politika

66

istorias iSviaTad axsovs iseTi moulodneloba, rogoric iyo perestroika. es iyo fenome-ni, romelic moulodnelad daiwyo da aseve moulodnelad dasrulda. man moitana aRmosavleT evropis ganTavisufleba, sabWoTa kavSiris dangreva, komunizmis ideis dasamareba. Sesabamisad, man moitana imedi, rom mTel msoflios eloda naTeli momavali, demokratia da mSvidoba. bolo-droindelma movlenebma gamoaCina, rom aseTi imedebi naadrevi iyo, Tumca es namdvilad ver ak-ninebs perestroikis dadebiT rols da, miT umetes, mniSvnelobas istoriaSi.

Tornike SaraSeniZe

perestroika

perestroika

preistoria

1970-ian wlebSi saqmes iseTi piri uCanda, rom sabWoTa kavSiri ara mxolod mudmivad iarse-bebda, aramed civ omsac moigebda. im periodisaTvis amerikam vietnamSi mZime marcxi iwvnia; gaZ-virda navTobi, ramac daartya amerikasa da mTlianad dasavleTs, sabWoTa kavSiris Semosavali ki gazarda; sabWoTa kavSiris Cveulebrivi SeiaraRebuli Zalebi da birTvuli potenciali ameriki-sas ara mxolod tols ar udebda, aramed zogi maCvenebliT jabnida kidec (pirvel rigSi, raode-nobrivad). sabWoTa tankebs uproblemod SeeZloT mTeli dasavleT evropis aReba da erTader-Ti, rac maT Seakavebda, birTvuli iaraRi iyo. magram 70-iani wlebis bolos moskovma axali birT-vuli raketebis, e.w. `pioneris~ didi raodenobiT ganlageba daiwyo, ramac evropaSi birTvuli balansic mis sasargeblod Secvala.

komunisturi reJimebi msoflios TiTqmis yvela kuTxeSi Cndeboda, amerikam ki 1979 wels ki-dev erTi didi marcxi igema, amjerad iranSi, sadac islamisturma revoluciam dasavleTis mo-kavSire Sahis reJimi daamxo. imave wels sabWoTa jarebi avRaneTSi SeiWrnen, rac sabWoTa kavSi-ris kidev erT gamarjvebas hgavda, magram sinamdvileSi es dasasrulis dasawyisi unda yofiliyo.

sabWoTa kavSiri garegnulad marTlac Zlieri Canda, magram SigniT saqme sakmaod rTulad hqonda. qveyanas mZime tvirTad awva mokavSire komunisturi reJimebis rCena (im ubralo faqtis gamo, rom komunistur qveynebSi ekonomika normalurad ver viTardeboda). 70-ian wlebSi nav-Tobis gaZvirebam dasavleTs teqnologiuri ganviTarebis stimuli misca, ris Sedegadac iq ma-sobrivad gaCnda kompiuterebi. sabWoTa kavSiri am ganviTarebis tendencias CamorCa, maT Soris im mizezis gamoc, rom komunistur reJims kompiuterebis Zalian eSinoda – mosaxleobas SeiZle-boda axali teqnologia informaciis gasavrceleblad da misaRebad gamoeyenebina.

1980 wels krizisma ifeTqa poloneTSi. komunisturma reJimma qveynis ekonomika kolafsamde miiyvana. ekonomikur kriziss politikuric daerTo – polonelebs protestis muxti gauCina romis papma, warmoSobiT polonelma ioane-pavle II-m, romelmac, religiurTan erTad, patrio-tuli grZnobebi gauRviZa kaTolike polonelebs (arada komunisturi poloneTi, wesiT, aTeis-turi unda yofiliyo). paps daemata sazogadoebrivi moZraoba `solidaroba~, romelmac mosax-leoba reJimis winaaRmdeg darazma da gaficvebic moawyo. gaficvebi sabWoTa kavSirsac ki gadae-do (ZiriTadad – baltiispireTs). aman moskovi daafrTxo da bevri eloda, rom poloneTSi sab-WoTa armia iseve daamyarebda ̀ wesrigs~, rogorc manamde sxva komunistur qveynebSi gaakeTa: 1956 wels – ungreTSi, 1968 wels ki – CexoslovakiaSi. miuxedavad amisa, pirvelad Tavisi arsebobis is-toriaSi sabWoTa xelisuflebam es ver gabeda: avRaneTSi omis paralelurad (romelic qveyanas

