NCERT- Hindi Kshitij - Class X
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Transcript of NCERT- Hindi Kshitij - Class X
8/14/2019 NCERT- Hindi Kshitij - Class X
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5- lw;Z dkar f=kikBh fujkyk* 31 mRlkg vV ugha jgh gS
6- ukxktqZ u 37 ;g na rqfjr eq Lkdku iQly
7- fxfjtkoq Qekj ekFkq j 44
Nk;k er Nwuk
8- ½rqjkt 49 dU;knku
9- ea xys'k Mcjky 52 la xrdkj
vkeq[k iii
;g iq Lrd v
dkO; [ka M
1- lwjnkl 3 mQèkkS] rq e gkS vfr cM+Hkkxh eu dh eu gh ek¡ > jgh gekjS a gfj gkfjy dh ydjh gfj gSa jktuhfr if<+ vk,
2- rqylhnkl 10 jke&y{e.k&ij'kq jke la okn
3- nso 19 ik¡;fu uw iq j--- Mkj nzq e iyuk--- iQfVd flykfu---
4- t;'ka dj izlkn 26vkRedF;
fo"k;&ozQe
8/14/2019 NCERT- Hindi Kshitij - Class X
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xii
x| [ka M
10- Lo;a iz dk'k 59 usrkth dk p'ek
11- jkeo{k cs uhiq jh 68 ckyxksfcu Hkxr
12- ;'kiky 77 y[kuoh vank”k
13- los Z'oj n;ky lDlsuk 83 ekuoh; d#.kk dh fnO; ped
14- eUuw Hka Mkjh 91 ,d dgkuh ;g Hkh
15- egkohjiz lkn f}osnh 103 L=kh&f'k{kk osQ fojksèkh oq Qrdks± dk [ka Mu
16- ;rha nz feJ 114
ukScr[kkus esa bcknr 17- Hknar vkuan dkS lY;k;u 126
laLÑfr
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dkO; [kaM
ân; fla /q efr lhi lekukA
Lokfr lkjnk dgfga lq tkukA
tks cj"kb cj ckfj fopk:A
gks a fg dfor eqDrkefu pk:AA
& rq ylhnkl
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lu~ 1857 os Q ckxh lS fudks a dk dkS eh xhr
ge gS a blosQ ekfyd ¯gnqLrku gekjk ikd oru gS dkSe dk tUur ls Hkh I;kjk ;s gS gekjh fefYd;r ¯gnq Lrku gekjk
bldh :gkfu;r ls jks'ku gS tx lkjk fdruh dnhe fdruk ubZ e] lc nqfu;k ls U;kjk djrh gS tj[ks”k ftls xaxks&tequ dh /kjk mQij cI + kQhZ yk ioZr igjs nkj gekjk uhps lkfgy ij ctrk] lkxj dk uDdkjk bldh [kkus a mxy jgha lks uk ghjk ikjk bldh 'kku&'kkSdr dk nq fu;k es a t;dkjk vk;k fiQja xh nw j ls ,s lk ea rj ekjk ywVk nks uks a gkFk ls I;kjk oru gekjk
vkt 'kghnks a us gS rq edks vgys oru yydkjk rksM+ ks xqykeh dh ”kathjs a cjlkvks vaxkjk ¯gnw eqlyeka fl[k gekjk HkkbZ HkkbZ I;kjk ;g gS vktknh dk >aMk bls lyke gekjkAA
18571857 tax&,&vk”kknh os Q 'kghnksa dks lyke
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lw jnkl dk tUe lu~ 1478 es a ekuk tkrk gSA ,d ekU;rk os Q vuq lkj mudk tUe eFkq jk os Q fudV jQudrk ;k
js .kq dk {ks =k esa gqvk tcfd nw ljh ekU;rk osQ vuq lkj mudk tUe&LFkku fnYyh os Q ikl lhgh ekuk tkrk gSA egkizHkq
oYyHkkpk;Z os Q f'k"; lw jnkl v"VNki osQ dfo;ksa es a lokZ fèkd iz fl¼ gSa A os eFkqjk vkS j o`a nkou osQ chp xmQ?kkV ij jgrsFks vkSj JhukFk th os Q eafnj es a Hktu&dhrZu djrs FksA lu~ 1583 es a ikjlkS yh es a mudk fuèku gqvkA
muosQ rhu xza Fkks a lwjlkxj ] lkfgR; ygjh vkSj lw j lkjkoyh es a lw jlkxj gh lokZ fèkd yks dfiz; gq vkA [ks rh vkSj i'kq ikyu okys Hkkjrh; lekt dk nS fud va rja x fp=k vkSj euq "; dh LokHkkfod ofÙk;ksa dk fp=k.k lw j dh dfork esa feyrk gSA lwj ^okRlY;* vkSj ^ Ü k axkj* osQ Js "B dfo
ekus tkrs gS aA Ñ".k vkS j xksfi;ksa dk iz s e lgt ekuoh; iz s e dh iz fr"Bk djrk gSA lw j us ekuo izs e dh xkS joxkFkk osQ ekè;e ls lkekU; euq ";ksa dks ghurk cksèk ls eq Dr fd;k] mues a thus dh yyd iSnk dhA
mudh dfork esa cztHkk"kk dk fu[kjk gq vk :i gSA og pyh vk jgh yks dxhrksa dh ijaijk dh gh Js"B dM+ h gSA
lw jnkl 1
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f{kfrt
4
;gk¡ lwjlkxj os Q Hkzejxhr ls pkj in fy, x, gSa A Ñ".k us eFkqjk tkus os Q ckn Lo;a u ykS Vdj m¼o os Q tfj, xksfi;ksa os Q ikl la ns 'k Hkstk FkkA m¼o us fuxZ q.k czã ,oa ;ks x dk mins 'k ns dj xksfi;ksa dh fojg os nuk dks 'kkar djus dk iz;kl fd;kA xksfi;k¡ Kku ekxZ dh ctk; izs e ekxZ dks ila n djrh Fkha A bl dkj.k mUgs a m¼o dk 'kq"d lans 'k ila n ugha vk;kA rHkh ogk¡ ,d HkkS ajk vk igq¡ pkA ;gha ls Hkzejxhr dk izkja Hk gksrk gS A xksfi;ks a us Hkzej os Q cgkus m¼o ij O;a X; ck.k NksM+ sA igys in es a xks fi;ks a dh ;g f'kdk;r okf”kc yxrh gS fd ;fn m¼o dHkh Lusg os Q èkkxs ls c¡ èks gksrs rks os fojg dh os nuk dks vuq Hkwr vo'; dj ikrsA nwljs in esa xksfi;ksa dh ;g Lohdkjks fDr fd muosQ eu dh vfHkyk"kk,¡ eu es a gh jg xb±]
Ñ".k os Q izfr muos Q iz se dh xgjkbZ dks vfHkO;Dr djrh gS A rhljs in es a os m¼o dh ;ksx lkèkuk dks dM+oh ddM+h tS lk crkdj vius ,dfu"B iz se es a n`<+ fo'okl izdV djrh gSa A pkS Fks in esa m¼o dks rkuk ekjrh gS a fd o`Q".k us vc jktuhfr i<+ yh gS A va r es a xks fi;ks a }kjk m¼o dks jktèkeZ (iztk dk fgr) ;kn fnyk;k tkuk lw jnkl dh yksdèkfeZrk dks n'kkZ rk gS A
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lw jnkl
5
in
(1)
ÅèkkS] rqe gkS vfr cM+HkkxhAvijl jgr lusg rxk rSa] ukfgu eu vuqjkxhA iqjbfu ikr jgr ty Hkhrj] rk jl nsg u nkxhA T;kS a ty ekg¡ rs y dh xkxfj] cw ¡ n u rkdkS a ykxhA izhfr&unh eSa ikm¡ u cksjÔkS] n`f"V u :i ijkxhA^lwjnkl* vcyk ge Hkksjh] xqj pk¡Vh T;kSa ikxhAA
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f{kfrt
6
(2)
eu dh eu gh ek¡ > jghA dfg, tkb dkS u iS ÅèkkS] ukgha ijr dghAvofèk vèkkj vkl vkou dh] ru eu fcFkk lghAvc bu tksx l¡ ns lfu lq fu&lq fu] fcjfgfu fcjg nghA pkgfr gqrha xqgkfj ftr¯g rSa] mr rSa èkkj cghA^lwjnkl* vc èkhj èkj¯g D;kSa] ejtknk u yghAA
(3)
gekjS a gfj gkfjy dh ydjhA eu Øe cpu uan&uanu mj] ;g n<+ dfj idjhA tkxr lksor LoIu fnol&fufl] dkUg&dkUg td jhA lqur tks x ykxr gS ,slkS] T;kSa d#bZ ddjhA lq rkS C;kfèk gedkSa yS vk,] ns[kh lquh u djhA ;g rkS ^lw j* fru¯g yS lkS aikS] ftuosQ eu pdjhAA
(4)
gfj gS a jktuhfr if<+ vk,A leq>h ckr dgr eèkqdj osQ] lekpkj lc ik,A bd vfr prq j gqrs ifgyS a gh] vc xq # xz a Fk i<+ k,A c<+h cqf¼ tkuh tks mudh] tks x&l¡ nsl iBk,A ÅèkkS Hkys yksx vkxs osQ] ij fgr Mksyr èkk,Avc viuS eu isQj ikbgSa] pyr tq gqrs pqjk,A rs D;kS a vuhfr djSa vkiqu] ts vkSj vuhfr Nq M+ k,A jkt èkje rkS ;gS ^lw j*] tks iz tk u tk¯g lrk,AA
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lw jnkl
7
iz'u&vH;kl
1- xks fi;ks a }kjk m¼o dks HkkX;oku dgus esa D;k O;a X; fufgr gS\
2- m¼o os Q O;ogkj dh rqyuk fdl&fdl ls dh xbZ gS\
3- xks fi;ks a us fdu&fdu mnkgj.kks a osQ ekè;e ls m¼o dks mykgus fn, gSa \
4- m¼o }kjk fn, x, ;ks x os Q lans'k us xks fi;ks a dh fojgkfXu esa ?kh dk dke oSQls fd;k\
5- ^ejtknk u ygh* osQ ekè;e ls dkS u&lh e;kZ nk u jgus dh ckr dh tk jgh gS\6- oQ".k os Q iz fr vius vUkU; iz se dks xksfi;ks a us fdl iz dkj vfHkO;Dr fd;k gS\
7- xks fi;ks a us m¼o ls ;ks x dh f'k{kk oS Qls yksxksa dks ns us dh ckr dgh gS\
8- i zLrqr ink s a osQ vkèkkj ij xksfi;ksa dk ;ksx&lk/uk osQ iz fr nf"Vdks.k Li"V djs aA
9- xks fi;ksa os Q vuqlkj jktk dk èkeZ D;k gks uk pkfg,\
10- xks fi;ks a dks o Q".k es a ,s ls dkS u&ls ifjorZ u fn[kkbZ fn, ftuos Q dkj.k os viuk eu okil ik ysus dh ckr dgrh gS a\
11- xks fi;ks a us vius oko~ Qpkrq ;Z os Q vkèkkj ij Kkuh m¼o dks ijkLr dj fn;k] muos Q oko~ Qpkrq ;Z Z dh fo'ks "krk,¡ fyf[k,\
12- ladfyr inksa dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, lwj os Q Hkz ejxhr dh eq [; fo'ks "krk,¡ crkb,\
jpuk vkS j vfHkO;fDr
13- xks fi;ksa us m¼o os Q lkeus rjg&rjg os Q roZQ fn, gSa ] vki viuh dYiuk ls vkS j roZQ nhft,A
14- m¼o Kkuh Fk s] uhfr dh ckrs a tkurs Fks_ xksfi;ks a os Q ikl ,slh dkS u&lh 'kfDr Fkh tks muos Q oko~ Qpkrq ;Z esa eq [kfjr gks mBh\
15- xks fi;ks a us ;g D;ks a dgk fd gfj vc jktuhfr i<+ vk, gS a \ D;k vkidks xks fi;ks a os Q bl dFku dk foLrkj ledkyhu jktuhfr esa u”kj vkrk gS] Li"V dhft,A
ikBsrj lfoz Q;rk
izLrqr inksa dh lcls cM+ h fo'ks"krk gS xksfi;ksa dh okfXonXèkrk*A vkius ,s ls vkSj pfj=kksa os Q ckjs esa i<+k ;k lquk gks xk ftUgks aus vius oko~ Qpkrq ;Z osQ vkèkkj ij viuh ,d fof'k"V igpku cukbZ _ tS lsμchjcy] rs ukyhjke] xks ikyHkk¡ M] eq Yyk ulh#íhu vkfnA vius fdlh euila n pfj=k os Q oq QN fdLls la dfyr dj ,d vyce rS ;kj djs aA
lwj jfpr vius fiz; inksa dks y; o rky osQ lkFk xk,¡A
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f{kfrt
8
'kCn&laink
cM+Hkkxh & HkkX;oku vijl & vfyIr] uhjl] vNwrk rxk & /kxk] caèku iq jbfu ikr & dey dk iÙkk nkxh & nkx] /Cck ekg¡ & esa iz hfr&unh & izs e dh unh ikm¡ & iSj
cks jÔkS & Mq cks ;k ijkxh & eq X/ gksuk xqj pk¡ Vh T;kS a ikxh & ftl izdkj pha Vh xqM+ es a fyiVrh gS] mlh iz dkj ge Hkh o Q".k osQ
izs e es a vuq jDr gS a vèkkj & vkèkkj vkou & vkxeu fcFkk & O;Fkk fcjfgfu & fo;ks x es a thus okyh fcjg ngh & fojg dh vkx esa ty jgh gS a gqrha & Fkha xqgkfj & j{kk osQ fy, iq dkjuk ftr¯g rS a & tgk¡ ls mr & mèkj] ogk¡ /kj & ;ksx dh iz cy /kjk èkhj & èkS ;Z ejtknk & e;kZ nk] izfr"Bk u ygh & ugha jgh] ugha j[kh gkfjy & gkfjy ,d i{kh gS tks vius iSjkas es a lnS o ,d ydM+h fy, jgrk
gS] mls NksM+ rk ugha gS uan&uanu mj---idjh & ua n os Q ua nu Ñ".k dks geus Hkh vius ân; es a clkdj dldj idM+ k
gqvk gS
td jh & jVrh jgrh gS a lq & og C;kfèk & jks x] ihM+k igq ¡pkus okyh oLrq djh & Hkks xk
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f{kfrt
10
rq
rq ylhnkl 2
ylhnkl dk tUe mÙkj iz ns'k os Q ck¡ nk f”kys osQ jktkiq j xk¡o esa lu~ ~ 1532 esa gqvk FkkA oq QN fo}ku mudk
tUeLFkku lksjksa (f”kyk&,Vk) Hkh ekurs gS aA rq ylh dk cpiu cgq r la ?k"kZiw .kZ FkkA thou osQ iz kja fHkd o"kks ± es a gh ekrk&firk
ls mudk fcNksg gks x;kA dgk tkrk gS fd xq #Ñik ls mUgsa jkeHkfDr dk ekxZ feykA os ekuo&ewY;ks a os Q mikld dfo FksA
jkeHkfDr ijaijk es a rqylh vrq yuh; gS aA jkepfjrekul dfo dh vuU; jkeHkfDr vkS j muosQ l tukRed dkS'ky dk euksje mnkgj.k gSA muosQ jke ekuoh; e;kZnkvksa vkSj vkn'kks ± os Q iz rhd gS a ftuos Q ekè;e ls rqylh us uhfr] Lusg] 'khy] fou;] R;kx tSls mnkÙk vkn'kks± dks iz frf"Br fd;kA jkepfjrekul mÙkjh Hkkjr dh turk os Q chp cgqr yks dfiz ; gSA ekul os Q vykok dforkoyh] xhrkoyh] nks gkoyh]
Ñ".kxhrkoyh] fou;if=kdk vkfn mudh iz eq [k jpuk,¡ gSa A voèkh vkS j czt nksuksa Hkk"kkvks a ij mudk leku vfèkdkj FkkA lu~ 1623 esa dk'kh es a mudk nsgkolku gqvkA
rqylh us jkepfjrekul dh jpuk voèkh esa vkS j fou;if=kdk rFkk dforkoyh dh jpuk cz tHkk"kk esa dhA ml le; izpfyr lHkh dkO; :iksa dks rq ylh dh jpukvks a es a ns[kk tk ldrk gSA jkepfjrekul dk eq[; Na n pkS ikbZ gS rFkk chp&chp esa nksgs] lksjBs] gfjxhfrdk rFkk vU; Na n fijks , x, gSa A fou;if=kdk dh jpuk xs ; inks a esa gq bZ gSA
dforkoyh es a loS ;k vkSj dfoÙk Nan dh NVk ns [kh tk ldrh gSA mudh jpukvksa esa iz ca èk vkS j eqDrd nks uks a izdkj os Q dkO;ksa dk mRÑ"V :i gSA
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rq ylhnkl
11
;g va 'k jkepfjrekul osQ cky dka M ls fy;k x;k gS A lhrk Lo;a oj es a jke }kjk f'ko&èkuq "k Hka x os Q ckn eqfu ij'kqjke dks tc ;g lekpkj feyk rks os Øksfèkr gks dj ogk¡ vkrs gS a A f'ko&èkuq "k dks [kafMr ns [kdj os vkis ls ckgj gks tkrs gS aA jke osQ fou; vkS j fo'okfe=k osQ le>kus ij rFkk jke dh 'kfDr dh ijh{kk ysdj va rr% mudk xqLlk 'kkar gks rk gSA bl chp jke] y{e.k vkS j ij'kqjke os Q chp tks laokn gqvk ml izlax dks ;gk¡ izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA ij'kqjke osQ oz Qksèk Hkjs okD;ksa dk mÙkj y{e.k O;a X; opuks a ls ns rs gS aA bl izlax dh fo'ks"krk gS y{e.k dh ohj jl ls ixh O;aX;ksfDr;k¡ vkS j O;a tuk 'kSyh dh ljl vfHkO;fDrA
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f{kfrt
12
js u`ickyd dkycl cksyr rksfg u l¡HkkjAèkuqgh le f=kiqjkfjèkuq fcfnr ldy lalkjAA
jke&y{e.k&ij'kqjke laokn
gks bfg osQm ,d nkl rq EgkjkAA lqfu fjlkb cksys eqfu dksghAAvfjdjuh dfj dfjv yjkbZAA lglckgq le lks fjiq eksjkAA u r ekjs tSg¯g lc jktkAA cksys ijlqèkjfg voekusAA dcgq ¡ u vfl fjl dhfUg xkslkb± AA
lqfu fjlkb dg Hk`xqoqQyosQrwAA
ukFk laHkq/uq HkatfugkjkAvk;slq dkg dfgv fdu eksghA lsooqQ lkstks djS ls odkbZA lqugq jke tsfg floèkuq rksjkA lk s fcyxkm fcgkb lektkA lqfu eqfucpu y[ku eqlqdkusA cgq èkuqgh rksjh yfjdkb±A
;s fg èkuq ij eerk osQfg gsrwA
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rq ylhnkl
13
fcgfl y[kuq cksys e`nq ckuhA iqfu iq fu eks fg ns [kko oq QBk#A bgk¡ oqQEgM+cfr;k dksm ukghaA nsf[k oqQBk# ljklu ckukAHk`xqlqr leqf> tusm fcyksdhA lqj efglqj gfjtu v# xkbZA cèksa ikiq vidhjfr gkjsaA dksfV oq Qfyl le cpuq rqEgkjkA
vgk s e quhlq egkHkV ekuhAA pgr mM+ kou iw ¡Qfd igk:AA ts rjtuh nsf[k efj tkgha AA eS aa dNq dgk lfgr vfHkekukAA tks dNq dggq lgkS a fjl jksdhAA gejs oqQy bUg ij u lqjkbZAA ekjrgw ik ifjv rqEgkjsaAA C;FkZ èkjgq èkuq cku oqQBkjkAA
tks fcyks fd vuqfpr dgs m¡ Negq egkeq fu èkhjA lqfu ljks"k Hkxq calefu cksys fxjk xaHkhjAA
dkSfld lqugq ean ;sgq ckyoqQAHkkuqcal jkosQl dyaowQA dkydoyq gksbfg Nu ekghaA rqEg gVdgq tkS pggq mckjkA y[ku dgs m eq fu lq tlq rqEgkjkAvius eqgq rqEg vkifu djuhA
ufg la rks"kq r iq fu dNq dggwA chjcz rh rq Eg èkhj vNksHkkA
oq QfVyq dkycl fut oq Qy ?kkyoq QAA fuiV fuja oqQlq vcq èkq vla owQAA dgkSa iqdkfj [kksfj eksfg ukghaAA dfg izrkiq cyq jks"kq gekjkAA rqEgfg vNr dks cjuS ikjkAA ckj vusd Hkk¡fr cgq cjuhAA
tfu fjl jks fd nqlg nq [k lggw AA xkjh ns r u ikogq lksHkkAA
lw j lej djuh dj¯g dfg u tuko¯g vkiq A fc|eku ju ikb fjiq dk;j dFk¯g izrkiqAA
lqugq nso lc èkuq"k lekukAA ns [kk jke u;u osQ Hkksja sAA eq fu fcuq dkt dfjv dr jkslwAA js lB lqusfg lqHkkm u eksjkAA os Qoy eqfu tM+ tkufg eks ghAA fcLofcfnr {kf=k;oqQy nzk sghAA fciqy ckj efgnsoUg nhUghAA ijlq fcyksoqQ eghioqQekjkAA
y[ku dgk gfl gejs tkukA dk Nfr ykHkq twu èkuq rksja sA Nqvr VwV j?k qifrgq u nkslwA ck sy s fprS ijlq dh vk sjkA ckyoqQ cksfy cèkkSa ufg rksghA cky cz ãpkjh vfr dks ghAHkqtcy Hkwfe Hkw i fcuq dhUghA lglckgqHkqt NsnfugkjkA
ekrq firfg tfu lkspcl djfl eghlfdlks jA xHkZ Ug os Q vHkZ d nyu ijlq eksj vfr ?kksjAA
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f{kfrt
14
iz'u&vH;kl
1- ij'kqjke osQ ozQk sèk djus ij y{e.k us èkuq "k osQ VwV tkus os Q fy, dkS u&dkS u ls roZ Q fn,\
2- ij'kqjke osQ oz Qksèk djus ij jke vkS j y{e.k dh tks iz frfozQ;k,¡ gqb± muos Q vkèkkj ij nks uks a os Q LoHkko dh fo'ks "krk,¡ vius 'kCnks a esa fyf[k,A
xkfèklw uq dg ân; gfl eqfufg gfj;js lw>Av;e; [kk ¡M+ u Å[ke; vtgq¡ u cw> vcw>AA
dgsm y[ku eq fu lhyq rqEgkjkA ekrk firfg mfju Hk;s uhosa QA lks tuq gejs fg ekFks a dk<+ kAvc vkfuv C;ogfjvk cksyhA lq fu dVq cpu oq QBkj lq èkkjkAHk xqcj ijlq ns[kkcgq eks ghA feys u dcgw ¡ lq HkV ju xk<+sA
vuq fpr dfg lcq yksxq iqdkjsA
dks ufg tku fcfnr lalkjkAA xqjfjuq jgk lks pq cM+ th osa QAA fnu pfy x;s C;kt cM+ ck<+ kAA rq jr nsm¡ eS a FkS yh [kksyhAA gk; gk; lc lHkk iqdkjkAA fciz fcpkfj cpkS a u`inzk sghAA f}tns ork ?kjfg os Q ck<+ sAA
j?kq ifr l;ufg y[kuq us okjsAA y[ku mrj vkgq fr lfjl Hkxq cjdks iq ÑlkuqA c<+ r ns f[k ty le cpu cksys j?kq oqQyHkkuq AA
rq Eg rkS dkyq gk¡ d tuq ykokA lqur y[ku osQ cpu dBksjkAvc tfu ns b nks lq eks fg yks xwA cky fcyksfd cgqr eSa ck¡pkA dkSfld dgk Nfev vijkèkwA [kj oqQBkj eSa vd#u dksghA mrj ns r Nks M+ kS a fcuq ekjsA u r ;s fg dkfV oq QBkj dBks jsA
ckj ckj eksfg ykfx cksykokAA ijlq lqèkkfj èkjsm dj ?kksjkAA dVqcknh ckyoqQ cèktksxwAAvc ;sgq ejfugkj Hkk lk¡pkAA cky nks"k xqu xu¯g u lkèkwAAvkxs vijkèkh xq#æksghAA osQoy dkSfld lhy rqEgkjsAA xqjfg mfju gksrsm¡ Je FkksjsAA
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rq ylhnkl
15
cky cz ãpkjh vfr dks ghAHkq tcy Hkwfe Hkwi fcuq dhUghA lglckgqHkqt NsnfugkjkA
fcLofcfnr {kf=k;oqQy nz ks ghAA fciq y ckj efgnsoUg nhUghAA ijlq fcyksoq Q eghioqQekjkAA
3- y{e.k vkSj ij'kqjke osQ laokn dk tks va'k vkidks lcls vPNk yxk mls vius 'kCnks a esa laokn 'kS yh es a fyf[k,A
4- ij'kqjke us vius fo"k; es a lHkk es a D;k&D;k dgk] fuEu i|ka 'k osQ vkèkkj ij fyf[k,μ
ekrq firfg tfu lks pcl djfl eghlfdlksjA xHkZ Ug os Q vHkZ d nyu ijlq eks j vfr ?kks jAA
5- y{e.k us ohj ;ks¼k dh D;k&D;k fo'ks "krk,¡ crkb±\
6- lkgl vkSj 'kfDr osQ lkFk fouez rk gks rks cs grj gSA bl dFku ij vius fopkj fyf[k,A7- Hkko Li"V dhft,μ
(d) fcgfl y[kuq cksys e nq ckuhA vgks equhlq egkHkV ekuhAA
iq fu iqfu eks fg ns [kko oq QBk:A pgr mM+ kou ia w¡ Qfd igk:AA
([k) bgk¡ oqQEgM+cfr;k dks m ukgha A ts rjtuh ns f[k efj tkgha AA
ns f[k oqQBk# ljklu ckukA eSa a dNq dgk lfgr vfHkekukAA
(x) xkfèklw uq dg ân; gfl eqfufg gfj;js lw>A
v;e; [kk¡ M+ u Å[ke; vtgq ¡ u cw> vcw >AA
8- ikB osQ vkèkkj ij rq ylh os Q Hkk"kk lkS an;Z ij nl iafDr;k¡ fyf[k,A
9- bl iw js iz lax esa O;a X; dk vuwBk lkS a n;Z gSA mnkgj.k os Q lkFk Li"V dhft,A
10- fuEufyf[kr ia fDr;ksa esa iz ;qDr vyadkj igpku dj fyf[k,μ
(d) ckyoq Q cks fy cèkkS a ufg rksghA
([k) dks fV oq Qfyl le cpuq rqEgkjkA
(x) rq Eg rkS dkyq gk¡d tuq ykokA
ckj ckj eks fg ykfx cks ykokAA
(?k) y[ku mrj vkgq fr lfjl Hkxqcjdks iq ÑlkuqA
c<+ r nsf[k ty le cpu cks ys j?kqoqQyHkkuq AA
jpuk vkSj vfHkO;fDr
11- ¶lkekftd thou es a ozQksèk dh ”k:jr cjkcj iM+ rh gS A ;fn ozQksèk u gks rks euq"; nwljs os Q }kjk igq¡ pk,
tkus okys cgq r ls d"Vksa dh fpj&fuo fÙk dk mik; gh u dj losQA¸
vkpk;Z jkepanz 'kq Dy th dk ;g dFku bl ckr dh iq f"V djrk gS fd ozQksèk ges 'kk udkjkRed Hkko
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rq ylhnkl
17
egkHkV & egku ;ks¼k egh & èkjrh oq QBkjQ & oq QYgkM+ k oq QEgM+ cfr;k & cgq r de”kksj] fucZy O;fDr] dk'khiQy ;k oqQEgM+s dk cgqr NksVk iQy rjtuh & v¡xwBs osQ ikl dh m¡ xyh oq Qfyl & dBks j ljks"k & oz Qksèk lfgr dkS fld & fo'okfe=k Hkkuq ca l & lw ;Z oa 'k fuja oq Ql & ftl ij fdlh dk nckc u gks ] euekuh djus okyk
vla ow Q & 'kadk jfgr ?kkyoq Q & uk'k djus okyk dkydoyq & ftls dky us viuk xz kl cuk fy;k gks] er vcq q èkq & ukle> [kks fj & nks "k gVdg & euk djus ij vNksHkk & 'kkar] èkhj] tks ?kcjk;k u gks cèktks xw & ekjus ;ks X; vd#u & ftles a d#.kk u gks xkfèklw & xkfèk os Q iq =k ;kuh fo'okfe=k
v;e; & yks gs dk cuk gq vk us okjs & euk djuk mQ[ke; & xUus ls cuk gqvk o Qlkuq & vfXu
;g Hkh tkus a
nksgk μ nks gk ,d yks dfiz ; ekf=kd Na n gS ftldh igyh vkS j rhljh ia fDr esa 13&13 ek=kk,¡ gksrh gS a vkS j nw ljh vkS j pkSFkh ia fDr es a 11&11 ek=kk,¡A
pkSikbZ μ ekf=kd Nan pkS ikbZ pkj iafDr;ks a dk gks rk gS vkSj bldh izR;s d ia fDr esa 16 ek=kk,¡ gks rh gS aA
rq ylh ls igys lwI + kQh dfo;ks a us Hkh voèkh Hkk"kk esa nks gk&pkS ikbZ Na n dk iz ;ksx fd;k gS ftles a efyd eq gEen tk;lh dk in~ ekor mYys[kuh; gSA
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f{kfrt
18
ij'kq jke vkSj lglz ckgq dh dFkk
ikB esa ^lglckgq le lks fjiq eksjk* dk dbZ ckj mYYks [k vk;k gSA ij'kq jke vkS j lglzckgq osQ cS j dh vus d dFkk,¡ izpfyr gSa A egkHkkjr osQ vuqlkj ;g dFkk bl iz dkj gSμ
ij'kq jke ½f"k tenfXu os Q iq =k Fks A ,d ckj jktk dkrZ oh;Z lglz ckgq f'kdkj [ks yrs gq , tenfXu os Q vkJe es a vk,A tenfXu os Q ikl dkeèksuq xk; Fkh tks fo'ks "k xk; Fkh] dgrs gS a og lHkh dkeuk,¡ iw jh djrh FkhA dkrZ oh;Z lglz ckgq us ½f"k tenfXu ls dkeèksuq xk; dh ek¡ x dhA ½f"k }kjk euk fd, tkus ij lglz ckgq us dkeèksuq xk; dk cyiw oZd vigj.k dj fy;kA bl ij oz Qks fèkr gks ij'kq jke us lglzckgq dk oèk dj fn;kA bl dk;Z dh ½f"k tenfXu us cgqr unk dh vkSj ij'kq jke dks iz k;f'pr djus dks dgkA mèkj lglzckgq osQ iq =kks a us oz Qksèk es a vkdj ½f"k tenfXu dk oèk dj fn;kA bl ij iq u% oz Qks fèkr gks dj ij'kq jke us iFoh dks {kf=k;
foghu djus dh iz frKk dhA
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n s
nso 3
;gk¡ la dfyr dfoÙk&loS;ksa es a ,d vks j tgk¡ :i&lkS an;Z dk vkyadkfjd fp=k.k ns [kus dks feyrk gS] ogha nwljh vksj iz se vkS j izÑfr osQ izfr dfo osQ Hkkoks a dh varjax vfHkO;fDRk HkhA igys loS ;s esa o`Q".k osQ jktlh :i lkS an;Z dk o.kZ u gS ftles a ml ;q x dk lkearh oSHko >ydrk gS A nw ljs dfoÙk es a cla r dks ckyd :i esa
fn[kkdj izo`Qfr os Q lkFk ,d jkxkRed la ca / gS A rhljs dfoÙk es a iwf.kZ ek dh jkr esa pk¡ n&rkjksa ls Hkjs vkdk'k dh vkHkk dk o.kZu gS A pk¡ nuh jkr dh dkafr dks n'kkZus osQ fy, ns o nw èk es a is Qu tS ls ikjn'khZ ¯cc dke esa ysrs gS a] tks mudh dkO;&oq Q'kyrk dk ifjpk;d gSA
o dk tUe bVkok (m-iz-) es a lu~ 1673 esa gqvk FkkA mudk iw jk uke ns onÙk f}os nh FkkA ns o os Q vus d vkJ;nkrkvks a
es a vkS ja xts c os Q iq=k vkte'kkg Hkh Fks ija rq nso dks lclsvfèkd la rks "k vkS j lEeku mudh dfork os Q xq .kxz kgh vkJ;nkrk
Hkksxhyky ls iz kIr gqvkA mUgks aus mudh dfork ij jh>dj yk[kks a dh la ifÙk nku dhA muos Q dkO; xz a Fkks a dh la [;k 52 ls 72 rd ekuh tkrh gSA muesa ls jlfoykl] Hkkofoykl]
dkO;jlk;u] Hkokuhfoykl vkfn nso osQ izeq[k xz aFk ekus tkrs gS a A mudh e R;q lu~ 1767 es a gqbZA
ns o jhfrdky osQ izeq[k dfo gS a A jhfrdkyhu dfork dk la caèk njckjks a] vkJ;nkrkvks a ls Fkk bl dkj.k mlesa njckjh la LÑfr dk fp=k.k vfèkd gq vk gSA nso Hkh blls vNwrs ugha Fks ¯drq os bl izHkko ls tc&tc Hkh eq Dr gq ,] mUgksa us iz se
vkSj lkSa n;Z os Q lgt fp=k [kha psA vkya dkfjrk vkS j Ük` a xkfjdrk muos Q dkO; dh iz eq [k fo'ks"krk,¡ ga SA 'kCnks a dh vko fÙk osQ tfj, u;k lkS an;Z iSnk djos Q mUgksa us lq anj èofu fp=k izLrqr fd, gS aA
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f{kfrt
20
loS;k
ik¡ ;fu uw iq j ea tq ctaS] dfV ¯oQfdfu oS Q èkq fu dh eèkqjkbZ A lk¡ojs va x ylS iV ihr] fg;s gq ylS cueky lq gkbZ A
ekFks fdjhV cM+ s n x pa py] ean g¡lh eq[kpa n tqUgkbZA tS tx&eafnj&nhid lq a nj] Jhcz tnw yg ^ns o* lgkbZ AA
