9 0 6 5 6 M R

© Mana Tohu Mātauranga o Aotearoa, 2006Pūmau te mana. Kia kaua rawa he wāhi o tēnei tuhinga e tāruatia ki te kore te whakaaetanga a te Mana Tohu Mātauranga o Aotearoa.

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Whiwhinga: Rima 2.00 i te ahiahi Rātū 28 Whiringa-ā-rangi 2006

PUKAITI RAUEMI

Ngā Kōrero o Mua, Kaupae 3, 200690656 �e �ā�ar�� �e �e aro�a�e �� �gā �au�a����e �ā�ar�� �e �e aro�a�e �� �gā �au�a���

�e�� �gā �ā�ā������ o �gā �ōrero o �ua

Tirohia tēnei pukaiti hei whakautu i ngā pātai mō Ngā Kōrero o Mua 90656M.

Tirohia mehemea kei roto nei ngā whārangi 2–29 e raupapa tika ana, ā, kāore hoki he whārangi wātea.

KA �AEA �ĒNEI PUKAI�I �E PUPURI I �E MU�UNGA O �E WHAKAMĀ�AU�AU.

See back cover for an English translation of this cover

KAUPAPA �UA�AHI: INGARANGI 1558 – 1667MĀ�ĀPUNA A

Te Pukapuka Rēhita o Greystoke, 1623

He tāone iti o Cumberland te tāone o Greystoke, ki te rāwhiti-mā-raki o Ingarangi. I te tau 1623, kīhai i nui te kotinga, ā, i ngahoro rawa anō te ahumahi weru. Mai i ngā pūrongo o te tau 1610 ki te tau 1619, i tātaihia te nuinga toharite o ngā iriiri, o ngā nehu me ngā mārenatanga i tūmanakohia, ka whakatauritea ki ō te tau 1623.

Te Pukapuka Rēhita o Greystoke Nehunga Mārenatanga Iriiringa

Toharite ā-tau i tūmanakohia 1610 – 19 37 10 47

Pūrongo o te tau 1623 161 4 20

E whai ake nei ētahi tangohanga o te rēhita nehunga o te pāriha mō te tau 1623:

27 Poutū-te-rangi: “He tamaiti pinono pōhara, tino matekai, ko Dorothy, tamāhine a Henry Patteson, Kaimira.”

28 Poutū-te-rangi: “Ko Thomas Simpson, he tamaiti pinono pōhara, tino matekai, te tama a tētahi Richard Simpson nō Brough tata ki te whare o Mandgyes i Thorp.”

12 Hōngongoi: “Thomas, tamaiti a Richard Bell, he tangata pōhara, tēnei tamaiti i mate i te kaha matekai, i te kore hoki o ngā rawa e ora ai.”

11 Mahuru: “Leonard, tama a Anthony Cowlman, nō Johnby, kua mate noa, tēnei tamaiti i mate i te kaha matekai, i te kore hoki o ngā rawa e ora ai.”

12 Mahuru: “Jaine, wahine a Anthony Cowlman, kua mate noa, tēnei wahine i mate i te kore o ngā rawa e ora ai, i roto i te pākoro o Edward Dawson nō Greystoke.”

27 Mahuru: “John, tama a John Lancaster nō Greystoke, kua mate noa, tēnei tamaiti i mate i te kore kai, i te kore hoki o ngā rawa e ora ai.”

4 Whiringa-ā-nuku: “Agnes, wahine a John Lancaster nō Greystoke, kua mate, tēnei wahine i mate i te kore o ngā rawa e ora ai.”

27 Whiringa-ā-nuku: “William, tamaiti a Lancelot Brown, taua Lancelot i haere atu i tēnei whenua [te rohe] i te kore o ngā rawa e ora ai.”

He mea urutau mai i P. Laslett, The World We Have Lost: England Before the Industrial Age (Charles Scribner’s Sons: 1971), wh. 121 – 3.

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�OPIC ONE: ENGLAND 1558 – 1667SOURCE A

The Register of Greystoke, 1623

Greystoke was a village in Cumberland, north-west England. In 1623, the harvest had been poor and the textile industry in depression. From records held for 1610 – 19, the expected annual average number of baptisms, burials, and marriages was calculated and compared with those of 1623.

Greystoke Register Burials Marriages Baptisms

Expected annual average 1610 – 19 37 10 47

1623 record 161 4 20

Following are extracts from the parish burials register for 1623:

27th March: “A poor hungerstarved beggar child, Dorothy, daughter of Henry Patteson, Miller.”

28th March: “Thomas Simpson, a poor hungerstarved beggar boy and son of one Richard Simpson of Brough by Mandgyes house in Thorp.”

12th July: “Thomas, child of Richard Bell, a poor man, which child died for very want of food and maintenance* to live.”

11th September: “Leonard, son of Anthony Cowlman, of Johnby, late deceased, which child died for want of food and maintenance* to live.”

12th September: “Jaine, wife of Anthony Cowlman, late deceased, which woman died in Edward Dawson’s barn of Greystoke for want of maintenance*.”

27th September: “John, son of John Lancaster, late of Greystoke, which child died for want of food and means.”

4th October: “Agnes, wife of John Lancaster, late of Greystoke, which woman died for want of means to live.”

27th October: “William, child of Lancelot Brown, which Lancelot went forth of the country [the district] for want of means.” *maintenance: the means and materials needed to live on.

Adapted from P. Laslett, The World We Have Lost: England Before the Industrial Age (Charles Scribner’s Sons: 1971), pp 121 – 3.

