Nav 1 Module 1

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SUBECT : TERRESTRIAL NAVIGATION 1COMPETENCY : Plan and Conduct Safe Passage and Determine PositionUnit of Competency : Describe the Coordinate System of the EarthModule Title : Describing the Coordinate System of the Earth

Introduction

This unit cover knowledge, understanding and skills that is required in describing thecoordinate system of the earth. This module includes the following:

1. Definition of Latitude, Longitude, Equator, Prime meridian, 180thmeridian,Difference of Latitude and Longitude;

2. Salient features of Latitude, Longitude,3. Parallels of latitude, Prime & 180thmeridian, Meridians of longitude;

Learning Outcome

Upon completing this module, you will be able to demonstrate your ability to

1. Define Latitude, Longitude, Equator, Prime meridian, 180th meridian,Difference of Latitude and Longitude;

2. Describe the Earths coordinate system;3. Differentiate the following:

2.1Latitude and Longitude2.2Parallels of Latitude and Latitude2.3Meridians of Longitude and Longitude

4. Enumerate the salient features of Latitude, Longitude, Parallels of latitude,180th meridian and Meridians of longitude;

Assessment Criteria

1. Definition required in LO1 are appropriately answered based on the InformationSheet 1.01;

2. Task Sheet 1.02, is appropriately completed and submitted with all requireddata included based on Information sheet 1.02;

Conditions

Students will bring the following on the classroom:

1. Competency Learning Workbooks;2. Appropriate learning materials, Instruments such as:

2.1 Medium size triangles (30x60 & 45x45);

2.2 Pencil and Eraser;

2.3 Compass divider (medium size);

2.4 10 sheet of short size bond paper

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2.5 11 by 17 size bond paper (as needed)

Teachers will bring the following on the classroom;

1. Power Point Presentation2. Globe (Sphere representation)

Assessment Methods

1. Evaluation of outputs on the workbook;2. Oral questioning (Interview)3. Written or Computer Based Assessment4. Demonstration

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Learning Experience

Learning Activities Special Instruction

1. Read Information Sheet 1.01 on definition ofterms

In assessment alwaysevaluate your answers bycomparing on the AnswerKey.

After you will have enoughconfidence that you cananswer all the questions,approached your instructorand ask for final ModuleAssessment.

Always be ready for the

following assessmentmethod: Written test Computer Base

Assessment Oral Recitation Demonstration

After your pass this Module,continue with Module 2

2. Answer Self-check 1.01 and compare youranswers to Answer Key 1.01

3. Read Information Sheet 1.02 The EarthsCoordinate System

4. Answer Self-Check 1.02 and compare youranswers to Answer Key 1.02

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INFORMATION SHEET 1.01

DEFINITIONS OF TERMS

After reading this information sheet, you will be able to

1. Define the following:1.1 Latitude1.2 Longitude1.3 Equator1.4 Prime meridian1.5 180th meridian1.6 Parallels of Latitude1.7 Meridians of Longitude1.8 Difference of Latitude1.9 Difference Longitude

Latitude

In geography, latitude () is a geographic coordinate that specifies the north-

south position of a point on the Earth's surface. Lines of constant latitude, or

parallels, run eastwest as circles parallel to the equator. Latitude is an angle

(defined below) which ranges from 0 at the Equator to 90 (North or South) at

the poles.

Figure 1a Figure 1b

Longitude

Longitudeis a geographic coordinate that specifies the east-west position of a

point on the Earth's surface.

It is an angular measurement, usually expressed in degrees and denoted by the

Greek letter lambda (). Points with the same longitude lie in lines running

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from the North Pole to the South Pole. By convention, one of these, the Prime

Meridian, which passes through the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, England,

establishes the position of zero degrees longitude. The longitude of other places

is measured as an angle east or west from the Prime Meridian, ranging from 0

at the Prime Meridian to +180 eastward and 180 westward.

Figure 2a Figure 2b

Equator

An equator is the intersection of a

sphere's surface with the plane

perpendicular to the sphere's axis of

rotation and midway between the poles.

The Equator usually refers to the Earth's

equator: an imaginary line on the Earth's

surface equidistant from the North Pole

and South Pole, dividing the Earth into

the Northern Hemisphere and Southern

Hemisphere.

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The Latitude, Longitude, Prime Meridian and the Equator

Figure 3

Parallels of Latitude and the Meridians of Longitude

The Equator is an imaginary circle equidistant from the poles of the Earth.

Circles parallel to the Equator (lines running east and west) are parallels of

latitude.

They are used to measure degrees of latitude north or south of the Equator.

The arrows in figure 3 labelled LATITUDE point to lines of latitude.

Meridians of longitudeare drawn from the North Pole to the South Pole and

are at right angles to the Equator. The Prime Meridian which passes through

Greenwich, England, is used as the zero line from which measurements are

made in degrees east and west to 180. The arrows in figure 3 labelled

LONGITUDE point to lines of longitude.