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ns o
21
dfoÙk
Mkj nzqe iyuk fcNkSuk uo iYyo osQ] lqeu ¯>xwyk lksgS ru Nfc Hkkjh nSA
iou >wykoS] osQdh&dhj crjkoSa ^nso*] dksfdy gykoS&gqylkoS dj rkjh nSAA
iwfjr ijkx lks a mrkjk s djS jkbZ uk su] oaQtdyh ukf;dk yrku flj lkjh nSA
enu eghi tw dks ckyd clar rkfg]
iz krfg txkor xqykc pVdkjh nSAA
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f{kfrt
22
dfoÙk
iQfVd flykfu lkS a lqèkkj~;kS lqèkk eafnj]
mnfèk nfèk dks lks vfèkdkb mexs vea nA ckgj rs Hkhrj ykSa Hkhfr u fn[kS , ^ns o*] nw èk dks lks is Qu iSQY;ks vk¡xu iQjlcanA
rkjk lh rjQfu rkes a Bk<+ h f>yfeyh gksfr] eks fru dh tks fr feY;ks efYydk dks edja nA
vkjlh ls vacj esa vkHkk lh mtkjh yxS] I;kjh jkfèkdk dks iz fr¯cc lks yxr pa nAA
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ns o
23
iz'u&vH;kl
1- dfo us ^Jhcz tnw yg* fdlos Q fy, iz;q Dr fd;k gS vkS j mUgs a la lkj :ih ea fnj dk nhid D;ks a dgk gS\
2- igys loS ;s es a ls mu ia fDr;ks a dks Nk¡ Vdj fyf[k, ftues a vuq iz kl vkS j :id vya dkj dk iz ;ks x gq vk gS\
3- fuEufyf[kr ia fDr;ksa dk dkO;&lkSa n;Z Li"V dhft,μ
ik¡;fu uwiq j ea tq ctaS] dfV ¯oQfdfu oSQ èkqfu dh eèkq jkbZ A lk¡ojs vax ylS iV ihr] fg;s gq ylS cueky lq gkbZ A
4- nwljs dfoÙk osQ vkèkkj ij Li"V djs a fd ½rqjkt ola r osQ cky&:i dk o.kZ u ija ijkxr ola r o.kZu ls fdl iz dkj fHkUu gSA
5- ^iz krfg txkor xq ykc pVdkjh nS*μbl ia fDRk dk Hkko Li"V dhft,A
6- pk¡ nuh jkr dh la qnjrk dks dfo us fdu&fdu :iksa esa ns [kk gS\
7- ^I;kjh jkfèkdk dks izfr¯cc lks yxr pan*μbl ia fDr dk Hkko Li"V djrs gq , crk,¡ fd bles a dkSu&lk vya dkj gS\
8- rhljs dfoÙk os Q vkèkkj ij crkb, fd dfo us pk¡ nuh jkr dh mTToyrk dk o.kZ u djus os Q fy, fdu&fdu miekuksa dk iz ;ksx fd;k gS\
9- ifBr dforkvks a os Q vk/kj ij dfo ns o dh dkO;xr fo'ks"krk,¡ crkb,A
jpuk vkS j vfHkO;fDr
10- vki vius ?kj dh Nr ls iw f.kZek dh jkr nsf[k, rFkk mlos Q lkSa n;Z dks viuh dye ls 'kCnc¼ dhft,A
ikBs rj lfoz Q;rk
Hkkjrh; ½rq pozQ es a Ng ½rq,¡ ekuh xbZ gS a] os dkS Uk&dkS u lh gS a\
^Xyks cy okfe± x* os Q dkj.k ½rq vksa esa D;k ifjorZ u vk jgs gS a\ bl leL;k ls fuiVus os Q fy, vkidh D;k Hkwfedk gks ldrh gS\
'kCn&laink eatq & la a q nj dfV & dej dfdfu & dj/uh] dej esa iguus okyk vkHkw"k.k
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f{kfrt
24
ylS & lq 'kks fHkr gq ylS & vkuafnr gks uk fdjhV & eq oq QV eq [kpa n & eq[k :ih panz ek tqUgkbZ & pk¡nuh nz qe & isM+ lqeu >xw yk & iw Qyks a dk >cyk] <hyk&<hyk oL=k os Qdh & eksj dhj & rksrk gykoS&gq ylkos & gykor] ckrks a dh feBkl
mrkjks djS jkbZ uks u & ftl cPps dks u”kj yxh gks mlosQ flj os Q pkjksa vks j jkbZ ued ?kq ekdj vkx es a tykus dk VksVdk da tdyh & dey dh dyh pVdkjh & pq Vdh iQfVd (LiQfVd) & izkÑfrd fØLVy flykfu & f'kyk ij mnfèk & leq nz mexs & meM+uk vean & tks de u gksHkhfr & nhokj efYydk & cs ys dh tkfr dk ,d lI + ks Qn iw Qy
edja n & iw Qyksa dk jl vkjlh & vkbuk
;g Hkh tkusa
dfoÙk μ dfoÙk okf.kZ d Nan gS] mlos Q iz R;s d pj.k es a 31&31 o.kZ gks rs gS aA iz R;sd pj.k osQ lksygos a ;k fiQj ia nzgos a o.kZ ij ;fr jgrh gSA lkekU;r% pj.k dk va fre o.kZ xqjQ gks rk gSA
^ik¡ ;fu uw iqj* os Q vkyksd es a Hkko&lkE; os Q fy, i<+a sμ
lhl eqoqQV dfV dkNfu] dj eq jyh mj ekyA
;ksa ckud ekSa eu lnk] clkS fcgkjh ykyAA
μfcgkjh
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f{kfrt
26 t;'kadj
izlkn
t
4
;'ka dj izlkn dk tUe lu~ 1889 es a okjk.klh esa gq vkA dk'kh os Q iz fl¼ Dohal dkW ys t es a os i<+us x,
ijarq fLFkfr;k¡ vuq owQy u gks us os Q dkj.k vkBoha ls vkxs ugha i<+ ik,A ckn esa ?kj ij gh laLo Qr] ¯gnh] I + kQkjlh dk
vè;;u fd;kA Nk;koknh dkO; izo fÙk os Q iz eq [k dfo;ks a esa ls ,d t;'ka dj iz lkn dk lu~ 1937 esa fu/u gks x;kA
mudh iz eq [k dkO;&o Qfr;k¡ gS a μ fp=kk/kj ] dkuu&oq Qlq e ] >juk ] vk¡ lw ] ygj vkS j dkek;uh A vk/q fud ¯gnh dh Js "Bre dkO;&oQfr ekuh tkus okyh dkek;uh ij mUgs a ea xykizlkn ikfjrksf"kd fn;k x;kA os dfo osQ lkFk&lkFk liQy x|dkj Hkh FksA vtkr'k=kq ] pa nz xqIr ] Loa Qnxq Ir vkSj èkz qoLokfeuh muos Q ukVd gS S a rks da dky ] frryh vkSj
bjkorh miU;klA vkdk'knhi ] vk¡ /h vkS j ba ætky muosQ
dgkuh laxz g gS a A iz lkn dk lkfgR; thou dh dkseyrk] ek/q ;Z ] 'kfDr vkS j vkst dk lkfgR; ekuk tkrk gSA Nk;koknh dfork dh vfr'k; dkYifudrk] lkSa n;Z dk lw {e fp=k.k] izo Qfr&izs e] ns'k&izs e vkS j 'kSyh dh yk{kf.kdrk mudh dfork dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡ gS aA bfrgkl vkS j n'kZ u es a mudh xgjh #fp Fkh tks muos Q lkfgR; es a Li"V fn[kkbZ ns rh gSA
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t;'ka dj iz lkn
27
izs epa n os Q la iknu es a ga l (if=kdk) dk ,d vkRedFkk fo'ks"kka d fudyuk r; gq vk FkkA izlkn th osQ fe=kks a us vkxzg fd;k fd os Hkh vkRedFkk fy[ks aA izlkn th blls lger u FksA blh vlgefr osQ roZ Q ls iS nk gqbZ dfork gS μvkRedF; A ;g dfork igyh ckj 1932 es a gal osQ vkRedFkk fo'ks "kkad esa izdkf'kr gqbZ FkhA Nk;koknh 'kSyh esa fy[kh xbZ bl dfork es a t;'ka dj izlkn us thou os Q ;FkkFkZ ,oa vHkko i{k dh ekfeZ d vfHkO;fDr dh gS A Nk;koknh lw{erk osQ vuq :i gh vius euksHkkoksa dks vfHkO;Dr djus osQ fy, t;'ka dj izlkn us yfyr] lqa nj ,oa uohu 'kCnks a ,oa ¯ccks a dk iz;ks x fd;k gS A bUgha 'kCnks a ,oa ¯ccks a osQ lgkjs mUgks aus crk;k gS fd muos Q thou dh dFkk ,d lkekU; O;fDr os Q thou dh dFkk gS A bles a ,slk oqQN Hkh ugha gS ftls egku vkS j jkspd ekudj yks x okg&okg djs axs A oq Qy feykdj bl dfork es a ,d rjI +kQ dfo }kjk ;FkkFkZ dh LohÑfr gS rks nw ljh rjI +kQ ,d egku dfo dh fouezrk HkhA
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f{kfrt
28
vkRedF;
eèkq i xq u&xquk dj dg tkrk dkS u dgkuh ;g viuh]
eqj>kdj fxj jgha ifÙk;k¡ ns[kks fdruh vkt ?kuhA bl xa Hkhj vua r&uhfyek esa vla[; thou&bfrgkl ;g yks] djrs gh jgrs gS a viuk O;aX;&efyu migkl rc Hkh dgrs gksμdg Mkyw¡ nqcZyrk viuh chrhA rqe lqudj lq[k ikvksxs] ns[kk sxsμ;g xkxj jhrhA ¯drq dgha ,s lk u gks fd rqe gh [kkyh djus okysμvius dks le>ks] esjk jl ys viuh Hkjus okysA ;g foMa cuk! vjh ljyrs rs jh g¡ lh mM+kÅ¡ eSa AHkw ys a viuh ;k izoa puk vkSjks a dh fn[kykm¡Q eSa A mTToy xkFkk oSQls xkm¡Q] eèkq j pk¡ nuh jkrks a dhAvjs f[ky&f[kyk dj g¡lrs gksus okyh mu ckrks a dhA feyk dgk¡ og lq[k ftldk eS a LoIu ns[kdj tkx x;kAvk¯yxu esa vkrs&vkrs eqlD;k dj tks Hkkx x;kA ftlosQ v#.k&diksyksa dh erokyh lqanj Nk;k esaAvuqjkfxuh m"kk ysrh Fkh fut lqgkx eèkqek;k esaA mldh Lefr ikFks ; cuh gS FkosQ ifFkd dh iaFkk dhA lhou dks mèksM+ dj ns[kksxs D;ksa esjh oaQFkk dh\ NksVs ls thou dh oS Qls cM+h dFkk,¡ vkt dgw¡ \ D;k ;g vPNk ugha fd vkSjksa dh lqurk eS a ekS u jgw ¡\ lqudj D;k rqe Hkyk djksxs esjh Hkks yh vkRe&dFkk\vHkh le; Hkh ugha] Fkdh lksbZ gS es jh ekSu O;FkkA
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t;'ka dj iz lkn
29
iz'u&vH;kl
1- dfo vkRedFkk fy[kus ls D;ks a cpuk pkgrk gS\
2- vkRedFkk lq ukus osQ lanHkZ esa ^vHkh le; Hkh ugha* dfo ,slk D;ksa dgrk gS\
3- Le` fr dks ^ikFks ;* cukus ls dfo dk D;k vk'k; gS\
4- Hkko Li"V dhft,μ
(d) feyk dgk¡ og lq[k ftldk eSa LoIu ns [kdj tkx x;kA
vk¯yxu es a vkrs&vkrs eqlD;k dj tks Hkkx x;kA
([k) ftlos Q v#.k diks yksa dh erokyh lq a nj Nk;k esa A
vuqjkfxuh m"kk ysrh Fkh fut lqgkx eèkq ek;k es aA
5- ^mTToy xkFkk oSQls xkm¡ Q] eèkqj pk¡nuh jkrksa dh*μdFku osQ ekè;e ls dfo D;k dguk pkgrk gS\
6- ^vkRedF;* dfork dh dkO;Hkk"kk dh fo'ks "krk,¡ mnkgj.k lfgr fyf[k,A
7- dfo us tk s lq [k dk LoIu ns[kk Fkk mls dfork esa fdl :i es a vfHkO;Dr fd;k gS\
jpuk vkS j vfHkO;fDr 8- bl dfork os Q ekè;e ls iz lkn th osQ O;fDrRo dh tks >yd feyrh gS ] mls vius 'kCnksa esa fyf[k,A
9- vki fdu O;fDr;ks a dh vkRedFkk i<+ uk pkgs axs vkSj D;ksa \
10- dks bZ Hkh viuh vkRedFkk fy[k ldrk gSA mlos Q fy, fof'k"V ;k cM+k gksuk ”k:jh ugha A gfj;k.kk jkT; os Q xq M+ xk¡ o es a ?kjs yw lgkf;dk os Q :i ea s dke djus okyh cs ch gkynkj dh vkRedFkk cgq rks a os Q }kjk ljkgh xbZA vkRedFkkRed 'kS yh esa vius ckjs esa oq QN fyf[k,A
ikBs rj lfØ;rk
fdlh Hkh pfpZr O;fDr dk viuh futrk dks lkoZtfud djuk ;k nw ljksa dk muls ,slh vis{kk
djuk lgh gSμbl fo"k; osQ i{k&foi{k es a d{kk esa ppkZ dhft,A
fcuk bZ ekunkjh vkS j lkgl osQ vkRedFkk ugha fy[kh tk ldrhA xka /h th dh vkRedFkk lR; osQ iz;ksx* i<+dj irk yxkb, fd mldh D;k&D;k fo'ks "krk,¡ gS a\
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f{kfrt
30
'kCn&laink eèkqi & eu :ih HkkS ajk vuar uhfyek & va rghu foLrkj O;a X; efyu & [kjkc <ax ls unk djuk xkxj&jhrh & ,slk eu ftles a dks bZ Hkko ugha] [kkyh ?kM+ k izoa puk & /ks [kk eqlD;k dj & eq ldjkdj v#.k&dks iy & yky xky vuqjkfxuh m"kk & iz se Hkjh Hkksj Lefr ikFks ; & Le fr :ih la cy
ia Fkk & jkLrk] jkg oa QFkk & va reZ u] xqnM+ h
;g Hkh tkus a
izxfr'khy psruk dh lkfgfR;d ekfld if=kdk ga l iz sepa n us lu~ 1930 ls 1936 rd fudkyh FkhA iq u% lu~ 1986 ls ;g lkfgfR;d if=kdk fudy jgh gS vkS j blosQ laiknd jkts a nz ;kno gS aA
cukjlhnkl tS u Ñr v/ZdFkkud gnh dh igyh vkRedFkk ekuh tkrh gSA bldh jpuk lu~ 1641 es a gq bZ vkSj ;g i|kRed gSA
vkRedF; dk ,d vU; :i ;g Hkh ns[ksa μ
eS a og [ka Mgj dk Hkkx fy, fiQjrk gw ¡A eSa jks;k] bldks rqe dgrs gks xkuk] eSa iwQV iM+k] rqe dgrs] Nan cukuk_ D;ks a dfo dgdj lalkj eq>s viuk,] eSa nqfu;k dk gw¡ ,d u;k nhokuk! eSa nhokuksa dk os'k fy, fiQjrk gw¡] eSa ekndrk fu%'ks"k fy, fiQjrk gw¡_ ftldks lqudj tx >w e] >q osQ] ygjk,] eSa eLrh dk lans'k fy, fiQjrk gw¡!
μdfo cPpu dh vkRe&ifjp;
dfork dk va'k
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lw ;Z dka r f=kikBh fujkyk* dk tUe ca xky os Q efg"kkny esa lu~ ~ 1899 esa gq vkA os ewyr% x<+kdksyk (f”kyk
mUuko)] mÙkj izns 'k osQ fuoklh FksA fujkyk dh vkS ipkfjd f'k{kk ukS oha rd efg"kkny es a gh gq bZ A mUgks a us Lokè;k; ls
la LÑr] ckaXyk vkS j va xz s”kh dk Kku vftZr fd;kA os la xhr vkS j n'kZ u'kkL=k os Q Hkh xgjs vè;s rk FksA jkeÑ".k ijega l vkS j foos dkuan dh fopkjèkkjk us mu ij fo'ks "k izHkko MkykA
fujkyk dk ikfjokfjd thou nq [kks a vkSj la?k"kks ± ls Hkjk FkkA vkReh; tuksa os Q vlkef;d fuèku us mUgas Hkhrj rd rksM+ fn;kA lkfgfR;d eks ps Z ij Hkh mUgka s us vuojr la?k"kZ fd;kA lu~ 1961 es a mudk ns gka r gks x;kA
mudh iz eq [k dkO;&jpuk,¡ gS a μvukfedk] ifjey]
xhfrdk] oq Qoq Qjeq Ùkk vkS j u, iÙksA miU;kl] dgkuh] vkyks puk vkS j fuca èk ys [ku es a Hkh mudh [;kfr vfoLej.kh; gSA fujkyk jpukoyh osQ vkB [kaMks a es a mudk la iw .kZ lkfgR; izdkf'kr gSA
fujkyk foLrr ljksdkjks a osQ dfo gS aA nk'kZ fudrk] fonzksg] Øka fr] izs e dh rjyrk vkS j izÑfr dk fojkV rFkk mnkÙk fp=k mudh jpukvks a esa mifLFkr gSA muos Q fonz ks gh LoHkko us dfork os Q Hkko&txr vkS j f'kYi&txr esa u, iz ;ks xks a dks la Hko fd;kA Nk;koknh jpukdkjksa es a mUgks aus
lcls igys eq Dr Na n dk iz ;ksx fd;kA 'kksf"kr] mis f{kr] ihfM+ r vkS j iz rkfM+r tu os Q iz fr mudh dfork es a tgk¡ xgjh lgkuq Hkwfr dk Hkko feyrk gS] ogha 'kks "kd oxZ vkS j lÙkk osQ iz fr iz pa M izfrdkj dk Hkko HkhA
lw ;Z dka r f=kikBh ^fujkyk*
5
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f{kfrt
32
mRlkg ,d vkàku xhr gS tks ckny dks lacks fèkr gS A ckny fujkyk dk fiz; fo"k; gS A dfork es a ckny ,d rjI +kQ ihfM+r&I;kls tu dh vkdka {kk dks iwjk djus okyk gS] rks nw ljh rjI +kQ ogh ckny u;h dYiuk vkS j u, va oqQj os Q fy, foèoa l] foIyo vkS j Øka fr ps ruk dks laHko djus okyk HkhA dfo thou dks O;kid vkS j lexz n`f"V ls ns [krk gS A dfork esa yfyr dYiuk vkSj Økafr&ps ruk nksuksa gS aA lkekftd Øka fr ;k cnyko esa lkfgR; dh Hkwfedk egÙoiw.kZ gksrh gS] fujkyk bls ^uothou* vkS j ^uw ru dfork* os Q lanHkks ± es a ns [krs gS a A
vV ugha jgh gS dfork iQkxq u dh ekndrk dks izdV djrh gS A dfo iQkxq u dh loZO;kid la q njrk dks vusd lanHkks ± esa ns [krk gS A tc eu izlUu gks rks gj rjI +kQ
iQkxqu dk gh lkS an;Z vkS j mYykl fn[kkbZ iM+rk gS A lq anj 'kCnksa osQ p;u ,oa y; us dfork dks Hkh iQkxq u dh gh rjg la aq nj ,oa yfyr cuk fn;k gS A
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lw ;Zdka r f=kikBh fujkyk*
33
mRlkg
ckny] xjtks!μ
?ksj ?ks j ?kks j xxu] èkkjkèkj vks! yfyr yfyr] dkys ?kq¡ ?kjkys] cky dYiuk osQ&ls ikys] fo|q r&Nfc mj es a] dfo] uothou okys ! otz fNik] uwru dfork
fiQj Hkj nksμ ckny] xjtks!
fody fody] mUeu Fks mUeu fo'o osQ funk?k osQ ldy tu]
vk, vKkr fn'kk ls vuar osQ ?ku! rIr èkjk] ty ls fiQj 'khry dj nksμ ckny] xjtks!
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f{kfrt
34
vV ugha jgh gS
vV ugha jgh gSvkHkk iQkxq u dh ru lV ugha jgh gSA
dgha lk¡l ysrs gks] ?kj&?kj Hkj nsrs gks] mM+us dks uHk esa rq e ij&ij dj ns rs gks] vk¡[k gVkrk gw¡ rks gV ugha jgh gSA iÙkks a ls ynh Mky
dgha gjh] dgha yky] dgha iM+ h gS mj es a ean&xaèk&iq"i&eky] ikV&ikV 'kksHkk&Jh iV ugha jgh gSA
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lw ;Zdka r f=kikBh fujkyk*
35
iz'u&vH;kl
mRlkg
1- dfo ckny ls iq Qgkj] fjef>e ;k cjlus osQ LFkku ij ^xjtus* os Q fy, dgrk gS ] D;ks a\
2- dfork dk 'kh"kZ d mRlkg D;ks a j[kk x;k gS\
3- dfork es a ckny fdu&fdu vFkks ± dh vksj la os Qr djrk gS\4- 'kCnks a dk ,s lk iz ;ks x ftlls dfork os Q fdlh [kkl Hkko ;k n '; es a èoU;kRed izHkko iS nk gks ] ukn&lkS a n;Z
dgykrk gSA mRlkg dfork es a ,sls dkS u&ls 'kCn gS a ftuesa ukn&lkS a n;Z ekStwn gS] Nk¡ Vdj fy[ka sA
jpuk vkSj vfHkO;fDr
5- tS ls ckny meM+&?kqeM+ dj ckfj'k djrs gS a oS ls gh dfo os Q va reZ u es a Hkh Hkkoksa os Q ckny meM+ &?kqeM+ dj dfork osQ :i esa vfHkO;Dr gks rs gSa A ,s ls gh fdlh iz kÑfrd lkS an;Z dks ns[kdj vius meM+rs Hkkoksa dks dfork esa mrkfj,A
ikBs rj lfØ;rk
cknyks a ij vus d dfork,¡ gS a A oq QN dforkvks a dk la dyu djsa vkS j mudk fp=kka du Hkh dhft,A
vV ugha jgh gS
1- Nk;kokn dh ,d [kkl fo'k s "krk gS va reZu osQ Hkkoksa dk ckgj dh nqfu;k ls lkeatL; fcBkukA dfork dh fdu ia fDr;ksa dks i<+ dj ;g èkkj.kk iq "V gks rh gS\ fyf[k,A
2- dfo dh vk¡[k iQkxq u dh laq njrk ls D;ksa ugha gV jgh gS\
3- iz Lrq r dfork esa dfo us iz Ñfr dh O;kidrk dk o.kZu fdu :iks a es a fd;k gS\
4- iQkxq u es a ,s lk D;k gks rk gS tks ckdh ½rqvks a ls fHkUu gksrk gS\
5- bu dforkvks a os Q vk/kj ij fujkyk osQ dkO;&f'kYi dh fo'ks "krk,¡ fyf[k,A
jpuk vkSj vfHkO;fDr
6- gksyh os Q vklikl izÑfr esa Tkks ifjorZ u fn[kkbZ nsrs gS a] mUgs a fyf[k,A
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f{kfrt
36
ikBsrj lfØ;rk iQkxq u es a xk, tkus okys xhr tS ls gks jh] iQkx vkfn xhrks a osQ ckjs esa tkfu,A
'kCn&laink
èkkjkèkj & ckny
mUeu & dgha eu u fVdus oQh fLFkfr] vueukiu
funk?k & xehZ
ldy & lc] lkjs
vkHkk & ped otz & dBks j] Hkh"k.k
vV & lekuk] izfo"V ikV&ikV & txg&txg 'kksHkk&Jh & lkS an;Z ls Hkjiw j iV & lek ugha jgh gS
bl dfork es a Hkh fujkyk iQkxqu osQ lkS an;Z esa Mwc x, gSa A muesa iQkxq u dh vkHkk jp xbZ gS ] ,s lh vkHkk ftls u 'kCnks a ls vyx fd;k tk ldrk gS] u iQkxqu lsA
iw QVs gSa vkeks a esa ckS j HkkS aj ou&ou VwVs gS aA gksyh eph BkSj&BkSj] lHkh ca/u NwVs gSaA
iQkxq u os Q ja x jkx] ckx&ou iQkx epk gS] Hkj x;s eks rh os Q >kx] tuksa os Q eu ywVs gS aA
ekFks vchj ls yky] xky lsanqj osQ ns[ks] vk¡[ksa gqbZ gSa xqyky]
xs: os Q <s ys ow QVs gS aA
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u k
ukxktZq u 6
xktq Zu dk tUe fcgkj osQ njHkaxk f”kys osQ lry[kk xk¡o esa lu~ 1911 esa gqvkA mudk ewy uke oS |ukFk
feJ FkkA vkjafHkd f'k{kk la LoQr ikB'kkyk esa gq bZ ] fiQj vè;;u os Q fy, os cukjl vkSj dydÙkk (dksydkrk) x,A
1936 es a os Jhyadk x,] vkS j ogha ckS ¼ èkeZ es a nhf{kr gq ,A nks lky izokl os Q ckn 1938 es a Lons'k ykS V vk,A ?kq eDdM+ h vkSj vD[kM+ LoHkko os Q èkuh ukxktq Zu us vusd ckj laiw .kZ Hkkjr dh ;k=kk dhA lu~ 1998 es a mudk nsgkar gks x;kA
ukxktZ q u dh iz eq [k dkO; o Qfr;k¡ gS a μ ;q xèkkjk ] lrja xs ia [kks a okyh] g”kkj&g”kkj ck¡ gks a okyh ] rq eus dgk Fkk ] iq jkuh tw fr;ks a dk dks jl ] vkf[kj ,s lk D;k dg fn;k eS a us] eS a feyVjh dk cw <+ k ?kks M+ k A ukxktq Z u us dfork os Q lkFk&lkFk miU;kl vkS j vU; x| fo/kvks a es a Hkh ys [ku fd;k
gSA mudk la iw .kZ ÑfrRo ukxktq Z u jpukoyh os Q lkr [ka Mks a es a iz dkf'kr gSA lkfgfR;d ;ks xnku os Q fy, mUgs a vus d iq jLdkjks a ls lEekfur fd;k x;k ftues a iz eq [k gS a ¯gnh vdkneh] fnYyh dk f'k[kj lEeku] mÙkj iz ns 'k dk Hkkjr Hkkjrh iq jLdkj ,oa fcgkj dk jkts a nz iz lkn iq jLdkjA eS fFkyh Hkk"kk es a dfork os Q fy, mUgs a lkfgR; vdkns eh iq jLdkj iz nku fd;k x;kA
jktuS frd lfoz Q;rk osQ dkj.k mUgsa vusd ckj tsy tkuk iM+ kA ¯gnh vkSj eS fFkyh es a leku :i ls ys [ku djus okys ukxktqZu us ckaXyk vkSj laLoQr esa Hkh dfork,¡ fy[khaA
ekrHkk"kk eS fFkyh es a os ^;k=kh* uke ls iz frf"Br gS a A yks dthou ls xgjk ljksdkj j[kus okys ukxktqZ u Hkz "Vkpkj] jktuhfrd LokFkZ vkS j lekt dh iru'khy fLFkfr;ks a os Q izfr vius lkfgR; esa fo'ks "k ltx jgsA os O;aX; es a ekfgj gS a ]
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f{kfrt
38
blfy, mUgs a vkèkqfud dchj Hkh dgk tkrk gSA Nk;koknks Ùkj nkS j os Q os ,sls vos Qys dfo gS a] ftudh dfork xk¡ o dh pkS ikyksa vkS j lkfgfR;d nq fu;k esa leku :i ls yks dfiz ; jghA os okLrfod vFkks ± esa tudfo gS aA lkef;d cksèk ls xgjkbZ ls tq M+ s ukxktq Z u dh vka nksyuèkehZ dforkvks a dks O;kid yks dfiz ;rk feyhA ukxktq Z u us Na nks a es a dkO;&jpuk dh vkS j eq Dr Na n es a HkhA
;g narqfjr eqLkdku dfork esa Nks Vs cPps dh euks gkjh eqLkdku ns [kdj dfo osQ eu esa tks Hkko meM+rs gS a mUgsa dfork es a vusd ¯ccksa osQ ekè;e ls izdV fd;k x;k gS A dfo dk ekuuk gS fd bl lq anjrk esa gh thou dk lans 'k gS A bl lq a njrk
dh O;kfIr ,s lh gS fd dBks j ls dBks j eu Hkh fi?ky tk,A bl na rq fjr eq Lkdku dh eksgdrk rc vkSj c<+ tkrh gS tc mlos Q lkFk u”kjksa dk ck¡ diu tq M+ tkrk gS A iQly 'kCn lqurs gh [ks rks a es a ygygkrh iQly vk¡ [kks a os Q lkeus vk tkrh gS A
ijarq iQly gS D;k vkSj mls iSnk djus es a fdu&fdu rRoks a dk ;ksxnku gks rk gS ] bls crk;k gS ukxktq Z u us viuh dfork iQly es a A dfork ;g Hkh js[kkafdr djrh gS fd izÑfr vkSj euq "; osQ lg;ks s x ls gh l`tu laHko gSA cks ypky dh Hkk"kk dh xfr vkSj y; dfork dks izHkko'kkyh cukrh gS A
dguk u gksxk fd ;g dfork gesa miHkks Drk&laLÑfr osQ nkSj es a Ñf"k&la LÑfr osQ fudV ys tkrh gS A
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ukxktqZu
39
;g na rq fjr eqldku
rqEgkjh ;g narqfjr eqldku
erd es a Hkh Mky nsxh tku èkwfy&èkw lj rqEgkjs ;s xkr--- NksM+dj rkykc esjh >ks aiM+h es a f[ky jgs tytkr ijl ikdj rqEgkjk gh izk.k] fi?kydj ty cu x;k gks xk dfBu ik"kk.k
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f{kfrt
40
Nw x;k rq els fd >jus yx iM+ s 'ksiQkfydk os Q iw Qy ck¡l Fkk fd ccwy\ rq e eq>s ik, ugha igpku\ ns[krs gh jgksxs vfues "k!Fkd x, gks\vk¡ [k yw ¡ eS a is Qj\ D;k gq vk ;fn gks los Q ifjfpr u igyh ckj\ ;fn rqEgkjh ek¡ u ekè;e cuh gks rh vkt eS a u ldrk ns[k
eS a u ikrk tku rq Egkjh ;g na rq fjr eq ldku èkU; rq e] ek¡ Hkh rqEgkjh èkU;! fpj izoklh eS a brj] eSa vU;! bl vfrfFk ls fiz; rq Egkjk D;k jgk la ioZ Q m¡xfy;k¡ ek¡ dh djkrh jgh gS a eèkqioZ Q ns[krs rqe bèkj du[kh ekj vkS j gksrha tc fd vk¡ [ks a pkj rc rqEgkjh narqfjr eq ldku
eq >s yxrh cM+ h gh Nfoeku!
iQly
,d os Q ugha] nks os Q ugha ] <s j lkjh ufn;ks a os Q ikuh dk tknw% ,d os Q ugha]
nks os Q ugha ] yk[k&yk[k dks fV&dks fV gkFkksa osQ Li'kZ dh xfjek% ,d dh ugha ]
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ukxktqZu
41
nks dh ugha] g”kkj&g”kkj [ks rks a dh fe ^ h dk xq .k /eZ %
iQly D;k gS\vkS j rks oqQN ugha gS og ufn;ksa osQ ikuh dk tknw gS og gkFkks a osQ Li'kZ dh efgek gSHkw jh&dkyh&lanyh fe ^ h dk xq.k /eZ gS :ika rj gS lwjt dh fdj.kks a dk
fleVk gq vk ladks p gS gok dh fFkjdu dk!
iz'u&vH;kl
;g narqfjr eqldku
1- cPps dh narqfjr eqldku dk dfo osQ eu ij D;k izHkko iM+ rk gS\
2- cPps dh eqldku vkSj ,d cM+s O;fDr dh eq ldku es a D;k va rj gS\
3- dfo us cPps dh eqldku os Q lkSa n;Z dks fdu&fdu ¯ccks a os Q ekè;e ls O;Dr fd;k gS\
4- Hkko Li"V dhft,μ
(d) Nks M+dj rkykc es jh >kas iM+h esa f[ky jgs tytkrA
([k) Nw x;k rqels fd >jus yx iM+ s 'ksiQkfydk os Q iwQy ck¡l Fkk fd ccw y\
jpuk vkS j vfHkO;fDr
5- eq ldku vkS j oz Qksèk fHkUu&fHkUu Hkko gS a A budh mifLFkfr ls cus okrkoj.k dh fHkUurk dk fp=k.k dhft,A
6- na rq fjr eqldku ls cPps dh mez dk vuq eku yxkb, vkS j roZ Q lfgr mÙkj nhft,A
7- cPps ls dfo dh eq ykdkr dk tks 'kCn&fp=k mifLFkr gqvk gS mls vius 'kCnks a es a fyf[k,A
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f{kfrt
42
ikBsrj lfozQ;rk
vki tc Hkh fdlh cPps ls igyh ckj feys a rks mlos Q gko&Hkko] O;ogkj vkfn dks lw{erk ls nsf[k, vkS j ml vuq Hko dks dfork ;k vuqPNs n os Q :i esa fyf[k,A
,u-lh-bZ -vkj-Vh- }kjk ukxktqZ u ij cukbZ xbZ fI + kQYe nsf[k,A
iQly
1- dfo os Q vuq lkj iQly D;k gS\
2- dfork es a iQly mitkus osQ fy, vko';d rRoks a dh ckr dgh xbZ gSA os vko';d rRo dkS u&dkSu
ls gS a \3- iQly dks ^gkFkksa osQ Li'kZ dh xfjek* vkS j ^efgek* dgdj dfo D;k O;Dr djuk pkgrk gS\
4- Hkko Li"V dhft,μ
(d) :ika rj gS lw jt dh fdj.kks a dk
fleVk gqvk ladksp gS gok dh fFkjdu dk!