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MĀ�ĀPUNA B1

MĀ�ĀPUNA B2

I mauhereheretia tētahi minita mō tāna kauwhau mana kore i te tau 1635

I tēnei tau (1634) i te mea ko te tau tuatahi o te whakawhitinga* o Pīhopa Laud ki Canterbury, he nui atu te whakahē a ētahi mō tāna whakatūtū i ētahi whakaahua ki ngā matapihi o ōna whare karakia i Lambeth me Croydon, ko te hanga o ēnei whakaahua hei tā te Pukapuka Karakia o Rōma, mō tāna koropiko ki te Tēpu, ki te Āta rānei, mō tāna whakamahi hoki i te kākahu katorika (Copes) i te Hākarameta (Sacrament), he mea i ngangaua rawatia e te iwi hei tikanga nā te Popa, hei tikanga whakataputapu, hei tikanga karakia ki ngā whakapakoko hoki …

I kauwhau a Samuel Ward, he minita i Ipswich, ki te koropikotanga tikanga noa ki te ingoa o Īhu, ki te Pukapuka Hākinakina hoki a te Kīngi, i mea hoki ia i tū reri anō te Hāhi o Ingarangi ki te mea i ētahi whakarerekētanga i te karakia, otirā i tū hītekiteki te Rongopai anō kua rite kia ngaro; mō konei hoki i whakatārewatia ia i te Kōmihana Tiketike (1635), ka ākina kia kapea āna kupu**, nō tāna whakakāhoretanga iho, ka mauria ki te whare herehere, ki reira takoto ai mō te wā roa. *whakawhitinga: ka whakatūria ki tētahi tūranga hōuwhakawhitinga: ka whakatūria ki tētahi tūranga hōu**ākina kia kapea āna kupu: i whakahaua kia whāki i mua i te iwi te hara o tāna kauwhautangaākina kia kapea āna kupu: i whakahaua kia whāki i mua i te iwi te hara o tāna kauwhautangaHe mea urutau mai i J. Rushworth, Historical Collections, 1659, Vol. II, wh. 239, i J. Wroughton, Seventeenth Century Britain (Macmillan: 1980), wh. 18.

Te kauwhau whaimana me te kauwhau kore mana

Mai i The Thomason Tracts, 1648, i D. Parker, John Donne and his World (Thames me Hudson: 1975), wh. 67.

te Kaimāminga me te Poropiti tekaTe Minita Haratau pono,

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SOURCE B1

SOURCE B2

A minister committed to prison for unlicensed preaching in 1635

This year (1634) being the first of Bishop Laud’s translation* to Canterbury, great offence was taken at his setting up pictures in the windows of his Chapels at Lambeth and Croydon, the portraiture being made according to the Roman Missal, his bowing towards the Table or Altar, and using Copes at the Sacrament, which the people clamoured against as popish, superstitious and idolatrous …

Mr. Samuel Ward, a minister in Ipswich, preached against the common bowing at the name of Jesus, and against the King’s Book of Sports, and said that the Church of England was ready to ring changes in religion, and the Gospel stood on tiptoe as ready to be gone; for this he was suspended in the High Commission (1635) and enjoined recantation**, which he refusing, was committed to prison, where he lay a long time. *translation: appointment to a new positiontranslation: appointment to a new position**enjoined recantation: commanded to publicly confess the error of his preachingenjoined recantation: commanded to publicly confess the error of his preachingAdapted from J. Rushworth, Historical Collections, 1659, Vol. II, p 239, in J. Wroughton, Seventeenth Century Britain (Macmillan: 1980), p 18.

Licensed and unlicensed preaching

From The Thomason Tracts, 1648, in D. Parker, John Donne and his World (Thames and Hudson: 1975), p 67.

the Seducer and false ProphetThe Orthodox true Minister,

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MĀ�ĀPUNA C

Te kaingākautanga o te iwi ki a Erihāpeti hei ariki tumuwhakarae

Kitea rawatia te kuini e Godfrey Goodman, ākonga ture, 1588

I noho ahau i te Strand i taua wā, tata ki te Hāhi o Hato Clement, nā ka puta ohotata te karanga, (ko Hakihea tonu, i te rima karaka pea, he pōuri rawa,) kua haere te kuini ki te kaunihera, ā, ka kīia mai ki a au, ‘Ki te hiahia koutou kia kite i te kuini, puta rere mai rā.’ Kātahi ka oma katoa mātou, i te tuwheratanga o ngā kūwaha kōti … i reira mātou mō te hāora me te hāwhe, otirā kī katoa ana te iāri, he nui anō ngā rama, ka puta mai te kuini, he nui atu tōna āhua. Ka karanga atu mātou—

‘Mā te Atua koe e tiaki e te Ariki!’

Ka tahuri mai te kuini ki a mātou, ka mea, ‘Mā te Atua anō koutou katoa e manaaki, e tōku iwi pai!’

Kātahi ka karanga anō mātou, ‘Mā te Atua koe e tiaki e te Ariki!’

Ka mea anō te kuini ki a mātou, ‘Tērā e nui ake pea tētahi piriniha mō koutou, heoi anō e kore e puta mai tētahi piriniha he nui ake tōna aroha mō koutou.’ Nāwai, i te kuini me te iwi i reira e mātakitaki ana tētahi i tētahi mō tētahi wā, ka haere tōna Nui. Anō te pānga o tēnei ki a mātou … i a mātou e haere ana i te huarahi ko te katoa o ā mātou kōrerorero e pā ana ki tōna ataahua hei kuini, mō tō mātou kaha hoki āmuri ki te tāpae i ō mātou toto mōna.

He tangonga i te ‘Whaikōrero Kōura’ a Erihāpeti ki te Pāremata, 1601

E te Kaikōrero,

… Ahakoa nā te Atua ahau i whakarewa ki runga, tēnei anō tāku e tatau nei ko te korōria o tōku karauna: Kua kuini ahau me ō koutou aroha. Tēnei te mea nei i ahau kia kaua e hīkaka i te mea kua meinga e te Atua ko ahau kia Kuini, engari kia Kuini i runga i tēnei iwi whakamoemiti … E kore he Kuini e noho ki tōku nōhanga he ngākau nui atu tōna ki tōku whenua, he atawhai nui atu tōna ki tōku iwi, he ngohengohe wawe ake tōna ki te tuku i a ia mō tō koutou painga, mō tō koutou haumaru, atu i ahau. Ahakoa anō kua nui, tērā tonu pea e nui anō ngā piriniha kaha atu, whakaaro nui atu e noho ana ki tēnei nōhanga, tēnā ko tēnei kīhai koutou i whai, e whai rānei i tētahi he nui atu tōna ngākau tūpato, tōna aroha … Nā… Nā Nā reira tukua ana koutou katoa e ahau ki te mea pai rawa mō koutou, ki a koutou tohutohu ake anō. Otirā e inoi ana ahau, e te Kaiwhakahaere Pūtea, e te Hēkeretari, e koutou anō o tōku Kaunihera, i te mea kāore anō ēnei tāngata tika kia hoki ki ō rātou whenua, [rohe] ka kawea katoa mai rātou e koutou ki te kihi i tōku ringa.