poloneli demonstrantebi `solidarobis~ plakatebiT

67

ukve mZime tvirTad awva) poloneTSi SeWra ukve moskovisTvisac metismeti iqneboda. sabWoTa kavSirma Tavad poloneTis mTavro-ba daarwmuna wesrigis damyarebis aucileb-lobaSi da paralelurad poloneTs dasaxma-reblad miliardebi daayara, rac sabWoTa ekonomikas axal tvirTad daawva. amasTanave ekonomikas Signidan xravda saSineli ko-rufcia da is araefeqturoba, romelic sa-erTod axasiaTebs socializms.

am dros moskovs paralelurad axali gamowveva gamouCnda amerikis axali prezi-dentis – ronald reiganis saxiT, romelmac gadaiaraReba daiwyo da komunizms mTeli msoflios masStabiT sityviTac da saqmiTac brZola gamoucxada. im droisaTvis rusuli `pionerebis~ sapasuxod amerikelebma dasav-leT evropaSi `perSingebis~ ganlageba daiw-yes (`pionerebiT~ daSinebul evropelebs es ar gauprotestebiaT) da birTvuli balansi evropaSi ukve sabWoTa kavSiris sazianod Seicvala.

1982 wels gardaicvala sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturi partiis generaluri mdivani leonid breJnevi, romlis xelSic qveyanam 70-ian wlebSi Zlierebis zenits miaRwia. misi adgili iuri andropovma daikava, ka-ge-bes (uSiSroebis saxelmwifo komiteti) Tavmj-domarem. es iyo energiuli da principuli kaci, romelmac qveynis mobilizeba moindo-ma, magram am droisaTvis igi mZimed avad iyo da maleve gardaicvala kidec. igi Secvala konstantin Cernenkom, arafrismTqmelma politikurma figuram da `mosiarule gvam-ma~, romelic kidev ufro male gardaicvala. im dros sabWoTa kavSiris samzareuloebSi (erTaderTi adgili, sadac xalxi simarTlis

Tqmas bedavda) aseTi anekdoti gavrcelda:

`-alo, kremlia?

-diax.

-generaluri mdivani ar gWirdebaT?

-Tqven ra, avad xarT?

-diax, avad var da Tan kargi bebruxanac gaxlavarT.~

1985 wels generalur mdivnad polit-biurom airCia axalgazrda (54 wlis) mixeil gorbaCovi, romelic xvdeboda, rom qveyanas cvlilebebi esaWiroeboda.

pirovnebis faqtori

gorbaCovi sabWoTa liderebis kvaloba-ze uCveulod gaxsnili da progresuli iyo. mas sjeroda komunizmisa da iyo leninis di-di Tayvanismcemeli. axal generalur mdi-vans miaCnda, rom sabWoTa kavSiri gacile-biT ukeTesi saxelmwifo iqneboda lenins rom didxans ecocxla. Tumca es namdvilad ar niSnavda, rom sabWoTa kavSiris ukeTes qveynad qceva SeuZlebeli iyo. amisaTvis ub-ralod reformebi iyo saWiro. gorbaCovi imasac xvdeboda, rom reformebis gatareba rTuli iqneboda amerikasTan urTierTobe-bis dalagebis gareSe. es ara mxolod imitom, rom amerikasTan birTvuli metoqeoba sab-

birTvuli raketa `pioneri~

birTvuli raketa `perSingi~

68

politika

WoTa kavSirs metad Zviri ujdeboda, aramed imitomac, rom gorbaCovsa da mis garemocvas mosvenebas ar aZlevda reiganis `varskvla-vuri omebis~ programa (romelic gulisx-mobda sabWoTa birTvuli iaraRis ganadgu-rebas kosmosidan).

