Nanotechnology and its relevance to Aushadha - Nirman

K V GOPINATH M Pharm PhDCPhTTirumala Tirupati Devasthanams

TIRUPATIe-mailgopinathkarnamgmailcom

NANOTECHNOLOGY - DEFİNİTİON

Nanotechnology is the term derived from the Greek word ldquonanordquo meaning ldquodwarfrdquo

Applies the principles in various sciences at a atomic molecular or submicron level

Dimension range 01 ndash 100 nm (10-1000 nm for pharmaceutical nanoparticles)

Definition ldquoResearch and technology development at the atomic molecular or macromolecular levels in the length scale of approximately 1-100 nanometer range to provide a fundamental understanding of phenomena and materials at the nano scale and to create and use structures devices and systems that have novel properties and functions because of their small andor intermediate sizerdquo

Advantages of Nanotechnology

Methods of preparation simple and easy to scale up

Nano scale components have very high surface areas

Stable and easily freeze-dried

Successful tissue targeting of many drugs (antibiotics cytostatics peptides and proteins nucleic acids etc)

Protection of drugs against chemical and enzymatic degradation

Reduction of side effects of some active drugs

Advantages of Nanotechnology

Mucosal delivery of high molecular weight substances such as peptides proteins oligonucleotides and plasmids

Increased solubility and dissolution rate of poorly soluble substances due to nanosizing improvement of drug bioavailability

New functions arising from nanosizing such as improved solubility targetability and adhesion to tissues

Bionanomaterials1) Biological materials utilized in nanotechnology

- Proteins enzymes DNA RNA peptides

2) Synthetic nano materials in biomedical applications

- Polymers porous silicon carbon nanotubes

Nanoscale Processes and Fabrication

Top-down Approaches Bottom-up Approaches

Optical and x-ray lithography Layer-by-layer self assembly

E-beam and ion-beam lithography Molecular self assembly

Scanning probe lithography Direct assembly

Atomic force microscopic lithography

Coating and growth

Material removal and deposition(Chemical mechanical or

ultrasonic)

Colloidal aggregation

Printing and imprinting

Equipments for Nanoparticles

Homogenizer

Ultra Sonicator Mills Spray Milling Supercritical Fluid Technology Electro spray Ultracentrifugation Nano filtration

Schematic representation of Nanosphere Formation ndashMethod 1

Ethyl acetate+

PLGA

Stirring 1000 rpm2 hours

Passed through02 m filter

AqueousPVA-Chitosan

2 hours

Passed through02 m filter

Stirring 1000 rpm

Mixing

3 hoursStirring 1000 rpm

Homogenize10 min 13500 rpm

Water

Stirring 2 hoursWater bath 40 oC

Add organic to aqueous NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

Ethyl acetate+

PLGA

Stirring 1000 rpm2 hours

Passed through02 m filter

AqueousPVA-Chitosan

2 hours

Passed through02 m filter

Stirring 1000 rpm

Mixing

3 hoursStirring 1000 rpm

Homogenize10 min 13500 rpm

Water

Stirring 2 hoursWater bath 40 oC

Add organic to aqueous NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

Polymerization method

Different Methods to Prepare Nanospheres and Nanocapsules

Polymer

Method based on physico-chemical properties of polymer solutions

Phase gelation

Non solvent Salting-out calcium tripolyphosphates

(polymer soluble (polymer soluble in water)

in organic solvent)

Nanocapsules Nanospheres Alginate nanospheres Chitosan nanospheres

Nanospheres

microencapsulation techniques-Nanospheres amp Nanocapsules

Polymer

Emulsification

Simple emulsion (WO) Simple emulsion (OW) Double emulsion (WOW) (Water soluble) (polymer soluble in organic solvent) (polymer soluble in organic solvent)

Gelation Polymer precipitation

Solvent evaporation Polymer precipitation İnverse salting out

Solvent extraction Solvent evaporation

Nanospheres amp Nanocapsules

Nanotechnology Applications

Medicine - Cancer treatment

- Bone treatment

- Drug delivery

- Appetite control

- Drug development

- Medical tools

- Diagnostic tests

- Imaging

Consumer Goods

Foods and beverages

minusAdvanced packaging materials sensors and labon-chips for food quality testing

Appliances and textiles

minusStain proof water proof and

wrinkle free textiles

Household and cosmetics

minus Self-cleaning and scratch free products paints and better cosmetics

Nanotechnology Applications

Medical Nanotechnology or Nano medicine

Nano medicine is the application of nanotechnology in

medicine including to cure diseases and repair damaged

tissues such as bone muscle and nerve and its monitoring

Key Goals for Nano medicine

minusTo develop cure for traditionally incurable diseases (eg

cancer) through the utilization of nanotechnology

minusTo provide more effective cure with fewer side effects by

means of targeted drug delivery systems

Nanotechnology in Health Care - Detection and Diagnosis

Nanotechnology offers tools

and techniques for more effective detection diagnosis and treatment of diseases

Fig The micro fluidic channel with nano wire sensor can detect the presence of altered genes associated with cancer ndash J Heath Cali Insti of Technology

Lab on chips help detection and diagnosis of diseases more efficiently

Nano wire and cantilever lab on chips help in early detection of cancer biomarkers (Carcinoembryonic antigen ndashCEA Alfa-fetoprotein-CEA Prostate Specific antigen ndashPSA)

Fig The nano scale cantilever detects the presence and concentration of various molecular expressions of a cancer cell ndash A Majumdar Univ of Cal at Berkeley

Nanotechnology in Health Care - Thermal ablation of cancer cells

Thermal ablation of cancer cells

minus Nano shells have metallic outer layer and silica core kills the cancer cells by Thermal ablation

minus Selectively attracted to cancer shells either through a phenomena called enhanced permeation

retention or due

to some molecules coated on the shells

Nanotechnology in Health Care - Treatment

Targeted drug deliver

minus Nano particles containing drugs are coated with targeting agents (eg conjugated antibodies)

minus The nano particles circulate through the blood vessels and reach the target cells

minus Drugs are released directly into the targeted cells

Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery

In biopharmaceuticals in addition to the main technologies covered liposomal monoclonal antibody-based and polymer-based

technologies host of newer technologies such as nano particles

including various nano dimensional entities such as molecular

imprinted polymers pro drug delivery oral injectable and implantable pulmonary and transdermal and transmucosal delivery have come up

Importance of Drug Delivery Technology to Pharma Industry

1048713 Drug delivery formulations involve low cost research compared that for discovery of new molecule

Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery

1048713 Minimizing the drug use would significantly reduce the effective cost of drug which would give financial relief to the patients

1048713 Delivery systems increase commercial opportunity by distinguishing a drug from competitive threats posed by ldquome toordquo drugs and

1048713 Novel means of delivery particularly using nano-carriers can allow branded drugs to be rescued from abyss of generic competition (may be called ldquoresurrection of drugrdquo)

SOME SIGNIFICANT NANODEVICES

Development of one dose a day ciprofloxacin using nanotechnology

Tumor targeted taxol delivery using nano particles in Phase 2 clinical trial stage

Improved ophthalmic delivery formulation using smart hydrogel nano particles

Oral insulin formulation using nanoparticles carriers

Liposomal based Amphotericin B formulation

1048713 Nano particles for Drug Delivery

- Metal-based nano particles - Lipid-based nano particles

- Polymer-based nano particles - Biological nano particles

Nanotechnology Applications

1) SiO2-Nanoparticles as a new platform for non-viral gene delivery (favourable size 10 - 50 nm controlled production possible excellent phys-chemical stability many possibilities for chemical modification) Probably cheaper and safer but presently not safer

2) Using Nanotechnology for New Medicines Eg Gene-Therapy

mRNA

Modified genevector

Therapeutic Protein

Nanotechnology Applications

3) Brain Drug Targeting Polysorbate-coated NPs to enhance

penetration to the blood-brain barrier (BBB)

ndash Mechanism

ndash Binding of the NPs to the inner endothelial lining of the brain

capillaries (subsequently particles deliver drugs to the brain by

providing a large concentration gradient thus enhancing the passive

diffusion)

ndash Brain endothelial uptake by phagocytosis

_ A general surfactant effect characterized by a solubilization of the

endothelial cell membrane lipids that would lead to membrane fluidization

and an enhanced drug permeability through the BBB

_ The NPs could lead to an opening of the tight junctions between the

endothelial cells The drug could then permeate through the tight junctions

in free form or together with the NPs in bound form

Nanotechnology Applications

_The NPs may be endocytosed by the endothelial cells followed by the release of

the drugs within these cells and delivery to the brain

_The NPs with bound drugs could be transcytosed through the endothelial cell layer

_The polysorbate 80 used as the coating agent could inhibit the efflux system

especially P- glycoprotein (P-gp)

4) Semiconductor Nano Crystals or ldquoQUANTUM Dots TMrdquo or

Biodegradable bio polymers for ex-vivo optical diagnostics and

some form of hybrid biodegradable nano capsule with MRI

contrast agent core for in-vivo simultaneous diagnostics and

therapeutics (ldquotheragnosticsrdquo)

Nanotechnology Applications

Nanoelectromechanical System (NEMS) Sensors

minus NEMS technology enables creation of ultra small and highly sensitive sensors for various applications

minus The NEMS force sensor shown in the figure is applicable in pathogenic bacteria detection

Fig A NEMS bacteria sensor

Nanotechnology Applications

5) Nano medicine - Continuous Therapy for Preventing Cancer in Astronauts Engineered multilayered nano particles targeted to radiation-damaged cells can initiate repair of damaged DNA using DNA repair genes manufactured inside individual living cells under the control of molecular

biosensor switches

6) Nanoparticles in cancer therapy Increase in antitumor efficacy Reduction of systemic side-effects Selective delivery of oligonucleotides to tumor cells Reversion of multidrug resistance in tumor cells

7) Targeted delivery of antibiotics using nanoparticles Challenge is to design the means of carrying an antibiotic in a form that is able to be endocytosed by phagocytic cells and then released into these cells Nanoparticles are one of the main carriers developed for these logistic strategies

Nanotechnology Applications

Targeting of intracellular bacteria with antibiotic colloidal carriers liposomes or nanoparticles

Nanotechnology Applications- DNA Sequencing

8) In DNA Sequencing DNA molecules under the influence of an electric field are forced through nano-scale channels (~100 nm) on a

ldquogel biochiprdquo The molecules deform and stretch to pass through the small channels

This process separates DNA fragments by length

This is part of the method used to sequence the DNA in the human genome and in

identifying a unique DNA ldquofingerprintrdquo

Nanotechnology Applications - Immunoisolation for Cell-encapsulation therapy

9) Liver Dysfunction Encapsulation of Hepatic Cell

Pancreas Dysfunction Encapsulation of Islets of Langerhans

Disorders of the CNS Parkinsonrsquos Alzheimerrsquos

Pre-requisites for cell encapsulation

ndash continued and optimal tissuecell supply

ndash maintenance of cell viability amp function

ndash successful prevention of immune rejection

Nonporous Silicone-based biocapsules serves as Artificial Pancreas(Desai et al)

Nanotechnology Applications

10) Targeting Tumours laquo Smart Bombs raquo

Conventional Therapy Chemotherapy that poisons surrounding tissue

Strategy Block angiogenesis selectively at tumor site

Nanoparticle DNA + Cationic Polymer directed at tumourous cells

Starves blood cells

Nano engineering ndash Bio - analogous Structures

Bone-cartilage composite

Muscle

Brain-machine Interface

CHALLENGES amp Methods ofDrug Delivery

Prevention of drug from biological degradation (Oral dosage form)

Effective Targeting ( Inhalation)

Patient Compliance (Tran dermal)

Cost effectiveness (Implantation)

Product life extension (Injections)

NANOTECHNOLOGY - DEFİNİTİON

Nanotechnology is the term derived from the Greek word ldquonanordquo meaning ldquodwarfrdquo

Applies the principles in various sciences at a atomic molecular or submicron level

Dimension range 01 ndash 100 nm (10-1000 nm for pharmaceutical nanoparticles)

Definition ldquoResearch and technology development at the atomic molecular or macromolecular levels in the length scale of approximately 1-100 nanometer range to provide a fundamental understanding of phenomena and materials at the nano scale and to create and use structures devices and systems that have novel properties and functions because of their small andor intermediate sizerdquo

Advantages of Nanotechnology

Methods of preparation simple and easy to scale up

Nano scale components have very high surface areas

Stable and easily freeze-dried

Successful tissue targeting of many drugs (antibiotics cytostatics peptides and proteins nucleic acids etc)

Protection of drugs against chemical and enzymatic degradation

Reduction of side effects of some active drugs

Advantages of Nanotechnology

Mucosal delivery of high molecular weight substances such as peptides proteins oligonucleotides and plasmids

Increased solubility and dissolution rate of poorly soluble substances due to nanosizing improvement of drug bioavailability

New functions arising from nanosizing such as improved solubility targetability and adhesion to tissues

Bionanomaterials1) Biological materials utilized in nanotechnology

- Proteins enzymes DNA RNA peptides

2) Synthetic nano materials in biomedical applications

- Polymers porous silicon carbon nanotubes

Nanoscale Processes and Fabrication

Top-down Approaches Bottom-up Approaches

Optical and x-ray lithography Layer-by-layer self assembly

E-beam and ion-beam lithography Molecular self assembly

Scanning probe lithography Direct assembly

Atomic force microscopic lithography

Coating and growth

Material removal and deposition(Chemical mechanical or

ultrasonic)

