Neoklasicizam
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Transcript of Neoklasicizam
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PROSVJETITELJSTVO
• ❚ Krajem 18. st. su revolucije dokinule monarhiju u Francuskoj i obezbijedile nezavisnost britanskih kolonija u Americi. Osnovni faktor je bio Prosvjetiteljstvo, novi način kritičkog promišljanja, neovisnog o religiji i tradiciji.
• ❚ Prosvjetiteljstvo je promoviralo znanstveno propitivanje, te doktrinu progresa (Prve enciklopedije se pojavile sredinom stoljeća). Industrijska Revolucija započela oko 1740. g. Inžinjeri i arhitekti razvili novi tip građevinskog materijala, čelik, koji je prvi put upostrijebljen za most Coalbrookdale, Engleska, 1776.
• ❚ Prosvjetiteljstvo je također vodio poznavanju imperativa antičkog Rima, zahvaljujući Grand Tour-u (popularni Canalettovi suveniri s vedutama Venecije)
• ❚ Odbijanje ideje progresa kod Rousseau-a, jednog od vodećih franc. filozofa, vodilo ka povratku urođenim vrijednostima i poštenom, jednostavnom i časnom životu seljaka. Uticaj na Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin-a, te Jean-Baptiste Greuze-a, koji slikaju sentimentalne narative o ruralnim porodicama
• ❚ Sklonost naturalizmu vodila popularnosti portreta s pozadinom koju čine pejzaži - Thomas Gainsborough, te zanimanje za realizam, kao i Benjamin West (suvremena odora na likovima koji su historijske ličnosti).
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NEOKLASICIZAM
• Sistematska istraživanja Herkulanuma 1737. i Pompeja 1746. dala poticaj pojavi umjetničkom pokretu pod imenom Neoklasicizam, koji je inkorporirao teme i stilove antičke umjetnosti.
• Pionir novog stila bila Angelica Kauffmann, slikarica koja je teme izvlačila iz rimske povijesti.
• Jacques-Louis David, klasičnu umjetnosti označio kao “imitaciju prirode u svojoj najljepšoj i perfektnoj formi” također fazorizirao rimske teme. Njegova slika ‘’Zakletva Horacija’’ je služila kao primjer patrioitizma i žrtve.
• Neoklasicizam također prisutan i u unutrašnjoj dekoraciji, modi, te arhitekturi. Rimske i strukture talijanske renesanse su bile uzor za Panthéon u Parizu, Jacques-Germain Soufflot-a, te Chiswick House kraj Londona, Richarda Boylea. Grčki hram James Stuarta bio model za dorski portik u Worcestershire.
• U SAD, Thomas Jefferson usvojio neoklasicistički stil za Monticello, Virginia Capitol, te University of Virginia. Zahvaljujući njemu je Neoclasicizam postao zvanični arhitektonski stil nove Američke republike, jer je reprezentirala idealizam, patriotizam, te građanske vrijednosti.
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Odlike• reakcija na umjetnost baroka i rokokoa; smirenost, trezvenost,
kontrola, uzvišenost• 1755. Johann Joachim Winckelmann (1717-1768) piše
''Razmišljanja o slikarstvu i skulpturi Grka’’ – antika kao model podražavanja
• u slikarstvu: izbjegavanje pastelnih boja, koriste se jasne i intenzivne boje, kao i chiaro-scuro
• u arhitekturi: harmonija i geometrija kao odraz racionalnosti; Grčka i Rim kao modeli prosvijećene političke organizacije
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Etienne-Louis Boullée, Spomenik Isaacu Newtonu, 1784,
Bibliothèque Nationale, Pariz
- klasika nije stilski model, nego etički primjer umjetnosti oslobođene religioznih predrasuda i
zasnovane na svijesti o prirodnom pravu i građanskoj dužnosti; traganje za sadržajima neodvojivim od forme
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Lord Burlington (1694-1753) i William Kent (1685-1748),
Chiswick House, 1725., London
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Henry Hoare, Park u Stourheadu, Wiltshire, 1743.
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Thomas Gainsborough (1721-1788), Mr and Mrs Andrews, 1749., ulje na platnu, National Gallery, London
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Robert Adam (1728-1792), Syon House, Middlesex, 1760-9.
(Hugh Percy, Northumbland)
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Robert Adam (1728-1792), Syon House, Middlesex, 1760-9.
Ulazni hol
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Robert Adam (1728-1792), Syon House, Middlesex, 1760-9.