jpuk vkSj vfHkO;fDr
5- dfo us iQly dks g”kkj&g”kkj [ks rks a dh fe ^ h dk xq.k&/eZ dgk gSμ
(d) fe ^ h osQ xq .k&/eZ dks vki fdl rjg ifjHkkf"kr djs axs\
([k) orZ eku thou 'kSyh fe ^ h osQ xq .k&/eZ dks fdl&fdl rjg izHkkfor djrh gS\(x) fe ^ h }kjk viuk xq .k&/eZ NksM+us dh fLFkfr esa D;k fdlh Hkh izdkj osQ thou dh dYiuk dh
tk ldrh gS\
(?k) fe ^ h os Q xq .k&/eZ dks iksf"kr djus es a gekjh D;k Hkw fedk gks ldrh gS\
ikBsrj lfozQ;rk
bys DVª kW fud ,oa ¯iz V ehfM;k os Q ekè;eks a }kjk vkius fdlkuks a dh fLFkfr os Q ckjs es a cgq r oq QN lq uk] ns[kk vkS j i<+ k gksxkA ,d lq n <+ Ñf"k&O;oLFkk osQ fy, vki vius lq>ko nsrs gq , v[kckj os Q laiknd dks i=k fyf[k,A
iQlyks a os Q mRiknu es a efgykvks a os Q ;ks xnku dks gekjh vFkZ O;oLFkk es a egÙo D;ks a ugha fn;k tkrk gS\ bl ckjs eas d{kk es a ppkZ dhft,A
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ukxktqZu
43
'kCn&laink
na rq fjr & cPpks a os Q u,&u, nk¡ r /wfy&/w lj xkr & /w y fe ^ h ls lus va x&izR;a x tytkr & dey dk iwQy vfues "k & fcuk iyd >idk, yxkrkj ns[kuk brj & nw ljk eèkqioZ Q & ngh] ?kh] 'kgn] ty vkS j nw / dk ;ksx tks ns ork vkSj vfrfFk os Q lkeus
j[kk tkrk gSA vke yksx bls ia pke r dgrs gS a] dfork esa bldk iz;ks x cPps dks thou ns us okyk vkReh;rk dh feBkl ls ;q Dr ek¡ os Q I;kj os Q :i es a gq vk gS
du[kh & frjNh fuxkg ls ns [kuk Nfoeku & lq a nj
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f{kfrt
44
fjtkoqQekj ekFkqj dk tUe lu~ 1918 esa xquk] eè; iz ns 'k es a gqvkA iz kja fHkd f'k{kk >k¡ lh] mÙkj izns 'k es a
xz g.k djus osQ ckn mUgks a us ,e-,- va xz s”kh o ,y-,y-ch- dh mikfèk y[kumQ ls vftZr dhA 'kq : es a oq QN le; rd
odkyr dhA ckn es a vkdk'kok.kh vkS j nw jn'kZu esa dk;Z jr gq,A mudk fuèku lu~ 1994 esa gq vkA
fxfjtkoq Qekj ekFkq j dh iz eq [k jpuk,¡ gSa a μ uk'k vkS j fuekZ .k ] èkw i os Q èkku ] f'kykia[k pedhy s] Hkhrjh unh dh ;k=kk (dkO;&laxzg)_ tUe oSQn (ukVd)_ u;h dfork % lhek,¡ vkS j la Hkkouk,¡ (vkyks puk)A
u;h dfork os Q dfo fxfjtkoqQekj ekFkq j jks ekuh fe”kkt osQ dfo ekus tkrs gS aA os fo"k; dh ekSfydrk os Q i{kèkj rks gS a ija rq f'kYi dh foy{k.krk dks u”kjva nk”k djosQ ugha A
fp=k dks vfèkd Li"V djus osQ fy, os okrkoj.k os Q ja x dks Hkjrs gSa A os eqDr Na n es a èofu lkE; osQ iz ;ks x os Q dkj.k rq d os Q fcuk Hkh dfork esa la xhrkRedrk la Hko dj los Q gSa A Hkk"kk os Q nks jax mudh dforkvksa esa ekS twn gS aA os tgk¡ jks ekuh dforkvks a es a NksVh&Nks Vh èofu okys cksypky osQ 'kCnks a dk iz;ksx djrs gS a ] ogha Dykfld fe”kkt dh dforkvks a es a ya ch vkSj xa Hkhj èofu okys 'kCnks a dks rjthg ns rs gS a A
fxfjtkoq Qekj
ekFkq j
7
fx
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fxfjtkoqQekj ekFkq j
45
Nk;k er Nwuk dfork osQ ekè;e ls dfo ;g dguk pkgrk gS fd thou esa lq [k vkSj nq[k nksuks a dh mifLFkfr gS A foxr os Q lq [k dks ;kndj orZ eku os Q nq [k dks vkSj xgjk djuk roZQlaxr ugha gS A dfo osQ 'kCnks a es a blls nq [k nwuk gks rk gSA foxr dh lq [kn dkYifudrk ls fpios Q jgdj orZeku ls iyk;u dh vis{kk] dfBu ;FkkFkZ ls :&c&: gks uk gh thou dh izkFkfedrk gks uh pkfg,A
dfork vrhr dh Le`fr;ks a dks Hkw y orZeku dk lkeuk dj Hkfo"; dk oj.k djus dk lans 'k nsrh gS A og ;g crkrh gS fd thou os Q lR; dks Nks M+dj mldh Nk;kvks a ls Hkzfer jguk thou dh dBks j okLrfodrk ls nw j jguk gS A dfork es a
jksekuh Hkkocksèk dh vfHkO;fDr ns[kh tk ldrh gSA
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f{kfrt
46
Nk;k er Nw uk
Nk;k er Nwuk
eu] gks xk nq[k nwukA thou es a gS a lq jax lqfèk;k¡ lqgkouh Nfo;ks a dh fp=k&xaèk iS Qyh euHkkouh_ ru&lqxa èk 'ks "k jgh] chr xbZ ;kfeuh] oq a Qry os Q iw Qyksa dh ;kn cuh pk¡nuhAHkwyh&lh ,d Nqvu curk gj thfor {k.kμ Nk;k er Nwuk eu] gks xk nq[k nwukA ;'k gS ;k u oSHko gS] eku gS u ljek;k_
ftruk gh nkS M+k rw mruk gh Hkjek;kA izHkq rk dk 'kj.k&¯cc os Qoy exr".kk gS] gj pafnz dk es a fNih ,d jkr Ñ".kk gSA tks gS ;FkkFkZ dfBu mldk rw dj iw tu& Nk;k er Nwuk eu] gks xk nq[k nwukA nq foèkk&gr lkgl gS] fn[krk gS ia Fk ugha] ns g lq [kh gks ij eu os Q nq [k dk va r ughaA nq [k gS u pk¡n f[kyk 'kjn&jkr vkus ij]
D;k gq vk tks f[kyk iw Qy jl&clar tkus ij\ tks u feyk Hkw y mls dj rw Hkfo"; oj.k] Nk;k er Nwuk eu] gks xk nq[k nwukA
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fxfjtkoqQekj ekFkq j
47
iz'u&vH;kl
1- dfo us dfBu ;FkkFkZ os Q iwtu dh ckr D;ks a dgh gS\
2- Hkko Li"V dhft,μ
izHkqrk dk 'kj.k&¯cc osQoy exr ".kk gS] gj pafnzdk esa fNih ,d jkr o Q".kk gSA
3- ^Nk;k* 'kCn ;gk¡ fdl la nHkZ es a iz;qDr gqvk gS\ dfo us mls Nwus os Q fy, euk D;ksa fd;k gS\4- dfork esa fo'ks "k.k os Q iz;ks x ls 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ es a fo'ks"k izHkko iM+ rk gS] tSls dfBu ;FkkFkZ A
dfork es a vk, ,sls vU; mnkgj.k Nk¡Vdj fyf[k, vkS j ;g Hkh fyf[k, fd blls 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ esa D;k fof'k"Vrk iS nk gq bZ \
5- ^e xr".kk* fdls dgrs gS a] dfork esa bldk iz;ks x fdl vFkZ esa gq vk gS\
6- ^chrh rkfg fclkj ns vkxs dh lq fèk ys* ;g Hkko dfork dh fdl iafDr esa >ydrk gS\
7- dfork es a O;Dr nq[k osQ dkj.kks a dks Li"V dhft,A
jpuk vkSj vfHkO;fDr
8- ^thou eas gSa lq ja x lq fèk;k¡ lqgkouh*] ls dfo dk vfHkizk; thou dh eèkqj Le fr;ks a ls gSA vkius vius thou dh dkS u&dkSu lh Le fr;k¡ latks j[kh gS a \
9- ^D;k gqvk tks f[kyk iwQy jl&cla r tkus ij\* dfo dk ekuuk gS fd le; chr tkus ij Hkh miyfCèk euq"; dks vkua n ns rh gSA D;k vki ,slk ekurs gS a\ roZ Q lfgr fyf[k,A
ikBs rj lfØ;rk
vki xehZ dh fpyfpykrh èkwi es a dHkh lI + kQj djs a rks nw j lM+d ij vkidks ikuh tS lk fn[kkbZ nsxk ij ikl igq ¡pus ij ogk¡ oq QN ugha gksrkA vius thou es a Hkh dHkh&dHkh ge lks prs oqQN gS a ] fn[krk oq QN gS ys fdu okLrfodrk oq QN vkS j gks rh gS A vkios Q thou es a ?kVs ,s ls fdlh vuq Hko dks vius fiz ; fe=k dks i=k fy[kdj vfHkO;Dr dhft,A
dfo fxfjtkoqQekj ekFkqj dh ^ianz g vxLr* dfork [kkstdj if<+, vkS j ml ij ppkZ dhft,A
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f{kfrt
48
'kCn&laink
Nk;k & Hkz e] nqfoèkk lq ja x & ja x&fcja xh Nfo;ksa dh fp=kxaèk & fp=k dh Le fr osQ lkFk mlos Q vklikl dh xaèk dk vuq Hko ;kfeuh & rkjks a Hkjh pk¡ nuh jkr oq a Qry & ya cs os Q'k ljek;k & iw ¡th izHkq rk dk 'kj.k&¯cc & cM+Iiu dk vglkl nq foèkkgr lkgl & lkgl gks rs gq, Hkh nq foèkkxz Lr jguk
;g Hkh tkus a iz fl¼ xhr 'We shall overcome' dk gnh vuqokn gks a xs dke;kc* 'kh"kZ oQ ls dfo fxfjtkoq Qekj ekFkq j us fd;k gSA
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rq jkt dk tUe lu~~ 1940 esa Hkjriqj es a gq vkA jktLFkku fo'ofo|ky;] t;iq j ls mUgksa us vaxz s”kh esa ,e-,-
fd;kA pkyhl o"kks± rd vaxs z ”kh lkfgR; os Q vè;kiu osQ ckn vc ls okfuo fÙk ysdj os t;iq j esa jgrs gS a A muos Q vc rd
vkB dfork&la xz g iz dkf'kr gks pq os Q gS aa ftues a ,d ej.kèkekZvkSj vU; ] iqy ij ikuh ] lq jr fujr vkS j yhyk eq [kkj¯on iz eq [k gSa A mUgsa lks enÙk] ifjey lEeku] ehjk iqjLdkj] igy lEeku rFkk fcgkjh iq jLdkj fey pq os Q gSa A
eq[;èkkjk ls vyx lekt os Q gkf'k, os Q yksxksa dh ¯prkvksa dks ½rq jkt us vius ys [ku dk fo"k; cuk;k gSA mudh dforkvks a esa nSfud thou os Q vuqHko dk ;FkkFkZ gSvkSj os vius vklikl jks”kejkZ es a ?kfVr gksus okys lkekftd 'kks "k.k vkSj foMa cukvks a ij fuxkg Mkyrs gS a A ;gh dkj.k gS
fd mudh Hkk"kk vius ifjos 'k vkS j yks d thou ls tq M+h gq bZ gSA
dU;knku dfork esa ek¡ cs Vh dks L=kh osQ ija ijkxr ^vkn'kZ* :i ls gVdj lh[k ns jgh gS A dfo dk ekuuk gS fd lekt&O;oLFkk }kjk fL=k;ks a osQ fy, vkpj.k la caèkh tks izfreku x<+ fy, tkrs gS a os vkn'kZ os Q eq yEes es a ca èku gks rs gS aA ^dkseyrk* osQ xkS jo esa ^de”kks jh* dk migkl fNik jgrk gSA yM+dh tS lk u fn[kkbZ ns us esa blh vkn'khZ dj.k dk izfrdkj gSA cs Vh ek¡ osQ lcls fudV vkSj mlosQ lq [k&nq [k dh
lkFkh gksrh gS A blh dkj.k mls va fre iw ¡ th dgk x;k gS A dfork es a dks jh Hkkoqdrk ugha cfYd ek¡ os Q lafpr vuq Hkoks a dh ihM+k dh izkekf.kd vfHkO;fDr gSA bl Nks Vh&lh dfork es a L=kh thou osQ izfr Írqjkt th dh xgjh la os nu'khyrk vfHkO;Dr gq bZ gS A
½rq jkt 8
Í
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f{kfrt
50
dU;knku
fdruk iz kekf.kd Fkk mldk nq [k
yM+dh dks nku es a nsrs oDr tSls ogh mldh vafre iw ¡th gks
yM+dh vHkh l;kuh ugha Fkh vHkh bruh Hkks yh ljy Fkh fd mls lq[k dk vkHkkl rks gks rk Fkk ys fdu nq [k ck¡ puk ugha vkrk Fkk ikfBdk Fkh og èkq¡ èkys iz dk'k dh oq QN rq dks a vkS j oqQN y;c¼ iafDr;ks a dh
ek¡ us dgk ikuh es a >k¡ ddj vius psgjs ij er jh>uk vkx jks fV;k¡ la sdus osQ fy, gS tyus os Q fy, ugha oL=k vkS j vkHkw"k.k 'kkfCnd Hkzeksa dh rjg ca èku gS a L=kh thou osQ
ek¡ us dgk yM+dh gks uk ij yM+dh tSlh fn[kkbZ er ns ukA
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Írqjkt
51
iz'u&vH;kl
1- vkios Q fopkj ls ek¡ us ,slk D;ks a dgk fd yM+ dh gks uk ij yM+ dh tS lh er fn[kkbZ ns uk\
2- ^vkx jks fV;k¡ la sdus osQ fy, gS tyus osQ fy, ughaa *(d) bu ia fDr;ks a es a lekt esa L=kh dh fdl fLFkfr dh vks j laosQr fd;k x;k gS\([k) ek¡ us cs Vh dks lpsr djuk D;ks a ”k:jh le>k\
3- ^ikfBdk Fkh og èkq ¡èkys izdk'k dh
oq QN rqdks a vkS j oq QN y;c¼ iafDr;ks a dh*
bu ia fDr;ksa dks i<+ dj yM+ dh dh tks Nfo vkiosQ lkeus mHkjdj vk jgh gS mls 'kCnc¼ dhft,A
4- ek¡ dks viuh cs Vh ^va fre iw ¡ th* D;ks a yx jgh Fkh\
5- ek¡ us csVh dks D;k&D;k lh[k nh\
jpuk vkS j vfHkO;fDr 6- vkidh n f"V es a dU;k osQ lkFk nku dh ckr djuk dgk¡ rd mfpr gS\
ikBsrj lfoz Q;rk
^L=kh dks lkS an;Z dk iz freku cuk fn;k tkuk gh mldk caèku cu tkrk gS *μbl fo"k; ij d{kk esa ppkZ dhft,A
;gk¡ viQxkuh dof;=kh ehuk fd'oj deky dh dfork dh oq QN ia fDr;k¡ nh tk jgh gS aA D;k vkidks dU;knku dfork ls bldk dks bZ laca/ fn[kkbZ ns rk gS\
eS a ykSVw¡ xh ugha eSa ,d txh gqbZ L=kh gw ¡ eS aus viuh jkg ns[k yh gSvc eSa ykSVw¡xh ugha eSaus Kku osQ can njok”ks [kksy fn, gSa
lks us os Q xgus rksM+dj isa Qd fn, gS a Hkkb;ks! eSa vc og ugha gw ¡ tks igys Fkh eS a ,d txh gqbZ L=kh gw ¡ eSaus viuh jkg ns[k yh gSAvc eS a ykS Vw ¡xh ugha
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f{kfrt
52
ea xys 'k Mcjky dk tUe lu~ 1948 esa fVgjh x<+oky (mÙkjkapy) os Q dkiQyikuh xk¡o es a gq vk vkS j f'k{kk&nh{kk
gq bZ ns gjknw u esa A fnYyh vkdj ¯gnh is fVª ;V ] izfri{k vkS j vklikl esa dke djus os Q ckn os Hkksiky esa Hkkjr Hkou ls
iz dkf'kr gks us okys iwoZ xz g es a lgk;d laiknd gq ,A bykgkckn vkS j y[kumQ ls iz dkf'kr ver izHkkr es a Hkh oq QN fnu ukS djh dhA lu~ 1983 esa tulÙkk v[kckj esa lkfgR; laiknd dk in l¡ HkkykA oqQN le; lgkjk le; esa la iknu dk;Z djus osQ ckn vktdy os us'kuy cq d VªLV ls tq M+ s gSa A
ea xys'k Mcjky os Q pkj dfork laxz g izdkf'kr gq , gS a μ igkM+ ij ykyVs u] ?kj dk jkLrk] ge tks ns [krs gS a vkS j vkok”k Hkh ,d txg gSA lkfgR; vdkns eh iqjLdkj] igy lEeku ls lEekfur ea xys'k th dh [;kfr vuq oknd
os Q :i esa Hkh gSA eaxys 'k th dh dforkvksa osQ Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa osQ vfrfjDr vaxs z ”kh] :lh] teZ u] Likuh] iksYLdh vkS j cYxkjh Hkk"kkvks a esa Hkh vuq okn iz dkf'kr gks pq osQ gS a A dfork os Q vfrfjDr os lkfgR;] flusek] la pkj ekè;e vkSj laLÑfr os Q lokyks a ij fu;fer ys[ku Hkh djrs gSa A eaxys'k dh dforkvksa esa lkea rh cksèk ,o iw ¡thoknh Ny&Nn~ e nksuksa dk iz frdkj gSA os ;g izfrdkj fdlh 'kks j&'kjkcs os Q lkFk ugha cfYd iz fri{k es a ,d lq anj liuk jpdj djrs gS a A mudk lkSa n;Z cksèk lw {e gS vkS j Hkk"kk ikjn'khZ A
eaxys'k
Mcjky
9
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ea xys'k Mcjky
53
laxrdkj dfork xk;u esa eq [; xk;d dk lkFk nsus okys laxrdkj dh Hkw fedk osQ egÙo ij fopkj djrh gS A n`'; ekè;e dh izLrq fr;kas _ tSls μukVd] fI +kQYe] la xhr] u`R; os Q ckjs es a rks ;g lgh gS gh_ ge lekt vkS j bfrgkl es a Hkh ,sls vus d izla xks a dks ns [k ldrs gS a tgk¡ uk;d dh liQyrk esa vus d yksxks a us egÙoiw .kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ A dfork gees a ;g laos nu'khyrk fodflr djrh gS fd mues a ls izR;sd dk viuk&viuk egÙo gS vkS j mudk lkeus u vkuk mudh de”kks jh ugha ekuoh;rk gSA laxhr dh lw {e le> vkS j dfork dh n`';kRedrk bl dfork dks ,slh xfr ns rh gS ekuks ge bls vius lkeus ?kfVr gks rk ns [k jgs gksa A
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f{kfrt
54
laxrdkj
eq[; xk;d os Q p ^ ku tS ls Hkkjh Loj dk lkFk nsrh
og vkok”k lqa nj de”kks j dk¡ irh gq bZ Fkh og eq [; xk;d dk Nks Vk HkkbZ gS ;k mldk f'k"; ;k iS ny pydj lh[kus vkus okyk nw j dk dksbZ fj'rsnkj eq[; xk;d dh xj”k es a og viuh xw ¡t feykrk vk;k gS iz kphu dky ls xk;d tc varjs dh tfVy rkuks a os Q ta xy esa [kks pq dk gksrk gS ;k vius gh ljxe dks yk¡?kdj pyk tkrk gS HkVdrk gq vk ,d vugn es a rc laxrdkj gh LFkk;h dks l¡Hkkys jgrk gS tSls lesVrk gks eq [; xk;d dk ihNs Nw Vk gq vk lkeku tSls mls ;kn fnykrk gks mldk cpiu tc og ukS flf[k;k Fkk rkjlIrd es a tc cSBus yxrk gS mldk xyk iz sj.kk lkFk NksM+rh gq bZ mRlkg vLr gks rk gq vk vkok”k ls jk[k tSlk oq QN fxjrk gq vk rHkh eq [; xk;d dks <k¡ <+ l c¡ èkkrk dgha ls pyk vkrk gS la xrdkj dk Loj dHkh&dHkh og ;ks a gh ns ns rk gS mldk lkFk ;g crkus os Q fy, fd og vosQyk ugha gSvkS j ;g fd fiQj ls xk;k tk ldrk gS
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f{kfrt
56
9- vkios Q fo|ky; esa a euk, tkus okys lka LÑfrd lekjksg es a ea p os Q ihNs dke djus okys lg;ks fx;ks a dh Hkwfedk ij ,d vuqPNsn fyf[k,A
10- fdlh Hkh {ks=k esa la xrdkj dh ia fDr okys yks x iz frHkkoku gksrs gq , Hkh eq[; ;k 'kh"kZ LFkku ij D;ks a ugha igq ¡p ikrs gksa xs\
ikBs rj lfoz Q;rk
vki fI + kQYesa rks ns[krs gh gks a xsA viuh ilan dh fdlh ,d fI + kQYe osQ vkèkkj ij fyf[k, fd ml fI + kQYe dh liQyrk esa vfHku; djus okys dykdkjks a os Q vfrfjDr vkS j fdu&fdu yks xks a dk ;ks s sxnku jgkA
vkios Q fo|ky; es a fdlh iz fl¼ xkf;dk dh xhr iz Lrq fr dk vk;ks tu gSμ
(d) bl la ca / ij lwpuk i ^ os Q fy, ,d uksfVl rS;kj dhft,A([k) xkf;dk o mlos Q la xrdkjks a dk ifjp; ns us osQ fy, vkys[k (fLØIV) rS ;kj dhft,A
'kCn&laink
la xrdkj & eq[; xk;d os Q lkFk xk;u djus okyk ;k dks bZ ok| ctkus
okyk dykdkj] lg;ks xh
xjt & m¡Qph xaHkhj vkok”k
varjk & LFkk;h ;k Vs d dks Nks M+dj xhr dk pj.k
tfVy & dfBu
rku & la xhr ea s Loj dk foLrkj ukS flf[k;k & ftlus vHkh lh[kuk vkja Hk fd;k gks
jk[k tS lk oq QN fxjrk gqvk & cq>rk gqvk Loj
<k¡<+l c¡ /kuk & rlYyh ns uk] lkaRouk ns uk
;g Hkh tkus a
ljxe μ la xhr os Q fy, lkr Loj r; fd, x, gS aA os gSa μ"kMt] Í"kHk] xka /kj] eè;e] iape~] /Sor vkS j fu"kknA bUgha ukeka s os Q igys v{kj ys dj bUgs a lk] js] x] e] i] / vkSj fu dgk x;k gSA
lIrd μ lIrd dk vFkZ gS lkr dk lew gA lkr 'kq ¼ Loj gS a blhfy, ;g uke iM+ kA ys fdu èofu dh m¡QpkbZ vkS j fupkbZ os Q vk/kj ij la xhr esa rhu rjg osQ lIrd ekus x, gS aA ;fn lkèkkj.k èofu gS rks mls ^eè; lIrd* dgsa xs vkS j èofu eè; lIrd ls mQij gS rks mls^rkj lIrd* dgsa xs rFkk èofu eè; lIrd ls uhps gS rks mls ^ea nz lIrd* dgrs gS a A
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ea xys'k Mcjky
57
x| [kaM
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fo|kFkhZ vius fu;r vè;;u dks iwjk dj ysus os Q ckn tks le; cpk losQ mls vius ns 'k rFkk /eZ osQ bfrgkl] vius iw oZ tksa os Q pfj=k] vius ns 'k dh foxr vkS j orZ eku voLFkk] nw ljs ns 'kksa
os Q bfrgkl] lekpkj&i=k] if=kdkvksa dks i<+us vkS j fopkjus esa yxk,¡A vius vè;;u dks gkfu u igq¡ pkdj le; feys rks lHkk lektks a es a fo}kuksa osQ O;k[;kuksa dks Hkh lq usa A
μenueksgu ekyoh;
tks dke viuk mís '; vki gks rs gSa vkSj vius ls ckgj dksbZ LokFkZ ugha j[krs ] mUga s [ksy dgrs gS aA vè;kid dk
dke vDlj viuk buke vki gksrk gS A og cPpksa dh Hkk¡ fr ”knxh thrk gq vk cPpks a os Q lkFk ,dkdkj gks tkrk gS A ,d vPNs ukVddkj ;k bfrgkldkj dh Hkk¡fr og ,d NksVh&lh ckr ls ] ,d lk/kj.k&lh fØ;k ls] ps gjs os Q jax ls vkSj vk¡[kksa dks ns[kdj iwjs vkneh dh okLrfodrk dk irk yxk ys rk gS A og vius foos d vkSj lw >cw > ls cPpks a os Q ân;] cqf¼ rFkk vkRek os Q fNis gq, rF;ks a dks le> ys rk gS A og dHkh g¡ ldj] dHkh rkjhI +kQ djos Q] dHkh ujeh ls ] dHkh l[rh ls] dHkh mdlkdj]
dHkh vkykspuk djos Q cPps dh okLrfodrk dks le> dj mldk ekxZ n'kZu djrk gS A μ”kkfdj gqlSu
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Lo ; a iz dk'k dk tUe lu~~ 1947 esa bankS j (eè;iz ns 'k) esa gq vkA eS osQfudy bathfu;fja x dh i<+kbZ djos Q ,d
vkS|ksfxd iz fr"Bku es a ukS djh djus okys Lo;a izdk'k dk cpiu vkS j ukSdjh dk cM+k fgLLkk jktLFkku esa chrkA
fI + kQygky LoS fPNd ls okfuo fÙk os Q ckn os Hkks iky esa jgrs gS a vkSj olq èkk if=kdk os Q laiknu ls tq M+ s gS aA
vkBosa n'kd es a mHkjs Lo;a izdk'k vkt ledkyhu dgkuh osQ egÙoiw.kZ gLrk{kj gSa A muos Q rs jg dgkuh laxz g iz dkf'kr gks pqos Q gS a ftuesa lw jt dc fudys xk ] vk,¡ xsvPNs fnu Hkh ] vkneh tkr dk vkneh vkS j laèkku mYys [kuh; gS a A muos Q chp es a fou; vkS j b± èku miU;kl pfpZ r jgs gS a A mUgsa igy lEeku] cuekyh iq jLdkj] jktLFkku lkfgR; vdknseh iq jLdkj vkfn iq jLdkjksa ls iqjLÑr fd;k
tk pq dk gSA Ekè;oxhZ; thou os Q oqQ'ky fprsjs Lo;a iz dk'k dh dgkfu;ks a es a oxZ &'kks "k.k os Q fo#¼ ps ruk gS rks gekjs lkekftd thou es a tkfr] la iz nk; vkS j ¯yx os Q vkèkkj ij gks jgsHks nHkko os Q f[kykI + kQ iz frdkj dk Loj Hkh gS A jks pd fdLlkxks bZ 'kS yh es a fy[kh xb± mudh dgkfu;k¡ ¯gnh dh okfpd ija ijk dks le ¼ djrh gS a A
Lo;a izdk'k 10
pkjks a vks j lhekvks a ls f?kjs Hkw Hkkx dk uke gh ns'k ugha gks rkA ns'k curk gS mles a jgus okys lHkh ukxfjdks a ] ufn;ksa ] igkM+ksa ] is M+&ikS èkksa ] ouLifr;ks a] i'kq&if{k;ks a ls vkSj bu
lcls iz se djus rFkk budh le`f¼ os Q fy, iz;kl djus dk uke ns'kHkfDr gS A usrkth oQk p'ek dgkuh oS QIVu p'es okys osQ ekè;e ls ns 'k osQ djks M+ksa ukxfjdks a os Q ;ksxnku dks js [kka fdr djrh gS tks bl ns'k osQ fuekZ .k es a vius &vius rjhos Q ls ;ks xnku ns rs gS aA dgkuh ;g dgrh gS fd cM+s gh ugha cPps Hkh blesa 'kkfey gSa A
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Lo;a iz dk'k
61
p'es dk pkS M+ k dkyk isz Qe ewfrZ dks iguk fn;k x;k FkkA gkynkj lkgc tc igyh ckj bl dLcs ls xq ”kjs vkS j pkS jkgs ij iku [kkus #osQ rHkh mUgks aus bls yf{kr fd;k vkS j muosQ ps gjs ij ,d dkSrqdHkjh eqLkdku iS Qy xbZA okg HkbZ ! ;g vkbfM;k Hkh Bhd gSA ew frZ iRFkj dh] ys fdu p'ek fj;y!
thi dLck Nks M+ dj vkxs c<+ xbZ rc Hkh gkynkj lkgc bl ew frZ os Q ckjs es a gh lks prs jgs] vkSj var es a bl fu"d"kZ ij igq¡ ps fd oqQy feykdj dLcs osQ ukxfjdksa dk ;g iz ;kl ljkguh; gh dgk tkuk pkfg,A egÙo ew frZ os Q ja x&:i ;k dn dk ugha ] ml Hkkouk dk gS ojuk rks ns'k&HkfDr Hkh vktdy e”kkd dh ph”k gks rh tk jgh gSA
nw ljh ckj tc gkynkj lkgc mèkj ls xq”kjs rks mUgs a ew frZ es a oqQN varj fn[kkbZ fn;kA
è;ku ls ns[kk rks ik;k fd p'ek nw ljk gSA igys eks Vs iz sQeokyk pkSdksj p'ek Fkk] vc rkj os Q iz sQeokyk xksy p'ek gSA gkynkj lkgc dk dkS rq d vkSj c<+ kA okg HkbZ ! D;k vkbfM;k gSA ewfrZ diM+s ugha cny ldrh ysfdu p'ek rks cny gh ldrh gSA
rhljh ckj fiQj u;k p'ek FkkA gkynkj lkgc dh vknr iM+ xbZ ] gj ckj dLcs ls xq ”kjrs le; pkS jkgs ij #duk] iku
[kkuk vkS j ew frZ dks è;ku ls ns [kukA ,d ckj tc dkS rw gy nq nZ euh; gks mBk rks ikuokys ls gh iwN fy;k] D;ksa HkbZ! D;k ckr gS\ ;g rq Egkjs usrkth dk p'ek gj ckj cny oS Qls tkrk gS\
ikuokys osQ [kq n os Q eq¡ g esa iku Bq¡ lk gqvk FkkA og ,d dkyk eks Vk vkS j [kq 'kfe”kk”k
vkneh FkkA gkynkj lkgc dk iz 'u lq udj og vk¡ [kks a&gh&vk¡ [kks a esa g¡ lkA mldh rks an fFkjdhA ihNs ?kw edj mlus nq dku os Q uhps iku Fkwdk vkS j viuh yky&dkyh cÙkhlh fn[kkdj cks yk] oSQIVu p'es okyk djrk gSA
D;k djrk gS\ gkynkj lkgc oq QN le> ugha ik,A p'ek ps at dj nsrk gSA ikuokys us le>k;kA D;k eryc\ D;ksa ps a t dj ns rk gS\ gkynkj lkgc vc Hkh ugha le> ik,A dks bZ fxjkd vk x;k le>ksA mldks pkS Ms + pkS [kV pkfg,A rks oS QIVu fdnj ls yk,xk\
rks mldks ew frZ okyk ns fn;kA mnj nwljk fcBk fn;kAvc gkynkj lkgc dks ckr oq QN&oqQN le> es a vkbZ A ,d p'esokyk gS ftldk uke
oS QIVu gSA mls us rkth dh cxS j p'es okyh ew frZ cqjh yxrh gSA cfYd vkgr djrh gS] ekuks p'es osQ cxS j usrkth dks vlq foèkk gks jgh gksA blfy, og viuh Nks Vh&lh nqdku es a miyCèk fxus&pqus iz sQeksa es a ls ,d us rkth dh ew frZ ij fiQV dj ns rk gSA ysfdu tc dks bZ xz kgd vkrk gS vkS j mls oSls gh iz sQe dh njdkj gksrh gS tSlk ew frZ ij yxk gS rks oSQIVu
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f{kfrt
62
p'es okyk ewfrZ ij yxk izs QeμlaHkor% us rkth ls {kek ek¡xrs gq ,μykdj xzkgd dks ns nsrk gS vkS j ckn es a usrkth dks nwljk izs Qe ykSVk nsrk gSA okg! HkbZ [kwc! D;k vkbfM;k gSA
ys fdu HkkbZ! ,d ckr vHkh Hkh le> esa ugha vkbZ A gkynkj lkgc us ikuokys ls fiQj iwNk] usrkth dk vks fjftuy p'ek dgk¡ x;k\
ikuokyk nw ljk iku eq ¡g es a Bw¡ l pq dk FkkA nksigj dk le; Fkk] ^nq dku* ij HkhM+&HkkM+vfèkd ugha FkhA og fiQj vk¡ [kks a &gh&vk¡ [kks a es a g¡lkA mldh rks an fFkjdhA dRFks dh Ma Mh isa Qd] ihNs eq M+dj mlus uhps ihd Fkwdh vkSj eq loQjkrk gq vk cks yk] ekLVj cukuk Hkwy x;kA
ikuokys os Q fy, ;g ,d e”ks nkj ckr Fkh ys fdu gkynkj lkgc os Q fy, pfdr vkS j
nzfor djus okyhA ;kuh og Bhd gh lks p jgs FksA ewfrZ osQ uhps fy[kk ^ew frZdkj ekLVj eksrhyky* okdbZ dLcs dk vè;kid FkkA cs pkjs us eghus&Hkj esa ew frZ cukdj iVd nsus dk oknk dj fn;k gksxkA cuk Hkh yh gks xh ysfdu iRFkj esa ikjn'khZ p'ek oS Qls cuk;k tk,μdk¡pokykμ;g r; ugha dj ik;k gks xkA ;k dksf'k'k dh gks xh vkSj vliQy jgk gksxkA ;k cukrs&cukrs ^oqQN vkS j ckjhdh* os Q pDdj esa p'ek Vw V x;k gks xkA ;k iRFkj dk p'ek vyx ls cukdj fiQV fd;k gksxk vkS j og fudy x;k gksxkA mI + kQ---!