R. Strong rāua ko J. T. Oman, Elizabeth R (Book Club Associates: 1972), wh. 49 me 62.

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SOURCE C

Elizabeth’s popular appeal as a monarch

Godfrey Goodman, a law student, sees the queen, 1588

I did then live in the Strand, near St Clement’s Church, when suddenly there was a report, (it was December, about five, and very dark,) that the queen was gone to council, and I was told, ‘If you will see the queen, you must come quickly.’ Then we all ran, when the court gates were set open … there we staid an hour and a half, and the yard was full, there being a great number of torches, when the queen came out in great state. Then we cried—

‘God save your Majesty!’

And the queen turned to us, and said, ‘God bless you all, my good people!’

Then we cried again, ‘God save your Majesty!’

And the queen said again to us, ‘Ye may well have a greater prince, but ye shall never have a more loving prince.’ And so the queen and the crowd there, looking upon one another awhile, her Majesty departed. This wrought such an impression upon us … that all the way long we did nothing but talk what an admirable queen she was and how we would adventure our lives in her service.

Extracts from Elizabeth’s ‘Golden Speech’ to Parliament, 1601

Mr. Speaker,

… And though God hath raised me high, yet this I count the glory of my crown: That I have reigned with your loves. This makes me that I do not so much rejoice that God hath made me to be a Queen, as to be a Queen over so thankful a people … There will never Queen sit in my seat with more zeal to my country, care to my subjects, and that will sooner with willingness yield and venture her life for your good and safety than myself. And though you have had and may have many princes more mighty and wise sitting in this seat, yet you never had or shall have any that will be more careful and loving … And so I commit you all… And so I commit you all And so I commit you all to your best fortunes, and further counsels. And I pray you, Mr. Comptroller, Mr. Secretary, and you of my Council, that before these gentlemen depart into their countries, [counties] you bring them all to kiss my hand.

R. Strong and J. T. Oman, Elizabeth R (Book Club Associates: 1972), pp 49 and 62.

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MĀ�ĀPUNA D1

Whakaahuatanga Aro Whenua o Hato Hōri me te Tarakona

Peter Paul Rubens (1577 – 1640) 1630 pea. Hinu i runga kānawehe, 152.4 × 226.7 cm, Royal Collection, Windsor. J. H. Plumb, Royal Heritage (Rānana: Chancellor Press, 1977), wh. 105.

I meinga a Hato Hōri ko ia te hato whakaruruhau o Ingarangi, o te Kāhui o te Kāta anō e Edward III i te tau 1348 mō ōna tikanga tika rawa hei kaiaka i tāna patunga i te tarakona, mō ōna tikanga tapatahi hoki ki ngā wāhine. Nā Charles I i tonoa te whakaahua Landscape with Saint George and the Dragon i te tau 1629. Ka whakaatu nei ko Charles ko Hato Hōri, ā, ko Kuini Henrietta Maria ko Cleodolinda, te wāhine nōna te tātua i whakamahia hei here i te tarakona kua hinga. Kei raro te pane o te tarakona i te waewae o Charles. Ko te whakaahua aro whenua e whakaatu ana i te tuawhenua o Ingarangi me ētahi hanganga ka mōhiotia nō te tekau tau mai i 1630, pērā i te Whare Kīngi o Lambeth.

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MĀ�ĀPUNA D2

Te Kāhui o te Whetū Kāta

I whakatūria te Kāhui o te Whetū Kāta e Charles I i te tau 1629. He tohu hiriwa tēnei, e waru ōna pū; kei waenga pū ko tētahi whakaahuatanga enāmara o te rīpeka o Hato Hōri, he mea karapoti katoa e te Kāta. Ka whakamaua ki te uma i te taha mauī. Ka whakamārama a P. Heylyn, i roto i tāna pukapuka A History of that Most Famous Saint and Soldier of Christ Jesus; St George of Cappadocia (1631), i te ariā pohewa i whakaarohia i te Kāhui o te Whetū Kāta:

Ko te Tarakona ia, ki te mārama tātou ki te Rēwera, taua nākahi kaikino onamata … otirā [ko] te whawhai i waenganui i tō tātou maretire whaimanaaki [a Hato Hōri] me taua taniwha, aua tāwhiti maha, aua mōunu i whakaputa e te Rēwera hei hopu i a ia … [E whakamaharatia ana e te Tohu o te Kāta] mō ake tonu tāna pana māia i te Rēwera, tōna ū pūmau ki te kauwhau i tōna whakapono; te Hāhi katoa e inoi ana me ia … (pērā i te Wāhina) i tōna taha, i taua mahi tapu, kia hoatu ki a ia te kaha e te Atua ki te whakamate i taua ahiahi rawa, te Tarakona. He mea urutau mai i T. W. Daniels rāua ko J. Morrill, Charles I (Cambridge University Press: 1988), wh. 49 – 50.

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SOURCE D1

Landscape with Saint George and the Dragon

Peter Paul Rubens (1577 – 1640) c. 1630. Oil on canvas, 152.4 × 226.7 cm, Royal Collection, Windsor. J. H. Plumb, Royal Heritage (London: Chancellor Press, 1977), p. 105.

St George was made the patron saint of England and of the Order of the Garter by Edward III in 1348 for his virtuous qualities as a knight in defeating the dragon and his gallantry towards women. The painting Landscape with Saint George and the Dragon was commissioned by Charles I in 1629. It shows Charles as Saint George and Queen Henrietta Maria as Cleodolinda, the maiden whose girdle is used to restrain the defeated dragon. The dragon’s head is under Charles’s foot. The landscape is the English countryside with some 1630s buildings, such as Lambeth Palace, identifiable.