ase amcno gorbaCovma msoflios `peres-troikis~ Sesaxeb, romelic Tavidan ufro ekonomikur reformebs gulisxmobda, Sem-deg ki TandaTanobiT gadaizarda sityvis Tavisuflebasa da demokratizaciaSi. cxa-dia, gorbaCovi marto ar iyo am iniciativaSi da Tanamoazreebi hyavda. es iyo, pirvel rig-Si, aleqsandr iakovlevi, adamiani, romel-mac 70-ian wlebSi, amerikasa da sabWoTa kav-Sirs Soris urTierTobaTa daTbobis dros, amerikaSi miiRo ganaTleba da kargad xedav-da, Tu rogor CamorCa misi qveyana. iakov-levs gorbaCovma Sida fronti miando. saga-reo fronti ki Caabara eduard SevardnaZes, romelsac diplomatiis araferi gaegeboda, magram samagierod gorbaCovis ndobiT sar-geblobda da reformebsac miesalmeboda.

rogorc cnobilia, gorbaCovis saubedu-rod, saboloo jamSi ekonomikuri reforme-bidan araferi gamovida, sityvis Tavisuf-lebam ki sabWoTa kavSiri daangria, rac mas namdvilad ar undoda.

gorbaCovis kritikosebi fiqroben, rom perestroikis gamocxadeba misi mxridan mxo-lod fandi iyo, romelic miznad isaxavda amerikelTa modunebas, reiganis mier gada-iaraRebasa da `varskvlavuri omebis~ prog-ramaze uaris Tqmas, ris Sedegadac sabWoTa ekonomika suls moiTqvamda da qveyana male isev gaZlierdeboda. es Sefaseba albaT mar-

aleqsandr iakovlevi (1923-2005) – sabWo-Ta politikosi da istorikosi, perestroi-kis mTavari ideologi da mixeil gorbaCovis inteleqtualuri dasayrdeni. sxvadasxva dros iyo ssrk politbiuros wevri (1987-1990), sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturi parti-is (skkp) centraluri komitetis (ck) mdivani (1986-1990), sagangebo da sruluflebiani elCi kanadaSi (1973-1983), ssrk ck-is propa-gandis ganyofilebis xelmZRvaneli (1985-1986). al. iakovlevi pirveli sabWoTa poli-tikosi iyo, romelmac aRiara ribentrop-molotovis paqtis (1939) saidumlo proto-koli.

aleqsandr iakovlevi, mixeil gorbaCovida eduard SevardnaZe, 1989

69

leonid breJnevi(1906-1982)

konstantine Cernenko(1911-1985)

iuri andropovi(1914-1984)

perestroika

mixeil gorbaCovis da ronald reiganisSexvedra reikiavikSi ,1986

Talia, magram albaT mxolod nawilobriv. gorbaCovs namdvilad surda sabWoTa kavSi-ris gaZliereba, magram amave dros mas pozi-tiuri cvlilebebis gatarebac undoda. igi ara mxolod amerikis `varskvlavuri ome-bis~ programas ewinaaRmdegeboda, aramed sa-erTod birTvuli iaraRis ganadgurebaze ocnebobda. roca im wlebSi sabWoTa Seiara-Rebul ZalebSi wvrTna Catarda, gorbaCovma simulaciis drosac ki ar daaWira TiTi bir-Tvul Rilaks (aseve simulaciurs).