Colloidal aggregation

Printing and imprinting

Equipments for Nanoparticles

Homogenizer

Ultra Sonicator Mills Spray Milling Supercritical Fluid Technology Electro spray Ultracentrifugation Nano filtration

Schematic representation of Nanosphere Formation ndashMethod 1

Ethyl acetate+

PLGA

Stirring 1000 rpm2 hours

Passed through02 m filter

AqueousPVA-Chitosan

2 hours

Passed through02 m filter

Stirring 1000 rpm

Mixing

3 hoursStirring 1000 rpm

Homogenize10 min 13500 rpm

Water

Stirring 2 hoursWater bath 40 oC

Add organic to aqueous NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

Ethyl acetate+

PLGA

Stirring 1000 rpm2 hours

Passed through02 m filter

AqueousPVA-Chitosan

2 hours

Passed through02 m filter

Stirring 1000 rpm

Mixing

3 hoursStirring 1000 rpm

Homogenize10 min 13500 rpm

Water

Stirring 2 hoursWater bath 40 oC

Add organic to aqueous NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

Polymerization method

Different Methods to Prepare Nanospheres and Nanocapsules

Polymer

Method based on physico-chemical properties of polymer solutions

Phase gelation

Non solvent Salting-out calcium tripolyphosphates

(polymer soluble (polymer soluble in water)

in organic solvent)

Nanocapsules Nanospheres Alginate nanospheres Chitosan nanospheres

Nanospheres

microencapsulation techniques-Nanospheres amp Nanocapsules

Polymer

Emulsification

Simple emulsion (WO) Simple emulsion (OW) Double emulsion (WOW) (Water soluble) (polymer soluble in organic solvent) (polymer soluble in organic solvent)

Gelation Polymer precipitation

Solvent evaporation Polymer precipitation İnverse salting out

Solvent extraction Solvent evaporation

Nanospheres amp Nanocapsules

Nanotechnology Applications

Medicine - Cancer treatment

- Bone treatment

- Drug delivery

- Appetite control

- Drug development

- Medical tools

- Diagnostic tests

- Imaging

Consumer Goods

Foods and beverages

minusAdvanced packaging materials sensors and labon-chips for food quality testing

Appliances and textiles

minusStain proof water proof and

wrinkle free textiles

Household and cosmetics

minus Self-cleaning and scratch free products paints and better cosmetics

Nanotechnology Applications

Medical Nanotechnology or Nano medicine

Nano medicine is the application of nanotechnology in

medicine including to cure diseases and repair damaged

tissues such as bone muscle and nerve and its monitoring

Key Goals for Nano medicine

minusTo develop cure for traditionally incurable diseases (eg

cancer) through the utilization of nanotechnology

minusTo provide more effective cure with fewer side effects by

means of targeted drug delivery systems

Nanotechnology in Health Care - Detection and Diagnosis

Nanotechnology offers tools

and techniques for more effective detection diagnosis and treatment of diseases

Fig The micro fluidic channel with nano wire sensor can detect the presence of altered genes associated with cancer ndash J Heath Cali Insti of Technology

Lab on chips help detection and diagnosis of diseases more efficiently

Nano wire and cantilever lab on chips help in early detection of cancer biomarkers (Carcinoembryonic antigen ndashCEA Alfa-fetoprotein-CEA Prostate Specific antigen ndashPSA)

Fig The nano scale cantilever detects the presence and concentration of various molecular expressions of a cancer cell ndash A Majumdar Univ of Cal at Berkeley

Nanotechnology in Health Care - Thermal ablation of cancer cells

Thermal ablation of cancer cells

minus Nano shells have metallic outer layer and silica core kills the cancer cells by Thermal ablation

minus Selectively attracted to cancer shells either through a phenomena called enhanced permeation

retention or due

to some molecules coated on the shells

Nanotechnology in Health Care - Treatment

Targeted drug deliver

minus Nano particles containing drugs are coated with targeting agents (eg conjugated antibodies)

minus The nano particles circulate through the blood vessels and reach the target cells

minus Drugs are released directly into the targeted cells

Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery

In biopharmaceuticals in addition to the main technologies covered liposomal monoclonal antibody-based and polymer-based

technologies host of newer technologies such as nano particles

including various nano dimensional entities such as molecular

imprinted polymers pro drug delivery oral injectable and implantable pulmonary and transdermal and transmucosal delivery have come up

Importance of Drug Delivery Technology to Pharma Industry

1048713 Drug delivery formulations involve low cost research compared that for discovery of new molecule

Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery

1048713 Minimizing the drug use would significantly reduce the effective cost of drug which would give financial relief to the patients

1048713 Delivery systems increase commercial opportunity by distinguishing a drug from competitive threats posed by ldquome toordquo drugs and

1048713 Novel means of delivery particularly using nano-carriers can allow branded drugs to be rescued from abyss of generic competition (may be called ldquoresurrection of drugrdquo)

SOME SIGNIFICANT NANODEVICES

Development of one dose a day ciprofloxacin using nanotechnology

Tumor targeted taxol delivery using nano particles in Phase 2 clinical trial stage

Improved ophthalmic delivery formulation using smart hydrogel nano particles

Oral insulin formulation using nanoparticles carriers

Liposomal based Amphotericin B formulation

1048713 Nano particles for Drug Delivery

- Metal-based nano particles - Lipid-based nano particles

- Polymer-based nano particles - Biological nano particles

Nanotechnology Applications

1) SiO2-Nanoparticles as a new platform for non-viral gene delivery (favourable size 10 - 50 nm controlled production possible excellent phys-chemical stability many possibilities for chemical modification) Probably cheaper and safer but presently not safer

2) Using Nanotechnology for New Medicines Eg Gene-Therapy

mRNA

Modified genevector

Therapeutic Protein

Nanotechnology Applications

3) Brain Drug Targeting Polysorbate-coated NPs to enhance

penetration to the blood-brain barrier (BBB)

ndash Mechanism

ndash Binding of the NPs to the inner endothelial lining of the brain

capillaries (subsequently particles deliver drugs to the brain by

providing a large concentration gradient thus enhancing the passive

diffusion)

ndash Brain endothelial uptake by phagocytosis

_ A general surfactant effect characterized by a solubilization of the

endothelial cell membrane lipids that would lead to membrane fluidization

and an enhanced drug permeability through the BBB

_ The NPs could lead to an opening of the tight junctions between the

endothelial cells The drug could then permeate through the tight junctions

in free form or together with the NPs in bound form

Nanotechnology Applications

_The NPs may be endocytosed by the endothelial cells followed by the release of

the drugs within these cells and delivery to the brain

_The NPs with bound drugs could be transcytosed through the endothelial cell layer

_The polysorbate 80 used as the coating agent could inhibit the efflux system

especially P- glycoprotein (P-gp)

4) Semiconductor Nano Crystals or ldquoQUANTUM Dots TMrdquo or

Biodegradable bio polymers for ex-vivo optical diagnostics and

some form of hybrid biodegradable nano capsule with MRI

contrast agent core for in-vivo simultaneous diagnostics and

therapeutics (ldquotheragnosticsrdquo)

Nanotechnology Applications

Nanoelectromechanical System (NEMS) Sensors

minus NEMS technology enables creation of ultra small and highly sensitive sensors for various applications

minus The NEMS force sensor shown in the figure is applicable in pathogenic bacteria detection

Fig A NEMS bacteria sensor

Nanotechnology Applications

5) Nano medicine - Continuous Therapy for Preventing Cancer in Astronauts Engineered multilayered nano particles targeted to radiation-damaged cells can initiate repair of damaged DNA using DNA repair genes manufactured inside individual living cells under the control of molecular

biosensor switches

6) Nanoparticles in cancer therapy Increase in antitumor efficacy Reduction of systemic side-effects Selective delivery of oligonucleotides to tumor cells Reversion of multidrug resistance in tumor cells

7) Targeted delivery of antibiotics using nanoparticles Challenge is to design the means of carrying an antibiotic in a form that is able to be endocytosed by phagocytic cells and then released into these cells Nanoparticles are one of the main carriers developed for these logistic strategies

Nanotechnology Applications

Targeting of intracellular bacteria with antibiotic colloidal carriers liposomes or nanoparticles

Nanotechnology Applications- DNA Sequencing

8) In DNA Sequencing DNA molecules under the influence of an electric field are forced through nano-scale channels (~100 nm) on a

ldquogel biochiprdquo The molecules deform and stretch to pass through the small channels

This process separates DNA fragments by length

This is part of the method used to sequence the DNA in the human genome and in

identifying a unique DNA ldquofingerprintrdquo

Nanotechnology Applications - Immunoisolation for Cell-encapsulation therapy

9) Liver Dysfunction Encapsulation of Hepatic Cell

Pancreas Dysfunction Encapsulation of Islets of Langerhans

Disorders of the CNS Parkinsonrsquos Alzheimerrsquos

Pre-requisites for cell encapsulation

ndash continued and optimal tissuecell supply

ndash maintenance of cell viability amp function

ndash successful prevention of immune rejection

Nonporous Silicone-based biocapsules serves as Artificial Pancreas(Desai et al)

Nanotechnology Applications

10) Targeting Tumours laquo Smart Bombs raquo

Conventional Therapy Chemotherapy that poisons surrounding tissue

Strategy Block angiogenesis selectively at tumor site

Nanoparticle DNA + Cationic Polymer directed at tumourous cells

Starves blood cells

Nano engineering ndash Bio - analogous Structures

Bone-cartilage composite

Muscle

Brain-machine Interface

CHALLENGES amp Methods ofDrug Delivery

Prevention of drug from biological degradation (Oral dosage form)

Effective Targeting ( Inhalation)

Patient Compliance (Tran dermal)

Cost effectiveness (Implantation)

Product life extension (Injections)

Advantages of Nanotechnology

Methods of preparation simple and easy to scale up

Nano scale components have very high surface areas

Stable and easily freeze-dried

Successful tissue targeting of many drugs (antibiotics cytostatics peptides and proteins nucleic acids etc)

Protection of drugs against chemical and enzymatic degradation

Reduction of side effects of some active drugs

Advantages of Nanotechnology

Mucosal delivery of high molecular weight substances such as peptides proteins oligonucleotides and plasmids

Increased solubility and dissolution rate of poorly soluble substances due to nanosizing improvement of drug bioavailability

New functions arising from nanosizing such as improved solubility targetability and adhesion to tissues

Bionanomaterials1) Biological materials utilized in nanotechnology

- Proteins enzymes DNA RNA peptides

2) Synthetic nano materials in biomedical applications

- Polymers porous silicon carbon nanotubes

Nanoscale Processes and Fabrication

Top-down Approaches Bottom-up Approaches

Optical and x-ray lithography Layer-by-layer self assembly

E-beam and ion-beam lithography Molecular self assembly

Scanning probe lithography Direct assembly

Atomic force microscopic lithography

Coating and growth

Material removal and deposition(Chemical mechanical or

ultrasonic)

Colloidal aggregation

Printing and imprinting

Equipments for Nanoparticles

Homogenizer

Ultra Sonicator Mills Spray Milling Supercritical Fluid Technology Electro spray Ultracentrifugation Nano filtration

Schematic representation of Nanosphere Formation ndashMethod 1

Ethyl acetate+

PLGA

Stirring 1000 rpm2 hours

Passed through02 m filter

AqueousPVA-Chitosan

2 hours

Passed through02 m filter

Stirring 1000 rpm

Mixing

3 hoursStirring 1000 rpm

Homogenize10 min 13500 rpm

Water

Stirring 2 hoursWater bath 40 oC

Add organic to aqueous NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

Ethyl acetate+

PLGA

Stirring 1000 rpm2 hours

Passed through02 m filter

AqueousPVA-Chitosan

2 hours

Passed through02 m filter

Stirring 1000 rpm

Mixing

3 hoursStirring 1000 rpm

Homogenize10 min 13500 rpm

Water

Stirring 2 hoursWater bath 40 oC

Add organic to aqueous NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

Polymerization method

Different Methods to Prepare Nanospheres and Nanocapsules

Polymer

Method based on physico-chemical properties of polymer solutions

Phase gelation

Non solvent Salting-out calcium tripolyphosphates

(polymer soluble (polymer soluble in water)

in organic solvent)

Nanocapsules Nanospheres Alginate nanospheres Chitosan nanospheres

Nanospheres

microencapsulation techniques-Nanospheres amp Nanocapsules

Polymer

Emulsification

Simple emulsion (WO) Simple emulsion (OW) Double emulsion (WOW) (Water soluble) (polymer soluble in organic solvent) (polymer soluble in organic solvent)

Gelation Polymer precipitation

Solvent evaporation Polymer precipitation İnverse salting out

Solvent extraction Solvent evaporation

Nanospheres amp Nanocapsules

Nanotechnology Applications

Medicine - Cancer treatment

- Bone treatment

- Drug delivery

- Appetite control

- Drug development

- Medical tools

- Diagnostic tests

- Imaging

Consumer Goods

Foods and beverages

minusAdvanced packaging materials sensors and labon-chips for food quality testing