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SOURCE D2

The Order of the Garter Star

The Order of the Garter Star was introduced by Charles I in 1629. It is an eight-pointed silver badge; in its centre is an enamel depiction of the cross of St George, surrounded by the Garter. It is worn pinned to the left breast. P. Heylyn, in his A History of that Most Famous Saint and Soldier of Christ Jesus; St George of Cappadocia (1631), explains the imagery intended by the Order of the Garter Star:

For the Dragon, if we understand the Devil, that old malicious serpent … and [by] the combat betwixt our blessed martyr [St George] and that monster, those many snares and baits which by the Devil were provided to entrap him … [The Garter Badge recalls] to posterity how bravely he repelled the Devil, how constantly he persevered in the profession of his faith; the whole Church praying with him … (like the Virgin) by him, in that holy action, that God would give him strength to subdue that evening, the Dragon. Adapted from C. W. Daniels and J. Morrill, Charles I (Cambridge University Press: 1988), pp 49 – 50.

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MĀ�ĀPUNA E

Te Tārukenga o ngā Maretire Porotehana i te Arawhata i runga i te Awa o Bann, 1641

Nā Reverend Matthew Taylor tēnei whakairo, England’s Bloody Tribunal: Or, Popish Cruelty Displayed,

(Rānana: J. Cooke, 1772).

E whakaatu nei i konei he whakaaturanga o te kōhuru a ngā Katorika Airangi i ētahi tāngata Porotehana kotahi rau pea o te Pāriha o Loughgall, Rohe Armagh, i te arawhata i runga i te Awa o Bann tata ana ki Portadown, Ulster. I mahia tēnei kino whakarihariha i te tīmatanga o te Whana o Airangi o 1641. I te mea kua puritia ēnei tāngata Porotehana hei mauherehere, i oti kau te tūkino i a rātou, ka āia e ngā Katorika ki te arawhata “ānō he poaka”, ki reira tango ai i ō rātou kaka kia tū tahanga ana, ka ūruhina ki te wai mā te mata hoari. Ko rātou i ora i taua taka i pūhia. www.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/rel01.html

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SOURCE E

Massacre of the Protestant Martyrs at the Bridge over the River Bann, 1641

Engraving from Reverend Matthew Taylor, England’s Bloody Tribunal: Or, Popish Cruelty Displayed,

(London: J. Cooke, 1772).

Shown here is a depiction of the murder by Irish Catholics of approximately one hundred Protestants from Loughgall Parish, County Armagh, at the bridge over the River Bann near Portadown, Ulster. This atrocity occurred at the beginning of the Irish Rebellion of 1641. Having held the Protestants as prisoners and tortured them, the Catholics drove them “like hogs” to the bridge, where they were stripped naked and forced into the water below at swordspoint. Survivors of the plunge were shot. www.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/rel01.html

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MĀ�ĀPUNA F

Ngā wāhine kaha

Tērā tētahi karanga ingoa o ngā wāhine māia o roto o te Whawhai Kaiākiri, tū atu ana mō ngā marama maha, i ētahi wā mō ngā tau maha, ki te whakangungu i ō rātou rawa whānau i te wā i wāhi kē ō rātou tāne me ā rātou tama.i wāhi kē ō rātou tāne me ā rātou tama.rātou tāne me ā rātou tama.

I te Pākaha o Corfe i Dorset, e rua ngā whakapae roa a ngā hōia Pāremata i tūria atu e ia i tana tāne, a Tā Hoani, i Oxford i te taha i te Kīngi. I hinga tēnei pā nui i te tau 1646, i muri i ngā āki nui o waho o te pā, me te tinihanga o roto …

Ki te raki o Dorset, i Mahuru 1642, ko te tapairu o Digby, wahine a te Eara nanakia o Bristol, ka kite kua whakapaea tōna whare Tapairu e tōna tungāne, te Eara o Bedford. Kuhu atu ia ki ngā rārangi hōia Pāremata ki te tūtaki i a ia: “Ki te tohe tonu koe i tēnei kaupapa āu, ka kitea e koe tōku tinana i roto i te whare pākaru.” I horo te Pākaha Tawhito i te tau 1645, i whakangaromia atu, heoi i te Pākaha hou i whakatūturutia e te tapairu Digby ka noho marutau ia.

I taua wā tonu, i Wiltshire i tua o te rohe, i whakangungua e te tapairu Arundell te Pākaha o Wardour, ā hinga noa, i mauheretia anō āna tamariki; i te whakapae o te Pākaha o Sheffield i Yorkshire, i whakahauraro noa te tapairu Savile i muri i te whawhai taikaha i āwhina rā ia mā te kuru kōhatu ki runga ki te hoariri, kitea rawatia e āna hōia kua tata ia te whakawhānau mai.

Tērā pea ko te mea pōuri rawa o rātou katoa ko te tapairu Brilliana Harley i te Pākaha o Brampton Bryan i Herefordshire. I tana tāne, a Sir Robert, tētahi o ngā tino kaiārahi mō te kaupapa Pāremata, e ngaro atu ana i Rānana, ka tūria atu e te tapairu Brilliana ngā hōia o te Kīngi mō ngā wiki e ono mai i te 25 Hōngongoi 1643. Mutu ai āna reta atawhai, aroha hoki ki āna tamariki me ērā i tuhia e ia i te whare whakapae. “Mā te Ariki ahau e ārahi kia aha ahau” i tuhi ia, “ā, e Ned, inoi rawa mōku kia whakaorangia ahau e te Ariki i roto i tōna atawhai, i ōku hoariri nanakia, whakaheke toto.” I ora te tapairu Brilliana me te pākaha i tēnei whakapae, ka unu ngā hōia ki Gloucester; engari nō muri tata iho ka mate, i te kaha ngenge, i te ekenga anō o te pākaha. T. Downing rāua ko M. Millman, Civil War: A Major Television Series (Collins rāua ko Brown huitahi me te Channel Four Television Company Ltd: 1991), wh. 90.

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SOURCE F

Women of fortitude

There is a roll call of defiant women in the Civil War, holding out for months and sometimes years on end, in defending their family property while their husbands and sons were engaged elsewhere.

At Corfe Castle in Dorset, Lady Bankes withstood the Parliamentary forces for two long sieges while her husband Sir John was with the King in Oxford. The great fortification finally succumbed in 1646, after extensive undermining operations outside the castle, and treachery inside …

In the north of Dorset, in September 1642, Lady Digby, wife of the reckless Earl of Bristol, found that her Royalist household was under siege by her brother, the Earl of Bedford. She walked into the Parliamentary lines to confront him: “If you persist in your plans, you will find my body in the ruins.” The fortified Old Castle was taken and destroyed in 1645, but Lady Digby in the New Castle was assured of her safety.