1986 wels araefeqtianma sabWoTa ekono-mikam gorbaCovs da mTel msoflios siurp-rizi, ufro sworad ki, koSmari mouvlina uk-rainaSi Cernobilis atomuri sadguris af-eTqebis saxiT. es iyo katastrofa, romelsac aTasobiT adamianis sicocxle da gacilebiT meti adamianis janmrTeloba emsxverpla. am katastrofam seriozulad Searyia sabWoTa kavSiris prestiJi da kidev ufro metad da-arwmuna gorbaCovi, rom birTvuli iaraRi civilizaciasTan SeuTavsebeli iyo. man ga-dawyvita, rom saWiro iyo kidev ufro aqtiu-ri muSaoba reiganTan, romelic 1985 wels JenevaSi Sexvedrisas mis winadadebebs arc ise optimisturad Sexvda. Cans, amerikis pre-zidenti mas ar endoboda. 1986 wels gorba-Covi kidev erTxel, reikiavikSi, Sexvda rei-gans da SesTavaza evropaSi saSualo siSoris birTvuli raketebis mospoba da saerTod birTvuli iaraRis ganaxevrebac ki, oRond sanacvlod `varskvlavuri omebis~ progra-maze uaris Tqma sTxova. reigani aseTma radi-kalurma iniciativam daabnia, magram ̀ varsk-vlavuri omebis~ programaze uari ar Tqva, ris gamoc iniciativa CaifuSa.

gorbaCovisaTvis reikiaviki serozuli imedgacrueba iyo, magram man far-xmali ar dayara. gadawyvita ra, rom reigani mas kvla-vac ar endoboda (amerikis prezidentma mas adamianis uflebebze Camougdo sityva), pe-restroikis kidev ufro gaRrmaveba Caifiq-ra, raTa yvelas daenaxa, rom mas namdvilad surda pozitiuri cvlilebebi. sabWoTa kav-Siri TandaTanobiT gaixsna, mediam warsu-lis Secdomebis kritika daiwyo. Tumca es kritika ZiriTadad staliniT Semoifargle-boda, romelsac braldeboda TiTqmis yvela codva da Secdoma, ris gamoc sabWoTa kavSi-ri ar iyo iseTi kargi, rogoric `wesiT unda yofiliyo~, anu komunisturi sistema namd-vilad kargi iyo da yvelaferSi erTi pirov-neba iyo damnaSave.

cxadia, stalinis kritikisa da misTvis yvelafris gadabralebis kampaniis dawyebi-sas gorbaCovi ver warmoidgenda, rom male TviTon gaxdeboda is pirovneba, romelsac Semdeg sabWoTa kavSiris dangrevas daabra-lebdnen. 1987 wels man wignic ki dawera sa-TauriT `perestroika da axleburi azrov-neba sabWoTa kavSirisa da mTeli msoflio-saTvis~, romelSic qadagebda axal, ukeTes wesrigs msofliosaTvis. am wesrigisken msoflios swored axali, reformirebuli da ukeTesi sabWoTa kavSiri waiyvanda.

ukeTesobis survili gorbaCovs namdvi-lad hqonda da yvelanairad miiswrafoda mSvidobisaken, risTvisac, misi azriT, birT-vuli ganiaraReba iyo saWiro. aq erTi prob-lema iyo – sabWoTa samxedroebi, romlebic reikiavikis iniciativam isedac SokSi Caagdo

70

politika

da seriozul ganiaraRebaze fiqric ki aSi-nebdaT. magram 1987 wlis maisSi msoflios sabWoeTidan kidev erTi Soki eloda: germa-nelma (dasavleT germaniis moqalaqem) moy-varulma pilotma viTom gauvali sabWoTa sazRvari da Tavdacvis sistemebi gaifrina da moskovSi, zed wiTel moedanze dasva TviTmfrinavi. es sabWoTa SeiaraRebuli Za-lebisaTvis namdvili katastrofa iyo, mag-ram amave dros gorbaCovs samxedroebis wi-naaRmdeg gauxsna xel-fexi. sabWoTa lider-ma armiis elitaSi wmenda daiwyo da wlis bo-los vaSingtonSi reiganTan saSualo siSo-ris raketebis likvidaciaze SeTanxmebas mo-awera xeli.