gkynkj lkgc dks ;g lc oqQN cM+ k fofp=k vkSj dkS rq dHkjk yx jgk FkkA bUgha [k;kyks a es a [kks,&[kks , iku osQ iS ls pq dkdj] p'es okys dh ns 'k&HkfDr os Q le{k ureLrd gks rs gq , og thi dh rjI + kQ pys] fiQj #os Q] ihNs eqMs+ vkSj ikuokys os Q ikl tkdj iwNk] D;k oS QIVu
p'es okyk usrkth dk lkFkh gS\ ;k vk”kkn ¯gn I + kQkS t dk Hkw riwoZ flikgh\ ikuokyk u;k iku [kk jgk FkkA iku idM+ s vius gkFk dks eq¡ g ls Ms <+ bap nw j jks ddj
mlus gkynkj lkgc dks è;ku ls ns[kk] fiQj viuh yky&dkyh cÙkhlh fn[kkbZ vkS j eq loQjkdj cksyk&ugha lkc! oks y¡ xM+k D;k tk,xk I + kQkSt es a A ikxy gS ikxy! oks ns[kks] oksvk jgk gSA vki mlh ls ckr dj yksA I + kQks Vks&oksVks Niok nks mldk dghaA
gkynkj lkgc dks ikuokys }kjk ,d ns 'kHkDr dk bl rjg e”kkd mM+ k;k tkuk vPNk ugha yxkA eq M+dj ns [kk rks voko~ Q jg x,A ,d csgn cw <+k efj;y&lk y¡ xM+ k vkneh flj ij xka èkh Vks ih vkS j vk¡ [kksa ij dkyk p'ek yxk, ,d gkFk esa ,d Nks Vh&lh lanw dph vkS j nwljs gkFk esa ,d ck¡ l ij V¡ xs cgq r&ls p'es fy, vHkh&vHkh ,d xyh ls fudyk Fkk
vkSj vc ,d can nqdku osQ lgkjs viuk ck¡l fVdk jgk FkkA rks bl cs pkjs dh nq dku Hkh ugha ! is Qjh yxkrk gS! gkynkj lkgc pDdj esa iM+ x,A iwNuk pkgrs Fks] bls oS QIVu D;ksa dgrs gS a\ D;k ;gh bldk okLrfod uke gS\ ysfdu ikuokys us lkI + kQ crk fn;k Fkk fd vc og bl ckjs es a vkS j ckr djus dks rS ;kj ughaA Mªkboj Hkh cspS u gks jgk FkkA dke Hkh
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Lo;a iz dk'k
63
FkkA gkynkj lkgc thi es a cSBdj pys x,A
nks lky rd gkynkj lkgc vius dke os Q flyflys esa ml dLcs ls xq ”kjrs jgsvkS j us rkth dh ew frZ es a cnyrs gq, p'eks a dks ns[krs jgsA dHkh xks y
p'ek gksrk] rks dHkh pkSdks j] dHkh yky] dHkh dkyk] dHkh èkwi dk p'ek] dHkh cM+ s dk¡ pks a okyk xks xks p'ek---ij dks bZ &u&dks bZ p'ek
gks rk ”k:j---ml èkw yHkjh ;k=kk es a gkynkj lkgc dks dkS rq d vkSj
iz iq QYyrk os Q oqQN {k.k ns us os Q fy,A
fiQj ,d ckj ,slk gq vk fd ew frZ os Q ps gjs ij dks bZ Hkh] oSQlk Hkh p'ek ugha FkkA ml fnu iku dh nq dku Hkh ca n FkhA pkS jkgs dh vfèkdka 'k nq dkus a can Fkha A
vxyh ckj Hkh ew frZ dh vk¡ [kks a ij p'ek ugha FkkA gkynkj lkgc us iku [kk;k vkS j èkhjs ls ikuokys ls iw NkμD;ks a HkbZ ] D;k ckr gS\ vkt rq Egkjs us rkth dh vk¡ [kks a ij p'ek ugha gS\
ikuokyk mnkl gks x;kA mlus ihNs eq M+dj eq ¡g dk iku uhps Fkwdk vkSj flj >q dkdj viuh èkks rh osQ fljs ls vk¡[ks a iksa Nrk gqvk cksyk μ lkgc! oS QIVu ej x;kA
vkS j oq QN ugha iw N ik, gkynkj lkgcA oq QN iy pqipki [kM+s jgs] fiQj iku osQ iS ls
pqdkdj thi es a vk cS Bs vkSj jokuk gks x,A ckj&ckj lks prs] D;k gks xk ml dkS e dk tks vius ns 'k dh [kkfrj ?kj&x gLFkh&tokuh&¯”knxh
lc oq QN gks e ns us okyks a ij Hkh g¡ lrh gS vkS j vius fy, fcdus os Q ekS os Q <w ¡<+ rh gSA nq [kh gks x,A ianz g fnu ckn fiQj mlh dLcs ls xq”kjsA dLcs es a ?kqlus ls igys gh [k;ky vk;k fd
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f{kfrt
64
dLcs dh ân;LFkyh esa lqHkk"k dh iz frek vo'; gh iz fr"Bkfir gks xh] ys fdu lq Hkk"k dh vk¡ [kks a ij p'ek ugha gks xkA---D;ksa fd ekLVj cukuk Hkw y x;kA---vkS j oS QIVu ej x;kA lkspk] vkt ogk¡ #osa Qxs ugha ] iku Hkh ugha [kk,¡ xs] ewfrZ dh rjI + kQ ns [ksa xs Hkh ugha ] lhèks fudy tk,¡ xsA Mªkboj ls dg fn;k] pkSjkgs ij #duk ugha ] vkt cgq r dke gS] iku vkxs dgha [kk ysa xsA
ys fdu vknr ls etcwj vk¡[ks a pkS jkgk vkrs gh ewfrZ dh rjI + kQ mB xb± A oq QN ,s lk ns [kk fd ph[ks] jksdks! thi LihM es a Fkh] Mª kboj us ”kksj ls cz sd ekjsA jkLrk pyrs yks x ns[kus yxsA thi #drs&u&#drs gkynkj lkgc thi ls ow Qndj rs ”k&rs ”k dneks a ls ewfrZ dh rjI + kQ yios Q vkS j mlos Q Bhd lkeus tkdj vVsa 'ku esa [kM+ s gks x,A
ew frZ dh vk¡ [kks a ij ljoa QMs ls cuk Nks Vk&lk p'ek j[kk gq vk Fkk] tS lk cPps cuk ys rs gS a A gkynkj lkgc Hkkoq d gS aA bruh&lh ckr ij mudh vk¡ [ks a Hkj vkb±A
iz'u&vH;kl
1- lsukuh u gk s rs gq, Hkh p'es okys dks yksx oSQIVu D;ks a dgrs Fks\
2- gkynkj lkgc us Mªkboj dks igys pkS jkgs ij xkM+h jks dus os Q fy, euk fd;k Fkk ysfdu ckn es a rq ja r jks dus dks dgkμ
(d) gkynkj lkgc igys ek;w l D;ksa gks x, Fks\
([k) ew frZ ij ljoa QMs dk p'ek D;k mEehn txkrk gS\
(x) gkynkj lkgc bruh&lh ckr ij Hkkoq d D;ksa gks mBs\
3- vk'k; Li"V dhft,μ
¶ckj&ckj lks prs] D;k gks xk ml dkS e dk tks vius ns 'k dh [kkfrj ?kj&xgLFkh&tokuh&¯”knxh lc oq QN gks e ns us okyks a ij Hkh g¡ lrh gS vkSj vius fy, fcdus os Q ekS os Q <w¡ <+ rh gSA¸
4- ikuokys dk ,d js [kkfp=k iz Lrq r dhft,A
5- ¶ok s y¡xM+ k D;k tk,xk I + kQkSt esa A ikxy gS ikxy!¸ oS QIVu os Q izfr ikuokys dh bl fVIi.kh ij viuh iz frfØ;k fyf[k,A
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Lo;a iz dk'k
65
jpuk vkS j vfHkO;fDr
6- fuEufyf[kr okD; ik=kks a dh dkS u&lh fo'ks "krk dh vksj laos Qr djrs gSa μ
(d) gkynkj lkgc ges'kk pkSjkgs ij jQdrs vkS j us rkth dks fugkjrsA
([k) ikuokyk mnkl gks x;kA mlus ihNs eq M+ dj eq ¡ g dk iku uhps Fkw dk vkS j flj >q dkdj viuh èkks rh os Q fljs ls vk¡[ksa iksa Nrk gq vk cks ykμlkgc! oSQIVu ej x;kA
(x) oS QIVu ckj&ckj ew frZ ij p'ek yxk ns rk FkkA
7- tc rd gkynkj lkgc us oS QIVu dks lk{kkr~ ns [kk ugha Fkk rc rd muos Q ekul iVy ij mldk dkS u&lk fp=k jgk gks xk] viuh dYiuk ls fyf[k,A
8- dLcksa ] 'kgjksa ] egkuxjks a os Q pkS jkgksa ij fdlh u fdlh {ks =k os Q izfl¼ O;fDr dh ew frZ yxkus dk iz pyu&lk gks x;k gSμ
(d) bl rjg dh ewfrZ yxkus os Q D;k mís '; gks ldrs gSa \
([k) vki vius bykosQ osQ pkS jkgs ij fdl O;fDr dh ew frZ LFkkfir djokuk pkgsa xs vkS j D;ksa \
(x) ml ew frZ os Q iz fr vkios Q ,oa nwljs yks xksa osQ D;k mÙkjnkf;Ro gksus pkfg,\
9- lhek ij rS ukr I + kQkSth gh ns'k&izs e dk ifjp; ugha ns rsA ge lHkh vius nS fud dk;ks ± es a fdlh u fdlh :i es a ns 'k&iz se iz dV djrs gS a_ tS lsμlkoZ tfud laifÙk dks uq dlku u igq ¡pkuk] i;kZoj.k la j{k.k vkfnAvius thou&txr ls tqM+ s ,s ls vkS j dk;ks ± dk mYys [k dhft, vkSj mu ij vey Hkh dhft,A
10- fuEufyf[kr ia fDr;ksa esa LFkkuh; cks yh dk izHkko Li"V fn[kkbZ ns rk gS] vki bu iafDr;ks a dks ekud gnh esa fyf[k,μ
dks bZ fxjkd vk x;k le>ksA mldks pkS M+ s pkS [kV pkfg,A rks oS QIVu fdnj ls yk,xk\ rks mldks ew frZ okyk ns fn;kA mnj nwljk fcBk fn;kA
11- ^HkbZ [kwc! D;k vkbfM;k gSA* bl okD; dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, crkb, fd ,d Hkk"kk esa nw ljh Hkk"kk osQ 'kCnks a os Q vkus ls D;k ykHk gksrs gSa \
Hkk"kk&vè;;u
12- fuEufyf[kr okD;ks a ls fuikr Nk¡ fV, vkS j muls u, okD; cukb,μ
(d) uxjikfydk Fkh rk s oq QN u oq QN djrh Hkh jgrh FkhA
([k) fdlh LFkkuh; dykdkj dks gh volj ns us dk fu.kZ ; fd;k x;k gks xkA
(x) ;kuh p'ek rks Fkk ysfdu laxejej dk ugha FkkA
(?k) gkynkj lkgc vc Hkh ugha le> ik,A
(Ä) nks lky rd gkynkj lkgc vius dke osQ flyflys es a ml dLcs ls xq”kjrs jgsA
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f{kfrt
66
13- fuEufyf[kr okD;ks a dks deZ okP; esa cnfy,μ(d) og viuh Nks Vh&lh nq dku es a miyC/ fxus&pq us iz s Qeks a es a ls us rkth dh ew frZ ij fiQV dj ns rk gSA
([k) ikuokyk u;k iku [kk jgk FkkA
(x) ikuokys us lkI + kQ crk fn;k FkkA
(?k) Mª kboj us ”kksj ls cz sd ekjsA
(Ä) usrkth us ns 'k osQ fy, viuk lc oq QN R;kx fn;kA
(p) gkynkj lkgc us p'esokys dh ns 'kHkfDr dk lEeku fd;kA
14- uhps fy[ks okD;ks a dks HkkookP; esa cnfy,μ
tS lsμvc pyrs gS aA μvc pyk tk,A(d) ek¡ cSB ugha ldrhA
([k) eS a ns [k ugha ldrhA
(x) pyks] vc lksrs gS a A
(?k) ek¡ jks Hkh ugha ldrhA
ikBs rj lfoz Q;rk
ys[kd dk vuq eku gS fd us rkth dh ewfrZ cukus dk dke etcw jh esa gh LFkkuh; dykdkj dks fn;k x;kμ
(d) ew frZ cukus dk dke feyus ij dykdkj osQ D;k Hkko jgs gksa xs\([k) ge vius bykos Q os Q f'kYidkj] la xhrdkj] fp=kdkj ,oa nw ljs dykdkjks a os Q dke dks oS Qls
egÙo vkS j iz ks Rlkgu ns ldrs gS a ] fyf[k,A
vkios Q fo|ky; es a 'kkjhfjd :i ls pqukS rhiw .kZ fo|kFkhZ gSa A muosQ fy, fo|ky; ifjlj vkS j d{kk&d{k es a fdl rjg os Q iz koèkku fd, tk,¡ ] iz 'kklu dks bl la nHkZ es a i=k }kjk lq >ko nhft,A
oS QIVu is Qjh yxkrk FkkA is Qjhokys gekjs fnu&izfrfnu dh cgq r&lh ”k:jrksa dks vklku cuk ns rs gS a A is Qjhokyks a os Q ;ks xnku o leL;kvksa ij ,d la aikndh; ys[k rS ;kj dhft,A
usrkth lqHkk"kpa nz cks l os Q O;fDrRo vkS j o QfrRo ij ,d iz kstsDV cukb,A
vius ?kj osQ vkl&ikl nsf[k, vkS j irk yxkb, fd uxjikfydk us D;k&D;k dke djok, gS a\ gekjh Hkw fedk mles a D;k gks ldrh gS\
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Lo;a iz dk'k
67
uhps fn, x, fuca/ dk va 'k if<+ , vkS j lef>, fd x| dh fofo/ fo/kvks a esa ,d gh Hkko dksvyx&vyx iz dkj ls oS Qls O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gSμ
ns 'k&iz se
ns 'k&iz s e gS D;k\ izs e gh rks gSA bl iz se dk vkyacu D;k gS\ lkjk ns 'k vFkkZr euq";] i'kq] i{kh] unh] ukys] ou ioZ r lfgr lkjh Hkw feA ;g iz s e fdl izdkj dk gS\ ;g lkgp;Z xr iz s e gS A ftuosQ chp ge jgrs gS a] ftUgs a cjkcj vk¡ [kks a ls ns[krs gS a ] ftudh ckrs a cjkcj lq urs jgrs gSa ] ftudk gekjk gj ?kM+ h dk lkFk jgrk gS] lkjka'k ;g gS fd ftuosQ lkfUuè; dk ges a vH;kl iM+ tkrk gS] muosQ iz fr yksHk ;k jkx gks ldrk gSA ns 'k&iz se ;fn okLro eas va r%dj.k dk dksbZ Hkko gS rks ;gh gks ldrk gSA ;fn ;g ugha gS rks og
dksjh cdokl ;k fdlh vkS j Hkko osQ la os Qr osQ fy, x<+ k gqvk 'kCn gSA ;fn fdlh dks vius ns 'k ls lpeqp is z e gS rks mls vius ns'k os Q euq ";] i'kq ] i{kh] yrk] xq Ye] isM+] ou] ioZ r] unh] fu>Z j vkfn lcls izs e gks xk] og lcdks pkgHkjh nf"V ls ns[ks xk_ og lcdh lq èk djos Q fons'k esa vk¡ lw cgk,xkA tks ;g Hkh ugha tkurs fd dks ;y fdl fpfM+ ;k dk uke gS ] tks ;g Hkh ugha lq urs fd pkrd dgk¡ fpYykrk gS] tks ;g Hkh vk¡ [k Hkj ugha ns[krs fd vke iz .k;&lkSjHkiw .kZ eatfj;ksa ls oS Qls yns gq , gS a] tks ;g Hkh ugha >k¡ drs fd fdlkuks a os Q >ks a iM+ ks a os Q Hkhrj D;k gks jgk gS] os ;fn cl cus&Bus fe=kks a os Q chp iz R;sd Hkkjroklh dh vkS lr vkenuh dk ijrk crkdj ns 'k&iz se dk nkok djs a rks muls iw Nuk pkfg, fd Hkkb;ks ! fcuk :i ifjp; dk ;g iz s e oS Qlk\ ftuos Q nq [k&lq [k os Q rq e dHkh lkFkh ugha gq , mUgs a rq e lq [kh ns[kuk pkgrs gks] ;g oS Qls le>s\ muls dks lks a
nw j cS Bs&cS Bs] iM+ s&iM+ s ;k [kM+ s&[kM+ s rq e foyk;rh cks yh es a vFkZ 'kkL=k* dh nq gkbZ fn;k djks] ij izs e dk uke mlos Q lkFk u ?klhVks A izs e fglkc&fdrkc ugha gSA fglkc&fdrkc djus okys HkkM+ s ij Hkh fey ldrs gSa ] ij izs e djus okys ughaA
fglkc&fdrkc ls ns'k dh n'kk dk Kku&ek=k gks ldrk gSA fgr&¯pru vkS j fgr&lkèku dh izo fÙk dks js Kku ls fHkUu gSA og eu os Q osx ;k Hkko ij voyafcr gS ] mldk lacaèk yksHk ;k izs e ls gS] ftlos Q fcuk vU; i{k esa vko';d R;kx dk mRlkg gks ugha ldrkA
μvkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDy
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f{kfrt
68
jk
15
eo{k csuhiqjh dk tUe fcgkj osQ eq tÝ + I + kQjiq j f”kys os Q csuhiq j xk¡o es a lu~ 1899 es a gq vkA ekrk&firk dk fuèku
cpiu esa gh gks tkus os Q dkj.k thou os Q vkja fHkd o"kZ vHkkoks a &dfBukb;ksa vkSj la ?k"kks± esa chrsA nloha rd dh f'k{kk
izkIr djus os Q ckn os lu~~ 1920 es a jk"Vª h; Lokèkhurk vka nks yu ls lfØ; :i ls tqM+ x,A dbZ ckj ts y Hkh x,A mudk nsgkolku lu~ ~ 1968 es a gqvkA
15 o"kZ dh voLFkk es a cs uhiq jh th dh jpuk,¡ i=k&if=kdkvks a ea s Nius yxha A os cs gn iz frHkk'kkyh i=kdkj Fks A mUgks a us vus d nSfud] lkIrkfgd ,oa ekfld i=k&if=kdkvks a dk laiknu fd;k] ftues a r#.k Hkkjr] fdlku fe=k] ckyd] ;q od] ;ksxh] turk] tuok.kh vkS j u;h èkkjk mYys [kuh; gS aA
x| dh fofoèk foèkkvksa es a muosQ ys[ku dks O;kid
izfr"Bk feyhA mudk iw jk lkfgR; csuhiq jh jpukoyh os Q vkB [ka Mksa es a iz dkf'kr gSA mudh jpuk&;k=kk os Q egÙoiw .kZ iM+ ko gSa μ ifrrks a osQ ns'k es a (miU;kl)_ fprk osQ iw Qy (dgkuh)_ va cikyh (ukVd)_ ekVh dh ewjrsa (js[kkfp=k)_
iSjksa es a ia [k ck¡èkdj (;k=kk&oÙkka r)_ ”kathjs a vkS j nhokjsa (la Lej.k) vkfnA mudh jpukvks a esa Lokèkhurk dh ps ruk] euq ";rk dh ¯prk vkS j bfrgkl dh ;q xkuq :i O;k[;k gSA fof'k"V 'kSyhdkj gksus os Q dkj.k mUgs a ^dye dk tknw xj* dgk tkrk gSA
jkeo`{k
cs uhiqjh
11
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jkeo{k csuhiq jh
69
ckyxksfcu Hkxr js [kkfp=k os Q ekè;e ls ys[kd us ,d ,s ls foy{k.k pfj=k dk mn~?kkVu fd;k gS tks euq ";rk] yks d la LÑfr vkS j lkewfgd psruk dk izrhd gSA os 'kHkw"kk ;k cká vuq"Bkuksa ls dks bZ laU;klh ugha gks rk] la U;kl dk vkèkkj thou osQ ekuoh; ljks dkj gksrs gS a A ckyxks fcu Hkxr blh vkèkkj ij ys [kd dks laU;klh yxrs gS a A ;g ikB lkekftd :f<+;ksa ij Hkh izgkj djrk gSA bl js[kkfp=k dh ,d fo'ks "krk ;g gS fd ckyxksfcu Hkxr os Q ekè;e ls xzkeh.k thou dh ltho >k¡ dh ns[kus dks feyrh gSA
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f{kfrt
70
ckyxksfcu Hkxr
ckyxksfcu Hkxr e¡ >ks ys dn osQ xksjs&fp ^ s vkneh FksA lkB ls Åij os Q gh gks axsA cky id
x, FksA ya ch nk<+ h ;k tVktwV rks ugha j[krs Fks] ¯drq ges'kk mudk psgjk lI + ks Qn ckyksa ls gh txex fd, jgrkA diM+ s fcyoq Qy de igursA dej es a ,d yaxksVh&ek=k vkSj flj
es a dchjiafFk;ks a dh&lh duiQVh Vks ihA tc tkM+k vkrk] ,d dkyh deyh Åij ls vks <+s jgrsA eLrd ij ges'kk pedrk gq vk jkekuanh pa nu] tks ukd os Q ,d Nksj ls gh] vkSjrks a osQ VhosQ dh rjg] 'kq: gksrkA xys es a rqylh dh tM+ ks a dh ,d cs MkS y ekyk ck¡èks jgrsA
Åij dh rLkohj ls ;g ugha ekuk tk, fd ckyxks fcu Hkxr lkèkq FksA ugha ] fcyoqQy xgLFk! mudh x fg.kh dh rks eq>s ;kn ugha ] muos Q cs Vs vkSj irks gw dks rks eS a us ns[kk FkkA Fkks M+ h [ks rhckjh Hkh Fkh] ,d vPNk lkI + kQ&lq Fkjk edku Hkh FkkA
¯drq] [ks rhckjh djrs] ifjokj j[krs Hkh] ckyxks fcu Hkxr lkèkq Fksμlkèkq dh lc ifjHkk"kkvksa es a [kjs mrjusokysA dchj dks ^lkgc* ekurs Fks] mUgha osQ xhrks a dks xkrs] mUgha osQ vkns 'kks a ij pyrsA dHkh >w B ugha cksyrs] [kjk O;ogkj j[krsA fdlh ls Hkh nks&Vwd ckr djus es a ladks p ugha djrs] u fdlh ls [kke[kkg >xM+ k eksy ysrsA fdlh dh ph”k ugha Nw rs] u fcuk iw Ns O;ogkj es a ykrsA bl fu;e dks dHkh&dHkh bruh ckjhdh rd ys tkrs fd yks xks a dks oqQrw gy gks rk!μdHkh og nw ljs osQ [ks r es a 'kkS p os Q fy, Hkh ugha cS Brs! og xgLFk Fks_ ys fdu mudh lc ph”k ^lkgc* dh FkhA tks oqQN [ks r es a iSnk gks rk] flj ij ykndj igys mls lkgc os Q njckj es a ys tkrsμtks muos Q ?kj ls pkj dks l nw j ij Fkkμ,d dchjiaFkh eB ls eryc! og njckj es a ^Hks aV* :i j[k fy;k tkdj ^izlkn* :i es a tks mUgs a feyrk] mls ?kj ykrs vkS j mlh ls xq ”kj pykrs!
bu lcos Q Åij] eS a rks eq Xèk Fkk muosQ eèkq j xku ijμtks lnk&loZ nk gh lq uus dks feyrsA dchj os Q os lhèks&lkns in] tks muos Q oaQB ls fudydj ltho gks mBrsA
vklk<+ dh fjef>e gSA lew pk xk¡o [ks rksa es a mrj iM+ k gSA dgha gy py jgs gS a _ dgha jks iuh gks jgh gSA èkku osQ ikuh&Hkjs [ks rksa esa cPps mNy jgs gS a A vkS jrsa dysok ys dj es aM+
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jkeo{k csuhiq jh
71
ij cS Bh gS aA vkleku ckny ls f?kjk_ èkwi dk uke ugha A BaMh iq jokbZ py jghA ,sls gh le; vkios Q dkuks a esa ,d Loj&rjax >a dkj&lh dj mBhA ;g D;k gSμ;g dkS u gS! ;g iwNuk u iM+ sxkA ckyxksfcu Hkxr lewpk 'kjhj dhpM+ es a fyFkM+s] vius [ksr es a jks iuh dj jgs gS aA mudh v¡xq yh ,d&,d èkku os Q ikSèks dks] ia fDrc¼] [ks r esa fcBk jgh gSA mudk oa QB ,d&,d 'kCn dks la xhr osQ thus ij p<+kdj oq QN dks Åij] LoxZ dh vks j Hkst jgk gSvkSj oq QN dks bl iFoh dh fe ^ h ij [kM+s yksxksa osQ dkuks a dh vksj! cPps [ksyrs gq, >w e mBrs gS a_ esa M+ ij [kM+h vkS jrks a osQ gksa B dk¡i mBrs gSa ] os xq uxqukus yxrh gS a _ gyokgks a osQ iS j rky ls mBus yxrs gS a _ jksiuh djus okyks a dh v¡xq fy;k¡ ,d vthc Øe ls pyus yxrh gS a! ckyxksfcu Hkxr dk ;g la xhr gS ;k tknw!
Hkknks dh og va ¡èksjh vèkjfr;kA vHkh] Fkks M+h gh ns j igys eq lyèkkj o"kkZ [kRe gqbZ gSA cknyks a dh xjt] fctyh dh rM+i esa vkius oqQN ugha lq uk gks] ¯drq vc f>Yyh dh >a dkj ;k nknqjksa dh VjZ &VjZ ckyxksfcu Hkxr osQ laxhr dks vius dks ykgy es a Mq cks ugha ldrha A mudh [k¡tM+ h fMed&fMed ct jgh gS vkSj os xk jgs gS aμ¶xks nh esa fi;ok] ped
mBs lf[k;k] fpg¡ qd mBs uk!¸ gk¡] fi;k rks xks n es a gh gS] ¯drq og le>rh gS] og vos Qyh gS] ped mBrh gS] fpgq ¡d mBrh gSA mlh Hkjs&cknyks a okys Hkknks
dh vkèkh jkr es a mudk ;g xkuk v¡èks js esa vdLekr dkS a èk mBus okyh fctyh dh rjg fdls u pkSa dk ns rk\ vjs] vc lkjk la lkj fuLrCèkrk esa lks;k gS] ckyxksfcu Hkxr dk la xhr tkx jgk gS] txk jgk gS!μrsjh xBjh esa ykxk pksj] eqlkfI + kQj tkx ”kjk!
dkfrd vk;k ugha fd ckyxksfcu Hkxr dh izHkkfr;k¡ 'kq : gq b± ] tks iQkxq u rd pyk djrha A bu fnuks a og lcs js gh
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f{kfrt
72
mBrsA u tkus fdl oDr txdj og unh&Luku dks tkrsμxk¡ o ls nks ehy nw j! ogk¡ ls ugk&èkksdj ykS Vrs vkS j xk¡o osQ ckgj gh] iks[kjs os Q m¡Qps ¯HkMs ij] viuh [k¡ tM+h ys dj tk cSBrs vkS j vius xkus Vs jus yxrsA eSa 'kq : ls gh ns j rd lksusokyk gw¡ ] ¯drq ] ,d fnu] ek?k dh ml nk¡r fdVfdVkus okyh Hkks j esa Hkh] mudk laxhr eq >s iks [kjs ij ys x;k FkkA vHkh vkleku os Q rkjks a os Q nhid cq>s ugha FksA gk¡] iw jc es a yksgh yx xbZ Fkh ftldh ykfyek dks 'kq Ø rkjk vkS j c<+k jgk FkkA [ksr] cxhpk] ?kjμlc ij oqQgklk Nk jgk FkkA lkjk okrkoj.k vthc jgL; ls vkor ekyw e iM+ rk FkkA ml jgL;e; okrkoj.k es a ,d oq Q'k dh pVkbZ ij iw jc eq ¡g] dkyh deyh vks <s+] ckyxks fcu Hkxr viuh [k¡ tM+ h fy, cS Bs FksA muosQ eq ¡g ls 'kCnksa dk rk¡rk yxk Fkk] mudh v¡ xqfy;k¡ [k¡tM+ h ij yxkrkj py jgh Fkha A
xkrs&xkrs brus eLr gks tkrs] brus lq :j esa vkrs] mÙksftr gks mBrs fd ekywe gksrk] vc [kM+ s gks tk,¡ xsA deyh rks ckj&ckj flj ls uhps ljd tkrhA eS a tkM+s ls o¡ QioQ¡ik jgk Fkk] ¯drq rkjs dh Nk¡ o esa Hkh muos Q eLrd osQ Je¯cnq] tc&rc] ped gh iM+ rsA
xfeZ ;ks a esa mudh ^la >k* fdruh melHkjh 'kke dks u 'khry djrh! vius ?kj osQ vk¡ xu es a vklu tek cSBrsA xk¡ o os Q muosQ oq QN iz s eh Hkh tq V tkrsA [ka ¡tfM+ ;ks a vkSj djrkyksa dh Hkjekj gks tkrhA ,d in ckyxksfcu Hkxr dg tkrs] mudh izs eh&ea Myh mls nqgjkrh] frgjkrhA èkhjs&èkhjs Loj m¡Qpk gks us yxrkμ,d fuf'pr rky] ,d fuf'pr xfr lsA ml rky&Loj os Q p<+ ko osQ lkFk Jks rkvksa osQ eu Hkh Åij mBus yxrsA èkhjs&èkhjs eu ru ij gkoh gks tkrkA gksrs&gksrs] ,d {k.k ,s lk vkrk fd chp es a [k¡tM+ h fy, ckyxksfcu Hkxr
ukp jgs ga S vkS j muosQ lkFk gh lcosQ ru vkSj eu u R;'khy gks mBs gaSA lkjk vk¡xu u R; vkS j la xhr ls vks riz ks r gS!
ckyxks fcu Hkxr dh laxhr&lkèkuk dk pje mRd"kZ ml fnu ns[kk x;k ftl fnu mudk cs Vk ejkA bdykS rk cs Vk Fkk og! oq QN lq Lr vkS j cksnk&lk Fkk] ¯drq blh dkj.k ckyxks fcu Hkxr mls vkS j Hkh ekursA mudh le> esa ,sls vknfe;ksa ij gh ”;knk u”kj j[kuh pkfg, ;k I;kj djuk pkfg,] D;ks afd ;s fuxjkuh vkS j eq gCcr osQ ”;knk gdnkj gks rs gaSA cM+ h lkèk ls mldh 'kknh djkbZ Fkh] irks gw cM+h gh lq Hkx vkS j lq'khy feyh FkhA ?kj dh iw jh iz ca fèkdk cudj Hkxr dks cgqr oq QN nqfu;knkjh ls fuoÙk dj fn;k Fkk mlusA mudk csVk chekj gS] bldh [kcj j[kus dh yksxksa dks dgk¡ I + kq Qjlr! ¯drq ekS r rks viuh
vks j lcdk è;ku [kha pdj gh jgrh gSA geus lquk] ckyxks fcu Hkxr dk csVk ej x;kA oqQrw gyo'k muos Q ?kj x;kA ns [kdj nax jg x;kA cs Vs dks vk¡ xu es a ,d pVkbZ ij fyVkdj ,d lI + ksQn diM+ s ls <k¡ d j[kk gSA og oq QN iw Qy rks ges'kk gh jksirs jgrs] mu iw Qyksa esa ls oqQN rksM+ dj ml ij fc[kjk fn, gSa _ iw Qy vkS j rqylhny HkhA fljgkus ,d fpjkx tyk
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jkeo{k csuhiq jh
73
j[kk gSA vkSj] mlosQ lkeus ”kehu ij gh vklu tek, xhr xk, pys tk jgs gS a! ogh iq jkuk Loj] ogh iq jkuh rYyhurkA ?kj esa irks gw jks jgh gS ftls xk¡ o dh fL=k;k¡ pq i djkus dh dks f'k'k dj jgh gSa A ¯drq] ckyxks fcu Hkxr xk, tk jgs gS a ! gk¡] xkrs&xkrs dHkh&dHkh irksgw os Q u”knhd Hkh tkrs vkS j mls jks us os Q cnys mRlo eukus dks dgrsA vkRek ijekRek os Q ikl pyh xbZ ] fojfguh vius iz s eh ls tk feyh] Hkyk blls c<+ dj vkuan dh dkS u ckr\ eS a dHkh&dHkh lks prk] ;g ikxy rks ugha gks x,A drq ugha ] og tks oq QN dg jgs Fks mles a mudk fo'okl cks y jgk Fkkμog pje fo'okl tks ges'kk gh eR;q ij fot;h gks rk vk;k gSA
csVs os Q fØ;k&deZ es a rw y ugha fd;k_ irksgw ls gh vkx fnykbZ mldhA ¯drq T;ksa gh
Jk¼ dh vofèk iw jh gks xbZ ] irks gw os Q HkkbZ dks cq ykdj mlos Q lkFk dj fn;k] ;g vkns 'k ns rs gq , fd bldh nwljh 'kknh dj ns ukA bèkj irks gw jks&jksdj dgrhμeSa pyh tkm¡Qxh rks cq <+kis es a dkS u vkios Q fy, Hkkstu cuk,xk] chekj iM+ s] rks dkSu ,d pqYyw ikuh Hkh nsxk\ eS a iS j iM+rh gw ¡ ] eq >s vius pj.kksa ls vyx ugha dhft,! ys fdu Hkxr dk fu.kZ ; vVy FkkA rw tk] ugha rks eSa gh bl ?kj dks Nks M+ dj py nw¡ xkμ;g Fkh mudh vkf[kjh nyhy vkS j bl nyhy osQ vkxs cspkjh dh D;k pyrh\
ckyxks fcu Hkxr dh ekS r mUgha osQ vuq:i gq bZA og gj o"kZ xa xk&Luku djus tkrsA Luku ij mruh vkLFkk ugha j[krs] ftruk lar&lekxe vkSj yks d&n'kZ u ijA iS ny gh tkrsA djhc rhl dksl ij xa xk FkhA lkèkq dks lacy ys us dk D;k gd\ vkSj] x gLFk fdlh ls
fHk{kk D;ks a e¡ kxs\ vr%] ?kj ls [kkdj pyrs] rks fiQj ?kj ij gh ykS Vdj [kkrsA jkLrs Hkj [k¡tM+ h ctkrs] xkrs tgk¡ I;kl yxrh] ikuh ih yss rsA pkj&ik¡ p fnu vkus&tkus esa yxrs_ ¯drq bl yacs miokl esa Hkh ogh eLrh! vc cq<+kik vk x;k Fkk] ¯drq Vs d ogh tokuhokyhA bl ckj ykSVs rks rch;r oq QN lqLr FkhA [kkus&ihus osQ ckn Hkh rch;r ugha lqèkjh] Fkks M+ k cq [kkj vkus yxkA ¯drq us e&ozr rks Nks M+us okys ugha FksA ogh nks uks a tw u xhr] Lukuè;ku] [ksrhckjh ns [kukA fnu&fnu Nhtus yxsA yks xks a us ugkus&èkksus ls euk fd;k] vkjke djus dks dgkA ¯drq ] g¡ ldj Vky ns rs jgsA ml fnu Hkh laè;k es a xhr xk,] ¯drq ekyw e gksrk tSls rkxk Vw V x;k gks] ekyk dk ,d&,d nkuk fc[kjk gqvkA Hkksj es a yks xks a us xhr ugha lquk] tkdj ns[kk rks ckyxks fcu Hkxr ugha jgs flI + kZ Q mudk ia tj iM+ k gS!
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f{kfrt
74
iz'u&vH;kl
1- [ksrhckjh ls tq M+ s xgLFk ckyxks fcu Hkxr viuh fdu pkfjf=kd fo'ks "krkvks a osQ dkj.k lkèkq dgykrs Fks\
2- Hkxr dh iq =koèkw mUgsa vosQys D;ks a ugha Nks M+ uk pkgrh Fkh\
3- Hkxr us vius cs Vs dh eR;q ij viuh Hkkouk,¡ fdl rjg O;Dr dha \
4- Hkxr osQ O;fDrRo vkSj mudh os 'kHkw "kk dk vius 'kCnksa esa fp=k iz Lrq r dhft,A
5- ckyxks fcu Hkxr dh fnup;kZ yks xksa os Q vpjt dk dkj.k D;ks a Fkh\
6- ikB os Q vk/kj ij ckyxksfcu Hkxr os Q eèkq j xk;u dh fo'ks "krk,¡ fyf[k,A
7- oq QN ekfeZd iz laxks a os Q vkèkkj ij ;g fn[kkbZ nsrk gS fd ckyxksfcu Hkxr izpfyr lkekftd ekU;rkvksa dks ugha ekurs FksA ikB osQ vkèkkj ij mu iz laxks a dk mYys [k dhft,A
8- èkku dh jks ikbZ os Q le; lew ps ekgkS y dks Hkxr dh Loj ygfj;k¡ fdl rjg peRoQr dj nsrh Fkha \ ml ekgkS y dk 'kCn&fp=k izLrqr dhft,A
jpuk vkS j vfHkO;fDr
9- ikB osQ vkèkkj ij crk,¡ fd ckyxksfcu Hkxr dh dchj ij J¼k fdu&fdu :iksa esa izdV gq bZ gS\
10- vkidh n f"V esa Hkxr dh dchj ij vxkèk J¼k osQ D;k dkj.k jgs gks axs\11- xk¡o dk lkekftd&lka Lo Qfrd ifjos 'k vk"kk<+ p<+rs gh mYYkkl ls D;ksa Hkj tkrk gS\
12- ¶mQij dh rLkohj ls ;g ugha ekuk tk, fd ckyxks fcu Hkxr lkèkq FksA¸ D;k lkèkq * dh igpku igukos os Q vkèkkj ij dh tkuh pkfg,\ vki fdu vkèkkjks a ij ;g lq fuf'pr djs a xs fd veq d O;fDr lkèkq * gS\
13- eksg vk S j iz se esa varj gks rk gSA Hkxr os Q thou dh fdl ?kVuk osQ vkèkkj ij bl dFku dk lp fl¼ djs a xs\
Hkk"kk&vè;;u
14- bl ikB es a vk, dksbZ nl fØ;kfo'ks"k.k Nk¡Vdj fyf[k, vkS j muosQ Hks n Hkh crkb,A
ikBs rj lfoz Q;rk ikB es a ½rq vksa os Q cgqr gh la qnj 'kCn&fp=k mosQjs x, gSa A cnyrs gq, ekS le dks n'kkZ rs gq,
fp=k@I + kQksVks dk laxzg dj ,d vyce rS ;kj dhft,A
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jkeo{k csuhiq jh
75
ikB esa vk"kk<+] Hkknks] ek?k vkfn es a foozQe la or dyS aMj os Q eklksa osQ uke vk, gS aA ;g dySa Mj fdl ekg ls vkja Hk gks rk gS\ eghuks a dh lwph rS;kj dhft,A
dkfrZ d os Q vkrs gh Hkxr izHkkrh* xk;k djrs FksA izHkkrh iz kr%dky xk, tkus okys xhrks a dks dgrs gSa A izHkkrh xk;u dk ladyu dhft, vkS j mloQh laxhre; iz Lrq fr dhft,A
bl ikB esa tks xz kE; la LoQfr dh >yd feyrh gS og vkios Q vklikl osQ okrkoj.k ls oSQls fHkUu gS\
'kCn&laink
e¡>ksyk & u cgq r cM+ k u cgq r Nks Vk
deyh & oa Qcy irksgw & iq =koèkw @ i q =k dh L=kh
jksiuh & èkku dh jksikbZ
dys ok & losjs dk tyiku
iq jokbZ & iw jc dh vks j ls cgus okyh gok
vèkjfr;k & vkèkh jkr
[k¡tM+ h & <iQyh os Q <ax dk ija rq vkdkj esa mlls Nks Vk ,d ok| ;a=k
fuLrCèkrk & lUukVk
yks gh & izkr%dky dh ykfyek oq Qgklk & dksgjk
vko r & <dk gqvk] vkPNkfnr
oq Q'k & ,d iz dkj dh uq dhyh ?kkl
cks nk & de cq f¼ okyk
la cy & lgkjk
;g Hkh tkusa
izHkkfr;k¡ eq [; :i ls cPpksa dks txkus os Q fy, xkbZ tkrh gS a A izHkkrh es a lw;ksZ n; ls oq QN le; iw oZ
ls ysdj oq QN le; ckn rd dk o.kZ u gks rk gSA izHkkfr;ksa dk Hkko{ks=k O;kid vkS j ;FkkFkZ osQ vfèkd fudV gks rk gSA iz Hkkfr;ksa ;k tkxj.k xhrks a es a os Qoy lqdks ey Hkkouk,¡ gh ugha oju~ ohjrk] lkgl vkS j mRlkg dh ckrs a Hkh dgh tkrh gS aA oqQN dfo;ksa us izHkkfr;ksa esa jk"Vª h; psruk vkS j fodkl dh Hkkouk fijks us dk iz ;kl fd;k gSA
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f{kfrt
76
Jh 'ka aHkwn;ky lDlsuk }kjk jfpr ,d izHkkrhμ
iyosa Q] [kksyks] jS u fljkuhA ckck pys [ksr dks gy ys lf[k;k¡ Hkjrha ikuhAA cgq ,¡ ?kj&?kj NkN fcyks rha xkrha xhr eFkkuhA pj[ks osQ lax xqu&xqu djrh lwr dkrrh ukuhAA ea xy xkrh phy fpjS ;k vkLeku iQgjkuhA jks e&jks e esa jeh ykMyh thou T;ksr lq gkuhAAvkyl Nks M+ ks] mBks u lq[kns! eS a rc eks y fcdkuhAA iyos a Q [kksyks gs dY;k.khAA
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; 'kiky dk tUe lu~ ~ 1903 es a ia tkc osQ iQhjks ”kiq j Nkouh es a gq vkA iz kja fHkd f'k{kk dk¡ xM+ k esa xz g.k djus osQ
ckn ykgkS j osQ us 'kuy dkWys t ls mUgksa us ch-,- fd;kA ogk¡ mudk ifjp; Hkxr ¯lg vkSj lq [kns o ls gq vkA Lokèkhurk
la xz ke dh ozQka frdkjh èkkjk ls tqM+ ko os Q dkj.k os ts y Hkh x,A mudh eR;q lu~ ~ 1976 es a gqbZ A
;'kiky dh jpukvks a es a vke vkneh os Q ljksdkjks a dh mifLFkfr gSA os ;FkkFkZ oknh 'kS yh os Q fof'k"V jpukdkj gS aA lkekftd fo"kerk] jktuS frd ik[ka M vkS j :f<+;ks a os Q f[kykI + kQ mudh jpuk,¡ eq [kj gS aA muosQ dgkuh la xz gks a esa Kkunku] roZQ dk rwI + kQku] ¯itjs dh mM+ku] ok nq fy;k] iw Qyks dk oqQrkZ mYys[kuh; gSaA mudk >wBk lp miU;kl Hkkjr foHkktu dh =kklnh dk ekfeZd nLrkos”k gS A vferk] fnO;k]
ikVhZ dkejsM] nknk dkejsM ] esjh rsjh mldh ckr] muos Q vU; iz eq[k miU;kl gS a A Hkk"kk dh LokHkkfodrk vkS j lthork mudh jpukxr fo'ks"krk gSA
;w¡ rks ;'kiky us y[kuoh va nk”k O;a X; ;g lkfcr djus os Q fy, fy[kk Fkk fd fcuk dF; osQ dgkuh ugha fy[kh tk ldrh ijarq ,d Lora =k jpuk os Q :i es a bl jpuk dks i<+k tk ldrk gSA ;'kiky ml iru'khy lkea rh oxZ ij dVk{k djrs gS a tks okLrfodrk ls cs [kcj ,d cukoVh thou 'kS yh dk vknh gS A dguk u gks xk fd vkt os Q le; esa Hkh ,s lh ijthoh la LÑfr dks ns [kk tk ldrk gS A
;'kiky 12
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f{kfrt
78
y[kuoh vank”k
eq I + kQfLly dh iSlsa tj Vªs u py iM+ us dh mrkoyh es a iw ¡ Qdkj jgh FkhA vkjke ls lsoa QM
Dykl es a tkus os Q fy, nke vfèkd yxrs gS aA nwj rks tkuk ugha FkkA HkhM+ ls cpdj] ,dka r es a u;h dgkuh os Q la caèk es a lksp ldus vkS j f[kM+ dh ls iz kÑfrd n '; ns[k ldus os Q fy, fVdV lsoa QM Dykl dk gh ys fy;kA
xkM+ h Nw V jgh FkhA ls oaQM Dykl osQ ,d Nks Vs fMCcs dks [kkyh le>dj] ”kjk nkSM+dj mles a p<+ x,A vuq eku os Q iz frowQy fMCck futZ u ugha FkkA ,d cFkZ ij y[kuÅ dh uokch uLy osQ ,d lI + ks Qniks 'k lTtu cgq r lqfoèkk ls ikyFkh ekjs cS Bs FksA lkeus nks rk”ks&fpdus [khjs rkSfy, ij j[ks FksA fMCcs esa gekjs lglk owQn tkus ls lTtu dh vk¡[kksa es a ,oQka r ¯pru es a fo?u dk vla rks "k fn[kkbZ fn;kA lks pk] gks ldrk gS] ;g Hkh dgkuh os Q fy, lw > dh ¯prk esa gks a ;k [khjs&tS lh vinkFkZ oLrq dk 'kkS d djrs ns[ks tkus osQ ladks p es a gks a A
uokc lkgc us la xfr os Q fy, mRlkg ugha fn[kk;kA geus Hkh muos Q lkeus dh cFkZ ij cSBdj vkRelEeku es a vk¡ [ks a pqjk yha A
Bkyh cS Bs] dYiuk djrs jgus dh iq jkuh vknr gSA uokc lkgc dh vlq foèkk vkS j la dks p os Q dkj.k dk vuq eku djus yxsA la Hko gS] uokc lkgc us fcyoq Qy vos Qys ;k=kk dj ldus os Q vuq eku es a fdI + kQk;r os Q fopkj ls ls oa QM Dykl dk fVdV [kjhn fy;k gks vkS j vc xokjk u gks fd 'kgj dk dks bZ lI + ks Qniks 'k mUgs a e¡ >ys nts Z es a lI + kQj djrk ns [ksA---vos Qys lI + kQj dk oDr dkVus os Q fy, gh [khjs [kjhns gks a xs vkS j vc fdlh lI + ks Qniks 'k os Q lkeus [khjk oS Qls [kk,¡ \
ge duf[k;ks a ls uokc lkgc dh vksj ns [k jgs FksA uokc lkgc oq QN ns j xkM+ h dh f[kM+ dh ls ckgj ns [kdj fLFkfr ij xkS j djrs jgsA
^vks g*] uokc lkgc us lglk gesa la cksèku fd;k] vknkc&v”kZ *] tukc] [khjs dk 'kkS d
I + kQjek,¡xs\ uokc lkgc dk lglk Hkko&ifjorZu vPNk ugha yxkA Hkk¡i fy;k] vki 'kjkI + kQr dk
xq eku cuk, j[kus os Q fy, gesa Hkh ekew yh yksxksa dh gjdr es a yFks M+ ysuk pkgrs gSa A tokc fn;k] ^'kq fØ;k] fdcyk 'kkS d iQjek,¡A*
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;'kiky
79
uokc lkgc us fiQj ,d iy f[kM+ dh ls ckgj ns[kdj xkSj fd;k vkS j n <+ fu'p; ls [khjks a osQ uhps j[kk rkSfy;k >kM+dj lkeus fcNk fy;kA lhV osQ uhps ls yks Vk mBkdj nks uks a [khjks a dks f[kM+dh ls ckgj èkks ;k vkSj rkS fy, ls iksa N fy;kA tsc ls pkow Q fudkykA nks uks a [khjksa os Q flj dkVs vkSj mUgs a xksndj >kx fudkykA fiQj [khjks a dks cgq r ,gfr;kr ls Nhydj iQk¡ dksa dks djhus ls rkS fy, ij ltkrs x,A
y[kumQ LVs 'ku ij [khjk cspus okys [khjs os Q bLrs eky dk rjhdk tkurs gS aA xzkgd osQ fy, thjk&feyk ued vkSj filh gq bZ yky fepZ dh iq fM+ ;k Hkh gkf”kj dj ns rs gS a A
uokc lkgc us cgq r djhus ls [khjs dh iQk¡ dksa ij thjk&feyk ued vkS j yky fepZ dh lq [khZ cqjd nhA mudh iz R;s d Hkko&Hkafxek vkSj tcM+ksa os Q Liq Qj.k ls Li"V Fkk fd ml
iz fØ;k es a mudk eq [k [khjs os Q jlkLoknu dh dYiuk ls Iykfor gks jgk FkkA ge duf[k;ks a ls ns [kdj lks p jgs Fks] fe;k¡ jbZ l curs gS a ] ys fdu yks xks a dh u”kjks a ls cp
ldus os Q [k;ky es a viuh vlfy;r ij mrj vk, gS a A uokc lkgc us fiQj ,d ckj gekjh vks j ns [k fy;k] ^oYykg] 'kkS d dhft,] y[kumQ
dk ckye [khjk gS!* ued&fepZ fNM+ d fn, tkus ls rk”ks [khjs dh ifu;krh iQk¡ os a Q ns[kdj ikuh eq¡ g ea s
”k:j vk jgk Fkk] ys fdu budkj dj pqos Q FksA vkRelEeku fuckguk gh mfpr le>k] mÙkj fn;k] ^'kq fØ;k] bl oDr ryc eglw l ugha gks jgh] es nk Hkh ”kjk de”kksj gS] fdcyk 'kkS d iQjek,¡ A*
uokc lkgc us lr".k vk¡[kksa ls ued&fepZ os Q la ;ks x ls pedrh [khjs dh iQk¡dks a dh vksj ns[kkA f[kM+dh os Q ckgj ns[kdj nh?kZ fu'okl fy;kA [khjs dh ,d iQk¡d
mBkdj gksa Bksa rd ys x,A iQk¡ d dks lw ¡ ?kkA Lokn os Q vkuan esa iyosa Q eq ¡n
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f{kfrt
80
xb± A eq¡ g es a Hkj vk, ikuh dk ?kw¡ V xys ls mrj x;kA rc uokc lkgc us iQk¡ d dks f[kM+ dh ls ckgj NksM+ fn;kA uokc lkgc [khjs dh iQk¡ dksa dks ukd os Q ikl ys tkdj] okluk ls jlkLoknu dj f[kM+ dh osQ ckgj is aQdrs x,A
uokc lkgc us [khjs dh lc iQk¡ dksa dks f[kM+ dh osQ ckgj is a Qddj rkS fy, ls gkFk vkS j gks aB iksa N fy, vkSj xoZ ls xq ykch vk¡ [kks a ls gekjh vks j ns [k fy;k] ekuks dg jgs gksa μ;g gS [kkunkuh jbZ lks a dk rjhdk!