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Any specific geographical point can thus be located by reference to its longitude

and latitude.

The Prime Meridian

Aprime meridianA prime meridian is a meridian, i.e. a line of longitude, at

which longitude is defined to be 0. A prime meridian and its opposite in a

360-system, the 180th meridian (at 180 longitude), form a great circle.

This great circle divides the sphere, e.g. the Earth, into two hemispheres. If one

uses directions of East and West from a defined prime meridian, then they can

be called Eastern Hemisphere and Western Hemisphere. (see figure 2b)

The 180thmeridian

The 180th meridian or anti-meridian is the meridian which is 180 east or west

of the Prime Meridian with which it forms a great circle. It is common to both

east longitude and west longitude. It is used as the basis for the International

Date Linebecause it for the most part passes through the open waters of the

Pacific Ocean. (see figure 2b)

Difference of Latitude

The DIFFERENCE OF LATITUDE (d.lat), between any two any two location on

the earths surface is the lesser arc of the meridian which contained between

two parallels of latitude through the position (represented by letter A in figure

4a).

Figure 4a Figure 4b

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Difference of Longitude

The DIFFERENCE OF LONGITUDE (d.long.) between any two locations is the

lesser of the equator contained between the two meridians which pass through

the position. (Represented by letter B in fig. 4b).

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ASSESSMENT 1.01

Multiple Choice

Instruction: Select the correct answer choice and write it on a separate piece ofpaper.

1. What is the term given to the difference in degrees between any two anytwo location on the earths surface is the lesser arc of the meridian which

contained between two parallels of latitude through the position?

a. Latitudeb. Difference of Latitudec. Meridians of Longituded. Greenwich Meridian of longitude

2. What is the term given between any two locations is the lesser of theequator contained between the two meridians which pass through theposition?

a. Latitudeb. Parallels of Latitudec. Difference of Longituded. Greenwich Meridian of longitude

3. What is term given to the line that are drawn from the North Pole to theSouth Pole and are at right angles to the Equator?

a. Latitudeb. Difference of Latitudec. Meridians of Longituded. Greenwich Meridian of longitude

4. What is the term given to this line which is the intersection of a sphere'ssurface with the plane perpendicular to the sphere's axis of rotation and

midway between the poles?

a. Equatorb. Difference of Latitudec. Meridians of Longituded. Greenwich Meridian of longitude

5. What is the term given to the small circles which running east or west andparallel to the equator?

a. Latitudeb. Parallels of Latitudec. Difference of Longituded. Greenwich Meridian of longitude

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6. Which of the following are geographic coordinate that specifies the east-west position of a point on the Earth's surface?

a. Latitudeb. Longitudec. Difference of Latituded. Meridians of Longitude

7. Which of the following geographic coordinate specifies the north-southposition of a point on the Earth's surface?

a. Latitudeb. Longitudec. Difference of Latituded. Meridians of Longitude

8.The anti-meridian is the meridian which is 180 east or west of the PrimeMeridian with which it forms a great circle?

a. 180thmeridianb. Difference of Latitudec. Meridians of Longituded. Greenwich Meridian of longitude

9. What great circle that divides the earth into eastern and westernhemisphere?

a. 180thmeridianb. Prime Meridianc. Difference of Latituded. Meridians of Longitude

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Assessment Key 1.01

1. B2. C3. C4.

A

5. B6. B7. A8. A9. B

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INFORMATION SHEET 1.02

The Earths Coordinate System

After reading this information sheet, you will be able to

1. Describe the Earths coordinate system;2. Salient Features of Latitude and Longitude;3. Differentiate the following:

2.1 Latitude and Longitude;2.2 Parallels of Latitude and Meridians of Longitude;

4. Identify a smallcircle and greatcircle on the sphere;5. Recognize the relation between Greenwich and Prime meridians;


Introduction

Different kind of coordinates are used to position objects in a two- or three-di-

mensional space. Spatial coordinates (also known as global coordinates) are

used to locate objects either on the Earths surface in a 3D space, or on the

Earths reference surface (ellipsoid or sphere) in a 2D space. Specific examples

are the geographic coordinates in a 2D or 3D space and the geocentric coordi-

nates, also known as 3D Cartesian coordinates.

Planarcoordinates on the other hand are used to locate objects on the flat sur-face of the map in a 2D space. Examples are the 2D Cartesiancoordinates and

the 2D polar coordinates.

Geographic Coordinates (,)The most widely used global coordinate systemconsists of lines of geographic

latitude(phi oror) and longitude(lambda or).Lines of equal latitude are calledparallels. They form circles on the surface of

the ellipsoid. Lines of equal longitude are called meridiansand they form ellip-

ses (meridian ellipses) on the ellipsoid.