Predsoblje Crvena radna soba
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James Stuart, Dorski portik,Hagley Park,Worcestershire,England, 1758
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Jacques Germain Soufflot (1713-1780),
Ste-Geneviève, 1755-92, Pariz
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Kod Pantheona je kombiniran
portik po uzoru na antičke
rimske hramove s kupolom koja
, ima kolonadu te krstastim
tlocrtom
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Thomas Jefferson , Monticello, 1770-84, Charlottesville,
Virginia
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Thomas Jefferson, University of Virginia, Charlottesville,Virginia, 1819–1826. Poput hrama na rimskom forumu, rotunda je leži na uzdignutoj platformi te gleda na travnjak okružen kolonadom. Nastala je po uzoru na Panteon
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Thomas Jefferson, University of Virginia, Charlottesville,Virginia, 1819–1826.
Chateau de Marly
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Latrobe, Benjamin Henry, 1764-1820, Philadelphia: Bank of Pennsylvania 1798-1800
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Benjamin Latrobe, Katedrala u Baltimoru, 1804.-1818.
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Sir Joshua Reynolds (1723-92), direktor Royal Academy of Arts (1768)
Lady Sarah Burnbury, 1765. Art Institute of Chicago
Mrs Siddons, 1784.Art Gallery of Henry
Huntington, San Marino
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Angelica Kauffman (1741-1807) Venera pokazuje put za Kartagu Eneji i Ahatu, 1768.
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Angelica Kauffman (1741-1807) Royal Academy of Arts, Lecture room, London,
1780.
Boja Crtež
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Angelica Kauffmann, Kornelija prikazuje djecu kao svoje blago/ Majka Grakha , ca. 1785. ulje na platnu, 3 4 4 2.Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond (the Adolph D. and Wilkins C.Williams Fund).
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Benjamin West (1738-1820), Smrt generala Wolfe-a, 1770.
National Gallery of Canada
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Jacques Louis David (1748-1825) Zakletva Horacija, 1784.,
Louvre
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Jacques Louis David (1748-1825) Maratova smrt, 1784., Louvre
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Jean-Anotine Houdon (1741-1828)
Thomas Jefferson, 1789., Library of Congress,
Washington DCGeorge Washington, 1785-
96.., state Capitol, Richmond, Virginia
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Antonio Canova (1757-1822)
Nadgrobni spomenik Klementu XIV,
1783-87., mramorCrkva svetih apostola, Rim
Nadgrobni spomenik Mariji Kristini,
1798-1805., mramorAugustinska crkva, Beč
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Antonio Canova (1757-1822), Amor i Psiha, 1787-93., mramor
Louvre
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Antonio Canova (1757-1822), Paolina Borghese kao Venera, 1808.,
mramorGalerija Borghese
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Bertel Thorvaldsen (1770-1844)
Jason i zlatno runo, 1803., mramor
Thorvaldsen muzej, Copenhagen
Ganimed poji Zeusa kao orla, 1817., mramor
Thorvaldsen muzej, Copenhagen
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William Blake (1757-1827)
Prauzrok srvati, Bog, 1794., naslovnica knjige Europe, a
Prophecy
Newton, 1795. Tate Gallery
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Henry Fuseli (1741-1825) Mora, 1785., ulje na platnu, Goetheov muzej, Frankfurt
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Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture
• Jean Baptiste Colbert je osnovao pod Louisom XIV. 1648. g.; • osnovne značajke programa Akademije bile su: stavljanje
naglaska na konvenciji (umjetnik se treba voditi prethodnicima), uspostavljanje hijerarhije žanrova, uloga prirode u konceptu postizanja idealnog i ekspresija strasti (nature mise en méthode), tj. emocija,
• od 1737. počinju se održavati Saloni, traju po 3 tjedna i posjećuju ih svi staleži; na njima se prvi put javlja kritika; 1670. - ''borba između starih i mladih''
• akademik André Félibien iznosi 1667. hijerarhiju slikarskih žanrova zasnovanih na temi koju obrađuju - mrtva priroda, pejzaž, svakodnevni život, portreti, povijesne i mitološke scene, te sakralni prizori,
• Roger de Piles (1635-1709) daje svoju podjelu likovnih elemenata:
kompozicija, crtež, boja i ekspresija,
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Alexander Cozens (1717-1786), Oblak, 1770.,
olovka i akvarel na papiru, Tate Gallery
Constable John (1776-1837) Hampsted Heath,
1821., skica uljem City Art Gallery,
Manchester