngtrcamtnnvnminhangsuytnchngquachlmtcchkhcnirngxhittrngthinngngrivotrngthithng.Tringcvitrngthithngny,slykhaicagiaicpbtrlmtphnngtchcc;vnhcphthinnychngtacththyrng,trongqutrnh lykhaicagiaicpb trkhi tng lpthngtr,mtnnvnminhmihnhthnhthngquaschuynhaxhittrngthithngsangnngng,gingnhqutrnhtinhasinhramtnnvnminhtmtxhinguynthy.Shnhthnhttcccnnvnminh-dchaykhngcquanhvinhau-ucthcmtnhphtbiucaTngSmuts:Nhnloimtlnnaangvnng.Nhpiu thayiqua ligiahai trng thi thngvnngng,giavnngri
dnglirilivnng,clubinhiunhquansttrongnhiuthiikhcnhaunhmtyutthenchttrongsvnngtnhincavtr.Trongnhnghnhnhtngtngcamnh,ccnhhintritcaxhiTrungQuccimtsthaythlnnhau
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nydikhinimmvDng,ml trng thi thngcnDng l trng thinngng.c tnhmcangiTrungQucciidinchomyenchekhutmt tri,trongkhictnhDngidinchovngthidngkhngbmychephangtasng.TrongcngthccangiTrungHoa,mlunlunccptrc,theoquanimcamnh, chng ta c th thy rngni gingca chng ta, saukhi leo ln ti snni canginguynthy300nghnnmvtrc,nghlitrongvng98%thigiantrckhibcvo trng thinngng - trng thiDngcannvnminhhinnay.Giychngtaphiitmnhnttchcc,dnlgchngna,thcyisngnhnloimtlnnabcvotrngthinngng.Vutin,chngtasthmhimhaiconngthyrng,harachnglnhngngct.(2)CHNGTCCvnh,nhnttchcclinhnloirakhitrngthimcaccxhinguynthy
vnangngquntrnsnni6000nmquabcvotrngthiDngcaccnnvnminhleolnvchnivnphictmkimmtsconngicbithocmitrngcbit,hocstngtcgiahaiyutnygyrasbini.utin,chngtasxemxtkhnngmttronghainhntnycthtmnhgnhvctrngtrchhaykhng,viunyschobitthmchngtaangtmkim.Cthxemccnnvnminhhnhthnhtuimcamthocmtschngtccthnohaykhng?Chngtclkhinimbiuthsshumtsphmchtringbitvcthktha
trongccnhmngicth.Trongtrnghpnynhngthuctnhchngtckhinchngtaquantmlccphmchttmlhoctinhthnmccholbmsinhtrongmtsxhi nht nh. Tuy nhin, ngnh tm l hc, v c bit ngnh tm l x hi hc l ngnhnghincuvncnnontr;vtranhlunvvnchngtcvnnrahngngy,khichngtccaralmnhntphtsinhrannvnminh,tythucvovicthanhnrngcmtmitngquangiaccphmchttmlvinhngcimtnhinnhtnh.cimtnhinphbinnhtcngiphngTynhnmnhtrongcclthuytv
chngtclmuda,trongchorngsuvitvtinhthnvtrtucmitngquantchccvimuda,mcdcvnhiukhngcthcvmtsinhhc.Tuynhin,lthuytvchngtcphbinnhttrongsccnnvnminhcthitlpdatrnmtbctng iu khc hnhmt ngi tc vng, mt xm, hp s di v da trng, ngi homoleucodermaticus[11]theocchgicangiBcu,cnNietzschegilngihungbotcvng;vrrngbiutngcangiTeutonnyngchngtatmhiu.NgiBculnutincavotcphmiukhcbimtnhqutcngi