uokc lkgc [khjs dh rS ;kjh vkSj bLrs eky ls Fkddj ysV x,A ges a rlyhe es a flj [ke dj ys uk iM+kμ;g gS [kkunkuh rg”khc] uI + kQklr vkS j u”kkdr!
ge xkS j dj jgs Fks] [khjk bLrseky djus osQ bl rjhos Q dks [khjs dh lq xaèk vkS j Lokn
dh dYiuk ls larq"V gks us dk lw{e] uI + kQhl ;k ,CLVSª DV rjhdk ”k:j dgk tk ldrk gS ijarq D;k ,sls rjhosQ ls mnj dh r fIr Hkh gks ldrh gS\
uokc lkgc dh vks j ls Hkjs is V os Q m¡ Qps Mdkj dk 'kCn lq ukbZ fn;k vkS j uokc lkgc us gekjh vksj ns [kdj dg fn;k] ^[khjk y”kh”k gksrk gS ys fdu gks rk gS ldhy] ukeqjkn esns ij cks> Mky ns rk gSA*
Kku&p{kq [kq y x,! igpkukμ;s gS a u;h dgkuh os Q ys[kd! [khjs dh lqxa èk vkSj Lokn dh dYiuk ls is V Hkj tkus dk Mdkj vk ldrk
gS rks fcuk fopkj] ?kVuk vkS j ik=kks a os Q] ys[kd dh bPNk ek=k ls ^u;h dgkuh* D;ks a ugha cu ldrh\
iz'u&vH;kl
1- ys[kd dks uokc lkgc osQ fdu gko&Hkkoksa ls eglwl gq vk fd os muls ckrphr djus os Q fy, rfud Hkh mRlq d ugha ga S\
2- uokc lkgc us cgq r gh ;Ru ls [khjk dkVk] ued&fepZ cqjdk] varr% lw ¡ ?kdj gh f[kM+dh ls ckgj is a Qd
fn;kA mUgks aus ,slk D;ksa fd;k gksxk\ mudk ,s lk djuk muos Q oS Qls LoHkko dks ba fxr djrk gS\3- fcuk fopkj] ?kVuk vkS j ik=kksa os Q Hkh D;k dgkuh fy[kh tk ldrh gSA ;'kiky osQ bl fopkj ls vki
dgk¡ rd lger gS a\
4- vki bl fucaèk dks vkSj D;k uke ns uk pkgsa xs\
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;'kiky
81
jpuk vkS j vfHkO;fDr
5- (d) uokc lkgc }kjk [khjk [kkus dh rS ;kjh djus dk ,d fp=k iz Lrq r fd;k x;k gSA bl iwjh iz fØ;k dks vius 'kCnksa esa O;Dr dhft,A
([k) fdu&fdu ph”kk s a dk jlkLoknu djus os Q fy, vki fdl iz dkj dh rS;kjh djrs gS a\
6- [khjs osQ la caèk esa uokc lkgc os Q O;ogkj dks mudh lud dgk tk ldrk gSA vkius uokcks a dh vkS j Hkh ludksa vkSj 'kkSd osQ ckjs es a i<+ k&lquk gks xkA fdlh ,d osQ ckjs es a fyf[k,A
7- D;k lud dk dks bZ ldkjkRed :i gks ldrk gS\ ;fn gk¡ rks ,slh ludksa dk mYys[k dhft,A
Hkk"kk&vè;;u
8- fuEufyf[kr okD;k s a esa ls fØ;kin Nk¡ Vdj fØ;k&Hks n Hkh fyf[k,μ(d) ,d lI + ks Qniks'k lTtu cgq r lq fo/k ls ikyFkh ekjs cSBs FksA
([k) uokc lkgc us laxfr os Q fy, mRlkg ugha fn[kk;kA
(x) Bkyh cS Bs] dYiuk djrs jgus dh iqjkuh vknr gSA
(?k) vos Qys lI + kQj dk oDr dkVus osQ fy, gh [khjs [kjhns gksa xsA
(Ä) nks uksa [khjks a osQ flj dkVs vkSj mUgsa xks ndj >kx fudkykA
(p) uokc lkgc us lr".k vk¡ [kks a ls ued&fepZ os Q la;ks x ls pedrh [khjs dh iQk¡ dksa dh vks j ns [kkA
(N) uokc lkgc [khjs dh rS ;kjh vkS j bLrs eky ls Fkddj ysV x,A
(t) ts c ls pkowQ fudkykA
ikBsrj lfØ;rk
^fdcyk 'kkS d iQjek,¡ *] vknkc&v”kZ---'kkS d iQjek,¡ xs* tS ls dFku f'k"Vkpkj ls tq M+ s gSa A viuh ekrHkk"kk osQ f'k"Vkpkj lw pd dFkuks a dh ,d lwph rS;kj dhft,A
^[khjk---esns ij cks > Mky ns rk gS* D;k okLro ea s [khjk vip djrk gS\ fdlh Hkh [kk| inkFkZ
dk ip&vip gks uk dbZ dkj.kks a ij fuHkZ j djrk gS A cM+ ka s ls ckrphr dj dkj.kks a dk irk yxkb,A
[kk| inkFkks± os Q la ca èk esa cgq r&lh ekU;rk,¡ ga S tks vkios Q {ks =k esa izpfyr gksa xh] muosQ ckjs es a ppkZ dhft,A
iru'khy lkea rh oxZ dk fp=k.k iz s epa n us viuh ,d iz fl¼ dgkuh ^'krjat os Q f[kykM+h* esa fd;k Fkk vkSj fiQj ckn esa lR;thr jk; us bl ij blh uke ls ,d fI + kQYe Hkh cukbZ FkhA ;g dgkuh <w ¡ <+dj if<+ , vkS j laHko gks rks fI + kQYe Hkh ns f[k,A
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f{kfrt
82
'kCn&laink
eq I + kQfLly & os a Qnz LFk uxj os Q bnZ &fxnZ os Q LFkku lI + ks Qniks 'k & Hknz O;fDr fdI + kQk;r & ferO;rk] le>nkjh ls mi;ksx djuk vknkc v”kZ & vfHkoknu dk ,d <ax xqeku & Hkze ,gfr;kr & lkoèkkuh cqjd ns uk & fNM+d nsuk Liq Qj.k & iQM+ oQuk] fgyuk Iykfor & ikuh Hkj tkuk ifu;krh & jlhyh esnk & vek'k; rlyhe & lEeku esa flj [ke djuk & flj >q dkuk rg”khc & f'k"Vrk uI + kQklr & LoPNrk u”kkdr & dkseyrk uI + kQhl & cf<+ ;k ,CLVª S DV & lw{e] ftldk HkkSfrd vfLrRo u gks ] vewrZ ldhy & vklkuh ls u ipus okyk
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l osZ 'oj n;ky lDlsuk dk tUe lu~ ~ 1927 es a f”kyk cLrh] mÙkj iz ns'k es a gq vkA mudh mPp f'k{kk bykgkckn
fo'ofo|ky; ls gqbZ A os vè;kid] vkdk'kok.kh esa lgk;d iz ks M~ ;w lj] fnueku esa mila iknd vkS j ijkx os Q la iknd
jgsA lu~~ 1983 esa mudk vkdfLed fuèku gks x;kA losZ 'oj cgqeq[kh iz frHkk os Q lkfgR;dkj FksA os dfo]
dgkuhdkj] miU;kldkj] fuca èkdkj vkS j ukVddkj Fks A los Z 'oj dh iz eq [k Ñfr;k¡ gS aμ dkB dh ?ka fV;k ¡ ] oq Qvkuks unh ] ta xy dk nn Z ] [kw ¡fV;ksa ij V¡xs yks x (dfork&laxz g)_ ikxy oq QÙkks a dk elhgk ] lks ;k gq vk ty (miU;kl)_ yM+kbZ (dgkuh&la xzg)_ cdjh (ukVd)_ HkkS a HkkS a [kkS a [kk S a ] crwrk dk tw rk ] yk[k dh ukd (cky lkfgR;)A pjpsvkS j pj[k s muos Q ys [kks a dk laxz g gSA [k¡ wfV;ksa ij V¡xs yksx
ij mUgs a lkfgR; vdkns eh dk iq jLdkj feykA losZ 'oj dh igpku eè;oxhZ ; vkdka{kkvksa osQ ys[kd os Q :i es a dh tkrh gS A eè;oxhZ; thou dh egRokdka {kkvks a] liuksa ] la?k"kZ] 'kks "k.k] grk'kk vkSj oq q aQBk dk fp=k.k muosQ lkfgR; esa feyrk gSA los Z 'oj th Lra Hkdkj Fks vkS j pjpsvkS j pj[ks uke ls fnueku esa tks Lra Hk fy[krs Fks mles a csckd lp dgus dk lkgl fn[krk gSA mudh vfHkO;fDr esa lgtrk vkSj LokHkkfodrk gSA
losZ'oj n;ky lDls uk
13
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f{kfrt
84
la Lej.k Le`fr;ks a ls curk gS vkSj Le`fr;ks a dh fo'oluh;rk mls egÙoiw .kZ cukrh gS A I +kQknj dkfey cq YosQ ij fy[kk losZ 'oj dk ;g laLej.k bl dlkSVh ij [kjk mrjrk gSA vius dks Hkkjrh; dgus okys I +kQknj cq Yos Q tUes rks csfYt;e (;w jksi)osQ jS ElpS iy 'kgj esa tks fxjtksa ] iknfj;ksa ] èkeZxq #vks a vkSj larks a dh Hkwfe dgh tkrh gS ijarq mUgksa us viuh deZHkwfe cuk;k Hkkjr dksA I +kQknj cq Yos Q ,d laU;klh Fks ija rq ikja ifjd vFkZ es a ugha A losZ 'oj dk I +kQknj cqYos Q ls varjax la ca èk Fkk ftldh >yd ges a bl la Lej.k es a feyrh gS A ys[kd dk ekuuk gS fd tc rd jkedFkk gS ] bl fons 'kh Hkkjrh; lkèkq dks ;kn fd;k tk,xk rFkk mUga s ¯gnh Hkk"kk vkS j cksfy;ks a os Q vxkèk iz se dk mnkgj.k ekuk tk,xkA
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los Z'oj n;ky lDls uk
85
ekuoh; d#.kk dh fnO; ped
I + kQknj dks ”kgjckn ls ugha ejuk pkfg, FkkA ftldh jxksa esa nw ljks a os Q fy, feBkl Hkjs ve r
os Q vfrfjDr vkS j oqQN ugha Fkk mlos Q fy, bl ”kgj dk foèkku D;ks a gks\ ;g loky fdl bZ 'oj ls iwNs a\ izHkq dh vkLFkk gh ftldk vfLrRo FkkA og nsg dh bl ;kruk dh ijh{kk mez dh vkf[kjh ns gjh ij D;ksa ns\ ,d yach] iknjh os Q lI + ks Qn pks xs ls <dh vko Qfr lkeus gSμxksjk jax] lI + ks Qn >k¡b± ekjrh Hkw jh nk<+ h] uhyh vk¡[ks a&ck¡gs a [kks y xys yxkus dks vkrq jA bruh eerk] bruk viuRo bl lkèkq es a vius gj ,d fiz;tu osQ fy, meM+ rk jgrk FkkA eSa iSa rhl lky ls bldk lk{kh FkkA rc Hkh tc og bykgkckn esa Fks vkS j rc Hkh tc og fnYyh vkrs FksA vkt mu ck¡gksa dk nckc eS a viuh Nkrh ij eglw l djrk g¡ wA
I + kQknj dks ;kn djuk ,d mnkl 'kka r la xhr dks lq uus tS lk gSA mudks ns [kuk djQ.kk os Q fueZy ty esa Luku djus tSlk Fkk vkS j muls ckr djuk deZ os Q ladYi ls Hkjuk FkkA
eq>s ^ifjey* os Q os fnu ;kn vkrs gS a tc ge lc ,d ikfjokfjd fj'rs esa c¡ èks tS ls Fks ftlos Q cM+s I + kQknj cq Yos Q FksA gekjs g¡lh&e”kkd esa og fufyZ Ir 'kkfey jgrs ] gekjh xks f"B;ks a esa og xa Hkhj cgl djrs] gekjh jpukvks a ij csckd jk; vkS j lq >ko ns rs vkSj gekjs ?kjks a os Q fdlh Hkh mRlo vkSj la Ldkj esa og cM+s HkkbZ vkS j iq jks fgr tSls [kM+ s gks gesa viusvk'kh"kksa ls Hkj nsrsA eq>s viuk cPpk vkSj I + kQknj dk mlos Q eq [k es a igyh ckj vUu Mkyuk ;kn vkrk gS vkS j uhyh vk¡ [kks a dh ped esa rS jrk okRlY; HkhμtSls fdlh m¡QpkbZ ij ns onkjQ dh Nk;k esa [kM+ s gksa A
dgk¡ ls 'kq : djs a! bykgkckn dh lM+dks a ij I + kQknj dh lkbfdy pyrh nh[k jgh gSA og gekjs ikl vkdj jQdrh gS] eq ldjkrs gq, mrjrs gSa ] ^ns f[k,&ns f[k, eS aus mls i<+ fy;k
gS vkSj eS a dguk pkgrk gw ¡---* mudks oz Qksèk es a dHkh ugha ns [kk] vkos'k es a ns [kk gS vkSj eerk rFkk I;kj es a yckyc Nydrk eglwl fd;k gSA vdlj mUgsa ns [kdj yxrk fd cs fY”k;e esa bathfu;fjax osQ vafre o"kZ esa ig¡ qpdj muosQ eu es a la U;klh cuus dh bPNk oSQls tkx xbZ tcfd ?kj Hkjk&iwjk Fkkμnks HkkbZ ] ,d cfgu] ek¡] firk lHkh FksA
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los Z'oj n;ky lDls uk
87
jgsA dydÙkk (dksydkrk) ls ch-,- fd;k vkSj fiQj bykgkckn ls ,e-,-A mu fnuksa MkW -èkhjs anz oekZ ¯gnh foHkkx osQ vè;{k FksA 'kksèkizcaèk iz ;kx fo'ofo|ky; osQ ¯gnh foHkkx esa jgdj 1950 esa iwjk fd;kμ^jkedFkk % mRifÙk vkSj fodklA* ^ifjey* es a mlos Q vè;k; i<+s x, FksA I + kQknj us ekrj¯yd osQ iz fl¼ ukVd ^Cyw cMZ * dk :ikarj Hkh fd;k gS^uhyia Nh* osQ uke lsA ckn es a og la sV tsfo;lZ dkWfyt] jk¡ ph es a ¯gnh rFkk laLÑr foHkkx os Q foHkkxkè;{k gks x, vkS j ;gha mUgks aus viuk izfl¼ va xz s”kh&¯gnh dks 'k rS ;kj fd;k vkS j ckbfcy dk vuq okn Hkh---vkSj ogha chekj iM+ s] iVuk vk,A fnYyh vk, vkS j pys x,μ47 o"kZ ns 'k es a jgdj vkS j 73 o"kZ dh ¯”knxh thdjA
I + kQknj cqYosQ la dYi ls la U;klh FksA dHkh&dHkh yxrk gS og eu ls laU;klh ugha FksA
fj'rk cukrs Fks rks rks M+ rs ugha FksA nfl;ks a lky ckn feyus osQ ckn Hkh mldh xaèk eglwl gks rh FkhA og tc Hkh fnYyh vkrs ”k:j feyrsμ[kks tdj] le; fudkydj] xehZ ] lnhZ] cjlkr >s ydj feyrs] pkgs nks feuV os Q fy, gh lghA ;g dkSu laU;klh djrk gS\ mudh ¯prk ¯gnh dks jk"VªHkk"kk os Q :i es a ns [kus dh FkhA gj ea p ls bldh rdyhI + kQ c;ku djrs] blos Q fy, vdkV~ ; roZ Q ns rsA cl blh ,d loky ij mUgsa >q ¡>ykrs ns[kk gS vkS j ¯gnh okyks a }kjk gh ¯gnh dh mis{kk ij nq [k djrs mUgs a ik;k gSA ?kj&ifjokj os Q ckjs esa ] futh nq [k&rdyhI + kQ osQ ckjs esa iw Nuk mudk LoHkko Fkk vkS j cM+s ls cM+s nq[k esa muos Q eq [k ls lkaRouk osQ tknw Hkjs nks 'kCn lquuk ,d ,s lh jks'kuh ls Hkj ns rk Fkk tks fdlh xgjh riL;k ls tuerh gSA gj ekS r fn[kkrh gS thou dks u;h jkgA* eq >s viuh iRuh vkS j iq =k dh e R;q
;kn vk jgh gS vkS j I + kQknj os Q 'kCnksa ls >jrh fojy 'kka fr HkhAvkt og ugha gSA fnYyh es a chekj jgs vkS j irk ugha pykA ck¡ gsa [kks ydj bl ckj
mUgksa us xys ugha yxk;kA tc ns[kk rc os ck¡ga s nks uks a gkFkks a dh lw th m¡ xfy;ks a dks my>k, rkcwr es a ftLe ij iM+h Fkha A tks 'kka fr cjlrh Fkh og ps gjs ij fFkj FkhA rjyrk te xbZ FkhA og 18 vxLr 1982 dh lq cg nl cts dk le; FkkA fnYyh esa s d'ehjh xs V os Q fudylu dczxkg esa mudk rkcwr ,d Nks Vh&lh uhyh xkM+ h esa ls mrkjk x;kA oq QN iknjh] j?kqoa 'k th dk csVk vkS j muosQ ifjtu jkts 'ojfla g mls mrkj jgs FksA fiQj mls mBkdj ,d ya ch l¡djh] mnkl is M+ ks a dh ?kuh Nk¡ g okyh lM+ d ls dcz xkg os Q vkf[kjh Nks j rd ys tk;k x;k tgk¡ èkjrh dh xks n esa lq ykus osQ fy, dcz voko~Q eq ¡g [kks ys ysVh FkhA mQij
djhy dh ?kuh Nk¡g Fkh vkSj pkjksa vksj dczs a vkS j rs”k èkwi os Q oÙkA tS us aæ oq Qekj] fot;s a æ Lukrd] vftr oqQekj] MkW- fueZ yk tS u vkS j elhgh leqnk; osQ yks x] iknjhx.k] muos Q chp esa xS fjd olu igus bykgkckn osQ iz fl¼ foKku&f'k{kd MkW- lR;izdk'k vkSj MkW - j?kq oa'k Hkh tks vos Qys ml l¡ djh lM+d dh Ba Mh mnklh es a cgqr igys ls [kkeks 'k nq [k dh fdUgha
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f{kfrt
88
vifjfpr vkgVksa ls ncs gq, Fks] fleV vk, Fks dcz os Q pkjks a rjI + kQA I + kQknj dh nsg igys dcz os Q mQij fyVkbZ xbZ A elhgh fofèk ls va fre laLdkj 'kq: gqvkA jk¡ ph os Q I + kQknj ikLdy rks;uk osQ }kjkA mUgksa us ¯gnh es a elhgh fofèk ls iz kFkZuk dh fiQj la sV tsfo;lZ osQ jsDVj I + kQknj ikLdy us muos Q thou vkSj deZ ij J¼ka tfy vfiZ r djrs gq, dgk] ^I + kQknj cq YosQ èkjrh esa tk jgs gSa A bl èkjrh ls ,s ls jRu vkSj iSnk gks a A* MkW - lR;iz dk'k us Hkh viuh J¼ka tfy esa muosQ vuq dj.kh; thou dks ueu fd;kA fiQj nsg dcz esa mrkj nh xbZ ---A
eSa ugha tkurk bl laU;klh us dHkh lkspk Fkk ;k ugha fd mldh e R;q ij dks bZ jks ,xkA ysfdu ml {k.k jksus okyks a dh deh ugha FkhA (ue vk¡[kksa dks fxuuk L;kgh iSQykuk gSA)
bl rjg gekjs chp ls og pyk x;k tks geesa ls lcls vfèkd Nk;knkj iQy&iwQy
xa èk ls Hkjk vkS j lcls vyx] lcdk gks dj] lcls mQ¡pkbZ ij] ekuoh; djQ.kk dh fnO; ped es a ygygkrk [kM+ k FkkA ftldh Lefr ge lcosQ eu esa tks muos Q fudV Fks fdlh ;K dh ifo=k vkx dh vk¡ p dh rjg vkthou cuh jgs xhA eSa ml ifo=k T;ks fr dh ;kn es a J¼kur gw ¡A
iz'u&vH;kl
1- I + kQknj dh mifLFkfr nsonkj dh Nk;k tSlh D;ksa yxrh Fkh\
2- I + kQknj cqYos Q Hkkjrh; la LoQfr os Q ,d vfHkUu va x gSa ] fdl vkèkkj ij ,slk dgk x;k gS\
3- ikB es a vk, mu izla xksa dk mYys[k dhft, ftuls I + kQknj cq YosQ dk ¯gnh izs e iz dV gksrk gS\
4- bl ikB os Q vkèkkj ij I + kQknj dkfey cq YosQ dh tks Nfo mHkjrh gS mls vius 'kCnksa esa fyf[k,A
5- ys[kd us I + kQknj cq YosQ dks ^ekuoh; djQ.kk dh fnO; ped* D;ks a dgk gS\
6- I + kQknj cqYos Q us la U;klh dh ijaijkxr Nfo ls vyx ,d u;h Nfo izLrqr dh gS] oSQls\
7- vk'k; Li"V dhft,μ
(d) ue vk¡[kks a dks fxuuk L;kgh iS Qykuk gSA
([k) I + kQknj dks ;kn djuk ,d mnkl 'kka r laxhr dks lquus tS lk gSA
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los Z'oj n;ky lDls uk
89
jpuk vkS j vfHkO;fDr
8- vkios Q fopkj ls cqYos Q us Hkkjr vkus dk eu D;ksa cuk;k gks xk\
9- ^cgq r lq a nj gS es jh tUeHkw feμjs ElpS iyA*μbl ia fDr es a s I + kQknj cq Yos Q dh viuh TkUeHkw fe os Q iz fr dkS u&lh Hkkouk,¡ vfHkO;Dr gks rh gS a\ vki viuh tUeHkw fe os Q ckjs esa D;k lksprs gSa \
Hkk"kk&vè;;u
10- es jk ns 'k Hkkjr fo"k; ij 200 'kCnksa dk fuca/ fyf[k,A
11- vkidk fe=k gMlu ,a Mª h vkW LVª s fy;k es a jgrk gSA mls bl ckj dh xehZ dh Nq f ^ ;ks a os Q nkS jku Hkkjr os Q ioZ rh; iz ns'kks a osQ Hkz e.k gsrq fuea f=kr djrs gq , i=k fyf[k,A
12- fuEufyf[kr okD;ks a esa leqP;cks/d Nk¡ Vdj vyx fyf[k,μ
(d) rc Hkh tc og bykgkckn esa Fks vkSj rc Hkh tc og fnYyh vkrs FksA
([k) ek¡ us cpiu es as gh ?kks f"kr dj fn;k Fkk fd yM+dk gkFk ls x;kA
(x) os fj'rk cukrs Fks rks rksM+ rs ugha FksA
(?k) muosQ eq [k ls lkaRouk os Q tknw Hkjs nks 'kCn lquuk ,d ,s lh jks 'kuh ls Hkj ns rk Fkk tks fdlh xgjh riL;k ls tuerh gSA
(Ä) firk vkS j Hkkb;ks a os Q fy, cgq r yxko eu esa ugha Fkk ys fdu oks Le fr es a vdlj Mwc tkrsA
ikBsrj lfoz Q;rk
I + kQknj cq Yos Q dk va xz s ”kh&¯gnh dks 'k* mudh ,d egÙoiw .kZ ns u gS A bl dks 'k dks ns f[k,&lef>,A I + kQknj cq YosQ dh rjg ,slh vus d foHkw fr;k¡ gqb± gS a ftudh tUeHkwfe vU;=k Fkh ysfdu deZ Hkw fe
os Q :i esa mUgks aus Hkkjr dks pqukA ,sls vU; O;fDr;ksa osQ ckjs es a tkudkjh ,d=k dhft,A
oq QN ,s ls O;fDRk Hkh gq, gS a ftudh tUeHkw fe Hkkjr gS ys fdu mUgksa us viuh deZ Hkw fe fdlh vkS j ns 'k dks cuk;k gS] muosQ ckjs esa Hkh irk yxkb,A
,d vU; igyw ;g Hkh gS fd if'pe dh pdkpkS aèk ls vkdf"kZ r gks dj vusd Hkkjrh; fons'kksa dh vks j mUeq [k gks jgs gS aμbl ij vius fopkj fyf[k,A
'kCn&laink
”kgjckn μ xS a xz hu] ,d rjg dk ”kgjhyk vkS j d"V lkè; iQks M+k
vkLFkk μ fo'okl] J¼k ns gjh μ ngyh”k iknjh μ bZ lkbZ èkeZ dk iqjks fgr ;k vkpk;Z vkrqj μ vèkhj] mRlqd
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f{kfrt
90
fufyZIr μ vklfDr jfgr] tks fyIr u gksvkos'k μ tks'k yckyc μ Hkjk gqvk èkekZpkj μ èkeZ dk ikyu ;k vkpj.k :ikarj μ fdlh oLrq dk cnyk gq vk :i vdkV~ ; μ tks dV u losQ] tks ckr dkVh u tk losQ fojy μ de feyus okyh rkcwr μ 'ko ;k eqjnk ys tkus okyk la nw d ;k cDlk djhy μ >kM+ h os Q :i es a mxus okyk ,d o¡QVhyk vkS j fcuk iÙks dk ikSèkk xSfjd olu μ lk/q vksa }kjk /kj.k fd, tkus okys xs jQ, oL=k J¼kur μ iz se vkSj HkfDr;q Dr iw T;Hkko
;g Hkh tkus a
ifjey μfujkyk osQ iz fl¼ dkO; la dyu ls iz sj.kk ys rs gq, 10 fnlEcj 1944 dks iz ;kx fo'ofo|ky; osQ lkfgfR;d vfHk#fp j[kus okys oq QN mRlkgh ;q od fe=kks a }kjk ifjey lew g dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA^ifjey* }kjk vf[ky Hkkjrh; Lrj dh xks f"B;k¡ vk;ks ftr dh tkrh Fkha ftues a s dgkuh] dfork] miU;kl] ukVd vkfn ij [kq yh vkyks puk vkS j mUeq Dr cgl dh tkrhA ifjey dk dk;Z {ks =k bykgkckn Fkk] tkS uiq j] eqa cbZ ] eFkq jk] iVuk] dVuh es a Hkh bldh 'kk[kk,¡ jghaA ifjey us bykgkckn esa lkfgR;&¯pru osQ iz fr u, nf"Vdks.k dk u osQoy fuekZ .k fd;k cfYd 'kgj osQ okrkoj.k dks ,d lkfgfR;d laLdkj nsus dk iz ;kl Hkh fd;kA
I + kQknj dkfey cq Yos Q (1909&1982) f'k{kkμ,e-,-] ih,p-Mh- (¯gnh) izeq[k Ñfr;k¡μjkedFkk % mRifÙk vkS j fodkl] jkedFkk vkSj rqylhnkl] ekul&dkS eq nh] bZ lk&thou vkS j n'kZ u] va xz s”kh&¯gnh dks 'k 1974 esa in~ eHkw"k.k ls lEekfur
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e Uuw Hka Mkjh dk tUe lu~ 1931 es a xk¡ o Hkkuiq jk] f”kyk ea nlkS j (eè; iz ns 'k) es a gqvk ijarq mudh baVj rd dh
f'k{kk&nh{kk gq bZ jktLFkku os Q vtesj 'kgj es aA ckn es a mUgksa us ¯gnh esa ,e-,- fd;kA fnYyh osQ fejka Mk gkml dkW fyt esa
vè;kiu dk;Z ls vodk'k izkfIr osQ ckn vktdy fnYyh esa gh jgdj Lora=k ys [ku dj jgh gS aA
Lokra =;ksÙkj ¯gnh dFkk lkfgR; dh izeq[k gLrk{kj eUuw Hka Mkjh dh iz eq [k jpuk,¡ gS aμ ,d Iys V lSykc ] eS a gkj xbZ]
;gh lp g S] f=k'ka oq Q (dgkuh&la xz g)_ vkidk ca Vh ] egkHkks t (miU;kl)A blosQ vykok mUgksa us fI + kQYe ,oa Vs yhfo”ku èkkjkokfgdks a osQ fy, iVdFkk,¡ Hkh fy[kh gS a A mudh lkfgfR;d miyfC/;ks a osQ fy, ¯gnh vdkneh os Q f'k[kj lEeku lfgr mUga s vus d iqjLdkj iz kIr gks pqos Q gS a ftues a Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk
ifj"kn~] dksydkrk] jktLFkku la xhr ukVd vdkneh] mÙkj iz ns 'k ¯gnh la LFkku os Q iq jLdkj 'kkfey gSa A eUuw HkaMkjh dh dgkfu;k¡ gks a ;k miU;kl mues a Hkk"kk vkS j
f'kYi dh lknxh rFkk izkekf.kd vuqHkw fr feyrh gSA mudh jpukvksa es a L=kh&eu ls tq M+ h vuq Hkwfr;ks a dh vfHkO;fDr Hkh ns [kh tk ldrh gSA
eUuw HkaMkjh 14
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f{kfrt
92
,d dgkuh ;g Hkh osQ la nHkZ es a lcls igys rks ge ;g tku ys a fd eUuw Hka Mkjh us ikfjHkkf"kd vFkZ es a dks bZ flyflysokj vkRedFkk ugha fy[kh gSA vius vkRedF; es a mUgks aus mu O;fDr;ksa vkSj ?kVukvks a os Q ckjs es a fy[kk gS tks muos Q ys[kdh; thou ls tqM+s gq , gS aA la dfyr va 'k esa eUuw th os Q fd'kksj thou ls tq M+h ?kVukvks a osQ lkFk muosQ firkth vkS j mudh dkWfyt dh izkè;kfidk 'khyk vxzoky dk O;fDrRo fo'ks "k rkSj ij mHkjdj vk;k gS ] ftUgks a us vkxs pydj muosQ ys [kdh; O;fDrRo osQ fuekZ.k esa egÙoiw .kZ Hkw fedk fuHkkbZ A ys f[kdk us ;gk¡ cgqr gh [kw clwjrh ls lk/kj.k yM+dh os Q vlk/kj.k cuus os Q izkjafHkd iM+koks a dks izdV fd;k gSA lu~ *46&*47 dh vk”kknh dh vk¡ /h us eUuw th dks Hkh vNwrk ugha Nks M+kA NksVs 'kgj dh ;qok gksrh
yM+dh us vk”kknh dh yM+kbZ es a ftl rjg Hkkxhnkjh dh mlesa mldk mRlkg] vks t] la xBu&{kerk vkS j fojks / djus dk rjhdk ns [krs gh curk gS A
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93
,d dgkuh ;g Hkh
tUeh rks eè; iz ns 'k os Q Hkkuiq jk xk¡ o es a Fkh] ys fdu es jh ;knks a dk flyflyk 'kq : gks rk gS
vtes j os Q cz ãiqjh eks gYys os Q ml nks&eaf”kyk edku ls] ftldh mQijh ea f”ky esa firkth dk lkez kT; Fkk] tgk¡ os fugk;r vO;ofLFkr <a x ls iS Qyh&fc[kjh iq Lrdks a&if=kdkvks a vkS j v[kckjks a osQ chp ;k rks oq QN i<+rs jgrs Fks ;k fiQj ^fMDVs 'ku* nsrs jgrs FksA uhps ge lc HkkbZ&cfguksa os Q lkFk jgrh Fkha gekjh csi<+h&fy[kh O;fDrRofoghu ek¡---losjs ls 'kke rd ge lcdh bPNkvksa vkS j firk th dh vkKkvks a dk ikyu djus osQ fy, lnS o rRijAvtes j ls igys firk th bankS j es a Fks tgk¡ mudh cM+h izfr"Bk Fkh] lEeku Fkk] uke FkkA dkaxz s l os Q lkFk&lkFk os lekt&lq èkkj os Q dkeks a ls Hkh tq M+s gq , FksA f'k{kk osQ os os Qoy mins'k gh ugha ns rs Fks] cfYd mu fnuks a vkB&vkB] nl&nl fo|kfFkZ ;ks a dks vius ?kj j[kdj i<+ k;k gS ftues a ls dbZ rks ckn esa mQ¡ ps&m¡ Qps vks gnksa ij igq ¡psA ;s mudh [kq 'kgkyh
os Q fnu Fks vkS j mu fnuka s mudh nfj;kfnyh osQ ppsZ Hkh de ugha FksA ,d vksj os cs gn dks ey vkS j la os nu'khy O;fDr Fks rks nwljh vks j cs gn oz Qksèkh vkS j vga oknhA ij ;g lc rks eSa us os Qoy lq ukA ns [kk] rc rks bu xq .kks a osQ HkXuko'ks "kks a dks <ksrs firk
FksA ,d cgq r cM+s vkfFkZ d >VosQ os Q dkj.k os bankS j ls vtesj vk x, Fks] tgk¡ mUgks a usvius vos Qys os Q cy&cwrs vkS j gkSlys ls va xzs ”kh&¯gnh 'kCndks 'k (fo"k;okj) osQ vèkw js dke dks vkxs c<+kuk 'kq : fd;k tks viuh rjg dk igyk vkS j vos Qyk 'kCndks 'k FkkA blus mUgs a ;'k vkS j iz fr"Bk rks cgqr nh] ij vFkZ ugha vkS j 'kk;n fxjrh vkfFkZ d fLFkfr us gh muosQ O;fDrRo os Q lkjs ldkjkRed igyqq vks a dks fupksM+uk 'kq: dj fn;kA floq QM+rh vkfFkZ d fLFkfr os Q dkj.k vkS j vfèkd foLiQkfjr mudk vga mUgs a bl ckr rd dh vuq efr ugha
ns rk Fkk fd os de&ls&de vius cPpksa dks rks viuh vkfFkZd foo'krkvks a dk Hkkxhnkj cuk,¡A uokch vknrs a ] vèkw jh egRokdka{kk,¡ ] ges 'kk 'kh"kZ ij jgus os Q ckn gkf'k, ij ljdrs pys tkus dh ;kruk oz Qksèk cudj ges 'kk ek¡ dks o¡Qikrh&FkjFkjkrh jgrh FkhaA viuks a os Q gkFkks a fo'okl?kkr dh tkus oS Qlh xgjh pks Vs a gks sa xh os ftUgks aus vk¡ [k ew ¡ ndj lcdk fo'okl djus
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94
okys firk dks ckn os Q fnuks a esa bruk 'kDdh cuk fn;k Fkk fd tc&rc ge yksx Hkh mldh pis V esa vkrs gh jgrsA
ij ;g fir&xkFkk eSa blfy, ugha xk jgh fd eq >s mudk xkSjo&xku djuk gS] cfYd eS a rks ;g ns [kuk pkgrh gw ¡ fd muosQ O;fDrRo dh dkS u&lh [kw ch vkSj [kkfe;k¡ esjs O;fDrRo os Q rkus&ckus esa xq¡ Fkh gqbZ gSa ;k fd vutkus&vupkgs fd, muosQ O;ogkj us es jsHkhrj fdu xz afFk;ks aa dks tUe ns fn;kA eS a dkyh gw ¡A cpiu es a nq cyh vkS j efj;y Hkh FkhA xks jk jax firk th dh de”kks jh Fkh lks cpiu esa eq >ls nks lky cM+ h] [kwc xks jh] LoLFk vkSj g¡leq [k cfgu lq 'khyk ls gj ckr esa rqyuk vkS j fiQj mldh iz 'ka lk us gh] D;k es js Hkhrj ,s ls xgjs ghu&Hkko dh xza fFk iSnk ugha dj nh fd uke] lEeku vkS j iz fr"Bk ikus os Q cko”kw n
vkt rd eS a mlls mcj ugha ikbZ\ vkt Hkh ifjp; djokrs le; tc dksbZ oq QN fo'ks "krk yxkdj es jh ys [kdh; miyfCèk;ks a dk f”koz Q djus yxrk gS rks eSa ladks p ls fleV gh ugha tkrh cfYd xM+ us&xM+us dks gks vkrh gw ¡ A 'kk;n vps ru dh fdlh irZ os Q uhps nch blh ghu&Hkkouk os Q pyrs eSa viuh fdlh Hkh miyfCèk ij Hkjkslk ugha dj ikrh---lc oq QN eq>s rq Ddk gh yxrk gSA firk th osQ ftl 'kDdh LoHkko ij eS a dHkh HkUuk&HkUuk tkrh Fkh] vkt ,dk,d vius [kafMr fo'oklks a dh O;Fkk os Q uhps eq>s muos Q 'kDdh LoHkko dh >yd gh fn[kkbZ nsrh gS---cgqr ^viuks a* os Q gkFkks a fo'okl?kkr dh xgjh O;Fkk ls mitk 'kdA gks'k l¡Hkkyus os Q ckn ls gh ftu firk th ls fdlh&u&fdlh ckr ij ges'kk esjh VDdj gh pyrh jgh] os rks u tkus fdrus :iks a es a eq>esa gS a---dgha oqa QBkvks a osQ :i esa ] dgha
izfrfØ;k osQ :i es a rks dgha iz frPNk;k os Q :i es aA os Qoy ckgjh fHkUurk osQ vkèkkj ij viuh ijaijk vkS j ihf<+;ks a dks udkjus okyksa dks D;k lpeqp bl ckr dk fcyoq Qy vglkl ugha gksrk fd mudk vklUu vrhr fdl dnj muosQ Hkhrj tM+ tek, cS Bk jgrk gS! le; dk iz okg Hkys gh ges a nwljh fn'kkvks a es a cgkdj ys tk,---fLFkfr;ks a dk ncko Hkys gh gekjk :i cny ns] gesa iw jh rjg mlls eq Dr rks ugha gh dj ldrk!