Meanwhile, just over the border in Wiltshire, Lady Arundell defended Wardour Castle until it too was taken and her children imprisoned; in the siege of Sheffield Castle in Yorkshire, Lady Savile only gave up after fierce fighting in which she helped hurl missiles on the enemy, when her troops found her on the point of going into labour.

Perhaps most poignant of all was Lady Brilliana Harley at Brampton Bryan Castle in Herefordshire. While her husband Sir Robert, one of the leading lights in Parliament’s cause, was away in London, Lady Brilliana held out against Royalist forces for six weeks from 25 July 1643. Her tender, loving letters to her children terminate with those she wrote from the besieged house. “The Lord direct me what to do” she wrote, “and, dear Ned, pray for me that the Lord in mercy may preserve me from my cruel and blood-thirsty enemies.” Lady Brilliana and the castle survived this siege, and the troops withdrew to Gloucester; but soon after she died, of sheer exhaustion, when the castle was threatened again. T. Downing and M. Millman, Civil War: A Major Television Series (Collins and Brown in association with Channel Four Television Company Ltd: 1991), p 90.

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KAUPAPA �UARUA: AO�EAROA I �E RAU�AU �EKAU MĀ IWA

MĀ�ĀPUNA A

He tirohanga a ētahi tumu kōrero mō te ‘paheketanga roa’

W. B. Sutch

I te tau 1877, i tīmata anō te paheketanga roa, ahakoa i aruarua e te kitenga kōura, ā, haere tonu ana mō ētahi tau 18 ake … I ngā tau 1877 me 1878 i hauruatia te whakapaunga moni taurewa a te kāwanatanga, ā, i te tau 1879 ka whakaititia ake anō; i taua wā anō i heke rawa ngā utu o te wūru me te wīti … I te tau 1879 i tīmata ngā pēke ki te whakaiti moni taurewa, nō te mea i te unu i ngā Ingarihi ā rātou pūtea i ngā pēke o Aotearoa … I unuhia hoki i Aotearoa ngā moni o te rāngai tūmataiti, nā konei i hohoro te paheketanga.

He maha tonu ngā kaiwhakanoho whenua i taumaha rawa tā rātou whakataurewa mōkete, kīhai hoki i āhei te utu i ā rātou nama, he iti nō ngā moni whiwhi mai i ngā whakanaonga pāmu; i kaihau rawa rātou …

I whai wāhi hoki [ngā pēke] ki te paheketanga i te mea i ākina e rātou te whakarahinga rapa noa o te uara whenua, i te mea anō kīhai rātou i āhei te tuku puna tahua ki te hunga utu nama i te wā kāore ēnei i whaikaha ki te utu …

Nō te mea kāore he ture mahi hei whakahaere i ngā utu, i ngā āhuatanga o te mahi rānei, i mate anō ko te hunga whai mahi i te mūhore, i te māuiui me ngā hāora mahi roa rawa; rawakore rawa atu ngā mano tini kāore i whai mahi. Nā te nui o ngā tāngata kāore ā rātou moni hei whakapau, i hinga anō ko ngā tāngata whaitoa, ngā kaihokohoko, ngā kaihanga whare, ngā tāngata whai pūkenga mahi, me ngā kaiwhakanao rawa. Nā te nui o te tauwhāinga mō ngā mahi, i mahi ngā tāne mō te utu taitamariki; i tauwhāinga hoki ngā whaea ki ā rātou tamariki mō ngā mahi i ngā wheketere …W. B. Sutch, Poverty and Progress in New Zealand – a Reassessment (A.H. & A.W. Reed: 1969), wh. 89 – 90.

G. R. Hawke

I kōrero rātou o tērā wā mō te paheketanga, engari kāore te tikanga o te kupu i rite ki te hekenga o ngā moni whiwhi tūturu i tāpiritia i muri mai. Hāunga tērā kua whakamahia e ētahi tumu kōrero ngā kupu pēnei i te ‘paheketanga roa’ hei whakaahua i te wā mai i te tau 1879 ki te tau 1896; otirā he wā tonu tēnei i te heke haere ngā utu huri noa i te ōhanga ā-ao, ahakoa kāore he tikanga kia whai ngā utu me te moni whiwhi i ngā ara rite. Kua whakaaturia hoki, ahakoa te whakakotahitanga taha ohaoha nui ake i whakatūria e ngā kaupapa a Pōkere (Vogel), i rerekē tonu ngā wheako i tēnā rohe, i tēnā rohe.G. R. Hawke, The Making of New Zealand – An Economic History (Cambridge University Press: 1985), wh. 5.

16

�OPIC �WO: NEW ZEALAND IN �HE NINE�EEN�H CEN�URY

SOURCE A

Historians’ points of view about the ‘long depression’

W. B. Sutch

In 1877, the long depression, which the boom had interrupted, resumed its course and went on for another 18 years … In 1877 and 1878 government loan-spending was halved and in 1879 it was further reduced; at the same time the prices of wool and wheat fell heavily … In 1879 the banks started contracting credit, for the English were withdrawing their deposits from the New Zealand banks … Private capital also was withdrawn from New Zealand, which helped accentuate the depression.

Many settlers had borrowed heavily on mortgage and could not pay their debts because of the low returns for farm products; they went bankrupt …

[The banks] contributed to the depression both by encouraging the speculative boom in land and by not being able to provide overdrafts when debtors could not pay …

Because there were no labour laws to regulate wages or conditions of work, even those who had jobs suffered poverty, illness and long hours of work; the tens of thousands who had no jobs were destitute. Because so many people had no money to spend, shopkeepers, merchants, builders, skilled tradesmen, and manufacturers were often ruined. Because of competition for jobs, men worked for boys’ wages; mothers competed with their children for jobs in factories …W. B. Sutch, Poverty and Progress in New Zealand – a Reassessment (A.H. & A.W. Reed: 1969), pp 89 – 90.

G. R. Hawke

Contemporaries talked of depression, but the word did not have the connotation of a fall in real incomes that it has subsequently acquired. Some historians have nevertheless used terms like ‘long depression’ to characterise the period 1879 – 1896; it certainly was a period when prices were generally falling throughout the international economy, but prices and incomes need not follow similar paths. It has also been shown that despite the greater economic integration induced by Vogel’s schemes, regional experiences were varied.G. R. Hawke, The Making of New Zealand – An Economic History (Cambridge University Press: 1985), p 5.

