What is the perception of Native American cultures?

Native Cultures Came across land bridge

from Asia

Greatest populations:

Central/South America (Mexico/Peru)

What impacts native culture most?

MAIZE!

Native Cultures How does maize impact

culture?

Native Cultures Southern and Western

native groups

Farmers, artisans, priests

Written language

Astronomy

Irrigation

Militaristic

Road systems

Human sacrifice

Tenochtitlan pop approx. 250,000

Native Cultures Mississippi Valley

Maize allowed for farming

Mound building Burial

Platforms for ruling class, religious ceremonies

Cahokia – more than 10,000

Native Cultures Eastern lands (modern U.S.)

Southeast

Much like Mississippi culture

Northeast

Planted in summer months

Hunt/gather in winter months

Politically

Some were local chieftains

Some were organized groups under a single leader

Native Cultures Iroquois Confederacy

Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas

Ruled by council not chief

Stretched from Great Lakes to New England (modern day New York)

Native Cultures Mobile tribes

Great Lakes Rivers and lakes for food

and trade

Great Plains Some agriculture

Followed buffalo on horseback

Native Cultures Southwestern native

groups

Used irrigation to farm

Maize

Carved cities into canyon walls – pueblo

Native Cultures Pacific Coast groups

Smaller tribal units

Fishing

Some farming

Hunt/gather

Trade

Native Cultures Compare and contrast

How did they acquire their food?

How were their societies organized?

What impact did geography and climate play on their way of life?

What were their religious practices?

Were they essentially self-sufficient or actively involved in trade?

Native Cultures

European Cultures Very hierarchical

Monarch

Patriarchal system

Large landowner

Primogeniture system

Peasant

Worked for landowner

Hard labor

Survival was difficult

Overland Trade with the Far East Middle Eastern/Far Eastern goods

Spices, textiles, gems

Muslim traders

Europeans reaction/Renaissance

The Crusades Catholic Church

eliminate other religions

Armies led by western European kings

Stop spread of Islam

Liberate Holy Land

The Crusades Series of Crusades

1095 to 1272

Results

Jerusalem

Muslim expansion stops

Jews expelled

Protestant Reformation Led by Martin Luther Excommunicated by Catholic

Church Heads of state determined

“state” religion Lutherans

Germany, Scandinavia Catholics

Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Ireland, Germany, Poland

Calvinists Scotland, the Netherlands,

Germany Anglicans

England

Protestant Reformation

Protestant Reformation Calvinism

God is absolute

He directs mankind to His liking

People are predestined

Discipline was demanded

Luxury and merriment prohibited

Protestant Reformation Anglicans (Church of England)

Henry VIII broke with Church over divorce

King = head of state and church

Religion will play large role in subjugation of native peoples!

Renaissance “rebirth”

End of Dark Ages

Italy

Flowering of culture

Painting, sculpture, etc.

intellectualism

Rise of middle and upper class

Renaissance Political changes

Consolidation of power by royalty

Machiavelli: money = political power

Pre-European Africa Trans-Saharan trade

Gold and other goods for textiles

Sold slaves (captured from warring tribes)

Religion Native (multiple gods)

Native (single god)

Islam

Changes with coastal exploration

Portugal

Prince Henry --

1420’s

India and Asia

(resources)

slave trade

Cape of Good Hope

(1488)

India (1497)

Brazil

1500

Portugal

Origins of the Slave Trade Portuguese explorers traded

with West Africans

Plantations in West Indies, South America, and southern North America very labor intensive

Africans had enslaved other Africans

Began to use them as trade

Origins of the Slave Trade Sugar in high demand in

Europe

Needed large labor force

African slaves provided the labor force

For English Barbados, Leeward

Islands, Jamaica

Spain 1492 -- King Ferdinand

and Queen Isabella

Defeated Moors

inquisition against Jews

western route to Asia

Spain Christopher

Columbus

four voyages 1492 to

1504

“outer islands of

India”

Search for “New

World”

Spain Hernan Cortez

Defeated Aztec empire

Francisco Pizarro Defeated Inca empire

Spain – Encomienda system Impact on

Spanish

Native populations

Once the native populations were depleted, who could fill their role?

Africans!

Reward from the crown

Given to conquistadors

Owners could sell parts of claims

Owner controlled resources (gold, silver)

Could claim “tribute” from natives

Spain – Encomienda system In Theory . . .