firk os Q Bhd foijhr Fkha gekjh csi<+h&fy[kh ek¡ A èkjrh ls oq QN ”;knk gh èkS ;Z vkS j lgu'kfDr Fkh 'kk;n muesa A firk th dh gj ”;knrh dks viuk izkI; vkS j cPpksa dh gj mfpr&vuq fpr I + kQjekb'k vkS j f”kn dks viuk I + kQtZ le>dj cMs+ lgt Hkko ls Lohdkj djrh Fkha osA mUgksa us ¯”knxh Hkj vius fy, oqQN ek¡ xk ugha ] pkgk ugha ---osQoy fn;k gh
fn;kA ge HkkbZ&cfguksa dk lkjk yxko ('kk;n lgkuq Hkw fr ls mitk) ek¡ osQ lkFk Fkk ys fdu fugk;r vlgk; eTkcw jh esa fyiVk mudk ;g R;kx dHkh es jk vkn'kZ ugha cu ldk---u mudk R;kx] u mudh lfg".kq rkA [kSj] tks Hkh gks] vc ;g iSrd&iq jk.k ;gha lekIr dj vius ij ykS Vrh gw ¡A
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ik¡p HkkbZ &cfguks a es a lcls Nks Vh eSa A lcls cM+ h cfgu dh 'kknh os Q le; eSa 'kk;n lkr lky dh Fkh vkSj mldh ,d èkq¡ èkyh&lh ;kn gh es js eu es a gS] ys fdu vius ls nks lky cM+ h cfgu lq'khyk vkSj eS aus ?kj os Q cM+ s ls vk¡xu es a cpiu os Q lkjs [ksy [ks ysμlrksfy;k] y¡xM+ h&Vk¡x] idM+e&idM+kbZ ] dkyh&Vhyks---rks dejks a es a xq a s&xq fM+ ;ks a os Q C;kg Hkh jpk,] ikl&iM+ ksl dh lgs fy;ksa osQ lkFkA ;ks a [ks yus dks geus Hkkb;ksa os Q lkFk fxYyh&Ma Mk Hkh [ks yk vkS j ira x mM+kus] dk¡ p ihldj ek¡ tk lwrus dk dke Hkh fd;k] ysfdu mudh xfrfofèk;ks a dk nk;jk ?kj os Q ckgj gh vfèkd jgrk Fkk vkSj gekjh lhek Fkh ?kjA gk¡] bruk ”k:j Fkk fd ml ”kekus esa ?kj dh nhokjs a ?kj rd gh lekIr ugha gks tkrh Fkha cfYd iw js eksgYys rd iS Qyh jgrh Fkha blfy, eks gYys osQ fdlh Hkh ?kj es a tkus ij dks bZ ikca nh ugha
Fkh] cfYd oq QN ?kj rks ifjokj dk fgLlk gh FksA vkt rks eq>s cM+ h f'kír osQ lkFk ;g eglwl gks rk gS fd viuh ¯”knxh [kq n thus os Q bl vkèkqfud ncko us egkuxjks a osQ Ý + yS V esa jgus okyks a dks gekjs bl ijaijkxr ^iM+ ks l&dYpj* ls fofPNUu djosQ ges a fdruk la oqQfpr] vlgk; vkS j vlq jf{kr cuk fn;k gSA es jh de&ls&de ,d ntZ u vkja fHkd dgkfu;ksa osQ ik=k blh eks gYYks os Q gSa tgk¡ ea Sus viuh fd'kksjkoLFkk xq ”kkj viuh ;qokoLFkk dk vkja Hk fd;k FkkA ,d&nks dks NksM+dj muesa ls dksbZ Hkh ik=k es js ifjokj dk ugha gSSA cl budks ns[krs&lqurs] buos Q chp gh eS a cM+h gq bZ Fkh ys fdu budh Nki esjs eu ij fdruh xgjh Fkh] bl ckr dk vglkl rks eq >s dgkfu;k¡ fy[krs le; gqvkA brus o"kks± osQ va rjky us Hkh mudh Hkko&Hka fxek] Hkk"kk] fdlh dks Hkh èkq ¡èkyk ugha fd;k Fkk vkS j fcuk
fdlh fo'ks"k iz;kl osQ cMs + lgt Hkko ls os mrjrs pys x, FksA mlh le; os Q nk lkgc vius O;fDrRo dh vfHkO;fDr os Q fy, vuq ow Qy ifjfLFkfr;k¡ ikrs gh ^egkHkkst* es a brus o"kks± ckn oS Qls ,dk,d thfor gks mBs] ;g es js vius fy, Hkh vk'p;Z dk fo"k; Fkk--- ,d lq [kn vk'p;Z dkA
ml le; rd gekjs ifjokj esa yM+ dh osQ fookg osQ fy, vfuok;Z ;ksX;rk Fkhμmez esa lks yg o"kZ vkS j f'k{kk es a eS fVª dA lu~ ~ *44 esa lq 'khyk us ;g ;ks X;rk izkIr dh vkSj 'kknh djos Q dksydkrk pyh xbZA nks uks a cM+s HkkbZ Hkh vkxs i<+ kbZ os Q fy, ckgj pys x,A bu yks xka s dh N=k&Nk;k os Q gVrs gh igyh ckj eq >s u, fljs ls vius o”kw n dk ,glkl gqvkA firk th dk è;ku Hkh igyh ckj eq > ij osa Qfnz r gqvkA yM+fd;ks a dks ftl mez esa Low Qyh
f'k{kk osQ lkFk&lkFk lq?kM+ x fg.kh vkS j oqQ'ky ikd&'kkL=kh cukus osQ uq L[ks tq Vk, tkrs Fks] firk th dk vkxz g jgrk Fkk fd eS a jlks bZ ls nw j gh jgw ¡A jlks bZ dks os HkfV;kj[kkuk dgrsFks vkS j muosQ fglkc ls ogk¡ jguk viuh {kerk vkS j iz frHkk dks Hk ^ h es a >ks aduk FkkA ?kj esa vk, fnu fofHkUu jktuSfrd ikfVZ ;ksa os Q tekoM+s gks rs Fks vkSj tedj cgls a gks rh Fkha A
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cgl djuk firk th dk fiz ; 'kxy FkkA pk;&ikuh ;k uk'rk ns us tkrh rks firk th eq>sHkh ogha cS Bus dks dgrsA os pkgrs Fks fd eS a Hkh ogha cS Bw ¡ ] lquw¡ a vkS j tkuw¡ fd ns 'k es a pkjksa vks j D;k oqQN gks jgk gSA ns 'k es a gks Hkh rks fdruk oqQN jgk FkkA lu~ *42 osQ vkanks yu osQ ckn ls rks lkjk ns'k tS ls [kkSy jgk Fkk] ysfdu fofHkUu jktuS frd ikfVZ ;ks a dh uhfr;k¡ ] muosQ vkilh fojksèk ;k erHks nksa dh rks eq >s nw j&nwj rd dksbZ le> ugha FkhA gk¡ ] ozQka frdkfj;ks a vkS j ns 'kHkDr 'kghnks a osQ jksekuh vkd"kZ .k] mudh oqQckZ fu;ksa ls ”k:j eu vkoz Qkar jgrk FkkA
lks nloha d{kk rd vkye ;g Fkk fd fcuk fdlh [kkl le> os Q ?kj es a gks us okyh cgls s a lq urh Fkh vkS j fcuk pq uko fd,] fcuk ys [kd dh vgfe;r ls ifjfpr gq , fdrkcs a i<+ rh FkhA
ys fdu lu~ ~ *45 es a tS ls gh nloha ikl djos Q eS a ^iQLVZ b;j* es a vkbZ ] ¯gnh dh iz kè;kfidk 'khyk vxz oky ls ifjp; gq vkA lkfo=kh xYlZ gkbZ Low QYk---tgk¡ ea S us ddgjk lh[kk] ,d lky igys gh dkW fyt cuk Fkk vkS j os blh lky fu;q Dr gq bZ Fkha ] mUgks a us ckdk;nk lkfgR; dh nq fu;k ea s iz os 'k djok;kA ek=k i<+ us dks] pq uko djos Q i<+ us es a cnyk---[kq n pq u&pq udj fdrkcs a nha ---i<+ h gq bZ fdrkcks a ij cgls a dha rks nks lky chrrs&u&chrrs lkfgR; dh nq fu;k 'kjr~ &iz s epa n ls c<+ dj tS us a nz] vKs ;] ;'kiky] Hkxorhpj.k oekZ rd iS Qy xbZ vkS j fiQj rks iS Qyrh gh pyh xbZ A ml le; tS us a nz th dh Nks Vs&Nks Vs ljy&lgt okD;ks a okyh 'kS yh us cgq r vkÑ"V fd;k FkkA ^lq uhrk* (miU;kl) cgq r vPNk yxk Fkk] vKs ; th dk miU;kl ^'ks [kj % ,d thouh* i<+ k ”k:j ij ml le; og es jh le> os Q lhfer nk;js es a lek ugha ik;k FkkA oq QN lkyks a
ckn ^unh os Q }hi* i<+ k rks mlus eu dks bl dnj ck¡ èkk fd mlh >ks a d es a 'ks [kj dks fiQj ls i<+ xbZ ---bl ckj oq QN le> os Q lkFkA ;g 'kk;n ew Y;ks a os Q ea Fku dk ;q x Fkk---iki&iq .;] uS frd&vuS frd] lgh&xyr dh cuh&cukbZ èkkj.kkvks a os Q vkxs iz 'ufpÉ gh ugha yx jgs Fks] mUgs a èoLr Hkh fd;k tk jgk FkkA blh la nHkZ es a tS us a nz dk ^R;kxi=k*] Hkxorh ckcw dk ^fp=kys [kk* i<+ k vkS j 'khyk vxz oky os Q lkFk ya ch&ya ch cgls a djrs gq , ml mez es a ftruk le> ldrh Fkh] le>kA
'khyk vxzoky us lkfgR; dk nk;jk gh ugha c<+ k;k Fkk cfYd ?kj dh pkjnhokjh osQ chp cSBdj ns'k dh fLFkfr;ks a dks tkuus&le>us dk tks flyflyk firk th us 'kq : fd;k Fkk] mUgks aus ogk¡ ls [kha pdj mls Hkh fLFkfr;ks a dh lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh es a cny fn;kA
lu~ ~ *46&47 osQ fnu---os fLFkfr;k¡] mles a oS ls Hkh ?kj esa cSBs jguk laHko Fkk Hkyk\ izHkkr&is Qfj;k¡] gM+ rkya s] tq yw l] Hkk"k.k gj 'kgj dk pfj=k Fkk vkS j iwjs ne[ke vkS j tks'k&[kjks 'k os Q lkFk bu lcls tqM+uk gj ;q ok dk mUeknA eS a Hkh ;qok Fkh vkS j 'khyk vxz oky dh tks'khyh ckrks a us jxksa es a cgrs [kw u dks ykos es a cny fn;k FkkA fLFkfr ;g gq bZ
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eUuw Hka Mkjh
97
fd ,d coa Mj 'kgj eas epk gq vk Fkk vkSj ,d ?kj ess a A firk th dh vk”kknh dh lhek ;gha rd Fkh fd mudh mifLFkfr es a ?kj esa vk, yks xks a os Q chp mBw¡ &cS Bw¡ ] tkuw ¡&le>w ¡A gkFk mBk&mBkdj ukjs yxkrh] gM+rkysa djokrh] yM+ dks a os Q lkFk 'kgj dh lM+ os a Q ukirh yM+ dh dks viuh lkjh vkèkqfudrk osQ ckotw n cnkZ 'r djuk muos Q fy, eq f'dy gks jgk Fkk rks fdlh dh nh gqbZ vk”kknh osQ nk;js es a pyuk esjs fy,A tc jxksa es a ygw dh txg ykok cgrk gks rks lkjs fu"ksèk] lkjh otZ uk,¡ vkSj lkjk Hk; oSQls èoLr gks tkrk gS] ;g rHkh tkuk vkSj vius oz Qksèk ls lcdks FkjFkjk nsus okys firk th ls VDdj ys us dk tks flyflyk rc 'kq : gqvk Fkk] jkts anz ls 'kknh dh] rc rd og pyrk gh jgkA
;'k&dkeuk cfYd dgw ¡ fd ;'k&fyIlk] firk th dh lcls cM+ h nq cZ yrk Fkh vkS j muos Q
thou dh èkq jh Fkk ;g fl¼ka r fd O;fDr dks oq QN fof'k"V cu dj thuk pkfg,---oq QN ,s ls dke djus pkfg, fd lekt es a mldk uke gks] lEeku gks] iz fr"Bk gks] opZ Lo gksA blos Q pyrs gh eS a nks&,d ckj muos Q dks i ls cp xbZ FkhA ,d ckj dkW fyt ls ¯iz fliy dk i=k vk;k fd firk th vkdj feys a vkS j crk,¡ fd esjh xfrfofèk;ksa os Q dkj.k es js f[kykI + kQ vuq'kklukRed dkjZ okbZ D;ksa u dh tk,\ i=k i<+ rs gh firk th vkx&ccw ykA ¶;g yM+ dh eq>s dgha eq ¡g fn[kkus yk;d ugha j[ks xh---irk ugha D;k&D;k lquuk iM+s xk ogk¡ tkdj! pkj cPps igys Hkh i<+ s] fdlh us ;s fnu ugha fn[kk;kA¸ xqLls ls HkUukrs gq, gh os x, FksA ykS Vdj D;k dgj cjik gks xk] bldk vuqeku Fkk] lks eS a iM+ksl dh ,d fe=k os Q ;gk¡ tkdj cS B xbZ A ek¡ dks dg fn;k fd ykS Vdj cgq r oq QN xq ckj fudy tk,] rc cq ykukA ys fdu
tc ek¡ us vkdj dgk fd os rks [kq'k gh gS a] pyh py] rks fo'okl ugha gqvkA xbZ rks lgh] ysfdu Mjrs&MjrsA ¶lkjs dkWfyt dh yM+ fd;ks a ij bruk jkSc gS rsjk---lkjk dkW fyt rqe rhu yM+ fd;ks a osQ b'kkjs ij py jgk gS\ ¯izfliy cgq r ijs 'kku Fkh vkS j ckj&ckj vkxzg dj jgh Fkh fd eS a rq>s ?kj fcBk yw ¡] D;ks a fd os yks x fdlh rjg Mjk&èkedkdj] Mk¡ V&MiVdj yM+fd;ks a dks Dyklks a es a Hkstrs gSa vkSj vxj rq e yks x ,d b'kkjk dj nks fd Dykl Nks M+ dj ckgj vk tkvks rks lkjh yM+ fd;k¡ fudydj eS nku es a tek gksdj ukjs yxkus yxrh gS a A rqe yksxksa os Q ekjs dkWfyt pykuk eq f'dy gks x;k gS mu yks sxks a osQ fy,A¸ dgk¡ rks tkrs le; firk th eq ¡g fn[kkus ls ?kcjk jgs Fks vkSj dgk¡ cM+s xoZ ls dgdj vk, fd ;g rks iw js ns'k dh iq dkj gS---bl ij dksbZ oSQls jks d yxk ldrk gS Hkyk\ cs gn xn~xn
Loj esa firk th ;g lc lq ukrs jgs vkS j eS a voko~ QA eq>s u viuh vk¡[kksa ij fo'okl gks jgk Fkk] u vius dkuks a ijA ij ;g gdhdr FkhA
,d ?kVuk vkSjA vk”kkn ¯gn I + kQkSt osQ eq dnes dk flyflyk FkkA lHkh dkW fytksa ] Low Qyks a ] nqdkuksa os Q fy, gM+ rky dk vkàku FkkA tks&tks ugha dj jgs Fks] Nk=kks a dk ,d cgq r
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f{kfrt
98
cM+ k lew g ogk¡ tk&tkdj gM+ rky djok jgk FkkA 'kke dks vtesj dk iw jk fo|kFkhZ&oxZ pkSiM+ (eq [; ck”kkj dk pkSjkgk) ij bd _ k gq vk vkSj fiQj gq bZ Hkk"k.kck”khA bl chp firk th osQ ,d fugk;r nfd;kuw lh fe=k us ?kj vkdj vPNh rjg firk th dh yw mrkjh] ¶vjs ml eUuw dh rks er ekjh xbZ gS ij Hka Mkjh th vkidks D;k gqvk\ Bhd gS] vkius yM+ fd;ks a dks vk”kknh nh] ij ns[krs vki] tkus oSQls&oS Qls mYkVs&lhèks yM+ dks a os Q lkFk gM+rkysa djokrh] gqM+ na x epkrh fiQj jgh gS ogA gekjs&vkiosQ ?kjksa dh yM+ fd;ks a dks 'kksHkk nsrk gS ;g lc\ dksbZ eku&e;kZ nk] b””kr&vkc: dk [k;ky Hkh jg x;k gS vkidks ;k ugha \¸
os rks vkx yxkdj pys x, vkS j firk th lkjs fnu HkHkdrs jgs] ¶cl] vc ;gh jg x;k gS fd yksx ?kj vkdj Fkw&Fkw djos Q pys tk,¡A ca n djks vc bl eUuw dk ?kj ls ckgj fudyukA¸
bl lcls cs[kcj eS a jkr gks us ij ?kj ykS Vh rks firk th osQ ,d cs gn varjax vkS j
vfHkUu fe=k gh ugha ] vtes j osQ lcls iz frf"Br vkS j lEekfur MkW- va ckYkky th cS Bs FksA eq >s ns[krs gh mUgks aus cM+ h xeZtks 'kh ls Lokxr fd;k] vkvks] vkvks eUuwA eS a rks pkS iM+ ij rq Egkjk Hkk"k.k lqurs gh lhèkk HkaMkjh th dks cèkkbZ ns us pyk vk;kA ^vkbZ ,e fjvyh izkmM vkWI + kQ ;w*---D;k rq e ?kj es a ?kq ls jgrs gks Hka Mkjh th---?kj ls fudyk Hkh djksA ^;w gS o feLM
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eUuw Hka Mkjh
99
le¯Fkx*] vkS j os èkqvk¡èkkj rkjhI + kQ djus yxsμos cksyrs tk jgs Fks vkS j firk th os Q ps gjs dk larks"k èkhjs&èkhjs xoZ es a cnyrk tk jgk FkkA Hkhrj tkus ij ek¡ us nks igj osQ xq Lls okyh ckr crkbZ rks eS aus jkgr dh lk¡ l yhA
vkt ihNs eqM+dj ns[krh gw¡ rks bruk rks le> es a vkrk gh gS D;k rks ml le; es jh mez Fkh vkS j D;k es jk Hkk"k.k jgk gks xk! ;g rks MkW DVj lkgc dk Lus g Fkk tks muos Q eq¡ g ls iz 'kalk cudj cg jgk Fkk ;k ;g Hkh gks ldrk gS fd vkt ls ipkl lky igys vtes j tSls 'kgj esa pkjks a vksj ls meM+ rh HkhM+ osQ chp ,d yM+ dh dk fcuk fdlh ladks p vkS j f>>d os Q ;ks a èkq vk¡ èkkj cksyrs pys tkuk gh blosQ ew y es a jgk gksA ij firk th! fdruh
rjg os Q varfoZ jksèkksa os Q chp thrs Fks os! ,d vks j ^fof'k"V* cuus vkS j cukus dh iz cy ykylk rks nw ljh vks j viuh lkekftd Nfo os Q izfr Hkh mruh gh ltxrkA ij D;k ;g la Hko gS\ D;k firk th dks bl ckr dk fcyoq Qy Hkh vglkl ugha Fkk fd bu nks uks a dk rks jkLrk gh VdjkgV dk gS\
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f{kfrt
100
lu~ ~ *47 os Q ebZ eghus es a 'khyk vxz oky dks dkW fyt okyks a us uksfVl Fkek fn;kμyM+ fd;ksa dks HkM+ dkus vkSj dkW fyt dk vuq'kklu fcxkM+ us osQ vkjksi es a A bl ckr dks ysdj gqM+ na x u eps] blfy, tqykbZ es a FkMZ b;j dh Dykls ”k ca n djos Q ge nks&rhu Nk=kkvks a dk iz os'k fuf"k¼ dj fn;kA
gq M+ nax rks ckgj jgdj Hkh bruk epk;k fd dkW fyt okyksa dks vxLr esa vkf[kj FkMZ b;j [kks yuk iM+ kA thr dh [kq 'kh] ij lkeus [kM+h cgq r&cgqr cM+ h fpj izrhf{kr [kq'kh osQ lkeus ;g [kq 'kh fcyk xbZ A
'krkCnh dh lcls cM+ h miyfCèk---15 vxLr 1947
iz'u&vH;kl
1- ysf[kdk osQ O;fDrRo ij fdu&fdu O;fDr;ks a dk fdl :i es a izHkko iM+ k\
2- bl vkRedF; es a ysf[kdk osQ firk us jlks bZ dks ^HkfV;kj[kkuk* dgdj D;ks a la cksfèkr fd;k gS\
3- og dkSu&lh ?kVuk Fkh ftlos Q ckjs es a lquus ij ysf[kdk dks u viuh vk¡ [kksa ij fo'okl gks ik;k vkSj u vius dkuksa ij\
4- ysf[kdk dh vius firk ls oS pkfjd VdjkgV dks vius 'kCnksa es a fyf[k,A5- bl vkRedF; os Q vkèkkj ij Lokèkhurk vkanksyu osQ ifjn '; dk fp=k.k djrs gq , mlesa eUuw th dh
Hkwfedk dks js [kkafdr dhft,A
jpuk vkS j vfHkO;fDr
6- ys f[kdk us cpiu es a vius Hkkb;ksa os Q lkFk fxYyh MaMk rFkk ira x mM+ kus tS ls [ks y Hkh [ks ys ¯drq yM+dh gks us osQ dkj.k mudk nk;jk ?kj dh pkjnhokjh rd lhfer FkkA D;k vkt Hkh yM+ fd;ksa os Q fy, fLFkfr;k¡ ,slh gh gS a ;k cny xbZ gaS] vius ifjos'k osQ vkèkkj ij fyf[k,A
7- euq "; osQ thou es a vkl&iM+ ksl dk cgqr egÙo gksrk gS A ijarq egkuxjksa esa jgus okys yksx iz k;% iM+ks l dYpj* ls oa fpr jg tkrs gSa A bl ckjs es a vius fopkj fyf[k,A
8- ysf[kdk }kjk i<+ s x, miU;klks a dh lw ph cukb, vkS j mu miU;klks a dks vius iqLrdky; es a [kksft,A
9- vki Hkh vius nSfud vuqHkoks a dks Mk;jh es a fyf[k,A
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eUuw Hka Mkjh
101
Hkk"kk&vè;;u
10- bl vkRedF; es a eqgkojksa dk iz ;ksx djos Q ys f[kdk us jpuk dks jkspd cuk;k gSA js [kkafdr eqgkojksa dksè;ku esa j[kdj oq QN vkS j okD; cuk,¡μ
(d) bl chp firk th osQ ,d fugk;r nfd;kuwlh fe=k us ?kj vkdj vPNh rjg firk th dh yw mrkjhA
([k) os rks vkx yxkdj pys x, vkSj firk th lkjs fnu HkHkdrs jgsA
(x) cl vc ;gh jg x;k gS fd yksx ?kj vkdj Fkw &Fkw djos Q pys tk,¡ A
(?k) i=k i<+ rs gh firk th vkx&ccwykA
ikBsrj lfØ;rk bl vkRedF; ls ges a ;g tkudkjh feyrh gS fd oS Qls ysf[kdk dk ifjp; lkfgR; dh vPNh
iq Lrdksa ls gq vkA vki bl tkudkjh dk ykHk mBkrs gq , vPNh lkfgfR;d iq Lros aQ i<+ us dk flyflyk 'kq : dj ldrs gS a A dkS u tkurk gS fd vki esa ls gh dks bZ vPNk ikBd cuus os Q lkFk&lkFk vPNk jpukdkj Hkh cu tk,A
ys f[kdk osQ cpiu osQ [ks yksa esa y¡ xM+ h Vk¡x] idM+ e&idM+kbZ vkS j dkyh&Vhyks vkfn 'kkfey FksA D;k vki Hkh ;g [ks y [ks yrs gS aA vkiosQ ifjos 'k es a bu [ks yks a os Q fy, dkS u&ls 'kCn iz pyu esa gSa A buosQ vfrfjDr vki tks [ks y [ksyrs gS a mu ij ppkZ dhft,A
Lora=krk vkanksyu esa efgykvksa dh Hkh lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh jgh gSA muos Q ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr
dhft, vkS j muesa ls fdlh ,d ij izks ts DV rS ;kj dhft,A
'kCn&laink
vga oknh & ?kea Mh HkXuko'ks"k & [ka Mgj (Vw Vs&iw QVs fgLls ) foLiQkfjr & vkS j vfèkd iS Qyuk (c<+kuk)vkØkar & d"Vxz Lr opZ Lo & ncnck fuf"k¼ & ftl ij jksd yxkbZ xbZ gks opZ Lo & ncnck
jktsa nz & ;gk¡ ¯gnh os Q iz eq [k dFkkdkj ,oa ga l if=kdk os Q la iknd jkts a nz ;kno osQ ckjs esa dgk x;k gS
egkHkkst & eUuw Hka Mkjh dk pfpZ r miU;kl gSA nk lkgc mlosQ izeq[k ik=k gS a
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f{kfrt
102
uew us osQ rkS j ij ;gk¡ 9 o"khZ ; f'koka d dh Mk;jh dk ,d iUuk fn;k tk jgk gSμ
30 ekpZ ] 2001 'kqozQokj vkt lqcg ikik us tYnh ls eq >s mBk;k vkSj dgk] ¶ns [kks&ns [kks] ckfj'k gks jgh gS] vksys fxj jgs gSa a A cgq r BaM iM+ jgh gSA¸ fiQj eS a tYnh ls mBk vkSj ikik ls dgk] ¶nhnh dksHkh mBkvksA¸ fiQj geus ns[kk fd gekjs ?kj os Q lkeus okys xz kma M esa gjh&gjh ?kkl ij lI + ks Qn&lI + ks Qn vks ys fxj jgs FksA ,s lk yx jgk Fkk fdlh us pes yh os Q iw Qy fxjk j[ks gS aA cgqr vPNk yx jgk FkkA vks ys iM+ jgs FksA ckfj'k gks jgh Fkh] fpfM+ ;k Hkkx jgh Fkh] dkS , ijs 'kku Fks] isM+ dk¡ i jgs Fks ] fctyh ped jgh Fkh] ckny Mjk jgs FksA ,d fpfM+;k gekjh f[kM+ dh
ij Mjh&Mjh cS Bh FkhA cgq r ns j rd cSBh jghA fiQj mM+ xbZ A vHkh rd dksbZ cPpk [ks yus ugha fudykA blfy, eSa vkt tYnh Mk;jh fy[k jgk gw¡ A lqcg os Q nl cts gS aA eSa viuk lhfj;y ns[kus tk jgk gw¡ A vkt es jk U;w bad isu vkS j is afly ckWDl vk;kA vkt nks igj dks/w i fudyh] fiQj ge [ks yus fudysA vktdy ge yksx fe ^ h os Q xks ys cuk os Q lq[kk ns rs gS a fiQj ge muos Q mQij is afVax djrs gS a mlosQ ckn fiQj muls [ks yrs gS a A
tkfu, y¡xM+h dh oq Q'rh oSQls [ks yh tkrh gSμ
,d LFkku esa chp dh ykbu os Q cjkcj iQklys ij nks ykbuas [kha ph tkrh gSa A nks f[kykM+h
chp dh ykbu ij vkdj y¡xM+ h ck¡/dj vius eq dkcys okys dks viuh&viuh ykbu os Q ikj [kha p ys tkus dh dksf'k'k djrs gS aA ftldh y¡ xM+h VwV tkrh gS vFkok tks ¯[kp tkrk gS mldh gkj gks rh gS A ;g [ks y Vksfy;ks a esa Hkh [ks yk tkrk gS A fn, gq , le; osQ va nj ftl Vks yh osQ vf/d cPps y¡xM+ h rks M+ ns rs gS a vFkok [kp tkrs gSa ml Vksyh dh gkj gks rh gSA
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e gkohjizlkn f}os nh dk tUe lu~ 1864 es a xz ke nkS yriq j] f”kyk jk;cjs yh (m-iz-) esa gq vkA ifjokj dh vkfFkZd
fLFkfr vPNh u gks us os Q dkj.k Low Qyh f'k{kk iwjh dj mUgks a us jsyos es a ukSdjh dj yhA ckn es a ml ukS djh ls bLrhI + kQk nsdj
lu~ 1903 esa iz fl¼ ¯gnh ekfld if=kdk ljLorh dk laiknu 'kq : fd;k vkSj lu~ 1920 rd mlosQ la iknu ls tq M+ s jgsA lu~ 1938 es a mudk ns gkar gks x;kA
egkohjizlkn f}osnh osQoy ,d O;fDr ugha Fks os ,d laLFkk Fks ftlls ifjfpr gksuk ¯gnh lkfgR; osQ xkSjo'kkyh vè;k; ls ifjfpr gksuk gSA os ¯gnh osQ igys O;ofLFkr laiknd] Hkk"kkoSKkfud] bfrgkldkj] iqjkrRoosÙkk] vFkZ 'kkL=kh] lekt'kkL=kh] oS Kkfud pru ,oa ys [ku os Q LFkkid] lekyks pd vkSj vuqoknd FksA mudh izeq[k Ñfr;k¡ gSaμ jlK jatu]
lkfgR;&lhdj ] lkfgR;&lanHk Z] vn~Hkqr vkyki (fuca/ laxzg)A laifÙk'kkL=k mudh vFkZ'kkL=k ls lacaf/r iqLrd gSA efgyk eksn efgyk mi;ksxh iqLrd gS rks vkè;kfRedh n'kZu dhA f}osnh dkO; ekyk esa mudh dfork,¡ gaSA mudk laiw.kZ lkfgR; egkohjizlkn f}osnh jpukoyh osQ ianzg [kaMksa esa izdkf'kr gSA
egkohjiz lkn f}os nh osQ ckjs es a le>k tkrk jgk gS fd mUgks aus ¯gnh x| dh Hkk"kk dk ifj"dkj fd;k vkS j ys[kdks a dh lq fo/k os Q fy, O;kdj.k vkS j orZ uh os Q fu;e fLFkj
fd,A dfork dh Hkk"kk os Q :i esa Hkh cz t Hkk"kk os Q cnys [kM+ h cksyh dks izfrf"Br fd;kA ;qx fuekZ rk egkohjiz lkn f}os nh us Lok/hurk dh ps ruk fodflr djus os Q fy, Lons'kh ¯pru dks O;kid cuk;kA mUgksaus ljLorh osQ
egkohjizlkn f}osnh
15
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egkohjiz lkn f}os nh
105
L=kh&f'k{kk osQ fojksèkh oq Qrdks± dk [kaMu
cM+ s 'kksd dh ckr gS] vktdy Hkh ,s ls yksx fo|eku gS a tks fL=k;ks a dks i<+kuk muosQ vkS j x g&lq [k os Q uk'k dk dkj.k le>rs gS a A vkS j] yksx Hkh ,s ls&oS ls ugha] lq f'kf{kr yksxμ,sls yks x ftUgksa us cM+s&cM+ s LowQyks a vkSj 'kk;n dkW fytksa esa Hkh f'k{kk ikbZ gS] tks èkeZ μ'kkL=k vkS j la LÑr os Q xaz Fk lkfgR; ls ifjp; j[krs gSa ] vkSj ftudk is'kk oq Qf'kf{krks a dks lq f'kf{kr djuk] oq QekxZ xkfe;ksa dks lq ekxZxkeh cukuk vkS j vèkkfeZdks a dks èkeZ rÙo le>kuk gSA mudh nyhys a lq u yhft,μ1- iq jkus la LÑr&dfo;ks a osQ ukVdksa es a oqQyhu fL=k;ks a ls vi<+ ksa dh Hkk"kk es a ckrs a djkbZ xbZ
gS a A blls iz ekf.kr gS fd bl ns'k esa fL=k;ks a dks i<+kus dh pky u FkhA gksrh rks bfrgkl&iqjk.kkfn esa mudks i<+ kus dh fu;ec¼ iz.kkyh ”k:j fy[kh feyrhA
2 - fL=k;ksa dks i<+ kus ls vuFkZ gksrs gS aA 'koqaQryk bruk de i<+h Fkh fd x¡ okjks a dh Hkk"kk es a eq f'dy ls ,d NksVk&lk 'yks d og fy[k ldh FkhA frl ij Hkh mldh bl bruh de f'k{kk us Hkh vuFkZ dj MkykA 'koqa Qryk us tks dVq okD; nq";ar dks dgs] og bl i<+kbZ dk gh nq "ifj.kke FkkA
3- ftl Hkk"kk es a 'koq a Qryk us 'yksd jpk
Fkk og vi<+ksa dh Hkk"kk FkhA vr,o ukxfjdks a dh Hkk"kk dh ckr rks nw j jgh] vi<+ x¡okjksa dh Hkh Hkk"kk i<+ kuk fL=k;ks a dks cjckn djuk gSA
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f{kfrt
106
bl rjg dh nyhyksa dk lcls vfèkd izHkko'kkyh mÙkj mis{kk gh gSA rFkkfi ge nks&pkj ckrsa fy[ks ns rs gS aA
ukVdks a es a fL=k;ks a dk iz kÑr cksyuk muosQ vi<+ gksus dk iz ek.k ughaA vfèkd ls vfèkd bruk gh dgk tk ldrk gS fd os laLÑr u cksy ldrh FkhaA laLÑr u cks y lduk u vi<+ gks us dk lcwr gS vkSj u x¡ okj gksus dkA vPNk rks mÙkjjkepfjr es a ½f"k;ksa dh osnka rokfnuh ifRu;k¡ dkS u&lh Hkk"kk cksyrh Fkha\ mudh la LÑr D;k dksbZ x¡okjh laLÑr Fkh\HkoHkwfr vkSj dkfynkl vkfn os Q ukVd ftl ”kekus osQ gSa ml ”kekus esa f'kf{krks a dk leLr leqnk; la LÑr gh cks yrk Fkk] bldk izek.k igys dks bZ ns ys rc iz kÑr cksyus okyh fL=k;ks a dks vi<+ crkus dk lkgl djsA bldk D;k lcw r fd ml ”kekus es a cks ypky dh Hkk"kk