Appliances and textiles

minusStain proof water proof and

wrinkle free textiles

Household and cosmetics

minus Self-cleaning and scratch free products paints and better cosmetics

Nanotechnology Applications

Medical Nanotechnology or Nano medicine

Nano medicine is the application of nanotechnology in

medicine including to cure diseases and repair damaged

tissues such as bone muscle and nerve and its monitoring

Key Goals for Nano medicine

minusTo develop cure for traditionally incurable diseases (eg

cancer) through the utilization of nanotechnology

minusTo provide more effective cure with fewer side effects by

means of targeted drug delivery systems

Nanotechnology in Health Care - Detection and Diagnosis

Nanotechnology offers tools

and techniques for more effective detection diagnosis and treatment of diseases

Fig The micro fluidic channel with nano wire sensor can detect the presence of altered genes associated with cancer ndash J Heath Cali Insti of Technology

Lab on chips help detection and diagnosis of diseases more efficiently

Nano wire and cantilever lab on chips help in early detection of cancer biomarkers (Carcinoembryonic antigen ndashCEA Alfa-fetoprotein-CEA Prostate Specific antigen ndashPSA)

Fig The nano scale cantilever detects the presence and concentration of various molecular expressions of a cancer cell ndash A Majumdar Univ of Cal at Berkeley

Nanotechnology in Health Care - Thermal ablation of cancer cells

Thermal ablation of cancer cells

minus Nano shells have metallic outer layer and silica core kills the cancer cells by Thermal ablation

minus Selectively attracted to cancer shells either through a phenomena called enhanced permeation

retention or due

to some molecules coated on the shells

Nanotechnology in Health Care - Treatment

Targeted drug deliver

minus Nano particles containing drugs are coated with targeting agents (eg conjugated antibodies)

minus The nano particles circulate through the blood vessels and reach the target cells

minus Drugs are released directly into the targeted cells

Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery

In biopharmaceuticals in addition to the main technologies covered liposomal monoclonal antibody-based and polymer-based

technologies host of newer technologies such as nano particles

including various nano dimensional entities such as molecular

imprinted polymers pro drug delivery oral injectable and implantable pulmonary and transdermal and transmucosal delivery have come up

Importance of Drug Delivery Technology to Pharma Industry

1048713 Drug delivery formulations involve low cost research compared that for discovery of new molecule

Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery

1048713 Minimizing the drug use would significantly reduce the effective cost of drug which would give financial relief to the patients

1048713 Delivery systems increase commercial opportunity by distinguishing a drug from competitive threats posed by ldquome toordquo drugs and

1048713 Novel means of delivery particularly using nano-carriers can allow branded drugs to be rescued from abyss of generic competition (may be called ldquoresurrection of drugrdquo)

SOME SIGNIFICANT NANODEVICES

Development of one dose a day ciprofloxacin using nanotechnology

Tumor targeted taxol delivery using nano particles in Phase 2 clinical trial stage

Improved ophthalmic delivery formulation using smart hydrogel nano particles

Oral insulin formulation using nanoparticles carriers

Liposomal based Amphotericin B formulation

1048713 Nano particles for Drug Delivery

- Metal-based nano particles - Lipid-based nano particles

- Polymer-based nano particles - Biological nano particles

Nanotechnology Applications

1) SiO2-Nanoparticles as a new platform for non-viral gene delivery (favourable size 10 - 50 nm controlled production possible excellent phys-chemical stability many possibilities for chemical modification) Probably cheaper and safer but presently not safer

2) Using Nanotechnology for New Medicines Eg Gene-Therapy

mRNA

Modified genevector

Therapeutic Protein

Nanotechnology Applications

3) Brain Drug Targeting Polysorbate-coated NPs to enhance

penetration to the blood-brain barrier (BBB)

ndash Mechanism

ndash Binding of the NPs to the inner endothelial lining of the brain

capillaries (subsequently particles deliver drugs to the brain by

providing a large concentration gradient thus enhancing the passive

diffusion)

ndash Brain endothelial uptake by phagocytosis

_ A general surfactant effect characterized by a solubilization of the

endothelial cell membrane lipids that would lead to membrane fluidization

and an enhanced drug permeability through the BBB

_ The NPs could lead to an opening of the tight junctions between the

endothelial cells The drug could then permeate through the tight junctions

in free form or together with the NPs in bound form

Nanotechnology Applications

_The NPs may be endocytosed by the endothelial cells followed by the release of

the drugs within these cells and delivery to the brain

_The NPs with bound drugs could be transcytosed through the endothelial cell layer

_The polysorbate 80 used as the coating agent could inhibit the efflux system

especially P- glycoprotein (P-gp)

4) Semiconductor Nano Crystals or ldquoQUANTUM Dots TMrdquo or

Biodegradable bio polymers for ex-vivo optical diagnostics and

some form of hybrid biodegradable nano capsule with MRI

contrast agent core for in-vivo simultaneous diagnostics and

therapeutics (ldquotheragnosticsrdquo)

Nanotechnology Applications

Nanoelectromechanical System (NEMS) Sensors

minus NEMS technology enables creation of ultra small and highly sensitive sensors for various applications

minus The NEMS force sensor shown in the figure is applicable in pathogenic bacteria detection

Fig A NEMS bacteria sensor

Nanotechnology Applications

5) Nano medicine - Continuous Therapy for Preventing Cancer in Astronauts Engineered multilayered nano particles targeted to radiation-damaged cells can initiate repair of damaged DNA using DNA repair genes manufactured inside individual living cells under the control of molecular

biosensor switches

6) Nanoparticles in cancer therapy Increase in antitumor efficacy Reduction of systemic side-effects Selective delivery of oligonucleotides to tumor cells Reversion of multidrug resistance in tumor cells

7) Targeted delivery of antibiotics using nanoparticles Challenge is to design the means of carrying an antibiotic in a form that is able to be endocytosed by phagocytic cells and then released into these cells Nanoparticles are one of the main carriers developed for these logistic strategies

Nanotechnology Applications

Targeting of intracellular bacteria with antibiotic colloidal carriers liposomes or nanoparticles

Nanotechnology Applications- DNA Sequencing

8) In DNA Sequencing DNA molecules under the influence of an electric field are forced through nano-scale channels (~100 nm) on a

ldquogel biochiprdquo The molecules deform and stretch to pass through the small channels

This process separates DNA fragments by length

This is part of the method used to sequence the DNA in the human genome and in

identifying a unique DNA ldquofingerprintrdquo

Nanotechnology Applications - Immunoisolation for Cell-encapsulation therapy

9) Liver Dysfunction Encapsulation of Hepatic Cell

Pancreas Dysfunction Encapsulation of Islets of Langerhans

Disorders of the CNS Parkinsonrsquos Alzheimerrsquos

Pre-requisites for cell encapsulation

ndash continued and optimal tissuecell supply

ndash maintenance of cell viability amp function

ndash successful prevention of immune rejection

Nonporous Silicone-based biocapsules serves as Artificial Pancreas(Desai et al)

Nanotechnology Applications

10) Targeting Tumours laquo Smart Bombs raquo

Conventional Therapy Chemotherapy that poisons surrounding tissue

Strategy Block angiogenesis selectively at tumor site

Nanoparticle DNA + Cationic Polymer directed at tumourous cells

Starves blood cells

Nano engineering ndash Bio - analogous Structures

Bone-cartilage composite

Muscle

Brain-machine Interface

CHALLENGES amp Methods ofDrug Delivery

Prevention of drug from biological degradation (Oral dosage form)

Effective Targeting ( Inhalation)

Patient Compliance (Tran dermal)

Cost effectiveness (Implantation)

Product life extension (Injections)

Advantages of Nanotechnology

Mucosal delivery of high molecular weight substances such as peptides proteins oligonucleotides and plasmids

Increased solubility and dissolution rate of poorly soluble substances due to nanosizing improvement of drug bioavailability

New functions arising from nanosizing such as improved solubility targetability and adhesion to tissues

Bionanomaterials1) Biological materials utilized in nanotechnology

- Proteins enzymes DNA RNA peptides

2) Synthetic nano materials in biomedical applications

- Polymers porous silicon carbon nanotubes

Nanoscale Processes and Fabrication

Top-down Approaches Bottom-up Approaches

Optical and x-ray lithography Layer-by-layer self assembly

E-beam and ion-beam lithography Molecular self assembly

Scanning probe lithography Direct assembly

Atomic force microscopic lithography

Coating and growth

Material removal and deposition(Chemical mechanical or

ultrasonic)

Colloidal aggregation

Printing and imprinting

Equipments for Nanoparticles

Homogenizer

Ultra Sonicator Mills Spray Milling Supercritical Fluid Technology Electro spray Ultracentrifugation Nano filtration

Schematic representation of Nanosphere Formation ndashMethod 1

Ethyl acetate+

PLGA

Stirring 1000 rpm2 hours

Passed through02 m filter

AqueousPVA-Chitosan

2 hours

Passed through02 m filter

Stirring 1000 rpm

Mixing

3 hoursStirring 1000 rpm

Homogenize10 min 13500 rpm

Water

Stirring 2 hoursWater bath 40 oC

Add organic to aqueous NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

Ethyl acetate+

PLGA

Stirring 1000 rpm2 hours

Passed through02 m filter

AqueousPVA-Chitosan

2 hours

Passed through02 m filter

Stirring 1000 rpm

Mixing

3 hoursStirring 1000 rpm

Homogenize10 min 13500 rpm

Water

Stirring 2 hoursWater bath 40 oC

Add organic to aqueous NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

Polymerization method

Different Methods to Prepare Nanospheres and Nanocapsules

Polymer

Method based on physico-chemical properties of polymer solutions

Phase gelation

Non solvent Salting-out calcium tripolyphosphates

(polymer soluble (polymer soluble in water)

in organic solvent)

Nanocapsules Nanospheres Alginate nanospheres Chitosan nanospheres

Nanospheres

microencapsulation techniques-Nanospheres amp Nanocapsules

Polymer

Emulsification

Simple emulsion (WO) Simple emulsion (OW) Double emulsion (WOW) (Water soluble) (polymer soluble in organic solvent) (polymer soluble in organic solvent)

Gelation Polymer precipitation

Solvent evaporation Polymer precipitation İnverse salting out

Solvent extraction Solvent evaporation

Nanospheres amp Nanocapsules

Nanotechnology Applications

Medicine - Cancer treatment

- Bone treatment

- Drug delivery

- Appetite control

- Drug development

- Medical tools

- Diagnostic tests

- Imaging

Consumer Goods

Foods and beverages

minusAdvanced packaging materials sensors and labon-chips for food quality testing

Appliances and textiles

minusStain proof water proof and

wrinkle free textiles

Household and cosmetics

minus Self-cleaning and scratch free products paints and better cosmetics

Nanotechnology Applications

Medical Nanotechnology or Nano medicine

Nano medicine is the application of nanotechnology in

medicine including to cure diseases and repair damaged

tissues such as bone muscle and nerve and its monitoring

Key Goals for Nano medicine

minusTo develop cure for traditionally incurable diseases (eg

cancer) through the utilization of nanotechnology

minusTo provide more effective cure with fewer side effects by

means of targeted drug delivery systems

Nanotechnology in Health Care - Detection and Diagnosis

Nanotechnology offers tools

and techniques for more effective detection diagnosis and treatment of diseases

Fig The micro fluidic channel with nano wire sensor can detect the presence of altered genes associated with cancer ndash J Heath Cali Insti of Technology

Lab on chips help detection and diagnosis of diseases more efficiently

Nano wire and cantilever lab on chips help in early detection of cancer biomarkers (Carcinoembryonic antigen ndashCEA Alfa-fetoprotein-CEA Prostate Specific antigen ndashPSA)

Fig The nano scale cantilever detects the presence and concentration of various molecular expressions of a cancer cell ndash A Majumdar Univ of Cal at Berkeley

Nanotechnology in Health Care - Thermal ablation of cancer cells

Thermal ablation of cancer cells

minus Nano shells have metallic outer layer and silica core kills the cancer cells by Thermal ablation

minus Selectively attracted to cancer shells either through a phenomena called enhanced permeation

retention or due

to some molecules coated on the shells

Nanotechnology in Health Care - Treatment

Targeted drug deliver

minus Nano particles containing drugs are coated with targeting agents (eg conjugated antibodies)

minus The nano particles circulate through the blood vessels and reach the target cells

minus Drugs are released directly into the targeted cells

Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery

In biopharmaceuticals in addition to the main technologies covered liposomal monoclonal antibody-based and polymer-based

technologies host of newer technologies such as nano particles

including various nano dimensional entities such as molecular

imprinted polymers pro drug delivery oral injectable and implantable pulmonary and transdermal and transmucosal delivery have come up

Importance of Drug Delivery Technology to Pharma Industry

1048713 Drug delivery formulations involve low cost research compared that for discovery of new molecule

Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery

1048713 Minimizing the drug use would significantly reduce the effective cost of drug which would give financial relief to the patients

1048713 Delivery systems increase commercial opportunity by distinguishing a drug from competitive threats posed by ldquome toordquo drugs and

1048713 Novel means of delivery particularly using nano-carriers can allow branded drugs to be rescued from abyss of generic competition (may be called ldquoresurrection of drugrdquo)