In Reality . . .

Spain – Columbian Exchange What was it?

What was the impact on: Natural

environment?

Human environment?

Would you say it was a positive or negative thing? Give two pieces of

evidence to support your position

Spain – The long slow decline King Phillip II

Wanted to protect the Catholic Church

Failed invasion of England

Large empire hard to control

Occasional native revolts

Finished off by the United States in 1898 (we’ll get to that later . . .)

Spain – The long slow decline Spanish Empire at Peak

Spanish Empire -- 1898

England’s Voyages of Discovery John Cabot (Italian) paid by England to duplicate

Columbus

Sailed further north (1498-99)

Discovered eastern Canada and New England

Issues in England GOOD BAD

Better health

Gentry increased wealth (short term land leases adding in inflation)

Yeoman increased wealth (price increase of crops)

Property owners gained power in Parliament (House of Commons)

Price inflation

Nobility lost money (land leases fixed)

Nobility lost political influence (House of Lords)

Peasants lost land to landlords and merchants for sheep production (enclosure)

Mercantilism Defined:

State supported manufacturing and trade as a way to increase national power and wealth

In practice: Merchants bought wool from landowners, landless

peasants (cotters) spun the wool into cloth, merchants sold cloth in England and foreign countries

Crown provided charters for merchants

Merchants allowed to fix wages (keep costs down)

Import taxes made crown wealthy

Domestic investment made merchants wealthy

By mid to late 1500’s England an economic power

Colonization Colonies needed:

Funding

ships and supplies

trained soldiers

Willing settlers

Few wanted to colonize (English economy booming)

The Crown offered ‘charters’ to private investors

The most likely groups

religious dissenters – the Church of England was not sufficiently “reformed”

yeomen looking for new lands to farm

Peasants looking for economic opportunity

First Colonies Sir Walter Raleigh &

Roanoke 1585: fails

scarce food

hostile relations with natives

returned to England

1587:

110 people

Return 3 years later

Everyone gone . . .

Virginia

Jamestown Corporate (charter) colony

London Company – 56 firms and 659 individuals invested

Granted by King James I

North Carolina to New York

Named Virginia after Queen Elizabeth I

Jamestown settled 1607

Jamestown Fort & Settlement Map

Growth (near death) of Jamestown 1607 – 104 men

Unprepared “gentlemen” colonists

Settlers wasted time (gold)

Expected native support

38 survived winter

Gov. John Smith saved colony

Difficult early years . . . By 1611 1,200 settlers arrived

Half died, most due to famine

Relations between Indians & settlers worsened English stole from Indians

1610-1614 -- First Anglo-Powhatan War

Gov. Thomas West (Lord De La Warr) had orders to make war.

Raided villages, burned houses, took supplies, burned cornfields.

John Rolfe helped save colony

John Rolfe Introduced tobacco

the leading export to England – a “cash crop”

Poor white workers sent to cultivate it

1619, 20 Africans bought from Dutch – first slaves

1614 Rolfe married Pocahontas

Jamestown Housing

Jamestown Settlement

Jamestown Chapel

Culture Clash 1614 to 1622 = peace Indian Uprising of 1622

Whites taking Indian lands 1/3 whites killed (including Rolfe) Whites destroyed Indian food supply End of coexistence

1644-1646 Second Anglo-Powhatan War

Last effort of natives Indians defeated again

Peace Treaty of 1646 Removed Powhatans from original land Separation of Indians and English

Battle For Land Powhatan Confederacy Jamestown Settlement

High Mortality Rates “Starving Time”:

1607: 104 colonists

By spring, 1608: 38 survived

1609: 300 more immigrants

By spring, 1610: 60 survived

1610 – 1624: 10,000 immigrants

1624 population: 1,200

Adult life expectancy: 40 years

Death of children before age 5: 80%

Government

The House of Burgesses Established 1619

Could make laws and levy taxes

Still subject to the governor and company, (not King)

Made up of landowning men

1624 King James dissolved London Co. and made Virginia a royal colony

James opposed to tobacco

Distrusted House of Burgess as independent body

This meant . . .