izkÑr u Fkh\ lcwr rks iz kÑr osQ pyu osQ gh feyrs gS a A iz kÑr ;fn ml le; dh iz pfyr Hkk"kk u gks rh rks ckS¼ks a rFkk tS uks a osQ g”kkjksa xz a Fk mlesa D;ksa fy[ks tkrs] vkS j Hkxoku 'kkD; eq fu rFkk muos Q ps ys iz kÑr gh es a D;ksa èkeks Zins'k ns rs\ ckS ¼ks a os Q f=kfiVd xz aFk dh jpuk izkÑr es a fd, tkus dk ,dek=k dkj.k ;gh gS fd ml ”kekus esa izkÑr gh loZ lkèkkj.k dh Hkk"kk FkhA vr,o iz kÑr cks yuk vkS j fy[kuk vi<+ vkS j vf'kf{kr gksus dk fpÉ ughaA ftu Ika fMrks a us xkFkk&lIr'krh] ls rq ca èk&egkdkO; vkS j oqQekjikypfjr vkfn xazFk iz kÑr esa cuk, gS a] os ;fn vi<+ vkS j x¡okj Fks rks ¯gnh os Q izfl¼ ls Hkh iz fl¼ v[kckj dk la iknd bl ”kekus esa vi<+ vkSj x¡ okj dgk tk ldrk gS_ D;ks afd og vius ”kekus dh iz pfyr Hkk"kk es a v[kckj fy[krk gSA ¯gnh] ck¡ Xyk vkfn Hkk"kk,¡ vktdy dh iz kÑr gSa ] 'kkSjlsuh] ekxèkh]
egkjk"Vª h vkSj ikyh vkfn Hkk"kk,¡ ml ”kekus dh Fkha A izkÑr i<+dj Hkh ml ”kekus esa yksx mlh rjg lH;] f'kf{kr vkS j iafMr gks ldrs Fks ftl rjg fd ¯gnh] ck¡ Xyk] ejkBh vkfn Hkk"kk,¡ i<+dj bl ”kekus esa ge gks ldrs gS aA fiQj iz kÑr cksyuk vi<+ gks us dk lcw r gS] ;g ckr oSQls ekuh tk ldrh gS\
ftl le; vkpk;ks ± us ukV~;'kkL=k&la ca èkh fu;e cuk, Fks ml le; loZlkèkkj.k dh Hkk"kk laLÑr u FkhA pq us gq, yks x gh laLÑr cks yrs ;k cks y ldrs Fks A blh ls mUgks aus mudh Hkk"kk la LÑr vkSj nw ljs yksxks a rFkk fL=k;ks a dh Hkk"kk iz kÑr j[kus dk fu;e dj fn;kA
iqjkus ”kekus esa fL=k;ksa osQ fy, dksbZ fo'ofo|ky; u FkkA fiQj fu;ec¼ iz.kkyh dk mYys[k vkfn iqjk.kksa esa u feys rks D;k vk'p;ZA vkSj] mYys[k mldk dgha jgk gks] ij
u"V gks x;k gks rks\ iqjkus ”kekus esa foeku mM+rs FksA crkb, muosQ cukus dh fo|k fl[kkus okyk dksbZ 'kkL=k! cM+s&cM+s tgk”kksa ij lokj gksdj yksx }hikarjksa dks tkrs FksA fn[kkb,] tgk”k cukus dh fu;ec¼ iz.kkyh osQ n'kZd xzaFk! iqjk.kkfn esa foekuksa vkSj tgk”kksa }kjk dh xbZ ;k=kkvksa osQ gokys ns[kdj mudk vfLrRo rks ge cM+s xoZ ls
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107
Lohdkj djrs gSa] ijarq iqjkus xzaFkksa esa vusd izxYHk iafMrkvksa osQ ukeksYys[k ns[kdj Hkh oqQN yksx Hkkjr dh rRdkyhu fL=k;ksa dks ew[kZ] vi<+ vkSj x¡okj crkrs gSa! bl roZQ'kkL=kKrk vkSj bl U;k;'khyrk dh cfygkjh! osnksa dks izk;% lHkh ¯gnw bZ'oj&Ñr ekurs gSaA lks bZ'oj rks osn&ea=kksa dh jpuk vFkok mudk n'kZu fo'oojk vkfn fL=k;ksa ls djkos vkSj ge mUgsa ddgjk i<+kuk Hkh iki le>saA 'khyk vkSj foTtk vkfn dkSu Fkha\ os L=kh Fkha ;k ugha\ cM+s&cM+s iq#"k&dfo;ksa ls vkn`r gqbZ gSa ;k ugha\ 'kk X Zèkj&i¼fr esa mudh dfork osQ uewus gSa ;k ugha\ ckS¼&xazFk f=kfiVd osQ varxZr FksjhxkFkk esa ftu lSdM+ksa fL=k;ksa dh i|&jpuk m¼`r gS os D;k vi<+ Fkha\ ftl Hkkjr esa oqQekfjdkvksa dks fp=k cukus] ukpus] xkus] ctkus] iwQy pquus] gkj xw¡Fkus] iSj eyus rd dh dyk lh[kus
dh vkKk Fkh mudks fy[kus&i<+us dh vkKk u FkhA dkSu foK ,slh ckr eq[k ls fudkysxk\ vkSj] dksbZ fudkys Hkh rks ekusxk dkSu\
vf=k dh iRuh iRuh&èkeZ ij O;k[;ku ns rs le; ?ka Vksa ikafMR; izdV djs] xkxhZ cM+ s&cM+ s cz ãokfn;ksa dks gjk ns] ea Mu feJ dh lgèkeZpkfj.kh 'kadjkpk;Z os Q NDosQ Nq M+ k ns! x”kc! blls vfèkd Hk;adj ckr vkSj D;k gks los Qxh! ;g lc ikih i<+ us dk vijkèk gSA u os i<+ rha] u os iwtuh; iq #"kksa dk eq dkcyk djrha A ;g lkjk nq jkpkj fL=k;ksa dks i<+kus gh dk oq QiQy gSA le>sA fL=k;ks a os Q fy, i<+ uk dkyow QV vkS j iq#"kksa osQ fy, ih;w "k dk ?k¡ wV! ,s lh gh nyhyksa vkSj n "Vkarksa os Q vkèkkj ij oq QN yksx fL=k;ksa dks vi<+ j[kdj Hkkjro"kZ dk xkSjo c<+kuk pkgrs gS aA
eku yhft, fd iqjkus ”kekus es a Hkkjr dh ,d Hkh L=kh i<+ h&fy[kh u FkhA u lghA ml le; fL=k;ks a dks i<+ kus dh ”k:jr u le>h xbZ gks xhA ij vc rks gSA vr,o i<+ kuk pkfg,A geus lS dM+ksa iq jkus fu;eksa ] vkns 'kksa vkS j iz .kkfy;ksa dks rks M+ fn;k gS ;k ugha \ rks] pfy,] fL=k;ksa dks vi<+ j[kus dh bl iq jkuh pky dks Hkh rksM+ nsa A gekjh izkFkZ uk rks ;g gS fd L=kh&f'k{kk osQ foif{k;ksa dks {k.kHkj os Q fy, Hkh bl dYiuk dks vius eu es a LFkku u nsuk pkfg, fd iq jkus ”kekus es a ;gk¡ dh lkjh fL=k;k¡ vi<+ Fkha vFkok mUgsa i<+ us dh vkKk u FkhA tks yks x iq jk.kksa esa i<+ h&fy[kh fL=k;ks a osQ gokys ek¡ xrs gS a mUgs a Jhen~ Hkkxor] n'keLoa Qèk] os Q mÙkjk¼Z dk =ks iuok¡ vè;k; i<+ uk pkfg,A mlesa #fDe.kh&gj.k dh dFkk gSA #fDe.kh us tks ,d yack&pkS M+ k i=k ,dka r es a fy[kdj] ,d cz kã.k os Q gkFk] JhÑ".k dks Hks tk Fkk
og rks iz kÑr esa u FkkA mlosQ iz kÑr esa gksus dk mYys [k Hkkxor es a rks ughaA mles a #fDe.kh us tks ika fMR; fn[kk;k gS og mlos Q vi<+ vkS j vYiK gksus vFkok x¡okjiu dk lw pd ughaA iqjkus <a x os Q iDosQ lukru&èkekZoyafc;kas dh nf"V esa rks ukVdksa dh vis{kk Hkkxor dk egÙo cgqr gh vfèkd gksuk pkfg,A bl n'kk es a ;fn mues a ls dksbZ ;g dgs fd lHkh
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f{kfrt
108
izkDdkyhu fL=k;k¡ vi<+ gksrh Fkha rks mldh ckr ij fo'okl djus dh ”k:jr ugha A Hkkxor dh ckr ;fn iq jk.kdkj ;k dfo dh dYiuk ekuh tk, rks ukVdks a dh ckr mlls Hkh xbZ &chrh le>h tkuh pkfg,A
fL=k;ksa dk fd;k gq vk vuFkZ ;fn i<+kus gh dk ifj.kke gS rks iqjQ"kksa dk fd;k gq vk vuFkZ Hkh mudh fo|k vkSj f'k{kk gh dk ifj.kke le>uk pkfg,A ce osQ xks ys isa Qduk] ujgR;k djuk] MkosQ Mkyuk] pks fj;k¡ djuk] ?kw l ys ukμ;s lc ;fn i<+ us&fy[kus gh dk ifj.kke gks rks lkjs dkWfyt] Low Qy vkS j ikB'kkyk,¡ can gks tkuh pkfg,A ija rq fof{kIrksa ] ckrO;fFkrks a vkS j xz gxz Lrks a osQ flok ,s lh nyhys a is 'k djus okys cgq r gh de feysa xsA 'koqQa ryk us nq ";a r dks dVq okD; dgdj dkS u&lh vLokHkkfodrk fn[kkbZ \ D;k og ;g
dgrh fdμ¶vk;Z iq =k] 'kkck'k! cM+ k vPNk dke fd;k tks es js lkFk xkaèkoZ&fookg djosQ eq dj x,A uhfr] U;k;] lnkpkj vkSj èkeZ dh vki iz R;{k ewfrZ gS a!¸ iRuh ij ?kks j ls ?kks j vR;kpkj djos Q tks mlls ,slh vk'kk j[krs gSa os euq ";&LoHkko dk ¯dfpr~ Hkh Kku ugha j[krsA lhrk ls vfèkd lkèoh L=kh ugha lq uh xbZ A ftl dfo us] 'koq aQryk ukVd es a ] viekfur gqbZ 'koqa Qryk ls nq";ar os Q fo"k; es a nq okZD; dgk;k gS mlh us ifjR;Dr gks us ij lhrk ls jkepanz os Q fo"k; es a D;k dgk;k gS] lqfu,μ
okP;LRo;k e}pukr~ l jktkμ oÉkS fo'kq¼kefr ;Rle{ke~ A eka yks dokn Jo.kkngklh%
Jq rL; r¯RDo ln'ka oq QyL;\ y{e.k! ”kjk ml jktk ls dg nsuk fd eSa us rks rq Egkjh vk¡ [k os Q lkeus gh vkx es a
owQndj viuh fo'kq ¼rk lkfcr dj nh FkhA frl ij Hkh] yks xks a os Q eq[k ls fudyk feF;kokn lq udj gh rqeus eq>s Nks M+ fn;kA D;k ;g ckr rqEgkjs oq Qy osQ vuq :i gS\ vFkok D;k ;g rq Egkjh fo}rk ;k egÙkk dks 'kksHkk ns usokyh gS\
lhrk dk ;g la ns'k dVq ugha rks D;k ehBk gS\ ^jktk* ek=k dgdj muosQ ikl viuk la nslk HkstkA ;g mfDr u fdlh x¡ okj L=kh dh_ ¯drq egkcz ãKkuh jktk tud dh yM+ dh vkS j eUokfn egf"kZ;ks a osQ èkeZ 'kkL=kks a dk Kku j[kus okyh jkuh dhμ
u iL; o.kkZJeikyua ;r~
l ,o èkeksZ euquk iz .khr% lhrk dh èkeZ 'kkL=kKrk dk ;g izek.k] ogha ] vkxs pydj] oq QN gh nw j ij] dfo us
fn;k gSA lhrk&ifjR;kx osQ dkj.k okYehfd os Q leku 'kkar] uhfrK vkSj {kek'khy riLoh rd usμ¶vLR;so eU;qHkZ jrkxzts es μdgdj jkepanz ij Øksèk iz dV fd;k gSA vr,o]
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egkohjiz lkn f}os nh
109
'koqa Qryk dh rjg] vius ifjR;kx dks vU;k; le>us okyh lhrk dk jkepanz osQ fo"k; es a] dVq okD; dguk loZ Fkk LokHkkfod gSA u ;g i<+us&fy[kus dk ifj.kke gS u x¡ okjiu dk] u voqQyhurk dkA
i<+us&fy[kus esa Lo;a dksbZ ckr ,slh ugha ftlls vuFkZ gks losQA vuFkZ dk cht mlesa gjfx”k ugha A vuFkZ iq#"kksa ls Hkh gks rs gS a A vi<+ ks a vkS j i<+s&fy[kka s] nks uks a lsA vuFkZ ] nq jkpkj vkSj ikikpkj osQ dkj.k vkSj gh gks rs gS a vkS j os O;fDr&fo'ks"k dk pky&pyu ns[kdj tkusHkh tk ldrs gS aA vr,o fL=k;ks a dks vo'; i<+kuk pkfg,A
tks yks x ;g dgrs gS a fd iqjkus ”kekus esa ;gk¡ fL=k;k¡ u i<+ rh Fkha vFkok mUgsa i<+ us dh eq ekfu;r Fkh os ;k rks bfrgkl ls vfHkKrk ugha j[krs ;k tku&cw>dj yksxks a dks èkks [kk
ns rs gS aA lekt dh nf"V es a ,sls yksx na Muh; gS aA D;ksa fd fL=k;ks a dks fuj{kj j[kus dk mins'k ns uk lekt dk vidkj vkS j vijkèk djuk gSμlekt dh mUufr esa ckèkk Mkyuk gSA
^f'k{kk* cgq r O;kid 'kCn gSA mlesa lh[kus ;ks X; vusd fo"k;ks a dk lekos'k gks ldrk gSA i<+ uk&fy[kuk Hkh mlh osQ va rxZ r gSA bl ns 'k dh orZeku f'k{kk&iz.kkyh vPNh ughaA bl dkj.k ;fn dksbZ fL=k;ksa dks i<+ kuk vuFkZ dkjh le>s rks mls ml iz .kkyh dk la 'kksèku djuk ;k djkuk pkfg,] [kq n i<+ us&fy[kus dks nks "k u ns uk pkfg,A yM+dks a gh dh f'k{kk&iz.kkyh dkS u&lh cM+h vPNh gSA iz .kkyh cqjh gks us os Q dkj.k D;k fdlh us ;g jk; nh gS fd lkjs LowQy vkS j dkW fyt can dj fn, tk,¡ \ vki [kq 'kh ls yM+ fd;ksa vkSj fL=k;ks a dh f'k{kk dh iz .kkyh dk la 'kksèku dhft,A mUgsa D;k i<+kuk pkfg,] fdruk i<+ kuk pkfg,]
fdl rjg dh f'k{kk ns uk pkfg, vkS j dgk¡ ij nsuk pkfg,μ?kj es a ;k LowQy es a μbu lc ckrksa ij cgl dhft,] fopkj dhft,] th es a vkos lks dhft,_ ij ijes'oj osQ fy, ;g u dfg, fd Lo;a i<+us&fy[kus es a dksbZ nks "k gSμog vuFkZ dj gS] og vfHkeku dk mRiknd gS] og x` g&lq [k dk uk'k djus okyk gSA ,slk dguk lks ygksa vkus feF;k gSA
iz'u&vH;kl
1- oq QN iq jkru iaFkh yks x fL=k;ks a dh f'k{kk osQ fojks èkh FksA f}os nh th us D;k&D;k roZ Q nsdj L=kh&f'k{kk dk leFkZ u fd;k\
2- ^fL=k;ks a dks i<+kus ls vuFkZ gks rs gS a*μoqQroZ Qokfn;ks a dh bl nyhy dk [kaMu f}os nh th us oS Qls fd;k gS ] vius 'kCnksa esa fyf[k,A
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f{kfrt
110
3- f}os nh th us L=kh&f'k{kk fojks èkh oqQrdks± dk [kaMu djus os Q fy, O;aX; dk lgkjk fy;k gS &tS ls ^;g lc ikih i<+us dk vijkèk gSA u os i<+rha] u os iwtuh; iq qjQ"kksa dk eq dkcyk djrha A* vki ,s ls vU; va'kksa dks fucaèk es a ls Nk¡ Vdj lef>, vkSj fyf[k,A
4- iqjkus le; es a fL=k;ksa }kjk izkoQr Hkk"kk esa cks yuk D;k muos Q vi<+ gksus dk lcwr gSμikB osQ vkèkkj ij Li"V dhft,A
5- ijaijk os Q mUgha i{kks a dks Lohdkj fd;k tkuk pkfg, tks L=kh&iq jQ"k lekurk dks c<+ krs gksa &roZ Q lfgr mÙkj nhft,A
6- rc dh f'k{kk iz.kkyh vkS j vc dh f'k{kk iz .kkyh es a D;k varj gS\ Li"V djs aA
jpuk vkS j vfHkO;fDr
7- egkohjizlkn f}osnh dk fuca èk mudh nw jxkeh vkS j [kqyh lksp dk ifjpk;d gS ] oSQls\
8- f}osnh th dh Hkk"kk&'k S yh ij ,d vuq PNs n fyf[k,A
Hkk"kk&vè;;u
9- fuEufyf[kr vus dkFkhZ 'kCnks a dks ,s ls okD;ksa esa iz ;q Dr dhft, ftueas muos Q ,dkf/d vFkZ Li"V gks a μ pky] ny] i=k] gjk] ij] iQy] oqQy
ikBs Rkj lfoz Q;rk
viuh nknh] ukuh vkSj ek¡ ls ckrphr dhft, vkSj (L=kh&f'k{kk laca/h) ml le; dh fLFkfr;ksa
dk irk yxkb, vkS j viuh fLFkfr;ks a ls rq yuk djrs gq, fuca / fyf[k,A pkgsa rks mlosQ lkFk rLkohjs a Hkh fpidkb,A
yM+ fd;ksa dh f'k{kk osQ izfr ifjokj vkS j lekt es a tkx:drk vk,μblos Q fy, vki D;k&D;k djs a xs\
L=kh&f'k{kk ij ,d iksLVj rS ;kj dhft,A
L=kh&f'k{kk ij ,d uqDdM+ ukVd rS;kj dj mls iz Lrq r dhft,A
'kCn&laink
fo|eku & mifLFkr
oq QekxZxkeh & cq jh jkg ij pyus okys lq ekxZ xkeh & vPNh jkg ij pyus okysv/kfeZ d & /eZ ls la ca / u j[kus okyk /eZrÙo & /eZ dk lkj
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egkohjiz lkn f}os nh
111
nyhys a & roZ Q vuFkZ & cqjk] vFkZ ghu vi<+ksa & vui<+ks a mis{kk & è;ku u nsuk iz koQr & ,d iz kphu Hkk"kk os nka rokfnuh & os nka r n'kZ u ij cksyus okyh n'kZ d xaz Fk & tkudkjh nsus okyh ;k fn[kkus okyh iq Lrosa Q rRdkyhu & ml le; dk roZQ'kkL=kKrk & roZ Q'kkL=k dks tkuuk U;k;'khyrk & U;k; os Q vuq lkj vkpj.k djuk oq QroZ Q & vuq fpr roZ Q [kaMu & nwljs os Q er dk ;qfDriw oZ d fujkdj.k
iz xYHk & izfrHkkoku ukeksYys [k & uke dk mYys [k djuk vkn r & vknj ;k lEeku ik;k] lEekfur foK & le>nkj] fo}ku cz ãoknh & os n i<+us&i<+ kus okyk nqjkpkj & ¯unuh; vkpj.k lg/eZ pkfj.kh & iRuh
dkyow QV & ”kgj ih;w "k & ve`r n "Vka r & mnkgj.k] felky vYiK & FkksM+k tkuus okyk izkDdkyhu & iqjkuh O;fHkpkj & iki fof{kIr & ikxy ckr O;fFkr & ckrks a ls nq [kh gksus okys xz g xz Lr & iki xz g ls izHkkfor ¯dfpr~ & Fkks M+ k
nq okZ D; & ¯unk djus okyk okD; ;k ckr ifjR;Dr & iwjs rkS j ij Nks M+ k gqvk feF;kokn & >w Bh ckr dya dkjks i.k & nks "k e<+ uk] nks "kh Bgjkuk
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f{kfrt
112
fuHkZRlZ uk & frjLdkj] unk uhfrK & uhfr tkuus okyk gjfx”k & fdlh gkyr es a eqekfu;r & jksd] eukgh vfHkKrk & tkudkjh] Kku vidkj & vfgr
;g Hkh tkus a
HkoHkw fr & laLÑr os Q iz/ku ukVddkj gaSA buos Q rhu iz fl¼ xza Fk ohjjfpr] mÙkjjkepfjr vkS j ekyrhekèko gSa A HkoHkw fr d#.kjl os Q iz eq [k ys [kd FksA
fo'oojk & vf=kxks =k dh L=khA ;s ½Xkos n osQ ik¡ posa eaMy 28os a lwDr dh ,d esa ls NBh ½o~Q dh ½f"k FkhaA
'khyk & dkSfjMU; eqfu dh iRuh dk ukeA
FksjhxkFkk & ckS ¼ fHk{kqf.k;ks a dh i| jpuk blesa ladfyr gSA
vuqlw ;k & vf=k eq fu dh iRuh vkS j n{k iz tkifr dh dU;kA
xkxhZ & oS fnd le; dh ,d ia fMrk ½f"kiq =khA buosQ firk dk uke xxZ eq fu FkkA fefFkyk os Q tudjkt dh lHkk es a bUgks aus ia fMrks a os Q lkeus ;kKoYD; osQ lkFk os nkar 'kkL=k fo"k; ij 'kkL=kkFkZ fd;k FkkA
xkFkk lIr'krh & izkÑr Hkk"kk dk xz aFk ftls gky }kjk jfpr ekuk tkrk gSA
oq Qekjiky pfj=k & ,d ,s frgkfld xa zFk gS ftls 12oha 'krkCnh osQ va r es a vKkrukek dfo us vugy os Q jktk oqQekjiky os Q fy, fy[kk FkkA bles a cz ãk ls ys dj jktk oqQekjiky rd ckS ¼ jktkvks a dh oa'kkoyh dk o.kZ u gSA
f=kfiVd xz aFk & xkS re cq ¼ us fHk{kq &fHk{kq f.k;ksa dks vius lkjs mins 'k ekS f[kd fn, FksA mu mins 'kksa dks muos Q f'k";ksa us oaQBLFk dj fy;k Fkk vkS j ckn es a mUgsa f=kfiVd os Q :i esa ys [kc¼ fd;k x;kA os rhu f=kfiVd gS aμlqr ;k lw=k fiVd] fou; fiVd vkS j vfHk/eZ fiVdA
'kkD; eqfu & 'kD;oa 'kh; gksus osQ dkj.k xkS re cq ¼ dks 'kkD; eqfu Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
ukV~;'kkL=k & Hkjreq fu jfpr dkO;'kkL=k la ca /h laLÑr os Q bl xza Fk ea s eq[;r% :id (ukVd) dk
'kkL=kh; foospu fd;k x;k gSA bldh jpuk 300 bZ lk iwoZ ekuh tkrh gSA dkfynkl & laLÑr osQ egku dfo;ks a esa dkfynkl dh x.kuk dh tkrh gSA mUgksa us oq Qekjla Hko ]
j?kqoa'k (egkdkO;)] Írq lagkj ] es?knwr ([kaMdkO;)] foØeksoZ'kh; ] ekyfodkfXufe=k vkS j vfHkKku 'kkoq aQrye~ (ukVd) dh jpuk dhA
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; rha nz feJ dk tUe lu~ 1977 es a v;ksè;k (mÙkj iz ns 'k) es a gq vkA mUgks a us y[kumQ fo'ofo|ky;] y[kumQ
ls ¯gnh es a ,e-,- fd;kA os vktdy Lora=k ys[ku os Q lkFk v¼Z okf"kZ d lfgr if=kdk dk la iknu dj jgs gSa A
lu~ 1999 ea s lkfgR; vkS j dykvksa os Q lao¼Z u vkSj vuq 'khyu osQ fy, ,d lkaLÑfrd U;kl ^foeyk ns oh iQkmaMs'ku* dk la pkyu Hkh dj jgs gS a A
;rhanz feJ osQ rhu dkO;&laxzg izdkf'kr gq, gSa μ ;nk&dnk] v;ksè;k rFkk vU; dfork, ¡ ] M~ ;ks <+h ij vkyki A blosQ vykok 'kkL=kh; xkf;dk fxfjtk ns oh osQ thou vkS j la xhr lk/uk ij ,d iq Lrd fxfjtk fy[khA jhfrdky osQ va fre izfrfuf/ dfo f}tnso dh xz aFkkoyh (2000) dk lg&la iknu fd;kA oq ¡Qoj ukjk;.k
ij os a Qfnz r nks iqLrdks a os Q vykok fLid eSos Q os Q fy, fojklr&2001 os Q dk;Z Øe osQ fy, :ia dj dykvks a ij osa Qfnzr Fkkrh dk laiknu Hkh fd;kA ;qok jpukdkj ;rha nz feJ dks Hkkjr Hkw "k.k vxz oky dfork lEeku] gs ea r Lefr dfork iq jLdkj] Írq jkt lEeku vkfn dbZ iq jLdkj iz kIr gq, gSaA dfork] laxhr o vU; yfyr dykvksa osQ lkFk&lkFk lekt vkSj la LÑfr os Q fofo/ {ks =kksa esa Hkh mudh xgjh #fp gSA
;rha æ feJ 16
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ukScr[kkus es a bcknr izfl¼ 'kgukbZ oknd mLrkn fcfLeYyk [kk¡ ij jkspd 'kS yh esa fy[kk x;k O;fDr&fp=k gS A ;rha nz feJ us fcfLeYyk [kk¡ dk ifjp; rks fn;k gh gS ] lkFk gh mudh #fp;ksa ] muos Q va reZu dh cq ukoV] la xhr dh lk/uk vkS j yxu dks laos nu'khy Hkk"kk eas O;Dr fd;k gSA mUgksa us ;g Hkh Li"V fd;k x;k gS fd laxhr ,d vkjk/uk gS A bldk fof/&fo/ku gSA bldk 'kkL=k gS ] bl 'kkL=k ls ifjp; vko';d gS ] flI +kZ Q ifjp; gh ugha mldk vH;kl ”k:jh gS vkS j vH;kl os Q fy, xq #&f'k"; ija ijk ”k:jh gS ] iw .kZ rUe;rk ”k:jh gS ] /S ;Z ”k:jh gS ] ea Fku ”k:jh gS A og yxu vkS j /S ;Z fcfLeYyk [kk¡ es a jgk gS A rHkh 80 o"kZ dh mez es a Hkh mudh lkèkuk pyrh jgh gS A ;rha nz feJ la xhr dh 'kkL=kh; ijaijk osQ xgjs
tkudkj gS a ] bl ikB esa bldh dbZ vuqxw ¡ ts a gS a tks ikB dks ckj&ckj i<+us osQ fy, vkea f=kr djrh gaS A Hkk"kk lgt] izokge;h rFkk izlaxksa vkS j lanHkks ± ls Hkjh gq bZ gS A
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ukS cr[kkus esa bcknr
lu~ 1916 ls 1922 osQ vklikl dh dk'khA iapxaxk ?kkV fLFkr ckykth eafnj dh M~ ;ks <+ hA
M~ ;ks<+ h dk ukS cr[kkuk vkSj ukScr[kkus ls fudyus okyh eaxyèofuAveh#íhu vHkh flI + kZ Q N% lky dk gS vkSj cM+k HkkbZ 'kElqíhu ukS lky dkA veh#íhu dks irk ugha gS fd jkx fdl fpfM+;k dks dgrs gS aA vkS j ;s yksx gS a ekewtku oxS jg tks ckr&ckr ij Hkheiyklh vkSj eq yrkuh dgrs jgrs gS aA D;k okf”kc eryc gks ldrk gS bu 'kCnks a dk] bl fygkt ls vHkh mez ugha gS veh#íhu dh] tku los Q bu Hkkjh 'kCnks a dk otu fdruk gksxkA xks;k] bruk ”k:j gS fd veh#íhu o 'kElqíhu os Q ekek}; lkfnd gq lS u rFkk vyhc['k ns 'k os Q tkus&ekus 'kgukbZ oknd gS a A fofHkUu fj;klrksa osQ njckj esa ctkus tkrs jgrs gS aA jks”kukeps es a ckykth dk ea fnj lcls Åij vkrk gSA gj fnu dh 'kq #vkr ogha M~ ;ks <+h ij gks rh gSA eafnj os Q foxzgksa dks irk ugha fdruh le> gS] tks jks ”k cny&cnydj eq yrkuh] dY;k.k] yfyr vkS j dHkh HkS jo jkxks a dks lq urs jgrs gSa A ;s [kkunkuh is'kk gS vyhc['k os Q ?kj dkA muos Q vCcktku Hkh ;gha M~ ;ks <+h ij 'kgukbZ ctkrs jgrs ga SA
veh#íhu dk tUe Mq ejk¡ o] fcgkj osQ ,d la xhr iz seh ifjokj esa gqvk gSA 5&6 o"kZ Mq ejk¡o es a fcrkdj og ukuk os Q ?kj] ufugky dk'kh es a vk x;k gSA Mq ejk¡ o dk bfrgkl es a dksbZ LFkku curk gks] ,slk ugha yxk dHkh HkhA ij ;g ”k:j gS fd 'kgukbZ vkS j Mqejk¡o ,d&nwljs osQ fy, mi;ksxh gSa A 'kgukbZ ctkus osQ fy, jhM dk iz ;ksx gks rk gSA jhM va nj ls iksyh gksrh gS ftlos Q lgkjs 'kgukbZ dks iw¡ Qdk tkrk gSA jhM] ujdV (,d izdkj dh ?kkl) ls cukbZ tkrh gS tks Mq ejk¡o esa eq[;r% lks u unh os Q fdukjksa ij ikbZ tkrh gSA bruh gh egÙkk gS bl le; Mq ejk¡ o dh ftlosQ dkj.k 'kgukbZ tSlk ok| ctrk gSA fiQj veh#íhu tks ge lcos Q fiz ; gS a ] vius mLrkn fcfLeYyk [kk¡ lkgc gS aA mudk tUe&LFkku Hkh Mq ejk¡o gh gSA buosQ ijnknk mLrkn lykj gqlS u [kk¡ Mq ejk¡ o fuoklh FksA fcfLeYyk [kk¡ mLrkn iSxa cjc['k [kk¡ vkS j fe _ u os Q NksVs lkgctkns gS aA
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veh#íhu dh mez vHkh 14 lky gSA elyu fcfLeYyk [kk¡ dh mez vHkh 14 lky gSA ogh dk'kh gSA ogh iq jkuk ckykth dk ea fnj tgk¡ fcfLeYyk [kk¡ dks ukS cr[kkus fj;k”k os Q fy, tkuk iM+ rk gSA exj ,d jkLrk gS ckykth ea fnj rd tkus dkA ;g jkLrk jlw yuckbZ vkS j crw yuckbZ osQ ;gk¡ ls gksdj tkrk gSA bl jkLrs ls veh#íhu dks tkuk vPNk yxrk gSA bl jkLrs u tkus fdrus rjg os Q cks y&cuko dHkh Bqejh] dHkh VIis] dHkh nknjk osQ ekiZ Qr M~ ;ks<+h rd ig¡ qprs jgrs gS aA jlw yu vkS j crw yu tc xkrh ga S rc veh#íhu dks [kq'kh feyrh gSA vius <sjksa lk{kkRdkjks a esa fcfLeYyk [kk¡ lkgc us Lohdkj fd;k gS fd mUgs a vius thou os Q vkja fHkd fnuks a esa la xhr os Q iz fr vklfDr bUgha xkf;dk cfguksa dks lq udj feyh gSA ,d izdkj ls mudh vcks/ mez es a vuqHko dh Lys V ij laxhr iz s j.kk
dh o.kZ ekyk jlwyuckbZ vkS j crw yuckbZ us mos Qjh gSA oS fnd bfrgkl esa 'kgukbZ dk dks bZ mYys[k ugha feyrkA bls la xhr 'kkL=kka rxZ r
^lqf"kj&ok|ks a* esa fxuk tkrk gSA vjc ns'k es a iw¡ Qddj ctk, tkus okys ok| ftlesa ukM+ h (ujdV ;k jhM) gks rh gS] dks ^u;* cks yrs gSa A 'kgukbZ dks ^'kkgsu;* vFkkZ r~ ^lqf"kj ok|ks a esa 'kkg* dh mikf/ nh xbZ gSA lksygoha 'krkCnh os Q mÙkjk¼Z es a rkuls u osQ }kjk jph ca fn'k] tks la xhr jkx dYinz q e ls iz kIr gks rh gS] esa 'kgukbZ ] eq jyh] oa'kh] Ü k axh ,oa eqjNa x vkfn dk o.kZ u vk;k gSA
vo/h ikjaifjd yks dxhrks a ,oa pS rh es a 'kgukbZ dk mYYks [k ckj&ckj feyrk gSA ea xy dk ifjos 'k iz frf"Br djus okyk ;g ok| bu txgks a ij eka xfyd fof/&fo/kuks a osQ volj
ij gh iz ;q Dr gq vk gSA nf{k.k Hkkjr os Q eaxy ok| ^ukxLoje~* dh rjg 'kgukbZ ] izHkkrh dh ea xyèofu dk la iwjd gSA
'kgukbZ osQ blh ea xyèofu os Q uk;d fcfLeYyk [kk¡ lkgc vLlh cjl ls lq j ek¡x jgs gS aA lPps lqj dh userA vLlh cjl dh ik¡ pks a oDr okyh uek”k blh lq j dks ikus dh iz kFkZ uk es a [kpZ gks tkrh gSA yk[kks a l”kns] blh ,d lPps lq j dh bcknr es a [kq nk os Q vkxs >q drs gS aA os uek”k os Q ckn l”kns es a fxM+ fxM+ krs gS aμ^es js ekfyd ,d lq j c['k nsA lqj esa og rklhj iSnk dj fd vk¡[kksa ls lPps eksrh dh rjg vux<+ vk¡lw fudy vk,¡ A mudks ;dhu gS] dHkh [kqnk ;w¡ gh mu ij es gjcku gks xk vkS j viuh >ksyh ls lq j dk iQy fudkydj mudh vks j mNkys xk] fiQj dgs xk] ys tk veh#íhu bldks [kk ys vkS j dj ys
viuh eqjkn iw jhAvius mQgkiks gks a ls cpus os Q fy, ge Lo;a fdlh 'kj.k] fdlh xq I + kQk dks [kkstrs gS a tgk¡ viuh nq ¯'prkvks a] nqcZ yrkvksa dks Nks M+ losa Q vkS j ogk¡ ls fiQj vius fy, ,d u;k frfyLe x<+ los a QA fgju viuh gh egd ls ijs 'kku iw js ta xy esa ml ojnku dks [kks trk gS ftldh
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xed mlh esa lekbZ gSA vLlh cjl ls fcfLeYyk [kk¡ ;gh lks prs vk, gS a fd lkrksa lqjks a dks cjrus dh reh”k mUgs a lyhos Q ls vHkh rd D;ksa ugha vkbZ A
fcfLeYyk [kk¡ vkS j 'kgukbZ os Q lkFk ftl ,d eq fLye ioZ dk uke tq M+ k gqvk gS] og eq gjZe gSA eqgjZ e dk eghuk og gks rk gS ftles a f'k;k eq lyeku g”kjr beke gq lS u ,oa muosQ oq QN oa 'ktks a osQ iz fr v”kknkjh ('kks d eukuk) eukrs gS a A iw js nl fnuksa dk 'kks dA os crkrs gSa fd muos Q [kkunku dk dks bZ O;fDr eq gjZ e osQ fnuksa es a u rks 'kgukbZ ctkrk gS] u gh fdlh la xhr os Q dk;ZØe esa f'kjdr gh djrk gSA vkBoha rkjh[k muos Q fy, [kkl egÙo dh gSA bl fnu [kk¡ lkgc [kM+s gks dj 'kgukbZ ctkrs gSa o nkyeaMh es a iQkreku os Q djhc vkB fdyksehVj dh nwjh rd iS ny jks rs gq ,] ukS gk ctkrs tkrs gSa A bl fnu dks bZ jkx