SOME SIGNIFICANT NANODEVICES

Development of one dose a day ciprofloxacin using nanotechnology

Tumor targeted taxol delivery using nano particles in Phase 2 clinical trial stage

Improved ophthalmic delivery formulation using smart hydrogel nano particles

Oral insulin formulation using nanoparticles carriers

Liposomal based Amphotericin B formulation

1048713 Nano particles for Drug Delivery

- Metal-based nano particles - Lipid-based nano particles

- Polymer-based nano particles - Biological nano particles

Nanotechnology Applications

1) SiO2-Nanoparticles as a new platform for non-viral gene delivery (favourable size 10 - 50 nm controlled production possible excellent phys-chemical stability many possibilities for chemical modification) Probably cheaper and safer but presently not safer

2) Using Nanotechnology for New Medicines Eg Gene-Therapy

mRNA

Modified genevector

Therapeutic Protein

Nanotechnology Applications

3) Brain Drug Targeting Polysorbate-coated NPs to enhance

penetration to the blood-brain barrier (BBB)

ndash Mechanism

ndash Binding of the NPs to the inner endothelial lining of the brain

capillaries (subsequently particles deliver drugs to the brain by

providing a large concentration gradient thus enhancing the passive

diffusion)

ndash Brain endothelial uptake by phagocytosis

_ A general surfactant effect characterized by a solubilization of the

endothelial cell membrane lipids that would lead to membrane fluidization

and an enhanced drug permeability through the BBB

_ The NPs could lead to an opening of the tight junctions between the

endothelial cells The drug could then permeate through the tight junctions

in free form or together with the NPs in bound form

Nanotechnology Applications

_The NPs may be endocytosed by the endothelial cells followed by the release of

the drugs within these cells and delivery to the brain

_The NPs with bound drugs could be transcytosed through the endothelial cell layer

_The polysorbate 80 used as the coating agent could inhibit the efflux system

especially P- glycoprotein (P-gp)

4) Semiconductor Nano Crystals or ldquoQUANTUM Dots TMrdquo or

Biodegradable bio polymers for ex-vivo optical diagnostics and

some form of hybrid biodegradable nano capsule with MRI

contrast agent core for in-vivo simultaneous diagnostics and

therapeutics (ldquotheragnosticsrdquo)

Nanotechnology Applications

Nanoelectromechanical System (NEMS) Sensors

minus NEMS technology enables creation of ultra small and highly sensitive sensors for various applications

minus The NEMS force sensor shown in the figure is applicable in pathogenic bacteria detection

Fig A NEMS bacteria sensor

Nanotechnology Applications

5) Nano medicine - Continuous Therapy for Preventing Cancer in Astronauts Engineered multilayered nano particles targeted to radiation-damaged cells can initiate repair of damaged DNA using DNA repair genes manufactured inside individual living cells under the control of molecular

biosensor switches

6) Nanoparticles in cancer therapy Increase in antitumor efficacy Reduction of systemic side-effects Selective delivery of oligonucleotides to tumor cells Reversion of multidrug resistance in tumor cells

7) Targeted delivery of antibiotics using nanoparticles Challenge is to design the means of carrying an antibiotic in a form that is able to be endocytosed by phagocytic cells and then released into these cells Nanoparticles are one of the main carriers developed for these logistic strategies

Nanotechnology Applications

Targeting of intracellular bacteria with antibiotic colloidal carriers liposomes or nanoparticles

Nanotechnology Applications- DNA Sequencing

8) In DNA Sequencing DNA molecules under the influence of an electric field are forced through nano-scale channels (~100 nm) on a

ldquogel biochiprdquo The molecules deform and stretch to pass through the small channels

This process separates DNA fragments by length

This is part of the method used to sequence the DNA in the human genome and in

identifying a unique DNA ldquofingerprintrdquo

Nanotechnology Applications - Immunoisolation for Cell-encapsulation therapy

9) Liver Dysfunction Encapsulation of Hepatic Cell

Pancreas Dysfunction Encapsulation of Islets of Langerhans

Disorders of the CNS Parkinsonrsquos Alzheimerrsquos

Pre-requisites for cell encapsulation

ndash continued and optimal tissuecell supply

ndash maintenance of cell viability amp function

ndash successful prevention of immune rejection

Nonporous Silicone-based biocapsules serves as Artificial Pancreas(Desai et al)

Nanotechnology Applications

10) Targeting Tumours laquo Smart Bombs raquo

Conventional Therapy Chemotherapy that poisons surrounding tissue

Strategy Block angiogenesis selectively at tumor site

Nanoparticle DNA + Cationic Polymer directed at tumourous cells

Starves blood cells

Nano engineering ndash Bio - analogous Structures

Bone-cartilage composite

Muscle

Brain-machine Interface

CHALLENGES amp Methods ofDrug Delivery

Prevention of drug from biological degradation (Oral dosage form)

Effective Targeting ( Inhalation)

Patient Compliance (Tran dermal)

Cost effectiveness (Implantation)

Product life extension (Injections)

Nanoscale Processes and Fabrication

Top-down Approaches Bottom-up Approaches

Optical and x-ray lithography Layer-by-layer self assembly

E-beam and ion-beam lithography Molecular self assembly

Scanning probe lithography Direct assembly

Atomic force microscopic lithography

Coating and growth

Material removal and deposition(Chemical mechanical or

ultrasonic)

Colloidal aggregation

Printing and imprinting

Equipments for Nanoparticles

Homogenizer

Ultra Sonicator Mills Spray Milling Supercritical Fluid Technology Electro spray Ultracentrifugation Nano filtration

Schematic representation of Nanosphere Formation ndashMethod 1

Ethyl acetate+

PLGA

Stirring 1000 rpm2 hours

Passed through02 m filter

AqueousPVA-Chitosan

2 hours

Passed through02 m filter

Stirring 1000 rpm

Mixing

3 hoursStirring 1000 rpm

Homogenize10 min 13500 rpm

Water

Stirring 2 hoursWater bath 40 oC

Add organic to aqueous NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

Ethyl acetate+

PLGA

Stirring 1000 rpm2 hours

Passed through02 m filter

AqueousPVA-Chitosan

2 hours

Passed through02 m filter

Stirring 1000 rpm

Mixing

3 hoursStirring 1000 rpm

Homogenize10 min 13500 rpm

Water

Stirring 2 hoursWater bath 40 oC

Add organic to aqueous NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

Polymerization method

Different Methods to Prepare Nanospheres and Nanocapsules

Polymer

Method based on physico-chemical properties of polymer solutions

Phase gelation

Non solvent Salting-out calcium tripolyphosphates

(polymer soluble (polymer soluble in water)

in organic solvent)

Nanocapsules Nanospheres Alginate nanospheres Chitosan nanospheres

Nanospheres

microencapsulation techniques-Nanospheres amp Nanocapsules

Polymer

Emulsification

Simple emulsion (WO) Simple emulsion (OW) Double emulsion (WOW) (Water soluble) (polymer soluble in organic solvent) (polymer soluble in organic solvent)

Gelation Polymer precipitation

Solvent evaporation Polymer precipitation İnverse salting out

Solvent extraction Solvent evaporation

Nanospheres amp Nanocapsules

Nanotechnology Applications

Medicine - Cancer treatment

- Bone treatment

- Drug delivery

- Appetite control

- Drug development

- Medical tools

- Diagnostic tests

- Imaging

Consumer Goods

Foods and beverages

minusAdvanced packaging materials sensors and labon-chips for food quality testing

Appliances and textiles

minusStain proof water proof and

wrinkle free textiles

Household and cosmetics

minus Self-cleaning and scratch free products paints and better cosmetics

Nanotechnology Applications

Medical Nanotechnology or Nano medicine

Nano medicine is the application of nanotechnology in

medicine including to cure diseases and repair damaged

tissues such as bone muscle and nerve and its monitoring

Key Goals for Nano medicine

minusTo develop cure for traditionally incurable diseases (eg

cancer) through the utilization of nanotechnology

minusTo provide more effective cure with fewer side effects by

means of targeted drug delivery systems

Nanotechnology in Health Care - Detection and Diagnosis

Nanotechnology offers tools

and techniques for more effective detection diagnosis and treatment of diseases

Fig The micro fluidic channel with nano wire sensor can detect the presence of altered genes associated with cancer ndash J Heath Cali Insti of Technology

Lab on chips help detection and diagnosis of diseases more efficiently

Nano wire and cantilever lab on chips help in early detection of cancer biomarkers (Carcinoembryonic antigen ndashCEA Alfa-fetoprotein-CEA Prostate Specific antigen ndashPSA)

Fig The nano scale cantilever detects the presence and concentration of various molecular expressions of a cancer cell ndash A Majumdar Univ of Cal at Berkeley

Nanotechnology in Health Care - Thermal ablation of cancer cells

Thermal ablation of cancer cells

minus Nano shells have metallic outer layer and silica core kills the cancer cells by Thermal ablation

minus Selectively attracted to cancer shells either through a phenomena called enhanced permeation

retention or due

to some molecules coated on the shells

Nanotechnology in Health Care - Treatment

Targeted drug deliver

minus Nano particles containing drugs are coated with targeting agents (eg conjugated antibodies)

minus The nano particles circulate through the blood vessels and reach the target cells

minus Drugs are released directly into the targeted cells

Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery

In biopharmaceuticals in addition to the main technologies covered liposomal monoclonal antibody-based and polymer-based

technologies host of newer technologies such as nano particles

including various nano dimensional entities such as molecular

imprinted polymers pro drug delivery oral injectable and implantable pulmonary and transdermal and transmucosal delivery have come up

Importance of Drug Delivery Technology to Pharma Industry

1048713 Drug delivery formulations involve low cost research compared that for discovery of new molecule

Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery

1048713 Minimizing the drug use would significantly reduce the effective cost of drug which would give financial relief to the patients

1048713 Delivery systems increase commercial opportunity by distinguishing a drug from competitive threats posed by ldquome toordquo drugs and

1048713 Novel means of delivery particularly using nano-carriers can allow branded drugs to be rescued from abyss of generic competition (may be called ldquoresurrection of drugrdquo)

SOME SIGNIFICANT NANODEVICES

Development of one dose a day ciprofloxacin using nanotechnology

Tumor targeted taxol delivery using nano particles in Phase 2 clinical trial stage

Improved ophthalmic delivery formulation using smart hydrogel nano particles

Oral insulin formulation using nanoparticles carriers

Liposomal based Amphotericin B formulation

1048713 Nano particles for Drug Delivery

- Metal-based nano particles - Lipid-based nano particles

- Polymer-based nano particles - Biological nano particles

Nanotechnology Applications

1) SiO2-Nanoparticles as a new platform for non-viral gene delivery (favourable size 10 - 50 nm controlled production possible excellent phys-chemical stability many possibilities for chemical modification) Probably cheaper and safer but presently not safer

2) Using Nanotechnology for New Medicines Eg Gene-Therapy

mRNA

Modified genevector

Therapeutic Protein

Nanotechnology Applications

3) Brain Drug Targeting Polysorbate-coated NPs to enhance

penetration to the blood-brain barrier (BBB)

ndash Mechanism

ndash Binding of the NPs to the inner endothelial lining of the brain

capillaries (subsequently particles deliver drugs to the brain by

providing a large concentration gradient thus enhancing the passive

diffusion)

ndash Brain endothelial uptake by phagocytosis

_ A general surfactant effect characterized by a solubilization of the

endothelial cell membrane lipids that would lead to membrane fluidization

and an enhanced drug permeability through the BBB

_ The NPs could lead to an opening of the tight junctions between the

endothelial cells The drug could then permeate through the tight junctions

in free form or together with the NPs in bound form

Nanotechnology Applications

_The NPs may be endocytosed by the endothelial cells followed by the release of

the drugs within these cells and delivery to the brain

_The NPs with bound drugs could be transcytosed through the endothelial cell layer

_The polysorbate 80 used as the coating agent could inhibit the efflux system

especially P- glycoprotein (P-gp)

4) Semiconductor Nano Crystals or ldquoQUANTUM Dots TMrdquo or

Biodegradable bio polymers for ex-vivo optical diagnostics and

some form of hybrid biodegradable nano capsule with MRI

contrast agent core for in-vivo simultaneous diagnostics and

therapeutics (ldquotheragnosticsrdquo)

Nanotechnology Applications

Nanoelectromechanical System (NEMS) Sensors

minus NEMS technology enables creation of ultra small and highly sensitive sensors for various applications

minus The NEMS force sensor shown in the figure is applicable in pathogenic bacteria detection

Fig A NEMS bacteria sensor

Nanotechnology Applications

5) Nano medicine - Continuous Therapy for Preventing Cancer in Astronauts Engineered multilayered nano particles targeted to radiation-damaged cells can initiate repair of damaged DNA using DNA repair genes manufactured inside individual living cells under the control of molecular

biosensor switches

6) Nanoparticles in cancer therapy Increase in antitumor efficacy Reduction of systemic side-effects Selective delivery of oligonucleotides to tumor cells Reversion of multidrug resistance in tumor cells

7) Targeted delivery of antibiotics using nanoparticles Challenge is to design the means of carrying an antibiotic in a form that is able to be endocytosed by phagocytic cells and then released into these cells Nanoparticles are one of the main carriers developed for these logistic strategies