ngreva da Tavisufleba

1987 wels sabWoTa kavSiris ekonomikas ukve sagrZnobi krizisi daudga. marTalia, amerikasTan urTierTobebi lagdeboda, mag-ram ekonomikuri reformebi laparakidan saqmed aranairad ar iqca. im periodSi mkveT-rad daeca navTobis fasi, rac moskovis Semo-savlebisTvis mZime dartyma iyo. paralelu-rad, biujetSi didi xvreli gaaCina alkoho-lis akrZalvam – gorbaCovis kidev erTma vai-reformam, romelic loTobasTan brZolas da Sromisunarianobis amaRlebas isaxavda

miznad. sabolood es mizani ver Sesrulda, samagierod, mosaxleobaSi ukmayofileba gaCnda, saxelmwifos ki Semosavali moaklda.

gacilebiT didi problema warmoqmna sityvis Tavisuflebam, romelsac sabWoTa respublikebSi TandaTanobiT nacionalis-turi talRis agoreba mohyva. am mxriv gansa-kuTrebiT gamoirCeodnen baltiispireTis respublikebi da saqarTvelo. 1987 wlis Se-modgomaze pirveli opoziciuri mitingi ga-imarTa TbilisSi, romelic 1937 wlis stali-nuri represiebis wlisTavs mieZRvna. mitin-

71

Cernobilis atomuri eleqtrosadgurikatastrofis Semdeg

qalaqi Cernobili

perestroika

gze arc ise bevri adamiani misula, magram es ukve seriozuli precedenti iyo. nacionalizmis safrTxe moskovSic kargad igrZnes da daiwyo msjeloba sabWoTa konstituciaSi cvlilebebis Setanis aucileblobaze – igulisxmeboda konstituciis erT-erTi muxli, romelic sabWoTa respublikebs kavSiridan gasvlis uflebas aZlevda (cxadia, am muxlis avtorebi ver warmoid-gendnen, rom odesme mas marTlac gamoiyenebdnen). amas protesti mohyva bevr qalaqSi, maT Soris, TbilisSic, rac ukve mravalricxovan mitingebSi gadaizarda. Sedegad, 1988 wlis bolos moskov-ma ukan daixia. moskovi ukan ixevda yvela frontze – amerikelebTan molaparakebebSi, sabWoTa respublikebTan, aRmosavleT evropaSi. 1989 wlis aprilSi TbilisSi sabWoTa kavSiris Semadgen-lobidan gasvlis moTxovniT mitingze gamosuli xalxi sabWoTa jarma daarbia, rasac msxverpli mohyva. es ukve dasasrulis bolo fazis dasawyisi iyo. saqarTveloSi nacionalisturma ganwyo-bebma kidev ufro radikaluri xasiaTi miiRo. sabWoTa jaris mxridan es arc pirveli da ukanask-neli Zaladoba ar yofila. mogvianebiT analogiuri barbarosoba moxda jer baqoSi, Semdeg ki – vilniusSi. magram saqmes es ver Sveloda – gorbaCovi jars solidarobis gamocxadebis nacvlad emijneboda, nacionalizmi ki, saqarTvelos darad, yvelgan ufro Rvivdeboda.

1989 wlis agvistoSi baltiispireTis samive respublikam uzarmazari cocxali saprotesto jaWvi moawyo, romelic 1939 wels xelmoweril nacistur-komunistur paqts mieZRvna (am paqtis Sedegad baltiispireTis qveynebi sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi Sevidnen). Semodgomaze mos-kovSi gaixsna sabWoTa kavSiris saxalxo deputatTa yriloba, sadac monawileobdnen qveynis is-toriaSi pirvelad ase Tu ise Tavisufal arCevnebSi gamarjvebuli deputatebi, romelTa sakma-od didi nawili sabWoTa kavSiris winaaRmdeg iyo ganwyobili. yriloba pirdapir eTerSi gadai-cemoda da mTeli qveyana usmenda gansxvavebul azrs, maT Soris, sabWoTa sistemis kritikas. ram-denime TveSi swored yrilobaze, pirdapir eTerSi amcnes litvelebma sruliad sabWoTa kavSirs, rom maTi respublika kavSiris Semadgenlobidan gadioda.