Php,ComtedeGobineau,snguthk19vssngbingihungbotcvngcangtagnlinvinhngcuctranhlunnsaucuccchmngPhp.KhitnglpqutcPhpbtcothttisn,baiyhoclnmychm,bnthngthilmtronghngngcchmng-nhngkchngbaogihilngtrkhicthtrnhdinnhngskinnhduthicachngdichiubicrch-tuynbrngngiGaul,sau14thkbkhutphc,giystngkhnhngkchinhphtngiFrankxakiatrvvivngttmti bn kia sng Rhine, xut pht im ca h trong thi kVlkerwanderung, v ginh liquynshutaicaxGaulvnvnlunlunthucvngiGaul,btchpthigiandichimngcanhngkmanr.plinhnglinhmnhny,Gobineauaramtcuchuyncnnhmnhhn.Ti
chpnhnsnhndinchngtccaccngi,ngtap.ChngtahyngrngqunchngcancPhpxutthntngiGaulvtnglpqutctngiFrank;chaichngtcuthunchng;ngthicmtstngquanrrngvvnhcugiacccimtnhinvtmlcah.CcngicthcsnghrngngiGaulidinchongivnminhcnngiFrankthidinchonhngkmanrkhng?NgungccannvnminhmngiGaulccngitcbtnguntu?TLaM.ViugkhinLaMvi?ChnhlsphatrncadngmuBcuangchytronghuytmchngiFrankchngtiy.NhngngiLaMutin-cngnhnhngngiHyLp,hayngiAchaeaHomerutin-lnhngkchinhphttcvngcngungctphngbchngmnhthnhlp
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lnhacahtrntaicanhngthdnnhunhcvngaTrungHiyut.Tuynhin,theothigian,dngmucahbphatrnvchngtccahbsuyyu;scmnhvvinhquangcahsuytn.nthiimmtnhnhkhccanhngngichinhphttcvngtinxungtphngbctithitlpnhppcannvnminh,vtrongscngiFrank.CchgiithchbuncicaGobineauvchuicchintngthcthontonkhc
hnvinhnggchngtaxemxttrongbntmttngungccaccnnvnminhHyLpcvsaulTyphng.CuchuynchnhtrkhihicangtacdnglnvivhpltmtkhmphngthimGobineaumauchnglidng.lkhmphvvicgnnhttcccngnngcnangtntiuchu,cngvitingHyLpvtingLatinh, nhng ngn ng ang tn ti Ba T v Bc n cng nh ting Iran c v tingSanskritc,uclinquanvinhaunhlccthnhvincamtigianhngnngkhngl.iunydntiktlunhpllphicmtthngnngAryanhocn-unguynthyvbans,tttcthnhvinbittronggianhngnngmirai.Mtktlunsailmnalnhngngisdngccngnnghhngcngcmiquanhtnhincngmcvibnthnccngnng,vrngttchucchungngungctmtchngtcAryanhocn-unguynthybnhtrng,chinhphtvchimng,tngsangtyvtbcxungnam.Ngungccachngtcny,mtchngtcsinhraccvthnhtngionhZarathustravcPht,ccthintinghthutcaHyLp,ccthintichnhtrcaLaM,vtrnnhimcanlccnhqutccachngta!Vnhvy,chngtcnychutrchnhimvmithnhtchcannvnminhnhnloi!CuchuynmgngiPhplanhmmlmingkhiucphhabinhngnh
ngvnngicl,hcitinthgiin-uthnhn-cvnhvnginhnguynthycachngtctngtngnynmtrongvnglnhthcavuaPh.Khnglusaukhicucchin1914-18bngn,HoustonStewartChamberlain,mtngiAnhphi lngncc,vitmtcunschnhanNhngnnmngcathk19,trongngtabsungDantevChaJesusvodanhschnhngngithucchngtcn-c.NgiMcngcmcchsdngcaringhivicmtngiBcu.Hongs
trcvsnginhpcNamutrongsutmtphntthktrcnm1914,cctcginhMadisonGrantvLothropStoddardyucuhnchnhpcvcoilconngduynhtduytr-khngphicctiuchunxhiMmlsthunkhitcaphnnhnhMthucchngtcBcu.HcthuytNgiDoThigcAnhlmtlthuytcngloisdngnhngthutngkl