Nanotechnology Applications

Targeting of intracellular bacteria with antibiotic colloidal carriers liposomes or nanoparticles

Nanotechnology Applications- DNA Sequencing

8) In DNA Sequencing DNA molecules under the influence of an electric field are forced through nano-scale channels (~100 nm) on a

ldquogel biochiprdquo The molecules deform and stretch to pass through the small channels

This process separates DNA fragments by length

This is part of the method used to sequence the DNA in the human genome and in

identifying a unique DNA ldquofingerprintrdquo

Nanotechnology Applications - Immunoisolation for Cell-encapsulation therapy

9) Liver Dysfunction Encapsulation of Hepatic Cell

Pancreas Dysfunction Encapsulation of Islets of Langerhans

Disorders of the CNS Parkinsonrsquos Alzheimerrsquos

Pre-requisites for cell encapsulation

ndash continued and optimal tissuecell supply

ndash maintenance of cell viability amp function

ndash successful prevention of immune rejection

Nonporous Silicone-based biocapsules serves as Artificial Pancreas(Desai et al)

Nanotechnology Applications

10) Targeting Tumours laquo Smart Bombs raquo

Conventional Therapy Chemotherapy that poisons surrounding tissue

Strategy Block angiogenesis selectively at tumor site

Nanoparticle DNA + Cationic Polymer directed at tumourous cells

Starves blood cells

Nano engineering ndash Bio - analogous Structures

Bone-cartilage composite

Muscle

Brain-machine Interface

CHALLENGES amp Methods ofDrug Delivery

Prevention of drug from biological degradation (Oral dosage form)

Effective Targeting ( Inhalation)

Patient Compliance (Tran dermal)

Cost effectiveness (Implantation)

Product life extension (Injections)

Equipments for Nanoparticles

Homogenizer

Ultra Sonicator Mills Spray Milling Supercritical Fluid Technology Electro spray Ultracentrifugation Nano filtration

Schematic representation of Nanosphere Formation ndashMethod 1

Ethyl acetate+

PLGA

Stirring 1000 rpm2 hours

Passed through02 m filter

AqueousPVA-Chitosan

2 hours

Passed through02 m filter

Stirring 1000 rpm

Mixing

3 hoursStirring 1000 rpm

Homogenize10 min 13500 rpm

Water

Stirring 2 hoursWater bath 40 oC

Add organic to aqueous NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

Ethyl acetate+

PLGA

Stirring 1000 rpm2 hours

Passed through02 m filter

AqueousPVA-Chitosan

2 hours

Passed through02 m filter

Stirring 1000 rpm

Mixing

3 hoursStirring 1000 rpm

Homogenize10 min 13500 rpm

Water

Stirring 2 hoursWater bath 40 oC

Add organic to aqueous NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

Polymerization method

Different Methods to Prepare Nanospheres and Nanocapsules

Polymer

Method based on physico-chemical properties of polymer solutions

Phase gelation

Non solvent Salting-out calcium tripolyphosphates

(polymer soluble (polymer soluble in water)

in organic solvent)

Nanocapsules Nanospheres Alginate nanospheres Chitosan nanospheres

Nanospheres

microencapsulation techniques-Nanospheres amp Nanocapsules

Polymer

Emulsification

Simple emulsion (WO) Simple emulsion (OW) Double emulsion (WOW) (Water soluble) (polymer soluble in organic solvent) (polymer soluble in organic solvent)

Gelation Polymer precipitation

Solvent evaporation Polymer precipitation İnverse salting out

Solvent extraction Solvent evaporation

Nanospheres amp Nanocapsules

Nanotechnology Applications

Medicine - Cancer treatment

- Bone treatment

- Drug delivery

- Appetite control

- Drug development

- Medical tools

- Diagnostic tests

- Imaging

Consumer Goods

Foods and beverages

minusAdvanced packaging materials sensors and labon-chips for food quality testing

Appliances and textiles

minusStain proof water proof and

wrinkle free textiles

Household and cosmetics

minus Self-cleaning and scratch free products paints and better cosmetics

Nanotechnology Applications

Medical Nanotechnology or Nano medicine

Nano medicine is the application of nanotechnology in

medicine including to cure diseases and repair damaged

tissues such as bone muscle and nerve and its monitoring

Key Goals for Nano medicine

minusTo develop cure for traditionally incurable diseases (eg

cancer) through the utilization of nanotechnology

minusTo provide more effective cure with fewer side effects by

means of targeted drug delivery systems

Nanotechnology in Health Care - Detection and Diagnosis

Nanotechnology offers tools

and techniques for more effective detection diagnosis and treatment of diseases

Fig The micro fluidic channel with nano wire sensor can detect the presence of altered genes associated with cancer ndash J Heath Cali Insti of Technology

Lab on chips help detection and diagnosis of diseases more efficiently

Nano wire and cantilever lab on chips help in early detection of cancer biomarkers (Carcinoembryonic antigen ndashCEA Alfa-fetoprotein-CEA Prostate Specific antigen ndashPSA)

Fig The nano scale cantilever detects the presence and concentration of various molecular expressions of a cancer cell ndash A Majumdar Univ of Cal at Berkeley

Nanotechnology in Health Care - Thermal ablation of cancer cells

Thermal ablation of cancer cells

minus Nano shells have metallic outer layer and silica core kills the cancer cells by Thermal ablation

minus Selectively attracted to cancer shells either through a phenomena called enhanced permeation

retention or due

to some molecules coated on the shells

Nanotechnology in Health Care - Treatment

Targeted drug deliver

minus Nano particles containing drugs are coated with targeting agents (eg conjugated antibodies)

minus The nano particles circulate through the blood vessels and reach the target cells

minus Drugs are released directly into the targeted cells

Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery

In biopharmaceuticals in addition to the main technologies covered liposomal monoclonal antibody-based and polymer-based

technologies host of newer technologies such as nano particles

including various nano dimensional entities such as molecular

imprinted polymers pro drug delivery oral injectable and implantable pulmonary and transdermal and transmucosal delivery have come up

Importance of Drug Delivery Technology to Pharma Industry

1048713 Drug delivery formulations involve low cost research compared that for discovery of new molecule

Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery

1048713 Minimizing the drug use would significantly reduce the effective cost of drug which would give financial relief to the patients

1048713 Delivery systems increase commercial opportunity by distinguishing a drug from competitive threats posed by ldquome toordquo drugs and

1048713 Novel means of delivery particularly using nano-carriers can allow branded drugs to be rescued from abyss of generic competition (may be called ldquoresurrection of drugrdquo)

SOME SIGNIFICANT NANODEVICES

Development of one dose a day ciprofloxacin using nanotechnology

Tumor targeted taxol delivery using nano particles in Phase 2 clinical trial stage

Improved ophthalmic delivery formulation using smart hydrogel nano particles

Oral insulin formulation using nanoparticles carriers

Liposomal based Amphotericin B formulation

1048713 Nano particles for Drug Delivery

- Metal-based nano particles - Lipid-based nano particles

- Polymer-based nano particles - Biological nano particles

Nanotechnology Applications

1) SiO2-Nanoparticles as a new platform for non-viral gene delivery (favourable size 10 - 50 nm controlled production possible excellent phys-chemical stability many possibilities for chemical modification) Probably cheaper and safer but presently not safer

2) Using Nanotechnology for New Medicines Eg Gene-Therapy

mRNA

Modified genevector

Therapeutic Protein

Nanotechnology Applications

3) Brain Drug Targeting Polysorbate-coated NPs to enhance

penetration to the blood-brain barrier (BBB)

ndash Mechanism

ndash Binding of the NPs to the inner endothelial lining of the brain

capillaries (subsequently particles deliver drugs to the brain by

providing a large concentration gradient thus enhancing the passive

diffusion)

ndash Brain endothelial uptake by phagocytosis

_ A general surfactant effect characterized by a solubilization of the

endothelial cell membrane lipids that would lead to membrane fluidization

and an enhanced drug permeability through the BBB

_ The NPs could lead to an opening of the tight junctions between the

endothelial cells The drug could then permeate through the tight junctions

in free form or together with the NPs in bound form

Nanotechnology Applications

_The NPs may be endocytosed by the endothelial cells followed by the release of

the drugs within these cells and delivery to the brain

_The NPs with bound drugs could be transcytosed through the endothelial cell layer

_The polysorbate 80 used as the coating agent could inhibit the efflux system

especially P- glycoprotein (P-gp)

4) Semiconductor Nano Crystals or ldquoQUANTUM Dots TMrdquo or

Biodegradable bio polymers for ex-vivo optical diagnostics and

some form of hybrid biodegradable nano capsule with MRI

contrast agent core for in-vivo simultaneous diagnostics and

therapeutics (ldquotheragnosticsrdquo)

Nanotechnology Applications

Nanoelectromechanical System (NEMS) Sensors

minus NEMS technology enables creation of ultra small and highly sensitive sensors for various applications

minus The NEMS force sensor shown in the figure is applicable in pathogenic bacteria detection

Fig A NEMS bacteria sensor

Nanotechnology Applications

5) Nano medicine - Continuous Therapy for Preventing Cancer in Astronauts Engineered multilayered nano particles targeted to radiation-damaged cells can initiate repair of damaged DNA using DNA repair genes manufactured inside individual living cells under the control of molecular

biosensor switches

6) Nanoparticles in cancer therapy Increase in antitumor efficacy Reduction of systemic side-effects Selective delivery of oligonucleotides to tumor cells Reversion of multidrug resistance in tumor cells

7) Targeted delivery of antibiotics using nanoparticles Challenge is to design the means of carrying an antibiotic in a form that is able to be endocytosed by phagocytic cells and then released into these cells Nanoparticles are one of the main carriers developed for these logistic strategies

Nanotechnology Applications

Targeting of intracellular bacteria with antibiotic colloidal carriers liposomes or nanoparticles

Nanotechnology Applications- DNA Sequencing

8) In DNA Sequencing DNA molecules under the influence of an electric field are forced through nano-scale channels (~100 nm) on a

ldquogel biochiprdquo The molecules deform and stretch to pass through the small channels

This process separates DNA fragments by length

This is part of the method used to sequence the DNA in the human genome and in

identifying a unique DNA ldquofingerprintrdquo

Nanotechnology Applications - Immunoisolation for Cell-encapsulation therapy

9) Liver Dysfunction Encapsulation of Hepatic Cell

Pancreas Dysfunction Encapsulation of Islets of Langerhans

Disorders of the CNS Parkinsonrsquos Alzheimerrsquos

Pre-requisites for cell encapsulation

ndash continued and optimal tissuecell supply

ndash maintenance of cell viability amp function

ndash successful prevention of immune rejection

Nonporous Silicone-based biocapsules serves as Artificial Pancreas(Desai et al)

Nanotechnology Applications

10) Targeting Tumours laquo Smart Bombs raquo

Conventional Therapy Chemotherapy that poisons surrounding tissue

Strategy Block angiogenesis selectively at tumor site

Nanoparticle DNA + Cationic Polymer directed at tumourous cells

Starves blood cells

Nano engineering ndash Bio - analogous Structures

Bone-cartilage composite

Muscle

Brain-machine Interface

CHALLENGES amp Methods ofDrug Delivery

Prevention of drug from biological degradation (Oral dosage form)

Effective Targeting ( Inhalation)

Patient Compliance (Tran dermal)

Cost effectiveness (Implantation)

Product life extension (Injections)

Schematic representation of Nanosphere Formation ndashMethod 1

Ethyl acetate+

PLGA

Stirring 1000 rpm2 hours

Passed through02 m filter

AqueousPVA-Chitosan

2 hours

Passed through02 m filter

Stirring 1000 rpm

Mixing

3 hoursStirring 1000 rpm

Homogenize10 min 13500 rpm

Water

Stirring 2 hoursWater bath 40 oC

Add organic to aqueous NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

Ethyl acetate+

PLGA

Stirring 1000 rpm2 hours

Passed through02 m filter

AqueousPVA-Chitosan

2 hours

Passed through02 m filter

Stirring 1000 rpm

Mixing

3 hoursStirring 1000 rpm

Homogenize10 min 13500 rpm

Water

Stirring 2 hoursWater bath 40 oC

Add organic to aqueous NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 NH2

Polymerization method

Different Methods to Prepare Nanospheres and Nanocapsules

Polymer

Method based on physico-chemical properties of polymer solutions

Phase gelation

Non solvent Salting-out calcium tripolyphosphates

(polymer soluble (polymer soluble in water)

in organic solvent)

Nanocapsules Nanospheres Alginate nanospheres Chitosan nanospheres

Nanospheres

microencapsulation techniques-Nanospheres amp Nanocapsules

Polymer

Emulsification

Simple emulsion (WO) Simple emulsion (OW) Double emulsion (WOW) (Water soluble) (polymer soluble in organic solvent) (polymer soluble in organic solvent)

Gelation Polymer precipitation

Solvent evaporation Polymer precipitation İnverse salting out

Solvent extraction Solvent evaporation

Nanospheres amp Nanocapsules

Nanotechnology Applications

Medicine - Cancer treatment

- Bone treatment

- Drug delivery

- Appetite control

- Drug development

- Medical tools

- Diagnostic tests

- Imaging

Consumer Goods

Foods and beverages

minusAdvanced packaging materials sensors and labon-chips for food quality testing