samxedroebi gorbaCovisgan litvaSi `wesrigis~ damyarebisaTvis mwvane Suqs iTxovdnen, mag-ram sabWoTa lideri maT isev gaemijna. amasobaSi sabWoTa imperias aRmosavleTi evropa eclebo-da xelidan. ori germaniis gamyofi berlinis kedeli daingra da qveyana gaerTianda, komunistu-ri reJimebi yvelgan emxoboda da sabWoTa jaric TandaTanobiT tovebda iqaurobas (1989 wels

72

mSvidobiani aqciis darbeva,Tbilisi, 1989 weli, 9 aprili

`baltiis gza~ baltiispireTis qveynebis miermowyobili cocxali jaWvi, 1989 weli, agvisto

boris elcini demonstraciaze,1991 weli, 19 agvisto

putCi moskovSi, 1991

politika

jarma avRaneTic datova). litvis magaliTs male sxva sabWoTa respublikebi mihyvnen. gorbaCovi sabWoTa respublikebis mier damoukideblobis gamocxadebas ironiulad `suverenitetebis parads~ eZaxda, magram saqme ukve saxumaro aRar iyo. TviT ruseTSic ki arCevnebis Sedegad xe-lisuflebis saTaveSi gorbaCovis metoqe – boris elcini movida. procesi Seuqcevadi gaxda da araferi Seucvlia gorbaCovis sabWoTa kavSiris prezidentad arCevas (igive yrilobis mier), ra-sac TiTqosda qveyana unda gadaerCina. arc mis ideas xvdebodnen didi enTuziazmiT respubli-kebs Soris axali sakavSiro SeTanxmebis gaformebis Sesaxeb.

1991 wlis agvistoSi moxda is, rac albaT unda momxdariyo. sabWoTa mTavrobaSi gaCnda SeTq-mulTa jgufi, romelmac qveynis `gadarCena~ moindoma. putCis liderebi iyvnen sabWoTa kavSi-ris e.w. vice-prezidenti da armiis, ka-ge-besa da Sinagan saqmeTa saministros xelmZRvanelebi, romlebmac gorbaCovi agarakze Caketes (anu, faqtobrivad, daapatimres) da Zalaufleba gadai-bares. maTma xelisuflebam sul ramdenime dRe iarseba. sabWoTa represiebis dabrunebis SiSi ga-cilebiT ufro Zlieri gamodga, vidre sabWoTa kavSiris gadarCenis survili – Tavad moskovSi putCistebis winaaRmdeg uamravi adamiani gamovida da SeTqmuleba samarcxvinod damarcxda. gorbaCovi patimrobidan dabrunda, formalurad isev prezidentis rangSi, magram esec droebi-Ti iyo. putCis damarcxebis Semdeg procesi kidev ufro daCqarda.

1991 wlis 8 dekembers ruseTis, ukrainisa da belarusis liderebma sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis SeTanxmebas moaweres xeli ise, rom gorbaCovisaTvis arc araferi ukiTxavT. ase aResrula 1922 wels Seqmnili sabWoTa kavSiri, romelic maSin ruseTma, ukrainam, belarusma da e.w. amierkavka-siis respublikam gaaformes. 8 dekembers Sekrebilebma gadawyvites, rom maT hqondaT iuridiu-li ufleba maTive Seqmnili saxelmwifo gauqmebulad gamoecxadebinaT, radgan meoTxe damfuZ-nebeli (amierkavkasiis respublika) aRar arsebobda (mis adgilas didi xnis win gaCnda saqarTve-lo, azerbaijani da somxeTi).

gorbaCovis xelisuflebis saTaveSi mosvlidan sul raRac eqvs weliwadSi, xolo avRaneTSi SeWridan Tormet weliwadSi sabWoTa imperia gaqra. imperia daangria mis gadasarCenad da gasaZ-liereblad wamowyebulma procesma. am procesis avtori ki jer msof-lioSi yvelaze popularul adamianad iqca, Semdeg ki – erT-erT yve-laze saZulvel adamianad misive samSobloSi, ruseTSi, sadac dRes sabWoTa kavSirs mistirian.

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perestroika

sabWoTa jari tovebs avRaneTs,1989

saprotesto aqcia litvaSi

berlinis kedlis dangreva