1�

MĀ�ĀPUNA B

Ngā ōwehenga ira tangata o Niu Tīreni me Ahitereiria

Ngā rohe tino rahi e whā o Niu Tīreni

Rohe 1861 1871 1881 1891 1901

Tāmaki-makau-rau

123 132 119 110 111 (ngā tāne ki ia 100 wāhine)

24 420 62 335 99 451 133 178 175 946 (tapeke taupori ehara i te Māori)

Te Whanganui-a-Tara

111 121 114 115 110 (ngā tāne ki ia 100 wāhine)

12 566 24 001 61 371 97 725 141 354 (tapeke taupori ehara i te Māori)

Waitaha125 122 117 106 103 (ngā tāne ki ia 100 wāhine)

16 040 46 801 112 424 128 663 143 248 (tapeke taupori ehara i te Māori)

Ōtākau352 153 125 112 109 (ngā tāne ki ia 100 wāhine)

27 163 60 722 107 481 116 088 125 341 (tapeke taupori ehara i te Māori)Te katoa o Niu Tīreni 1891–1980

160 141 122 109 110 (ngā tāne ki ia 100 wāhine)

106 209 256 393 489 933 626 658 772 719 (tapeke taupori ehara i te Māori)

Ngā taiwhenua tino rahi e whā o Ahitereiria

Taiwhenua 1861 1871 1881 1891 1901

Niu Haute Wēra

130 121 121 118 110 (ngā tāne ki ia 100 wāhine)

350 860 503 981 751 468 1 123 954 1 354 846 (tapeke taupori)

Wikitōria155 121 110 109 101 (ngā tāne ki ia 100 wāhine)

538 628 731 528 862 346 1 130 463 1 201 885 (tapeke taupori)

Kuinirani152 149 142 132 126 (ngā tāne ki ia 100 wāhine)

30 059 120 104 213 525 393 718 503 266 (tapeke taupori)

Ahitereiria ki te Tonga

105 106 112 106 102 (ngā tāne ki ia 100 wāhine)

126 830 185 425 276 414 315 533 358 508 (tapeke taupori)Ngā Taiwhenua katoa o Ahitereiria

138 121 117 116 110 (ngā tāne ki ia 100 wāhine)

1 151 947 1 663 882 2 252 617 3 165 015 3 779 613 (tapeke taupori)

C. McDonald, ‘Too Many Men and Too Few Women: Gender’s ‘Fatal Impact’ in Nineteenth Century Colonies’ i Caroline Daley rāua ko Deborah Montgomerie (takatā), The Gendered Kiwi (Auckland University Press: 1999) wh. 25 me 29.

18

SOURCE B

Gender ratios in New Zealand and Australia

The four largest New Zealand provinces

Province 1861 1871 1881 1891 1901

Auckland123 132 119 110 111 (men per 100 women)

24 420 62 335 99 451 133 178 175 946 (total non-Māori population)

Wellington111 121 114 115 110 (men per 100 women)

12 566 24 001 61 371 97 725 141 354 (total non-Māori population)

Canterbury125 122 117 106 103 (men per 100 women)

16 040 46 801 112 424 128 663 143 248 (total non-Māori population)

Otago352 153 125 112 109 (men per 100 women)

27 163 60 722 107 481 116 088 125 341 (total non-Māori population)The whole of New Zealand

160 141 122 109 110 (men per 100 women)

106 209 256 393 489 933 626 658 772 719 (total non-Māori population)

The four largest Australian colonies

Colony 1861 1871 1881 1891 1901

New South Wales

130 121 121 118 110 (men per 100 women)

350 860 503 981 751 468 1 123 954 1 354 846 (total population)

Victoria155 121 110 109 101 (men per 100 women)

538 628 731 528 862 346 1 130 463 1 201 885 (total population)

Queensland152 149 142 132 126 (men per 100 women)

30 059 120 104 213 525 393 718 503 266 (total population)

South Australia

105 106 112 106 102 (men per 100 women)

126 830 185 425 276 414 315 533 358 508 (total population)All the Australian Colonies

138 121 117 116 110 (men per 100 women)

1 151 947 1 663 882 2 252 617 3 165 015 3 779 613 (total population)

C. McDonald, ‘Too Many Men and Too Few Women: Gender’s ‘Fatal Impact’ in Nineteenth Century Colonies’ in Caroline Daley and Deborah Montgomerie (eds), The Gendered Kiwi (Auckland University Press: 1999) pp 25 and 29.

19

MĀ�ĀPUNA C1

Alienation of Māori land to 1884

Russell

Whangarei

Auckland

Thames

HamiltonCambridge

New Plymouth

Patea

Wanganui

Napier

Otaki

WellingtonLand held by Māori 1860Land held by Māori 1884Railway 1885Railway under construction

+

D. Green, ‘The Explosive Frontier’ i B. Dalley rāua ko G. McLean (takatā), Frontier of Dreams – The Story of New Zealand (Hodder Moa, 2005), wh. 152.

Ngā whenua Māori i motuhia tae ki te tau 1884

Kororāreka (Russell)

Whāngarei

Tāmaki-makau-rau

Pārāwai

KirikiriroaCambridge

Ngāmotu

Pātea

Whanganui

Ōtaki

Ahuriri

Te Whanganui-a-TaraTe whenua i te ringa Māori 1860Te whenua i te ringa Māori 1884Te rerewē 1885Te rerewē e waihanga ana