House of Burgesses had to get laws approved by King’s Council

Church of England became official religion in Virginia

Maryland

The Settlement of Maryland royal charter granted to George

Calvert, Lord Baltimore (1632)

A proprietary colony (1634)

Tobacco main crop

Absentee proprietor (feudal relationship)

Appointed brother Leonard governor

A Haven for Catholics Catholic relatives received land

Other colonists wanted land

Modest farms around Chesapeake

Catholic land barons and Protestant small farmers

Gov. Calvert tried to prevent representative democracy

1638 Lord Baltimore allowed for legislative body

A Haven for Catholics Baltimore allowed freedom of

worship

Protestants felt threatened by Catholics

Led to uprising

Toleration Act of 1649

Supported by Catholics

Guaranteed toleration to all CHRISTIANS

Decreed death to those who denied the divinity of Jesus (Jews, atheists, etc.)

Political Outcome By 1650 a bicameral

legislature in place

Upper House

Appointed

Who would this be?

Lower House

Elected by freemen

Who would this be?

Tobacco

Tobacco Trade

1618 — Virginia produces 20,000 pounds of tobacco.

1622 — Despite losing nearly one-third of its colonists, Virginia produces 60,000 pounds of tobacco.

1627 — Virginia produces 500,000 pounds of tobacco.

1629 — Virginia produces 1,500,000 pounds of tobacco

Tobacco Allowed Chesapeake region

to flourish

Needed labor source

Mosquito infested

Many men died from malaria

Left women in unusual position of wealth

Indentured Servitude Poor left England

seeking fortune

Between 1640-1700

80,000 came to Virginia

20,000 came to Maryland

Indentured Servitude Indenture Contract:

5-7 years (up to age 21 for youth)

Promised “freedom dues” [land, money]

Forbidden to marry

Fed, clothed, sheltered

Headright System:

Each Virginian got 50 acres for each person whose passage they paid

More indentured servants = more land

Indentured Servitude Bad for Servants:

Masters had total control

Could beat servants

Could extend contracts

Sometimes sexually abused women

Only about 25% benefitted by end of contract

Good for Masters:

High profit margin for tobacco

Could gain more land

Due to lack of women in colonies, men sometimes married female servant

Evolution of slavery in America 1619-Arrival of "20 and Odd"

Blacks (August 1619) aboard Dutch ship

Sold/traded into servitude for supplies.

In Virginia: free blacks, indentured servants, and slaves

Evolution of slavery in America Roles often unclear

Generally blacks and whites coexisted with little problem

Conversion to Christianity could earn freedom

Evolution of slavery in America As slaves increased, white colonists

reacted to put down perceived racial threat Slavery transformed from economic

to economic and racial institution. Beginning 1662 “Slave Codes”

Blacks [and children] property, or chattel for life of white masters.

In some colonies, a crime to teach slave to read or write

Conversion to Christianity did not allow for freedom

Evolution of slavery in America By 1680’s more slaves

Bacon’s Rebellion concerned whites

Goal: make a racial divide

In 1705 official laws allowed slavery

Impact of the Slave Trade on England Very high profit from

sugar imports (West Indies)

Navigation Acts: all sugar through British ports

slave trade profitable

Created jobs in England and Scotland through shipbuilding

Impact of the Slave Trade on Africa Strong tribes attacked

weak ones

Strong tribes became slave traders

About 15 million Africans taken as slaves

The Netherlands 1609 -- Henry Hudson

Hudson River

1623 -- New Netherland

Fur trade

Large landowners

(patroons)

50 tennants

Not successful

Governor William Kieft attacked Indians

The Netherlands Governor Peter

Stuyvesant conquered

New Sweden

disregarded needs of

Swedish and English

settlers

The Netherlands Settlements: present day

Albany, NY, present day Philadelphia, and present day Hartford, CT

1664 – Dutch defeated by British

New Amsterdam became New York

France 1524 -- Verrazano

claimed land between English and Spanish

1534 -- Jacques Cartier explored St. Lawrence River

Mississippi Valley Father Marquette

Louis Joliet

Robert La Salle

New Orleans established 1718

France 1608 – Quebec

Fur trade

sided with western tribes

against Iroquois

Priests attempted to

convert natives Lost interest

Didn’t stop disease

Treated better than

Spanish – no forced

labor

Key Claims to the New World What were the goals of the Europeans? How did it

impact the native people?

Search for a westward passage to Asia

Want for resources

Some attempts at colonization

Some attempts to proselytize

Conflict with native tribes

European Discovery