Appliances and textiles

minusStain proof water proof and

wrinkle free textiles

Household and cosmetics

minus Self-cleaning and scratch free products paints and better cosmetics

Nanotechnology Applications

Medical Nanotechnology or Nano medicine

Nano medicine is the application of nanotechnology in

medicine including to cure diseases and repair damaged

tissues such as bone muscle and nerve and its monitoring

Key Goals for Nano medicine

minusTo develop cure for traditionally incurable diseases (eg

cancer) through the utilization of nanotechnology

minusTo provide more effective cure with fewer side effects by

means of targeted drug delivery systems

Nanotechnology in Health Care - Detection and Diagnosis

Nanotechnology offers tools

and techniques for more effective detection diagnosis and treatment of diseases

Fig The micro fluidic channel with nano wire sensor can detect the presence of altered genes associated with cancer ndash J Heath Cali Insti of Technology

Lab on chips help detection and diagnosis of diseases more efficiently

Nano wire and cantilever lab on chips help in early detection of cancer biomarkers (Carcinoembryonic antigen ndashCEA Alfa-fetoprotein-CEA Prostate Specific antigen ndashPSA)

Fig The nano scale cantilever detects the presence and concentration of various molecular expressions of a cancer cell ndash A Majumdar Univ of Cal at Berkeley

Nanotechnology in Health Care - Thermal ablation of cancer cells

Thermal ablation of cancer cells

minus Nano shells have metallic outer layer and silica core kills the cancer cells by Thermal ablation

minus Selectively attracted to cancer shells either through a phenomena called enhanced permeation

retention or due

to some molecules coated on the shells

Nanotechnology in Health Care - Treatment

Targeted drug deliver

minus Nano particles containing drugs are coated with targeting agents (eg conjugated antibodies)

minus The nano particles circulate through the blood vessels and reach the target cells

minus Drugs are released directly into the targeted cells

Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery

In biopharmaceuticals in addition to the main technologies covered liposomal monoclonal antibody-based and polymer-based

technologies host of newer technologies such as nano particles

including various nano dimensional entities such as molecular

imprinted polymers pro drug delivery oral injectable and implantable pulmonary and transdermal and transmucosal delivery have come up

Importance of Drug Delivery Technology to Pharma Industry

1048713 Drug delivery formulations involve low cost research compared that for discovery of new molecule

Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery

1048713 Minimizing the drug use would significantly reduce the effective cost of drug which would give financial relief to the patients

1048713 Delivery systems increase commercial opportunity by distinguishing a drug from competitive threats posed by ldquome toordquo drugs and

1048713 Novel means of delivery particularly using nano-carriers can allow branded drugs to be rescued from abyss of generic competition (may be called ldquoresurrection of drugrdquo)

SOME SIGNIFICANT NANODEVICES

Development of one dose a day ciprofloxacin using nanotechnology

Tumor targeted taxol delivery using nano particles in Phase 2 clinical trial stage

Improved ophthalmic delivery formulation using smart hydrogel nano particles

Oral insulin formulation using nanoparticles carriers

Liposomal based Amphotericin B formulation

1048713 Nano particles for Drug Delivery

- Metal-based nano particles - Lipid-based nano particles

- Polymer-based nano particles - Biological nano particles

Nanotechnology Applications

1) SiO2-Nanoparticles as a new platform for non-viral gene delivery (favourable size 10 - 50 nm controlled production possible excellent phys-chemical stability many possibilities for chemical modification) Probably cheaper and safer but presently not safer

2) Using Nanotechnology for New Medicines Eg Gene-Therapy

mRNA

Modified genevector

Therapeutic Protein

Nanotechnology Applications

3) Brain Drug Targeting Polysorbate-coated NPs to enhance

penetration to the blood-brain barrier (BBB)

ndash Mechanism

ndash Binding of the NPs to the inner endothelial lining of the brain

capillaries (subsequently particles deliver drugs to the brain by

providing a large concentration gradient thus enhancing the passive

diffusion)

ndash Brain endothelial uptake by phagocytosis

_ A general surfactant effect characterized by a solubilization of the

endothelial cell membrane lipids that would lead to membrane fluidization

and an enhanced drug permeability through the BBB

_ The NPs could lead to an opening of the tight junctions between the

endothelial cells The drug could then permeate through the tight junctions

in free form or together with the NPs in bound form

Nanotechnology Applications

_The NPs may be endocytosed by the endothelial cells followed by the release of

the drugs within these cells and delivery to the brain

_The NPs with bound drugs could be transcytosed through the endothelial cell layer

_The polysorbate 80 used as the coating agent could inhibit the efflux system

especially P- glycoprotein (P-gp)

4) Semiconductor Nano Crystals or ldquoQUANTUM Dots TMrdquo or

Biodegradable bio polymers for ex-vivo optical diagnostics and

some form of hybrid biodegradable nano capsule with MRI

contrast agent core for in-vivo simultaneous diagnostics and

therapeutics (ldquotheragnosticsrdquo)

Nanotechnology Applications

Nanoelectromechanical System (NEMS) Sensors

minus NEMS technology enables creation of ultra small and highly sensitive sensors for various applications

minus The NEMS force sensor shown in the figure is applicable in pathogenic bacteria detection

Fig A NEMS bacteria sensor

Nanotechnology Applications

5) Nano medicine - Continuous Therapy for Preventing Cancer in Astronauts Engineered multilayered nano particles targeted to radiation-damaged cells can initiate repair of damaged DNA using DNA repair genes manufactured inside individual living cells under the control of molecular

biosensor switches

6) Nanoparticles in cancer therapy Increase in antitumor efficacy Reduction of systemic side-effects Selective delivery of oligonucleotides to tumor cells Reversion of multidrug resistance in tumor cells

7) Targeted delivery of antibiotics using nanoparticles Challenge is to design the means of carrying an antibiotic in a form that is able to be endocytosed by phagocytic cells and then released into these cells Nanoparticles are one of the main carriers developed for these logistic strategies

Nanotechnology Applications

Targeting of intracellular bacteria with antibiotic colloidal carriers liposomes or nanoparticles

Nanotechnology Applications- DNA Sequencing

8) In DNA Sequencing DNA molecules under the influence of an electric field are forced through nano-scale channels (~100 nm) on a

ldquogel biochiprdquo The molecules deform and stretch to pass through the small channels

This process separates DNA fragments by length

This is part of the method used to sequence the DNA in the human genome and in

identifying a unique DNA ldquofingerprintrdquo

Nanotechnology Applications - Immunoisolation for Cell-encapsulation therapy

9) Liver Dysfunction Encapsulation of Hepatic Cell

Pancreas Dysfunction Encapsulation of Islets of Langerhans

Disorders of the CNS Parkinsonrsquos Alzheimerrsquos

Pre-requisites for cell encapsulation

ndash continued and optimal tissuecell supply

ndash maintenance of cell viability amp function

ndash successful prevention of immune rejection

Nonporous Silicone-based biocapsules serves as Artificial Pancreas(Desai et al)

Nanotechnology Applications

10) Targeting Tumours laquo Smart Bombs raquo

Conventional Therapy Chemotherapy that poisons surrounding tissue

Strategy Block angiogenesis selectively at tumor site

Nanoparticle DNA + Cationic Polymer directed at tumourous cells

Starves blood cells

Nano engineering ndash Bio - analogous Structures

Bone-cartilage composite

Muscle

Brain-machine Interface

CHALLENGES amp Methods ofDrug Delivery

Prevention of drug from biological degradation (Oral dosage form)

Effective Targeting ( Inhalation)

Patient Compliance (Tran dermal)

Cost effectiveness (Implantation)

Product life extension (Injections)

Polymerization method

Different Methods to Prepare Nanospheres and Nanocapsules

Polymer

Method based on physico-chemical properties of polymer solutions

Phase gelation

Non solvent Salting-out calcium tripolyphosphates

(polymer soluble (polymer soluble in water)

in organic solvent)

Nanocapsules Nanospheres Alginate nanospheres Chitosan nanospheres

Nanospheres

microencapsulation techniques-Nanospheres amp Nanocapsules

Polymer

Emulsification

Simple emulsion (WO) Simple emulsion (OW) Double emulsion (WOW) (Water soluble) (polymer soluble in organic solvent) (polymer soluble in organic solvent)

Gelation Polymer precipitation

Solvent evaporation Polymer precipitation İnverse salting out

Solvent extraction Solvent evaporation

Nanospheres amp Nanocapsules

Nanotechnology Applications

Medicine - Cancer treatment

- Bone treatment

- Drug delivery

- Appetite control

- Drug development

- Medical tools

- Diagnostic tests

- Imaging

Consumer Goods

Foods and beverages

minusAdvanced packaging materials sensors and labon-chips for food quality testing

Appliances and textiles

minusStain proof water proof and

wrinkle free textiles

Household and cosmetics

minus Self-cleaning and scratch free products paints and better cosmetics

Nanotechnology Applications

Medical Nanotechnology or Nano medicine

Nano medicine is the application of nanotechnology in

medicine including to cure diseases and repair damaged

tissues such as bone muscle and nerve and its monitoring

Key Goals for Nano medicine

minusTo develop cure for traditionally incurable diseases (eg

cancer) through the utilization of nanotechnology

minusTo provide more effective cure with fewer side effects by

means of targeted drug delivery systems

Nanotechnology in Health Care - Detection and Diagnosis

Nanotechnology offers tools

and techniques for more effective detection diagnosis and treatment of diseases

Fig The micro fluidic channel with nano wire sensor can detect the presence of altered genes associated with cancer ndash J Heath Cali Insti of Technology

Lab on chips help detection and diagnosis of diseases more efficiently

Nano wire and cantilever lab on chips help in early detection of cancer biomarkers (Carcinoembryonic antigen ndashCEA Alfa-fetoprotein-CEA Prostate Specific antigen ndashPSA)

Fig The nano scale cantilever detects the presence and concentration of various molecular expressions of a cancer cell ndash A Majumdar Univ of Cal at Berkeley

Nanotechnology in Health Care - Thermal ablation of cancer cells

Thermal ablation of cancer cells

minus Nano shells have metallic outer layer and silica core kills the cancer cells by Thermal ablation

minus Selectively attracted to cancer shells either through a phenomena called enhanced permeation

retention or due

to some molecules coated on the shells

Nanotechnology in Health Care - Treatment

Targeted drug deliver

minus Nano particles containing drugs are coated with targeting agents (eg conjugated antibodies)

minus The nano particles circulate through the blood vessels and reach the target cells

minus Drugs are released directly into the targeted cells

Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery

In biopharmaceuticals in addition to the main technologies covered liposomal monoclonal antibody-based and polymer-based

technologies host of newer technologies such as nano particles

including various nano dimensional entities such as molecular

imprinted polymers pro drug delivery oral injectable and implantable pulmonary and transdermal and transmucosal delivery have come up

Importance of Drug Delivery Technology to Pharma Industry

1048713 Drug delivery formulations involve low cost research compared that for discovery of new molecule

Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery

1048713 Minimizing the drug use would significantly reduce the effective cost of drug which would give financial relief to the patients

1048713 Delivery systems increase commercial opportunity by distinguishing a drug from competitive threats posed by ldquome toordquo drugs and

1048713 Novel means of delivery particularly using nano-carriers can allow branded drugs to be rescued from abyss of generic competition (may be called ldquoresurrection of drugrdquo)

SOME SIGNIFICANT NANODEVICES

Development of one dose a day ciprofloxacin using nanotechnology

Tumor targeted taxol delivery using nano particles in Phase 2 clinical trial stage

Improved ophthalmic delivery formulation using smart hydrogel nano particles

Oral insulin formulation using nanoparticles carriers

Liposomal based Amphotericin B formulation

1048713 Nano particles for Drug Delivery

- Metal-based nano particles - Lipid-based nano particles

- Polymer-based nano particles - Biological nano particles

Nanotechnology Applications

1) SiO2-Nanoparticles as a new platform for non-viral gene delivery (favourable size 10 - 50 nm controlled production possible excellent phys-chemical stability many possibilities for chemical modification) Probably cheaper and safer but presently not safer

2) Using Nanotechnology for New Medicines Eg Gene-Therapy

mRNA

Modified genevector

Therapeutic Protein

Nanotechnology Applications

3) Brain Drug Targeting Polysorbate-coated NPs to enhance

penetration to the blood-brain barrier (BBB)

ndash Mechanism

ndash Binding of the NPs to the inner endothelial lining of the brain

capillaries (subsequently particles deliver drugs to the brain by

providing a large concentration gradient thus enhancing the passive

diffusion)

ndash Brain endothelial uptake by phagocytosis

_ A general surfactant effect characterized by a solubilization of the

endothelial cell membrane lipids that would lead to membrane fluidization

and an enhanced drug permeability through the BBB

_ The NPs could lead to an opening of the tight junctions between the

endothelial cells The drug could then permeate through the tight junctions

in free form or together with the NPs in bound form

Nanotechnology Applications

_The NPs may be endocytosed by the endothelial cells followed by the release of

the drugs within these cells and delivery to the brain

_The NPs with bound drugs could be transcytosed through the endothelial cell layer