20

MĀ�ĀPUNA C2

Te Āti Awa o Taranaki

Ahakoa i whānui rawa te tautoko Māori mō Te Āti Awa, i hinga tonu rātou i muri i te tau whawhai kotahi. I whakapae te Karauna nā te iwi kē i whakatū whawhai, ka whiua rātou mā te murunga i ō rātou whenua. Nāwai, i te tau 1865 ka whakamahia e te kāwanatanga te Ture Tāmi Whakatū Whawhai (Suppression of Rebellion Act) o te tau 1863 me te Ture mō te Whakanoho i te Hunga Marie (New Zealand Settlements Act) hei muru i ngā whenua katoa o Te Āti Awa i Taranaki. Ahakoa te tohetohe a Te Āti Awa i te tiaki noa i ō rātou whare kāinga i te whakaekenga ope tauā tutū, i haere tonu te murunga. I puta mai i reira he tauwhatinga tōrangapū, pāpori, ahurea hoki kāore i kitea i mua, e mamae tonu nei te iwi i tēnei rā. I tukitukia te mana rangatiratanga heke iho, ā, ko ngā anga tōrangapū matua o te iwi, i whai wāhi ai i taua wā neke atu i te 90 ngā hapū, ka ngahoro ki ngā mea e ono rawa o nāianei, arā, a Ngāti Rāhiri, a Ōtaraua, a Manukorihi, a Pukerangiora, a Puketapu, a Ngāti Te Whiti.Peter Adds, ‘Te Āti Awa of Taranaki’, Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, i whakahou i te 6 Whiringa-ā-nuku 2005. www.TeAra.govt.nz/NewZealanders/MaoriNewZealanders/TeAtiAwaTaranaki/en

21

SOURCE C1

Alienation of Māori land to 1884

Russell

Whangarei

Auckland

Thames

HamiltonCambridge

New Plymouth

Patea

Wanganui

Napier

Otaki

WellingtonLand held by Māori 1860Land held by Māori 1884Railway 1885Railway under construction

+

D. Green, ‘The Explosive Frontier’ in B. Dalley and G. McLean (eds), Frontier of Dreams – The Story of New Zealand (Hodder Moa: 2005), p 152.

22

SOURCE C2

Te Āti Awa of Taranaki

While there was widespread Māori support for Te Āti Awa, the war was lost after a year of fighting. The Crown accused the tribe of rebelling, and punished them by confiscating their land. Consequently, in 1865 the government used the 1863 Suppression of Rebellion Act and the New Zealand Settlements Act to confiscate all of Te Āti Awa’s Taranaki land. Despite the Te Āti Awa claim that they were simply defending house and home from an aggressive military attack, the confiscation proceeded. It created unprecedented political, social and cultural disruption, from which the tribe still suffers. The tribe’s traditional leadership was undermined and the main tribal political structures, which then included over 90 sub-tribes, collapsed to the present six of Ngāti Rāhiri, Ōtaraua, Manukorihi, Pukerangiora, Puketapu and Ngāti Te Whiti.Peter Adds, ‘Te Āti Awa of Taranaki’, Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 6 October 2005. www.TeAra.govt.nz/NewZealanders/MaoriNewZealanders/TeAtiAwaTaranaki/en

23

MĀ�ĀPUNA D

Ngā raranga keri kōura i Niu Tīreni i roto i tōna horopaki ā-ao

Nā te huranga kōura i huri hohoro ai, i huri tino nui ai te ara o te hītori taiwhenua o Niu Tīreni. Mō te tekau tau o ngā raranga keri kōura, i tata ki te rua whakareanga ake te nui o ngā whiwhinga moni mai i te kōura i tō te wūru … Nāna ngā Pākehā i kukume ki ngā rohe i reira ngā papa kōura rahi pērā i te kukume pai a te hipi i ngā takiwā tairāwhiti o ngā motu e rua. Mō te taiwhenua katoa, i rearua te taupori ehara i te Māori i ngā tau e toru mai i te tīmatanga o te tau 1861, ā, tae noa te tau 1870 kua piki anō mā te rua hautoru.

I noho te keri kōura i Niu Tīreni hei wāhi o tētahi tītohunga ā-ao i āwhina kia huia ngā wāhi motu kē o te ao ki te āmionga o te ōhanga me te pāpori o Ūropi me te tairāwhiti o Amerika ki te Raki … I whai tonu ngā huranga kōura o Niu Tīreni o te rua tekau tau mai i 1850 i ngā huranga rite tonu o Hiperia, o Karepōnia, me Wikitōria (Ahitereiria), i whāia hoki ia e ērā atu i Kuinirani, i Ahitereiria ki te Uru, i Āwherika ki te Tonga, i Āraka, me te Iukone i mua i te mutunga o te rautau.

Te Whakaputanga Kōura i te Ao i runga i te Uara 1850 – 1908

New South Wales,South Australia and Tasmania

Africa

AmericasAsia

Russia andEurope

New Zealand

QueenslandVictoria

Western AustraliaAUSTRALIA

M. McKinnon, ‘Gold Rushes and the Goldfields – Otago, West Coast and Hauraki, 1860s–1900s’ i roto i M. McKinnon (takatā), Bateman New Zealand Historical Atlas – Visualising New Zealand – Ko Papatuanuku e Takoto Nei (David Bateman: 1997), pereti 44.

Niu Haute Wēra,Āhitereiria ki te Tonga Tahimānia

KuiniraniWikitōria

Ahitereiria ki te Uru

Niu Tīreni

Rūhia meŪropi

ĀhiaNgā whenua o Amerika

Āwherika

24

SOURCE D

The New Zealand Gold Rushes within their international context

The discovery of gold rapidly and substantially altered the course of New Zealand’s colonial history. Over the decade of the rushes, earnings from gold were nearly twice those from wool … It drew Pākehā into the regions with extensive fields as effectively as sheep did in the eastern parts of both islands. For the colony as a whole, the non-Māori population doubled in three years from the beginning of 1861 and had increased by another two-thirds by 1870.

Gold mining in New Zealand was part of an international phenomenon that helped bring previously distinct parts of the globe into the orbit of the economy and society of Europe and the east coast of North America … Gold discoveries in New Zealand in the 1850s and 1860s followed similar discoveries in Siberia, California, and Victoria (Australia), and were followed before the end of the century by others in Queensland, Western Australia, South Africa, Alaska, and Yukon.

World Gold Production by Value 1850 – 1908

New South Wales,South Australia and Tasmania

Africa

AmericasAsia

Russia andEurope

New Zealand

QueenslandVictoria

Western AustraliaAUSTRALIA

M. McKinnon, ‘Gold Rushes and the Goldfields – Otago, West Coast and Hauraki, 1860s–1900s’ in M. McKinnon (ed.), Bateman New Zealand Historical Atlas – Visualising New Zealand – Ko Papatuanuku e Takoto Nei (David Bateman: 1997), plate 44.