Both lines form the graticule when projected onto a chart plane. Note that the

concept of geographic coordinates can also be applied to a sphere as the refer-

ence surface.

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The latitude()of a point P (figure section 6a) is the angle between the ellipsoidal

normal through P' and the equatorial plane. Latitude is zero on the equator (=

0), and increases towards the two poles to maximum values of = +90 (90N) at

the North Pole and = - 90 (90S) at the South Pole.

The longitude() is the angle between the meridian ellipse which passesthrough Greenwich and the meridian ellipse containing the point in question. It

is measured in the equatorial plane from the meridian of Greenwich (= 0) ei-

ther eastwards through = + 180 (180E) or westwards through = 180

(180W).

Latitudeand longituderep-

resent the geographic coordi-

nates (, ) of a point P' (figure

6a) with respect to the se-

lected reference surface. They

are also called geodetic coor-

dinates or ellipsoidal coordi-

nates when an ellipsoid is

used to approximate the

shape of the Earth. Geo-

graphic coordinates are al-

ways given in angular units.

Figure 6a

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The geographic coordinate that specifies the east-west location of a point on

Earths surface. It is an angular measurement, usually expressed in degrees,

minutes and seconds, and denoted by the Greek letter

lambda ().

The longitude of other places is measured

as an angle east or west from the Prime Me-

ridian. The longitude of other places is measured

as an angle east or west from the Prime Merid-

ian. Specifically, it is the angle between a plane

containing the Prime Meridian and a plane containing the North Pole, South Pole

and the location of the observer or an object (see figure 9a)

Figure 8

Figure 9a Figure 9b

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ASSESSMENT 1.02


Instruction:

Write your answers on a separate piece of paper, then evaluate your answers

by comparing it to the Assessment Key 1.02

1. In not less than 80 words, describethe Earths coordinate systemand its

use.

2. In not less than 180 words, describethe Geographic coordinate system.

3. Enumerate the salient features ofLatitude coordinate.

4. Enumerate the salient features ofLongitude coordinate.

5. Differentiate between Latitude andLongitude.

6. Differentiate between Parallels ofLatitude and Meridians of Longitude

7. Using figure 10, which of the letter ofrepresents small circle.

8. Using figure 10, which of the letters represents Great circle.9. Relate Greenwich meridian to Prime meridian.

Figure 10

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ASSESSMENT 1.02 KEY

Instructions: Check/score your answer by comparing it to the table below.

Answers key assessment 1.02:

1. Describe the Earths coordinate systemand its use. (20 point)10 points 15 points 18 points 20 points

Different kind ofcoordinates are usedto position objects ina two- or threedimensional space.

Different kind ofcoordinates are usedto position objects ina two- or threedimensional space.Spatial coordinates(also known as globalcoordinates) are usedto locate objects

either on the Earthssurface in a 3Dspace, or on theEarths referencesurface (ellipsoid orsphere) in a 2Dspace.


either on the Earthssurface in a 3Dspace, or on theEarths referencesurface (ellipsoid orsphere) in a 2Dspace. Specificexamples are thegeographiccoordinates in a 2Dor 3D space and thegeocentriccoordinates, also

known as 3DCartesiancoordinates.


either on the Earthssurface in a 3Dspace, or on theEarths referencesurface (ellipsoid orsphere) in a 2Dspace. Specificexamples are thegeographiccoordinates in a 2Dor 3D space and thegeocentriccoordinates, also

known as 3DCartesiancoordinates.

The Planarcoordinates on theother hand are usedto locate objects onthe flat surface of themap in a 2D space.Examples are the 2DCartesiancoordinates and the

2D polarcoordinates.

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2. Describe the Geographic Coordinates. (20 points)15 16 points 18 points 20 points

The mostwidely usedglobal

coordinatesystemconsists oflines ofgeographiclatitude andlongitude.

Lines of equallatitude arecalledparallels.

Lines of equallongitude arecalled

The most widelyused globalcoordinate system

consists of lines ofgeographiclatitude andlongitude.

Lines of equallatitude are calledparallels. Theyform circles on thesurface of theellipsoid.

Lines of equal

longitude arecalled meridiansand they formellipses (meridianellipses) on theellipsoid.

The most widelyused globalcoordinate system

consists of lines ofgeographic latitudeand longitude.

Lines of equallatitude are calledparallels. They formcircles on thesurface of theellipsoid.

Lines of equallongitude are called

meridians and theyform ellipses(meridian ellipses)on the ellipsoid.

Both lines form thegraticule whenprojected onto achart plane.

The concept ofgeographiccoordinates can also

be applied to asphere as thereference surface.

The most widely used globalcoordinate system consists oflines of geographic latitude and

longitude.

Lines of equal latitude arecalled parallels. They formcircles on the surface of theellipsoid.