_The polysorbate 80 used as the coating agent could inhibit the efflux system

especially P- glycoprotein (P-gp)

4) Semiconductor Nano Crystals or ldquoQUANTUM Dots TMrdquo or

Biodegradable bio polymers for ex-vivo optical diagnostics and

some form of hybrid biodegradable nano capsule with MRI

contrast agent core for in-vivo simultaneous diagnostics and

therapeutics (ldquotheragnosticsrdquo)

Nanotechnology Applications

Nanoelectromechanical System (NEMS) Sensors

minus NEMS technology enables creation of ultra small and highly sensitive sensors for various applications

minus The NEMS force sensor shown in the figure is applicable in pathogenic bacteria detection

Fig A NEMS bacteria sensor

Nanotechnology Applications

5) Nano medicine - Continuous Therapy for Preventing Cancer in Astronauts Engineered multilayered nano particles targeted to radiation-damaged cells can initiate repair of damaged DNA using DNA repair genes manufactured inside individual living cells under the control of molecular

biosensor switches

6) Nanoparticles in cancer therapy Increase in antitumor efficacy Reduction of systemic side-effects Selective delivery of oligonucleotides to tumor cells Reversion of multidrug resistance in tumor cells

7) Targeted delivery of antibiotics using nanoparticles Challenge is to design the means of carrying an antibiotic in a form that is able to be endocytosed by phagocytic cells and then released into these cells Nanoparticles are one of the main carriers developed for these logistic strategies

Nanotechnology Applications

Targeting of intracellular bacteria with antibiotic colloidal carriers liposomes or nanoparticles

Nanotechnology Applications- DNA Sequencing

8) In DNA Sequencing DNA molecules under the influence of an electric field are forced through nano-scale channels (~100 nm) on a

ldquogel biochiprdquo The molecules deform and stretch to pass through the small channels

This process separates DNA fragments by length

This is part of the method used to sequence the DNA in the human genome and in

identifying a unique DNA ldquofingerprintrdquo

Nanotechnology Applications - Immunoisolation for Cell-encapsulation therapy

9) Liver Dysfunction Encapsulation of Hepatic Cell

Pancreas Dysfunction Encapsulation of Islets of Langerhans

Disorders of the CNS Parkinsonrsquos Alzheimerrsquos

Pre-requisites for cell encapsulation

ndash continued and optimal tissuecell supply

ndash maintenance of cell viability amp function

ndash successful prevention of immune rejection

Nonporous Silicone-based biocapsules serves as Artificial Pancreas(Desai et al)

Nanotechnology Applications

10) Targeting Tumours laquo Smart Bombs raquo

Conventional Therapy Chemotherapy that poisons surrounding tissue

Strategy Block angiogenesis selectively at tumor site

Nanoparticle DNA + Cationic Polymer directed at tumourous cells

Starves blood cells

Nano engineering ndash Bio - analogous Structures

Bone-cartilage composite

Muscle

Brain-machine Interface

CHALLENGES amp Methods ofDrug Delivery

Prevention of drug from biological degradation (Oral dosage form)

Effective Targeting ( Inhalation)

Patient Compliance (Tran dermal)

Cost effectiveness (Implantation)

Product life extension (Injections)

Different Methods to Prepare Nanospheres and Nanocapsules

Polymer

Method based on physico-chemical properties of polymer solutions

Phase gelation

Non solvent Salting-out calcium tripolyphosphates

(polymer soluble (polymer soluble in water)

in organic solvent)

Nanocapsules Nanospheres Alginate nanospheres Chitosan nanospheres

Nanospheres

microencapsulation techniques-Nanospheres amp Nanocapsules

Polymer

Emulsification

Simple emulsion (WO) Simple emulsion (OW) Double emulsion (WOW) (Water soluble) (polymer soluble in organic solvent) (polymer soluble in organic solvent)

Gelation Polymer precipitation

Solvent evaporation Polymer precipitation İnverse salting out

Solvent extraction Solvent evaporation

Nanospheres amp Nanocapsules

Nanotechnology Applications

Medicine - Cancer treatment

- Bone treatment

- Drug delivery

- Appetite control

- Drug development

- Medical tools

- Diagnostic tests

- Imaging

Consumer Goods

Foods and beverages

minusAdvanced packaging materials sensors and labon-chips for food quality testing

Appliances and textiles

minusStain proof water proof and

wrinkle free textiles

Household and cosmetics

minus Self-cleaning and scratch free products paints and better cosmetics

Nanotechnology Applications

Medical Nanotechnology or Nano medicine

Nano medicine is the application of nanotechnology in

medicine including to cure diseases and repair damaged

tissues such as bone muscle and nerve and its monitoring

Key Goals for Nano medicine

minusTo develop cure for traditionally incurable diseases (eg

cancer) through the utilization of nanotechnology

minusTo provide more effective cure with fewer side effects by

means of targeted drug delivery systems

Nanotechnology in Health Care - Detection and Diagnosis

Nanotechnology offers tools

and techniques for more effective detection diagnosis and treatment of diseases

Fig The micro fluidic channel with nano wire sensor can detect the presence of altered genes associated with cancer ndash J Heath Cali Insti of Technology

Lab on chips help detection and diagnosis of diseases more efficiently

Nano wire and cantilever lab on chips help in early detection of cancer biomarkers (Carcinoembryonic antigen ndashCEA Alfa-fetoprotein-CEA Prostate Specific antigen ndashPSA)

Fig The nano scale cantilever detects the presence and concentration of various molecular expressions of a cancer cell ndash A Majumdar Univ of Cal at Berkeley

Nanotechnology in Health Care - Thermal ablation of cancer cells

Thermal ablation of cancer cells

minus Nano shells have metallic outer layer and silica core kills the cancer cells by Thermal ablation

minus Selectively attracted to cancer shells either through a phenomena called enhanced permeation

retention or due

to some molecules coated on the shells

Nanotechnology in Health Care - Treatment

Targeted drug deliver

minus Nano particles containing drugs are coated with targeting agents (eg conjugated antibodies)

minus The nano particles circulate through the blood vessels and reach the target cells

minus Drugs are released directly into the targeted cells

Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery

In biopharmaceuticals in addition to the main technologies covered liposomal monoclonal antibody-based and polymer-based

technologies host of newer technologies such as nano particles

including various nano dimensional entities such as molecular

imprinted polymers pro drug delivery oral injectable and implantable pulmonary and transdermal and transmucosal delivery have come up

Importance of Drug Delivery Technology to Pharma Industry

1048713 Drug delivery formulations involve low cost research compared that for discovery of new molecule

Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery

1048713 Minimizing the drug use would significantly reduce the effective cost of drug which would give financial relief to the patients

1048713 Delivery systems increase commercial opportunity by distinguishing a drug from competitive threats posed by ldquome toordquo drugs and

1048713 Novel means of delivery particularly using nano-carriers can allow branded drugs to be rescued from abyss of generic competition (may be called ldquoresurrection of drugrdquo)

SOME SIGNIFICANT NANODEVICES

Development of one dose a day ciprofloxacin using nanotechnology

Tumor targeted taxol delivery using nano particles in Phase 2 clinical trial stage

Improved ophthalmic delivery formulation using smart hydrogel nano particles

Oral insulin formulation using nanoparticles carriers

Liposomal based Amphotericin B formulation

1048713 Nano particles for Drug Delivery

- Metal-based nano particles - Lipid-based nano particles

- Polymer-based nano particles - Biological nano particles

Nanotechnology Applications

1) SiO2-Nanoparticles as a new platform for non-viral gene delivery (favourable size 10 - 50 nm controlled production possible excellent phys-chemical stability many possibilities for chemical modification) Probably cheaper and safer but presently not safer

2) Using Nanotechnology for New Medicines Eg Gene-Therapy

mRNA

Modified genevector

Therapeutic Protein

Nanotechnology Applications

3) Brain Drug Targeting Polysorbate-coated NPs to enhance

penetration to the blood-brain barrier (BBB)

ndash Mechanism

ndash Binding of the NPs to the inner endothelial lining of the brain

capillaries (subsequently particles deliver drugs to the brain by

providing a large concentration gradient thus enhancing the passive

diffusion)

ndash Brain endothelial uptake by phagocytosis

_ A general surfactant effect characterized by a solubilization of the

endothelial cell membrane lipids that would lead to membrane fluidization

and an enhanced drug permeability through the BBB

_ The NPs could lead to an opening of the tight junctions between the

endothelial cells The drug could then permeate through the tight junctions

in free form or together with the NPs in bound form

Nanotechnology Applications

_The NPs may be endocytosed by the endothelial cells followed by the release of

the drugs within these cells and delivery to the brain

_The NPs with bound drugs could be transcytosed through the endothelial cell layer

_The polysorbate 80 used as the coating agent could inhibit the efflux system

especially P- glycoprotein (P-gp)

4) Semiconductor Nano Crystals or ldquoQUANTUM Dots TMrdquo or

Biodegradable bio polymers for ex-vivo optical diagnostics and

some form of hybrid biodegradable nano capsule with MRI

contrast agent core for in-vivo simultaneous diagnostics and

therapeutics (ldquotheragnosticsrdquo)

Nanotechnology Applications

Nanoelectromechanical System (NEMS) Sensors

minus NEMS technology enables creation of ultra small and highly sensitive sensors for various applications

minus The NEMS force sensor shown in the figure is applicable in pathogenic bacteria detection

Fig A NEMS bacteria sensor

Nanotechnology Applications

5) Nano medicine - Continuous Therapy for Preventing Cancer in Astronauts Engineered multilayered nano particles targeted to radiation-damaged cells can initiate repair of damaged DNA using DNA repair genes manufactured inside individual living cells under the control of molecular

biosensor switches

6) Nanoparticles in cancer therapy Increase in antitumor efficacy Reduction of systemic side-effects Selective delivery of oligonucleotides to tumor cells Reversion of multidrug resistance in tumor cells

7) Targeted delivery of antibiotics using nanoparticles Challenge is to design the means of carrying an antibiotic in a form that is able to be endocytosed by phagocytic cells and then released into these cells Nanoparticles are one of the main carriers developed for these logistic strategies

Nanotechnology Applications

Targeting of intracellular bacteria with antibiotic colloidal carriers liposomes or nanoparticles

Nanotechnology Applications- DNA Sequencing

8) In DNA Sequencing DNA molecules under the influence of an electric field are forced through nano-scale channels (~100 nm) on a

ldquogel biochiprdquo The molecules deform and stretch to pass through the small channels

This process separates DNA fragments by length

This is part of the method used to sequence the DNA in the human genome and in

identifying a unique DNA ldquofingerprintrdquo

Nanotechnology Applications - Immunoisolation for Cell-encapsulation therapy

9) Liver Dysfunction Encapsulation of Hepatic Cell

Pancreas Dysfunction Encapsulation of Islets of Langerhans

Disorders of the CNS Parkinsonrsquos Alzheimerrsquos

Pre-requisites for cell encapsulation

ndash continued and optimal tissuecell supply

ndash maintenance of cell viability amp function

ndash successful prevention of immune rejection

Nonporous Silicone-based biocapsules serves as Artificial Pancreas(Desai et al)

Nanotechnology Applications

10) Targeting Tumours laquo Smart Bombs raquo

Conventional Therapy Chemotherapy that poisons surrounding tissue

Strategy Block angiogenesis selectively at tumor site

Nanoparticle DNA + Cationic Polymer directed at tumourous cells

Starves blood cells

Nano engineering ndash Bio - analogous Structures

Bone-cartilage composite

Muscle

Brain-machine Interface

CHALLENGES amp Methods ofDrug Delivery

Prevention of drug from biological degradation (Oral dosage form)

Effective Targeting ( Inhalation)

Patient Compliance (Tran dermal)

Cost effectiveness (Implantation)

Product life extension (Injections)

microencapsulation techniques-Nanospheres amp Nanocapsules

Polymer

Emulsification

Simple emulsion (WO) Simple emulsion (OW) Double emulsion (WOW) (Water soluble) (polymer soluble in organic solvent) (polymer soluble in organic solvent)

Gelation Polymer precipitation

Solvent evaporation Polymer precipitation İnverse salting out

Solvent extraction Solvent evaporation

Nanospheres amp Nanocapsules

Nanotechnology Applications

Medicine - Cancer treatment

- Bone treatment

- Drug delivery

- Appetite control

- Drug development

- Medical tools

- Diagnostic tests

- Imaging

Consumer Goods

Foods and beverages

minusAdvanced packaging materials sensors and labon-chips for food quality testing

Appliances and textiles

minusStain proof water proof and

wrinkle free textiles

Household and cosmetics

minus Self-cleaning and scratch free products paints and better cosmetics

Nanotechnology Applications

Medical Nanotechnology or Nano medicine

Nano medicine is the application of nanotechnology in

medicine including to cure diseases and repair damaged

tissues such as bone muscle and nerve and its monitoring

Key Goals for Nano medicine

minusTo develop cure for traditionally incurable diseases (eg

cancer) through the utilization of nanotechnology

minusTo provide more effective cure with fewer side effects by

means of targeted drug delivery systems

Nanotechnology in Health Care - Detection and Diagnosis

Nanotechnology offers tools

and techniques for more effective detection diagnosis and treatment of diseases

Fig The micro fluidic channel with nano wire sensor can detect the presence of altered genes associated with cancer ndash J Heath Cali Insti of Technology