ugha ctrkA jkx&jkfxfu;ksa dh vnk;xh dk fu"ks/ gS bl fnuA mudh vk¡[ksa beke gqlSu vkSj muosQ ifjokj osQ yksxksa dh 'kgknr eas ue jgrh
gSaA v”kknkjh gksrh gSA g”kkjksa vk¡[ksa ueA g”kkj cjl dh ijaijk iquthZforA eqgjZe laiUu gksrk gSA ,d cM+s dykdkj dk lgt ekuoh; :i ,sls volj ij vklkuh ls fn[k tkrk gSA
eqgjZ e os Q xe”knk ekgkSy lsvyx] dHkh&dHkh lq ow Qu os Q {k.kksa es a os viuh tokuh os Q fnuks a dks ;kn djrs gSa A os vius fj;k”k dks
de] mu fnuksa os Q vius tquwu dksvf/d ;kn djrs gS aA viusvCcktku vkS j mLrkn dks de] iDdk egky dh oqQylq e gyokbu dh dpkSM+h okyh nqdku o xhrkckyh vkSj lqyks puk dks T;knk ;kn djrs gS a A oSQls lq ykspuk mudh ilanhnk ghjksbu jgh Fkha] cM+h jgL;e; eq LdjkgV os Q lkFk xkyks a
ij ped vk tkrh gSA [kk¡ lkgc dh vuqHkoh vk¡[ks a vkS j tYnh gh f[kLl ls g¡l ns us dh bZ 'ojh; Ñik vkt Hkh cnLrw j dk;e gSA
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vDlj dgrs gSa μ^D;k djsa fe;k¡] bZ dk'kh NksM+dj dgk¡ tk,¡a ] xaxk eb;k ;gk¡ ] ckck fo'oukFk ;gk¡] ckykth dk ea fnj ;gk¡] ;gk¡ gekjs [kkunku dh dbZ iq'rksa us 'kgukbZ ctkbZ gS] gekjs ukuk rks ogha ckykth eafnj es a cM+s iz frf"Br 'kgukbZok”k jg pq os Q gS aA vc ge D;k djsa ] ejrs ne rd u ;g 'kgukbZ Nw Vs xh u dk'khA ftl ”kehu us gesa rkyhe nh] tgk¡ ls vnc ikbZ ] oks dgk¡ vkSj feysxh\ 'kgukbZ vkS j dk'kh ls c<+ dj dksbZ tUur ugha bl /jrh ij gekjs fy,A*
dk'kh la LÑfr dh ikB'kkyk gSA 'kkL=kksa esa vkuandkuu osQ uke ls izfrf"BrA dk'kh esa dykèkj guq eku o u R;&fo'oukFk gS aA dk'kh es a fcfLeYyk [kk¡ gS a A dk'kh esa g”kkjksa lkyksa dk bfrgkl gS ftles a iafMr oaQBs egkjkt gSa ] fo|k/jh gSa ] cM+ s jkenkl th gS a] ekS tq íhu [kk¡ gS a
o bu jfldks a ls miÑr gks us okyk vikj tu&lewg gSA ;g ,d vyx dk'kh gS ftldh vyx rg”khc gS] viuh cks yh vkS j vius fof'k"V yksx gS a A buosQ vius mRlo gS a] viuk xeA viuk lsgjk&cUuk vkS j viuk ukS gkA vki ;gk¡ la xhr dks HkfDr ls] HkfDr dks fdlh Hkh /eZ osQ dykdkj ls] dtjh dks pS rh ls] fo'oukFk dks fo'kkyk{kh ls] fcfLeYyk [kk¡ dks xa xk}kj ls vyx djos Q ugha ns [k ldrsA
vdlj lekjks gks a ,oa mRloks a es a nq fu;k dgrh gS ;s fcfLeYyk [kk¡ gS a A fcfLeYYkk [kk¡ dk erycμfcfLeYYkk [kk¡ dh 'kgukbZ A 'kgukbZ dk rkRi;Z &fcfLeYyk [kk¡ dk gkFkA gkFk ls vk'k; bruk Hkj fd fcfLeYYkk [kk¡ dh iw ¡ Qd vkS j 'kgukbZ dh tknq bZ vkok”k dk vlj gekjs flj p<+ dj cks yus yxrk gSA 'kgukbZ es a ljxe Hkjk gSA [kk¡ lkgc dks rky ekyw e gS] jkx ekyw e
gSA ,s lk ugha fd cs rkys tk,¡ xsA 'kgukbZ es a lkr lq j ys dj fudy iM+ sA 'kgukbZ es a ijojfnxkj] xa xk eb;k] mLrkn dh ulhgr ys dj mrj iM+ sA nq fu;k dgrhμlq cgku vYykg] frl ij fcfLeYyk [kk¡ dgrs gS a μvygenq fyYykgA Nks Vh&Nks Vh mit ls feydj ,d cM+ k vkdkj curk gSA 'kgukbZ dk djrc 'kq : gks us yxrk gSA fcfLeYyk [kk¡ dk la lkj lq jhyk gks uk 'kq : gq vkA iw ¡ Qd es a vtku dh rklhj mrjrh pyh vkbZ A ns [krs&ns [krs 'kgukbZ Ms <+ lrd os Q lkt ls nks lrd dk lkt cu] lktks a dh drkj es a ljrkt gks xbZ A veh#íhu dh 'kgukbZ xw ¡ t mBhA ml iQdhj dh nq vk yxh ftlus veh#íhu ls dgk Fkkμ¶ctk] ctkA¸
fdlh fnu ,d f'k";k us Mjrs&Mjrs [kk¡ lkgc dks Vks dk] ¶ckck! vki ;g D;k djrs gS a ] bruh iz fr"Bk gS vkidhA vc rks vkidks HkkjrjRu Hkh fey pq dk gS] ;g iQVh rgen u
iguk djs a A vPNk ugha yxrk] tc Hkh dks bZ vkrk gS vki blh iQVh rgen es a lcls feyrs gS a A¸ [kk¡ lkgc eq ldjk,A ykM+ ls Hkjdj cks ys] ¶/r~ ! ixyh bZ HkkjrjRu gedks 'kgubZ ;k is feyk gS] yq a fx;k is ukgha A rq e yks xks a dh rjg cuko fla xkj ns [krs jgrs] rks mej gh chr tkrh] gks pq drh 'kgukbZ A¸ rc D;k [kkd fj;k”k gks ikrkA Bhd gS fcfV;k] vkxs ls ugha igus a xs] exj
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bruk crk, ns rs gS a fd ekfyd ls ;gh nq vk gS] ¶iQVk lq j u c['ks a A yq a fx;k dk D;k gS] vkt iQVh gS] rks dy lh tk,xhA¸
lu~ 2000 dh ckr gSA iDdk egky (dk'kh fo'oukFk ls yxk gqvk vf/dre bykdk) ls eykbZ cjI + kQ cspus okys tk pq os Q gSa A [kk¡ lkgc dks bldh deh [kyrh gSA vc ns'kh ?kh esa og ckr dgk¡ vkS j dgk¡ og dpkS M+ h&tys chA [kk¡ lkgc dks cM+ h f'kír ls deh [kyrh gSA vc la xfr;ksa os Q
fy, xk;dks a os Q eu es a dks bZ vknj ugha jgkA [kk¡ lkgc viQlks l trkrs gSa A vc ?ka Vks a fj;k”k dks dkS u iwNrk gS\ gSjku gS a fcfLeYyk [kk¡A dgk¡ og dtyh] pS rh vkS j vnc dk tekuk\
lpeq p gS jku djrh gS dk'khμiDdk egky ls tS ls eykbZ cjI + kQ x;k] la xhr] lkfgR; vkS j vnc
dh cgq r lkjh ija ijk,¡ yq Ir gks xb± A ,d lPps lq j lk/d vkS j lkekftd dh Hkk¡ fr fcfLeYyk [kk¡ lkgc dks bu lcdh deh [kyrh gSA dk'kh es as ftl rjg ckck fo'oukFk vkSj fcfLeyk [kk¡ ,d&nw ljs os Q iw jd jgs gS a] mlh rjg eq gjZ e&rkft;k vkS j gks yh&vchj]
xq yky dh xaxk&tequh laLÑfr Hkh ,d nwljs osQ iwjd jgs gS aA vHkh tYnh gh cgqr oq QN bfrgkl cu pq dk gSA vHkh vkxs cgq r oqQN bfrgkl cu tk,xkA fiQj Hkh oqQN cpk gS tks flI + kZQ dk'kh es a gSA dk'kh vkt Hkh laxhr os Q Loj ij txrh vkS j mlh dh Fkkiksa ij lksrh gSA dk'kh esa ej.k Hkh ea xy ekuk x;k gSA dk'kh vkua ndkuu gSA lcls cM+ h ckr gS fd dk'kh os Q ikl mLrkn fcfLeYyk [kk¡ tS lk y; vkS j lq j dh reht fl[kkus okyk uk;kc ghjk jgk gS tks ges 'kk ls nks dkSeks a dks ,d gks us o vkil es a HkkbZ pkjs os Q lkFk jgus dh izs j.kk ns rk jgkA
HkkjrjRu ls ys dj bl ns 'k os Q <sjks a fo'ofo|ky;ksa dh ekun mikf/;ks a ls vya Ñr o la xhr ukVd vdkneh iqjLdkj ,oa in~efoHkw "k.k tS ls lEekuks a ls ugha ] cfYd viuh vts ;
la xhr;k=kk os Q fy, fcfLeYyk [kk¡ lkgc Hkfo"; esa ges'kk laxhr osQ uk;d cus jgsa xsA uCcs o"kZ dh Hkjh&iw jh vk;q esa 21 vxLr 2006 dks la xhr jfldks a dh gkfnZ d lHkk ls fonk gq , [kk¡ lkgc dh lcls cM+ h nsu ges a ;gh gS fd iwjs vLlh cjl mUgksa us la xhr dks la iw.kZrk o ,dkf/dkj ls lh[kus dh ftthfo"kk dks vius Hkhrj fta nk j[kkA
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iz'u&vH;kl
1- 'kgukbZ dh nq fu;k esa Mq ejk¡ o dks D;ks a ;kn fd;k tkrk gS\
2- fcfLeYyk [kk¡ dks 'kgukbZ dh ea xyèofu dk uk;d D;ksa dgk x;k gS\
3- lq f"kj&ok|ksa ls D;k vfHkiz k; gS\ 'kgukbZ dks ^lqf"kj ok|ks a es a 'kkg* dh mikf/ D;ks a nh xbZ gks xh\
4- vk'k; Li"V dhft,μ
^iQVk lqj u c['ks aA yqa fx;k dk D;k gS] vkt iQVh gS ] rks dy lh tk,xhA*
^es js ekfyd lq j c['k nsA lq j esa og rklhj iS nk dj fd vk¡[kks a ls lPps eks rh dh rjg vux<+ vk¡lw fudy vk,¡ A*
5- dk'kh es a gks jgs dkSu&ls ifjorZu fcfLeYyk [kk¡ dks O;fFkr djrs Fks\
6- ikB esa vk, fdu izla xksa os Q vk/kj ij vki dg ldrs gSa fdμ
(d) fcfLeYyk [kk¡ feyh&tqyh la LÑfr osQ iz rhd FksA
([k) os okLrfod vFkks ± es a ,d lPps bulku FksA
7- fcfLeYyk [kk ¡ os Q thou ls tq M+ h mu ?kVukvks a vkS j O;fDr;ks a dk mYys [k djs a ftUgks a us mudh la xhr lkèkuk dks le ¼ fd;k\
jpuk vkSj vfHkO;fDr
8- fcfLeYyk [kk¡ os Q O;fDrRo dh dkSu&dkSu lh fo'ks "krkvks a us vkidks izHkkfor fd;k\
9- eqgjZe ls fcfLeYyk [kk¡ os Q tqM+ ko dks vius 'kCnksa esa fyf[k,A
10- fcfLeYyk [kk¡ dyk osQ vuU; mikld Fks] roZ Q lfgr mÙkj nhft,A
Hkk"kkμvè;;u
11- fuEufyf[kr feJ okD;ks a osQ miokD; Nk¡ Vdj Hksn Hkh fyf[k,μ
(d) ;g ”k:j gS fd 'kgukbZ vkS j Mq ejk¡ o ,d&nwljs osQ fy, mi;ksxh gS a A([k) jhM vanj ls iksyh gksrh gS ftlos Q lgkjs 'kgukbZ dks iw¡ Qdk tkrk gSA
(x) jhM ujdV ls cukbZ tkrh gS tks Mq ejk¡ o es a eq[;r% lksu unh os Q fdukjksa ij ikbZ tkrh gSA
(?k) mudks ;dhu gS] dHkh [kq nk ;w¡ gh mu ij es gjcku gksxkA
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(Ä) fgju viuh gh egd ls ijs'kku iw js taxy es a ml ojnku dks [kks trk gS ftldh xed mlh es a lekbZ gSA
(p) [kk¡ lkgc dh lcls cM+h ns u ges a ;gh gS fd iw js vLlh cjl mUgks aus la xhr dks la iw.kZrk o ,dkfèkdkj ls lh[kus dh ftthfo"kk dks vius Hkhrj ftank j[kkA
12- fuEufyf[kr okD;ks a dks fefJr okD;ks a es a cnfy,μ
(d) blh ckylq yHk g¡ lh esa dbZ ;knsa can gSa A
([k) dk'kh es a la xhr vk;ks tu dh ,d iz kphu ,oa vn~Hkqr ijaijk gSA
(x) /r~! ixyh bZ HkkjrjRu gedks 'kgubZ ;k is feyk gS] yqa fx;k is ukgha A
(?k) dk'kh dk uk;kc ghjk ges 'kk ls nks dkS eksa dks ,d gks dj vkil es a HkkbZpkjs os Q lkFk jgus dh
iz sj.kk nsrk jgkA
ikBs Rkj lfoz Q;rk
dYiuk dhft, fd vkios Q fo|ky; eas fdlh izfl¼ laxhrdkj os Q 'kgukbZ oknu dk dk;Z Øe vk;ks ftr fd;k tk jgk gS A bl dk;Z Øe dh lw puk ns rs gq, cqysfVu cks MZ os Q fy, uks fVl cukb,A
vki vius euilan laxhrdkj os Q ckjs esa ,d vuq PNs n fyf[k,A
gekjs lkfgR;] dyk] laxhr vkS j uR; dks le¼ djus es a dk'kh (vkt os Q okjk.klh) os Q ;ks xnku ij ppkZ dhft,A
dk'kh dk uke vkrs gh gekjh vk¡ [kksa os Q lkeus dk'kh dh cgqr&lh ph”ksa mHkjus yxrh gSa ] os
dkSu&dkS u lh gS a\
'kCn&laink
M~ ;ks <+ h & ngyh”k ukScr[kkuk & izos'k }kj os Q mQij ea xy èofu ctkus dk LFkku fj;k”k & vH;kl ekI + kZQr & }kjk Ü ka xh & lha x dk cuk ok|;a=k
eqjNax & ,d iz dkj dk yks d ok|;a =k user & bZ 'oj dh ns u] lq[k] /u nkS yr
l”knk & ekFkk Vsduk bcknr & mikluk rklhj & xq .k] izHkko] vlj Jq fr & 'kCnèofu mQgkiksg & my>u] vfuf'prrk
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frfyLe & tknw xed & [kq 'kcw ] lqxa/ v”kknkjh & ekre djuk] nq [k eukuk cnLrw j & dk;ns ls ] rjhos Q ls uS lfxZ d & LokHkkfod] iz ko Qfrd nkn & 'kkcklh rkyhe & f'k{kk vnc & dk;nk] lkfgR; vygenqfyYykg & reke rkjhI + kQ bZ'oj osQ fy, ftthfo"kk & thus dh bPNk
f'kjdr & 'kkfey gks uk ;g Hkh tkus a
le μ rky dk ,d va x] la xhr es a og LFkku tgk¡ y; dh lekfIr vkS j rky dk vkja Hk gks rk gSA
Jq fr μ ,d Loj ls nw ljs Loj ij tkrs le; dk vR;ar lw {e Lojka 'k
ok|;a =k μ gekjs ns 'k esa ok| ;a=kks a dh eq [; pkj Js f.k;k¡ ekuh tkrh gS aμ
rr&forr μ rkj okys ok|μoh.kk] flrkj] lkja xh] ljks n
lq f"kj μ iw¡ Qd dj ctk, tkus okys ok|μck¡lq jh] 'kgukbZ ] ukxLoje~] chu
?kuok| μ vk?kkr ls ctk, tkus okys /krq ok|μ>k¡ >] ea thjk] ?kq ¡?k:
vou¼ μ peM+ s ls e<+s ok|μrcyk] <ksyd] e na x vkfnA pSrh μ ,d rjg dk pyrk xkuk
Bqejh μ ,d izdkj dk xhr tks osQoy ,d LFkk;h vkS j ,d gh va rjs es a lekIr gks rk gSA
pS rh p<+y pbr fpr ykxs uk jkek ckck os Q Hkouok chj ceuok lxqu fcpkjks dc gks bgSa fi;k ls feyuok gks jkek p<+y pbr fpr ykxs uk jkek
Bqejh cktq ca n [kq y&[kqy tk, tknw dh iqfM+ ;k Hkj&Hkj ekjh gs! cktqcan [kqy&[kqy tk,
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VIIkk μ ;g Hkh ,d iz dkj dk pyrk xkuk gh dgk tkrk gS A /z q in ,oa [;ky dh vis{kk tks xk;u la f{kIr gS] ogh VIik gSA
nknjk μ ,d iz dkj dk pyrk xkukA nks v¼Z ek=kkvksa os Q rky dks Hkh nknjk dgk tkrk gS A
nknjk rM+i rM+i ft;k tk, lk¡ ofj;k fcuk xks oq Qy NkM+ s eFkq jk es a Nk, fdu la x iz hr yxk,
rM+i rM+i ft;k tk,
VIik ckxk¡ fop vk;k djks
ckxk¡ fop vk;k djks efD[k;k¡ rksa Mj yxnk
xq M+ ”kjk de [kk;k djksA
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H k nar vkuan dkSlY;k;u dk tUe lu~ 1905 esa iatkc osQ vackyk f”kys osQ lksgkuk xk¡o es a gq vkA muos Q cpiu
dk uke gjuke nkl FkkA mUgks a us ykgkS j osQ us 'kuy dkW fyt ls ch-,- fd;kA vuU; ¯gnh ls oh dkS lY;k;u th ckS ¼
fHk{kq Fks vkS j mUgksa us ns 'k&fons 'k dh dkI + kQh ;k=kk,¡ dha rFkk ckS¼ /eZ osQ izpkj&izlkj os Q fy, viuk lkjk thou lefiZr dj fn;kA os xka/h th osQ lkFk yacs vls Z rd oèkkZ esa jgsA lu~ 1988 esa mudk fu/u gks x;kA
Hknar vkua n dkSlY;k;u dh 20 ls vf/d iq Lrosa Q iz dkf'kr gS aA ftuesa fHk{kq osQ i=k ] tks Hkw y uk ldk ] vkg! ,slh nfjnz rk] cgkus ckth] ;fn ckck uk gks r s] js y dk fVdV ] dgk¡ D;k ns [kk vkfn iz eq [k gSa A ckS ¼/eZ &n'kZ u lacaf/r muos Q ekS fyd vkS j vuw fnr vus d xz aFk gSa ftuesa
tkrd dFkkvks a dk vuq okn fo'ks"k mYys [kuh; gSA ns 'k&fons 'k osQ Hkz e.k us Hknar th dks vuqHko dh O;kidrk iznku dh vkS j mudh ltukRedrk dks Lke` ¼ fd;kA mUgks aus ¯gnh lkfgR; lEesyu] iz ;kx vkS j jk"Vª Hkk"kk iz pkj lfefr] o/kZ osQ ekè;e ls ns'k&fons'k es a ¯gnh Hkk"kk os Q izpkj&izlkj dk egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z fd;kA os xka/h th os Q O;fDrRo ,oa ÑfrRo ls fo'ks "k izHkkfor FksA ljy] lgt cks ypky dh Hkk"kk es a fy[ks muosQ fuca èk] la Lej.k vkS j ;k=kk o Ùkkar dkI + kQh pfpZr jgs gS aA
Hknar vkuan
dkS lY;k;u
17
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LkaLo`Qfr fuca / gesa lH;rk vkS j laLo`Qfr ls tq M+ s vusd tfVy iz'uka s ls Vdjkus dh iz sj.kk nsrk gS A bl fuca/ esa Hkna r vkuan dkS lY;k;u th us vus d mnkgj.k nsdj ;g crkus dk iz;kl fd;k gS fd lH;rk vkS j la LÑfr fdls dgrs gS a] nks uksa ,d gh oLrq gS a vFkok vyx&vyxA os lH;rk dks laLÑfr dk ifj.kke ekurs gq , dgrs gS a fd ekuo la LÑfr vfoHkkT; oLrq gS A mUgs a laLÑfr dk c¡ Vokjk djus okys yksxksa ij vk'p;Z gksrk gS vkS j nq[k HkhA mudh n`f"V es a tks euq "; osQ fy, dY;k.kdkjh ugha gS ] og u lH;rk gS vkS j u la LÑfrA
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laLÑfr
tks 'kCn lcls de le> esa vkrs gS a vkSj ftudk mi;ks x gks rk gS lcls vfèkd_ ,s ls nks
'kCn gSa lH;rk vkS j laLoQfrA bu nks 'kCnks a osQ lkFk tc vus d fo'ks "k.k yx tkrs gS a ] mnkgj.k os Q fy, tSlsHkkS frd&lH;rk vkS j vkè;kfRed&lH;rk] rc nksuksa 'kCnks a dk tks Fkks M+ k cgq r vFkZ le> es a vk;k jgrk gS] og Hkh xyr&lyr gks tkrk gSA D;k ;g ,d gh ph”k vFkok nks oLrq,¡ \ ;fn nks gSa rks nksuksa esa D;k varj gS\ ge bls vius rjhosQ ij le>us dh dks f'k'k djsa aA
dYiuk dhft, ml le; dh tc ekuo lekt dk vfXu nsork ls lk{kkr ugha gqvk FkkA vkt rks ?kj&?kj pw Ygk tyrk gSA ftl vkneh us igys igy vkx dk vkfo"dkj fd;k gks xk] og fdruk cM+ k vkfo"drkZ gks xk!
vFkok dYiuk dhft, ml le; dh tc ekuo dks lq bZ&èkkxs dk ifjp; u Fkk] ftl euq"; osQ fnekx es a igys&igy ckr vkbZ gks xh fd yks gs osQ ,d Vq dM+ s dks f?kldj mlos Q ,d fljs dks Nsndj vkSj Nsn esa èkkxk fijksdj diM+s os Q nks Vq dM+s ,d lkFk tks M+ s tk ldrs gS a] og Hkh fdruk cM+k vkfo"drkZ jgk gks xk!
bUgha nks mnkgj.kks a ij fopkj dhft,_ igys mnkgj.k esa ,d ph”k gS fdlh O;fDr fo'ks"k dh vkx dk vkfo"dkj dj ldus dh 'kfDr vkS j nw ljh ph”k gS vkx dk vkfo"dkjA blh iz dkj nwljs lq bZ &èkkxs osQ mnkgj.k es a ,d ph”k gS lq bZ &èkkxs dk vkfo"dkj dj loQus dh 'kfDr vkSj nwljh ph”k gS lq bZ &èkkxs dk vkfo"dkjA
ftl ;ks X;rk] iz o fÙk vFkok isz j.kk os Q cy ij vkx dk o
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lq bZ &èkkxs dk vkfo"dkj gq vk] og gS O;fDRk fo'ks"k dh la LoQfr_ vkS j ml la LoQfr }kjk tksvkfo"dkj gq vk] tks ph”k mlus vius rFkk nw ljks a os Q fy, vkfo"o Qr dh] mldk uke gS lH;rkA
ftl O;fDr es a igyh ph”k] ftruh vfèkd o tSlh ifj"oQr ek=kk esa gks xh] og O;fDr mruk gh vfèkd o oS lk gh ifj"o Qr vkfo"drkZ gksxkA
,d la LoQr O;fDr fdlh u;h ph”k dh [kkst djrk gS_ ¯drq mldh larku dks og vius iwoZ t ls vuk;kl gh iz kIr gks tkrh gSA ftl O;fDr dh cqf¼ us vFkok mlos Q foos d us fdlh Hkh u, rF; dk n'kZu fd;k] og O;fDr gh okLrfod la LoQr O;fDr gS vkS j mldh la rku ftls vius iw oZt ls og oLrq vuk;kl gh iz kIr gks xbZ gS] og vius iwoZ t
dh Hkk¡ fr lH; Hkys gh cu tk,] la Lo Qr ugha dgyk ldrkA ,d vkèkqfud mnkgj.k ys a A U;wVu us xqjQRokd"kZ .k osQ fl¼ka r dk vkfo"dkj fd;kA og Lka LoQr ekuo FkkA vkt os Q ;qx dk HkkSfrd foKku dk fo|kFkhZ U;w Vu osQ xq jQRokd"kZ .k ls rks ifjfpr gS gh_ ysfdu mlosQ lkFk mls vkS j Hkh vusd ckrks a dk Kku iz kIr gS ftuls 'kk;n U;wVu vifjfpr gh jgkA ,s lk gks us ij Hkh ge vkt osQ HkkS frd foKku osQ fo|kFkhZ dks U;w Vu dh vis{kk vfèkd lH; Hkys gh dg losQ_ ij U;w Vu ftruk laLo Qr ugha dg ldrsA
vkx osQ vkfo"dkj esa dnkfpr isV dh Tokyk dh izs j.kk ,d dkj.k jghA lqbZ&èkkxs osQ vkfo"dkj esa 'kk;n 'khrks".k ls cpus rFkk 'kjhj dks ltkus dh izo` fÙk dk fo'ks"k gkFk jgkA vc dYiuk dhft, ml vkneh dh ftldk isV Hkjk gS] ftldk ru <¡dk gS]
ysfdu tc og [kqys vkdk'k osQ uhps lks;k gqvk jkr osQ txexkrs rkjksa dks ns[krk gS] rks mldks osQoy blfy, uhan ugha vkrh D;ksafd og ;g tkuus osQ fy, ijs'kku gS fd vkf[kj ;g eksrh Hkjk Fkky D;k gS\ isV Hkjus vkSj ru <¡dus dh bPNk euq"; dh laLo`Qfr dh tuuh ugha gSA isV Hkjk vkSj ru <¡ dk gksus ij Hkh ,slk ekuo tks okLro esa laLo`Qr gS] fuBYyk ugha cSB ldrkA gekjh lH;rk dk ,d cM+k va'k gesa ,sls laLo`Qr vknfe;ksa ls gh feyk gS] ftudh psruk ij LFkwy HkkSfrd dkj.kksa dk izHkko izèkku jgk gS] ¯drq mldk oqQN fgLlk gesa euhf"k;ksa ls Hkh feyk gS fTkUgksaus rF;&fo'ks"k dks fdlh HkkSfrd izsj.kk osQ o'khHkwr gksdj ugha] cfYd muosQ vius vanj dh lgt laLo`Qfr osQ gh dkj.k izkIr fd;k gSA jkr osQ rkjksa dks ns[kdj u lks ldus okyk euh"kh gekjs
vkt osQ Kku dk ,slk gh izFke iqjLdrkZ FkkAHkkSfrd iz s j.kk] Kkus IlkμD;k ;s nks gh ekuo laLo Qfr osQ ekrk&firk gS a\ nwljs osQ eq¡ g
esa dkSj Mkyus osQ fy, tks vius eq ¡g dk dkS j NksM+ ns rk gS] mldks ;g ckr D;ksa vkSj oS Qls lw >rh gS\ jksxh cPps dks lkjh jkr xks n es a fy, tks ekrk cS Bh jgrh gS] og vkf[kj ,s lk
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D;ks a djrh gS\ lqurs gS a fd :l dk HkkX;foèkkrk ysfuu viuh MSLd esa j[ks gq , Mcy jks Vh osQ lw [ks Vq dM+s Lo;a u [kkdj nwljksa dks f[kyk fn;k djrk FkkA og vkf[kj ,slk D;ksa djrk Fkk\ lalkj osQ e”knw jks sa dks lq[kh ns [kus dk LoIu ns [krs gq , dkyZ ekDlZ us viuk lkjk thou nq[k es a fcrk fn;kA vkS j bu lcls c<+ dj vkt ugha] vkt ls <kbZ g”kkj o"kZ iw oZ fl¼kFkZ us viuk ?kj osQoy blfy, R;kx fn;k fd fdlh rjg r ".kk osQ o'khHkwr yM+ rh&dVrh ekuork lq[k ls jg losQA
gekjh le> es sa ekuo la LoQfr dh tks ;ksX;rk vkx o lq bZ &èkkxs dk vkfo"dkj djkrh gS_ og Hkh laLo Qfr gS tks ;ksX;rk rkjks a dh tkudkjh djkrh gS] og Hkh gS_ vkS j tks ;ks X;rk fdlh egkekuo ls loZLo R;kx djkrh gS] og Hkh laLo Qfr gSA
vkSj lH;rk\ lH;rk gS laLo Qfr dk ifj.kkeA gekjs [kkus&ihus osQ rjhos Q] gekjs vks <+ us iguus os Q rjhosQ] gekjs xeuk&xeu os Q lkèku] gekjs ijLij dV ejus os Q rjhosQ_ lc gekjh lH;rk gS a A ekuo dh tks ;ksX;rk mlls vkRe&fouk'k os Q lkèkuksa dk vkfo"dkj djkrh gS] ge mls mldh la Lo Qfr dgs a ;k vla LoQfr\ vkSj ftu lkèkuksa os Q cy ij og fnu&jkr vkRe&fouk'k es aa tq Vk gq vk gS] mUgsa ge mldh lH;rk le>s a ;k vlH;rk\ la LoQfr dk ;fn dY;k.k dh Hkkouk ls ukrk Vw V tk,xk rks og vlaLo Qfr gksdj gh jgs xh vkS j ,s lh la LoQfr dk vo';a Hkkoh ifj.kke vlH;rk osQ vfrfjDr nwljk D;k gksxk\
la Lo Qfr os Q uke ls ftl ow QM+s&djdV os Q <s j dk cksèk gks rk gS] og u la LoQfr gS u j{k.kh; oLrqA {k.k&{k.k ifjorZ u gksus okys la lkj es a fdlh Hkh ph”k dks idM+ dj cS Bk ugha
tk ldrkA ekuo us tc&tc iz Kk vkS j eS =kh Hkko ls fdlh u, rF; dk n'kZ u fd;k gS rks mlus dksbZ oLrq ugha ns[kh gS] ftldh j{kk osQ fy, nycafn;ksa dh ”k:jr gSA
ekuo la LoQfr ,d vfoHkkT; oLrq gS vkSj mlesa ftruk va'k dY;k.k dk gS] og vdY;k.kdj dh vis{kk Js "B gh ugha LFkk;h Hkh gSA
iz'u&vH;kl
1- ys[kd dh n f"V esa ^lH;rk* vkS j la Lo Qfr* dh lgh le> vc rd D;ks a ugha cu ikbZ gS\
2- vkx dh [kk st ,d cgq r cM+h [kkst D;ksa ekuh tkrh gS\ bl [kks t os Q ihNs jgh iz s j.kk os Q eq [; lz ksr D;k jgs gks axs\
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Hknar vkuan dkS lY;k;u
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3- okLrfod vFkks ± es a ^la Lo Qr O;fDr* fdls dgk tk ldrk gS\4- U;wVu dks laLoQr ekuo dgus osQ ihNs dkS u ls roZ Q fn, x, gS a\ U;w Vu }kjk iz frikfnr fl¼karks a ,oa Kku
dh dbZ nw ljh ckjhfd;ksa dks tkuus okys yks x Hkh U;w Vu dh rjg la LoQr ugha dgyk ldrs] D;ks a\
5- fdu egÙoiw.kZ vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ osQ fy, lqbZ&èkkxs dk vkfo"dkj gqvk gksxk\
6- ¶ekuo la Lo Qfr ,d vfoHkkT; oLrq gS A¸ fdUgha nks iz la xka s dk mYys[k dhft, tcμ
(d) ekuo la Lo Qfr dks foHkkftr djus dh ps"Vk,¡ dh xb± A
([k) tc ekuo laLo` Qfr us vius ,d gksus dk iz ek.k fn;kA
7- vk'k; Li"V dhft,μ
(d) ekuo dh tks ;ksX;rk mlls vkRe&fouk'k os Q lkèkuks a dk vkfo"dkj djkrh gS] ge mls mldh la Lo Qfr dgas ;k vla Lo Qfr\
jpuk vkS j vfHkO;fDr
8- ys [kd us vius nf"Vdks.k ls lH;rk vkS j laLo Qfr dh ,d ifjHkk"kk nh gS A vki lH;rk vkS j laLo Qfr osQ ckjs esa D;k lks prs gS a] fyf[k,A
Hkk"kk&vè;;u
9- fuEufyf[kr lkekfld inks a dk foxzg djosQ lekl dk Hksn Hkh fyf[k,μ
xyr&lyr vkRe&fouk'k
egkekuo innfyr ¯gnw &eq lfye ;Fkks fpr lIrf"kZ lqykspuk
ikBsrj lfoz Q;rk
^LFkw y HkkS frd dkj.k gh vkfo"dkjksa dk vkèkkj ugha gSA* bl fo"k; ij okn&fookn iz fr;ks fxrk dk vk;ks tu dhft,A
mu [kkstks a vkS j vkfo"dkjks a dh lwph rS ;kj dhft, tks vkidh u”kj esa cgq r egÙoiw .kZ gSa \
'kCn&laink
vkè;kfRed & ijekRek ;k vkRek ls la ca èk j[kus okyk_ eu ls la ca èk j[kus okyk lk{kkr & vk¡ [kksa osQ lkeus] iz R;{k] lhèksvkfo"drkZ & vkfo"dkj djus okyk ifj"Ñr & ltk;k gq vk] 'kq¼ fd;k gqvk] lkI + kQ fd;k gqvk
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f{kfrt
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vuk;kl & fcuk iz ;kl osQ] vklkuh ls dnkfpr & dHkh] 'kk;n 'khrks".k & Ba Mk vkS j xje fuBYyk & cs dkj] vdeZ .;] fcuk dke èkaèks dk] [kkyh cS Bk gqvk euhf"k;ks a & fo}kuks a ] fopkj'khyksa o'khHkw r & o'k esa gksuk] vèkhu r`".kk & I;kl] yks Hk vo';a Hkkoh & ftldk gksuk fuf'pr gksvfoHkkT; & tks ck¡ Vk u tk losQ