Lines of equal longitude arecalled meridians and they formellipses (meridian ellipses) onthe ellipsoid.

Both lines form the graticule

when projected onto a chartplane.

The concept of geographiccoordinates can also be appliedto a sphere as the referencesurface.

The latitude () of a point is theangle between the point andthe equatorial plane.

Latitude is zero on the equator,

and increases towards the twopoles to maximum values of = +90 (90N) at the North Pole

and = - 90 (90S) at theSouth Pole.

The longitude () is the anglebetween the meridian whichpasses through Greenwich andthe meridian containing thepoint in question.

It is measured in theequatorial plane from the

meridian of Greenwich (= 0)

either eastwards through = +180 (180E) or westwards

through = 180 (180W).

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3. Enumerate the salient features of Latitude coordinate (20 points)

4. Enumerate the salient features of Longitude coordinate (20 points)

10 points 15 points 18 points 20 pointsLatitudelines circlethe globe in

an east-westdirection;

Latitudemeasureshow farnorth orsouth apoint liesfrom theequator;

Latitude linescircle the globein an east-

west direction;

Latitudemeasures howfar north orsouth a pointlies from theequator;

Latitude linesare also calledparallels, asthey are

parallel to theequator;

Latitude lines circlethe globe in aneast-west direction;

Latitude measureshow far north orsouth a point liesfrom the equator;

Latitude lines arealso calledparallels, as theyare parallel to theequator;

The equator is at

0latitude andseparates EarthsNorthern andSouthernhemispheres;

Latitude lines circle the globe in aneast-west direction;

Latitude measures how far north orsouth a point lies from the equator;

Latitude lines are also calledparallels, as they are parallel to theequator;

The equator is at 0latitude andseparates Earths Northern andSouthern hemispheres;

Locations north of the equator havelatitudes between 0 (at the equator)

and 90N (at the North Pole);

Locations south of the equator havelatitudes between 0 (at the equator)and 90 S (at the South Pole).

10 points 15 points 18 points 20 pointsLongitudelines runfrom the

North Pole tothe SouthPole.

Longitudemeasureshow far eastor west apoint onEarth liesfrom theprimemeridian;

Longitudelines run fromthe North Pole

to the SouthPole.

Longitudemeasures howfar east orwest a pointon Earth liesfrom the primemeridian;

Longitudelines are also

calledmeridians;

Longitude lines runfrom the North Poleto the South Pole.

Longitudemeasures how fareast or west a pointon Earth lies fromthe primemeridian;

Longitude lines arealso calledmeridians;

The prime

meridian, the lineof longitude thatpasses throughGreenwich,England, is the 0longitude line;

Longitude lines run from the NorthPole to the South Pole.

Longitude measures how far east orwest a point on Earth lies from theprime meridian;

Longitude lines are also calledmeridians;

The prime meridian, the line oflongitude that passes throughGreenwich, England, is the 0longitude line;

Longitude values to the east of the

prime meridian can be specified by0to 180 E or by positive values 0 to+180;Longitude values to the west of theprime meridian can be specified by0to 180W or by negative values 0to-180.

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5. Differentiate between Latitude and Longitude. (20 points)

15 points 18 points 20 points

Latitudemeasureshow farnorth or

south a pointlies from theequator,while,Longitude

measureshow far eastor west apoint on

Earth liesfrom the

primemeridian

Latitude measures howfar north or south apoint lies from theequator, while,

Longitude measures howfar east or west a pointon Earth lies from theprime meridian

Latitude measures how far north orsouth a point lies from the equator,while, Longitude measures how fareast or west a point on Earth lies

from the prime meridian

Latitude values from the equatorcan be specified by 0 to 90N or90S, while Longitude values to thefrom the prime meridian can be

specified by 0to 180 E or 180W.

6. Differentiate between Parallels Latitude and Meridians of Longitude. (20

points)15 points 18 points 20 points

Parallels ofLatitude linescircle the globe inan east-west

direction whileMeridians ofLongitude run fromthe North Pole tothe South Pole.

Parallels of Latitudelines circle the globein an east-westdirection while

Meridians ofLongitude run fromthe North Pole to theSouth Pole.

Parallels of Latitudeare small circles,

while Meridians ofLongitude are Semi-Great Circle

Parallels of Latitude lines circlethe globe in an east-westdirection while Meridians ofLongitude run from the North

Pole to the South Pole.

Parallels of Latitude are smallcircles, while Meridians ofLongitude are Semi-Great Circle

There are 89 parallels measured

in degrees North or South whilethere are 179 Meridiansmeasured in degrees east orwest of the Prime meridian.

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7. Using figure 10, which of the letter of represents small circle?

1. C2. E

8. Using figure 10, which of the letter of represents Great circle?

1. A

2. B

3. D

4. F

5. G

9.Relate Greenwich meridian to Prime meridian.

15 points 18 points 20 points

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