vhtrcholchstngtngbngththnhckquc.Cmtiunglu,trongkhinhngktuyntruynlthuytvchngtctrongnn
vnminhchngtaququytrng,mudasnglduhiucasuvitvtinhthn,nhmcaongichuusoviccchngtckhcvngiBcusovinhngngiuchukhc,thngiNhtBnlicmtquannimkhchn.Thctl,cthngiNhttlngmtcchkl,vlnggingcahccophabclmtcngngnginguynthythucchngngihontonkhc,trngchngkhcgngiu,mcgilngiAinulngl.Chonn,mtcchhtsctnhin,ngiNhtcoicimtlnglbiuhincasuvitvtinhthn,vmcdnhnnhcahclcngvcncnhquanimvmudasngcachngta,songbngoincvhplhn,vngitlngthchcchnphitinhacaohnsovianhemhcaconngilloikh.Ccnhchngtchc,phnloingidatrngtheocimtnhincahnhhps
divhpstrn,dasngvdasm,vnhiucimkhcspxpthnhbachngngidatrngchnh:lngiBcu,ngiAlpinevngiaTrungHi.Chngtaskranhngnnvnminhmmichngnginygpphnmtcchtchcc.NgiBcugpphnvobn,cthlnmnnvnminh:nc,HyLpc,Typhng,CcChnhthngNgavckhnnglHittite.NgiAlpinethamdby,cthlchnnnvnminh:Sumer,Hittite,HyLp c,Typhng,phnnhnhNgavnhnh chnh caCcChnhthng,Iran,vcthlAiCpcvMinoan.NgiaTrungHithamgiavominnvn
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minh:AiCpc,Sumer,Minoan,Syria,HyLpc,Typhng,nhnhchnhcaCcChnhthng,Iran,RpvBabylon.Nhngchngtckhcvibachngtcktrn,lngidanu(chngiDravidianvngiMLaiIndonesia)gpphnvohainnvnminh:ncvngio.Chngtcdavngdphntrongbannvnminh:TrungHoacivchainnvnminhVinng,tclnhnhchnhTrungHoavphnnhnhNhtBn.ChngtcchuMdnhinnmthctntrongbnnnvnminhchuM.Chngtcdaentthnnkhnggpphntchcctrongbtcnnvnminhno-haytnhtlcha.Chngtcdatrnggivtrdnu,nhngnnnhrngnhiuchngngidatrngcngkhnggpphntchccvobtknnvnminhnogingnhngidaen.Nuciugtch cccphthin t sphn loiny th lvicphnnaccnnvnminhcachngtachnhthnhtsnggpcanhiuchngtc.XhiTyphngvHyLpccbachngtc,vnuccchngtcdavng,danuvdacphnchiathnhnhngtiuchngtc,nhccchngngiBcu,AlpinevaTrungHicachngtcdatrng,thchngtasctharamtslngkhlnccchngtcthamdtrongttcccnnvnminhcamnh.Nhng tiuchng tcnygigi trnh thnovc thiimnochngbiuhinthnhnhngnhmngiphnbitvmtlchsvxhihaykhnglmtvnkhc,vncnrtmm.Nhngnhng l l traoi tny ti gi cng chng tabcb l thuyt vmt
chngtcthngnglnguynnhnvtcgicanhngbinchuyntmsangDng,tthngsangnngngtrntngphncathgiikt6000nmvtrc.(3)MITRNGNhngttngcnicaxhiTyphngcaovcaoqumcnhntchng
tctronglchsldocucbnhtrngcanrakhpthgiitrongbnthkgny.SbnhtrngnylmchongiphngTyphigiaotip,vthnglnhngcucgiaotipkhngthnthin,vinhngngikhcbitvihkhngchvvnhamcnvvcdngcth.T,nimvsinhvtthngngvhngchnhlktqutnhngcuctipxcnhth,cbitltrongthk19,vmtquanimsinhvthc,khitrtuTyphngbchiarbithuyttinhacaCharlesDarwinvnhngcngtrnhkhoahckhc.NgiHyLpccngbnhtrngrathgiichungquanhhbngconngthng
mivthucaha,songlmtthgiinhhnnhiu,tuybaogmnhiunn