25

MĀ�ĀPUNA E1

MĀ�ĀPUNA E2

He tangohanga nō te Frontier of Dreams (tuhinga pakipūmeka pouaka whakaata)

Pānuitanga: I Niu Tīreni i te tekau tau mai i 1830, i iti iho i te kotahi mano tāngata te taupori Pākehā. I nui kē atu te Māori mā ngā whakareanga kotahi rau. He torutoru ngā Pākehā i piri ki ngā taupuni tawhiti pērā i te tāone tiputere, mōiriiri o Kororāreka, e huaina ana ināianei ko Russell.

Uiuitanga: Kate Martin (Kaiwhakahaere, Pompallier House)

“He nui ngā whakaahuatanga mōna hei tāone tino kino – ‘te wāhi whakarihariha rawa atu o Te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa’. Nā, ko ngā mihinare me ngā kaiwhaiwēra me ngā whare waipiro me ngā whare kairau, ngā kaipuke rau maha e puta mai ana – ngā kaihokohoko nō ngā wāhi katoa o Te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa.”

Uiuitanga: Kene Martin (Ngāti Hine)

“He wāhi tino aniu mō tō mātou iwi – te haurangi, te mahi kairau. Kātahi te mea whakamā.”

Uiuitanga: Paul Moon (Tumu kōrero)

“Kāhore he ture, kāhore he pirihimana. I āhei ngā tāngata te mea i tā rātou i pai ai, otirā koia hoki tā rātou i mea ai.”

R. Waru rāua ko V. Burke (kaiwhakaputa), Frontier of Dreams (Whakapapa Productions, 2005), Wāhanga 4 ‘Flags and Nations’.

Te Wāhi Whakarihariha Rawa atu o Te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa

Ina haere ki Russell o te ao hōu, he uaua te pohewa i ngā mahi haurangi i mahia i te wā i mōhiotia ai te tāone ko Kororāreka. I tino rerekē anō ngā rongo kōrero i puta mōna i tōna tōnuitanga. E ai ki te kōrero, ko te tikanga kia tae atu koe ki reira ā-tinana i taua wā, ā, he mea nui anō hoki te wā i haere ai koe. Ina turituri rawa ngā mahi o te pō, tērā anō i hū rawa te ata i muri mai, i ngā kaiwhakangahau e whakaora ake ana anō. Kāre hoki i rite ki nāianei, i te mea karekau pea i mutu noa i te Rātapu, he mea mōhio tonu te whakapōreareatanga o ngā karakia i ngā mahi haurangi. Engari, ahakoa e ‘puiaki’ ana ngā tāngata o te tāone i ētahi wā, kāore i taea kia haututū pērā i ngā wā katoa, nā reira te putanga o ngā wā rangimārie whakaharahara, kōara tonu …

Ahakoa te tika rānei o te ingoa whakarihariha o Kororāreka, he ngāwari tonu te kite nā te aha i puta ake ai. Nā tōna whanga whakamarumaru, nā āna putunga nui tonu, nā tōna tata hoki ki ngā tauranga wēra, i taua tāone aua mea katoa ka hiahia tētahi rangatira kaipuke. I reira anō ētahi atu whakakukume, tae atu ki ngā toa hoko waipiro me te taupori wāhine hemahema. I tū tonu hei tauranga haratau mō ngā mauhere i rere mai i tāwāhi o Te Moana Tāpokopoko-a-Tāwhaki1, hei wāhi pai tonu mō te peke kaipuke, me tōna tuawhenua mātotoru me tōna manakoretanga mō rātou e kōwhiri ana ki te noho turekore.Richard Wolfe, Hell-hole of the Pacific (Penguin Books: 2005), wh. 7–8.

1�e �a�� o Rehua

26

SOURCE E1

SOURCE E2

An excerpt from Frontier of Dreams (TV documentary script)

Narration: In New Zealand in the 1830s, the European population was less than a thousand people. Māori numbered a hundred times that. Small numbers of Europeans clung to outposts such as the notorious boom town of Kororareka, now called Russell.

Interview: Kate Martin (Manager, Pompallier House)

“There are a lot of descriptions of it as a vile place – ‘hell-hole of the Pacific’. You’ve got missionaries and whalers and grog shops and brothels, hundreds of ships coming in – traders from all around the Pacific.”

Interview: Kene Martin (Ngāti Hine)

“A shameful place for our people – drunkenness, prostitution. That was disgraceful.”

Interview: Paul Moon (Historian)

“There were no laws, no police. People could do whatever they wanted and they ended up doing exactly that.”

R. Waru and V. Burke (co-producers), Frontier of Dreams (Whakapapa Productions, 2005), Episode 4 ‘Flags and Nations’.

Hell-Hole of the Pacific

Visiting modern-day Russell, it is difficult to imagine the drunken goings-on when the town was known as Kororareka. Reports of it in its hey-day varied considerably. As they say, you probably had to be there, while timing was also important. The more boisterous the evening’s activities, the quieter things were likely to be the morning after, as revellers recovered. And unlike today, things didn’t necessarily let up on Sundays, for drunken antics were known to disrupt church services. But while the town surely ‘rocked’ at times, such unbridled activity could not be sustained and there were periods of unnatural and ominous calm …

Irrespective of the accuracy of Kororareka’s unsavoury reputation, it is easy to see how it came about. Thanks to its sheltered harbour, plentiful supplies and proximity to the whaling grounds, the town had just about everything a sailing master could want for. There were added incentives, including grog shops and a willing female population. It was both a convenient destination for escaped convicts from across the Tasman and a popular place to jump ship, with its dense hinterland and lack of authority for those choosing to live outside the law.Richard Wolfe, Hell-hole of the Pacific (Penguin Books: 2005), pp 7–8.

27

MĀ�ĀPUNA F

Whakaahua o “D

unedin from above G

eorge Street” (Ōtepoti nō runga o te H

uarahi o George), nā John Irvine, 1870 pea

Gordon H

. Brown, V

isions of New

Zealand – Artists in a N

ew Land (D

avid Bateman Publishing, 1988), w

h. 172.

28

SOURCE F

Painting of “Dunedin from

above George Street”, by John Irvine c. 1870

Gordon H

. Brown, V

isions of New

Zealand – Artists in a N

ew Land (D

avid Bateman Publishing, 1988), p 172.

29

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Credits: Five2.00 pm Tuesday 28 November 2006

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