Lab on chips help detection and diagnosis of diseases more efficiently

Nano wire and cantilever lab on chips help in early detection of cancer biomarkers (Carcinoembryonic antigen ndashCEA Alfa-fetoprotein-CEA Prostate Specific antigen ndashPSA)

Fig The nano scale cantilever detects the presence and concentration of various molecular expressions of a cancer cell ndash A Majumdar Univ of Cal at Berkeley

Nanotechnology in Health Care - Thermal ablation of cancer cells

Thermal ablation of cancer cells

minus Nano shells have metallic outer layer and silica core kills the cancer cells by Thermal ablation

minus Selectively attracted to cancer shells either through a phenomena called enhanced permeation

retention or due

to some molecules coated on the shells

Nanotechnology in Health Care - Treatment

Targeted drug deliver

minus Nano particles containing drugs are coated with targeting agents (eg conjugated antibodies)

minus The nano particles circulate through the blood vessels and reach the target cells

minus Drugs are released directly into the targeted cells

Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery

In biopharmaceuticals in addition to the main technologies covered liposomal monoclonal antibody-based and polymer-based

technologies host of newer technologies such as nano particles

including various nano dimensional entities such as molecular

imprinted polymers pro drug delivery oral injectable and implantable pulmonary and transdermal and transmucosal delivery have come up

Importance of Drug Delivery Technology to Pharma Industry

1048713 Drug delivery formulations involve low cost research compared that for discovery of new molecule

Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery

1048713 Minimizing the drug use would significantly reduce the effective cost of drug which would give financial relief to the patients

1048713 Delivery systems increase commercial opportunity by distinguishing a drug from competitive threats posed by ldquome toordquo drugs and

1048713 Novel means of delivery particularly using nano-carriers can allow branded drugs to be rescued from abyss of generic competition (may be called ldquoresurrection of drugrdquo)

SOME SIGNIFICANT NANODEVICES

Development of one dose a day ciprofloxacin using nanotechnology

Tumor targeted taxol delivery using nano particles in Phase 2 clinical trial stage

Improved ophthalmic delivery formulation using smart hydrogel nano particles

Oral insulin formulation using nanoparticles carriers

Liposomal based Amphotericin B formulation

1048713 Nano particles for Drug Delivery

- Metal-based nano particles - Lipid-based nano particles

- Polymer-based nano particles - Biological nano particles

Nanotechnology Applications

1) SiO2-Nanoparticles as a new platform for non-viral gene delivery (favourable size 10 - 50 nm controlled production possible excellent phys-chemical stability many possibilities for chemical modification) Probably cheaper and safer but presently not safer

2) Using Nanotechnology for New Medicines Eg Gene-Therapy

mRNA

Modified genevector

Therapeutic Protein

Nanotechnology Applications

3) Brain Drug Targeting Polysorbate-coated NPs to enhance

penetration to the blood-brain barrier (BBB)

ndash Mechanism

ndash Binding of the NPs to the inner endothelial lining of the brain

capillaries (subsequently particles deliver drugs to the brain by

providing a large concentration gradient thus enhancing the passive

diffusion)

ndash Brain endothelial uptake by phagocytosis

_ A general surfactant effect characterized by a solubilization of the

endothelial cell membrane lipids that would lead to membrane fluidization

and an enhanced drug permeability through the BBB

_ The NPs could lead to an opening of the tight junctions between the

endothelial cells The drug could then permeate through the tight junctions

in free form or together with the NPs in bound form

Nanotechnology Applications

_The NPs may be endocytosed by the endothelial cells followed by the release of

the drugs within these cells and delivery to the brain

_The NPs with bound drugs could be transcytosed through the endothelial cell layer

_The polysorbate 80 used as the coating agent could inhibit the efflux system

especially P- glycoprotein (P-gp)

4) Semiconductor Nano Crystals or ldquoQUANTUM Dots TMrdquo or

Biodegradable bio polymers for ex-vivo optical diagnostics and

some form of hybrid biodegradable nano capsule with MRI

contrast agent core for in-vivo simultaneous diagnostics and

therapeutics (ldquotheragnosticsrdquo)

Nanotechnology Applications

Nanoelectromechanical System (NEMS) Sensors

minus NEMS technology enables creation of ultra small and highly sensitive sensors for various applications

minus The NEMS force sensor shown in the figure is applicable in pathogenic bacteria detection

Fig A NEMS bacteria sensor

Nanotechnology Applications

5) Nano medicine - Continuous Therapy for Preventing Cancer in Astronauts Engineered multilayered nano particles targeted to radiation-damaged cells can initiate repair of damaged DNA using DNA repair genes manufactured inside individual living cells under the control of molecular

biosensor switches

6) Nanoparticles in cancer therapy Increase in antitumor efficacy Reduction of systemic side-effects Selective delivery of oligonucleotides to tumor cells Reversion of multidrug resistance in tumor cells

7) Targeted delivery of antibiotics using nanoparticles Challenge is to design the means of carrying an antibiotic in a form that is able to be endocytosed by phagocytic cells and then released into these cells Nanoparticles are one of the main carriers developed for these logistic strategies

Nanotechnology Applications

Targeting of intracellular bacteria with antibiotic colloidal carriers liposomes or nanoparticles

Nanotechnology Applications- DNA Sequencing

8) In DNA Sequencing DNA molecules under the influence of an electric field are forced through nano-scale channels (~100 nm) on a

ldquogel biochiprdquo The molecules deform and stretch to pass through the small channels

This process separates DNA fragments by length

This is part of the method used to sequence the DNA in the human genome and in

identifying a unique DNA ldquofingerprintrdquo

Nanotechnology Applications - Immunoisolation for Cell-encapsulation therapy

9) Liver Dysfunction Encapsulation of Hepatic Cell

Pancreas Dysfunction Encapsulation of Islets of Langerhans

Disorders of the CNS Parkinsonrsquos Alzheimerrsquos

Pre-requisites for cell encapsulation

ndash continued and optimal tissuecell supply

ndash maintenance of cell viability amp function

ndash successful prevention of immune rejection

Nonporous Silicone-based biocapsules serves as Artificial Pancreas(Desai et al)

Nanotechnology Applications

10) Targeting Tumours laquo Smart Bombs raquo

Conventional Therapy Chemotherapy that poisons surrounding tissue

Strategy Block angiogenesis selectively at tumor site

Nanoparticle DNA + Cationic Polymer directed at tumourous cells

Starves blood cells

Nano engineering ndash Bio - analogous Structures

Bone-cartilage composite

Muscle

Brain-machine Interface

CHALLENGES amp Methods ofDrug Delivery

Prevention of drug from biological degradation (Oral dosage form)

Effective Targeting ( Inhalation)

Patient Compliance (Tran dermal)

Cost effectiveness (Implantation)

Product life extension (Injections)

Nanotechnology Applications

Medicine - Cancer treatment

- Bone treatment

- Drug delivery

- Appetite control

- Drug development

- Medical tools

- Diagnostic tests

- Imaging

Consumer Goods

Foods and beverages

minusAdvanced packaging materials sensors and labon-chips for food quality testing

Appliances and textiles

minusStain proof water proof and

wrinkle free textiles

Household and cosmetics

minus Self-cleaning and scratch free products paints and better cosmetics

Nanotechnology Applications

Medical Nanotechnology or Nano medicine

Nano medicine is the application of nanotechnology in

medicine including to cure diseases and repair damaged

tissues such as bone muscle and nerve and its monitoring

Key Goals for Nano medicine

minusTo develop cure for traditionally incurable diseases (eg

cancer) through the utilization of nanotechnology

minusTo provide more effective cure with fewer side effects by

means of targeted drug delivery systems

Nanotechnology in Health Care - Detection and Diagnosis

Nanotechnology offers tools

and techniques for more effective detection diagnosis and treatment of diseases

Fig The micro fluidic channel with nano wire sensor can detect the presence of altered genes associated with cancer ndash J Heath Cali Insti of Technology

Lab on chips help detection and diagnosis of diseases more efficiently

Nano wire and cantilever lab on chips help in early detection of cancer biomarkers (Carcinoembryonic antigen ndashCEA Alfa-fetoprotein-CEA Prostate Specific antigen ndashPSA)

Fig The nano scale cantilever detects the presence and concentration of various molecular expressions of a cancer cell ndash A Majumdar Univ of Cal at Berkeley

Nanotechnology in Health Care - Thermal ablation of cancer cells

Thermal ablation of cancer cells

minus Nano shells have metallic outer layer and silica core kills the cancer cells by Thermal ablation

minus Selectively attracted to cancer shells either through a phenomena called enhanced permeation

retention or due

to some molecules coated on the shells

Nanotechnology in Health Care - Treatment

Targeted drug deliver

minus Nano particles containing drugs are coated with targeting agents (eg conjugated antibodies)

minus The nano particles circulate through the blood vessels and reach the target cells

minus Drugs are released directly into the targeted cells

Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery

In biopharmaceuticals in addition to the main technologies covered liposomal monoclonal antibody-based and polymer-based

technologies host of newer technologies such as nano particles

including various nano dimensional entities such as molecular

imprinted polymers pro drug delivery oral injectable and implantable pulmonary and transdermal and transmucosal delivery have come up

Importance of Drug Delivery Technology to Pharma Industry

1048713 Drug delivery formulations involve low cost research compared that for discovery of new molecule

Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery

1048713 Minimizing the drug use would significantly reduce the effective cost of drug which would give financial relief to the patients

1048713 Delivery systems increase commercial opportunity by distinguishing a drug from competitive threats posed by ldquome toordquo drugs and

1048713 Novel means of delivery particularly using nano-carriers can allow branded drugs to be rescued from abyss of generic competition (may be called ldquoresurrection of drugrdquo)

SOME SIGNIFICANT NANODEVICES

Development of one dose a day ciprofloxacin using nanotechnology

Tumor targeted taxol delivery using nano particles in Phase 2 clinical trial stage

Improved ophthalmic delivery formulation using smart hydrogel nano particles

Oral insulin formulation using nanoparticles carriers

Liposomal based Amphotericin B formulation

1048713 Nano particles for Drug Delivery

- Metal-based nano particles - Lipid-based nano particles

- Polymer-based nano particles - Biological nano particles

Nanotechnology Applications

1) SiO2-Nanoparticles as a new platform for non-viral gene delivery (favourable size 10 - 50 nm controlled production possible excellent phys-chemical stability many possibilities for chemical modification) Probably cheaper and safer but presently not safer

2) Using Nanotechnology for New Medicines Eg Gene-Therapy

mRNA

Modified genevector

Therapeutic Protein

Nanotechnology Applications

3) Brain Drug Targeting Polysorbate-coated NPs to enhance

penetration to the blood-brain barrier (BBB)

ndash Mechanism

ndash Binding of the NPs to the inner endothelial lining of the brain

capillaries (subsequently particles deliver drugs to the brain by

providing a large concentration gradient thus enhancing the passive

diffusion)

ndash Brain endothelial uptake by phagocytosis

_ A general surfactant effect characterized by a solubilization of the

endothelial cell membrane lipids that would lead to membrane fluidization

and an enhanced drug permeability through the BBB

_ The NPs could lead to an opening of the tight junctions between the

endothelial cells The drug could then permeate through the tight junctions

in free form or together with the NPs in bound form

Nanotechnology Applications

_The NPs may be endocytosed by the endothelial cells followed by the release of

the drugs within these cells and delivery to the brain

_The NPs with bound drugs could be transcytosed through the endothelial cell layer

_The polysorbate 80 used as the coating agent could inhibit the efflux system

especially P- glycoprotein (P-gp)

4) Semiconductor Nano Crystals or ldquoQUANTUM Dots TMrdquo or

Biodegradable bio polymers for ex-vivo optical diagnostics and

some form of hybrid biodegradable nano capsule with MRI

contrast agent core for in-vivo simultaneous diagnostics and

therapeutics (ldquotheragnosticsrdquo)

Nanotechnology Applications

Nanoelectromechanical System (NEMS) Sensors

minus NEMS technology enables creation of ultra small and highly sensitive sensors for various applications

minus The NEMS force sensor shown in the figure is applicable in pathogenic bacteria detection

Fig A NEMS bacteria sensor

Nanotechnology Applications

5) Nano medicine - Continuous Therapy for Preventing Cancer in Astronauts Engineered multilayered nano particles targeted to radiation-damaged cells can initiate repair of damaged DNA using DNA repair genes manufactured inside individual living cells under the control of molecular

biosensor switches

6) Nanoparticles in cancer therapy Increase in antitumor efficacy Reduction of systemic side-effects Selective delivery of oligonucleotides to tumor cells Reversion of multidrug resistance in tumor cells

7) Targeted delivery of antibiotics using nanoparticles Challenge is to design the means of carrying an antibiotic in a form that is able to be endocytosed by phagocytic cells and then released into these cells Nanoparticles are one of the main carriers developed for these logistic strategies

Nanotechnology Applications

Targeting of intracellular bacteria with antibiotic colloidal carriers liposomes or nanoparticles

Nanotechnology Applications- DNA Sequencing

8) In DNA Sequencing DNA molecules under the influence of an electric field are forced through nano-scale channels (~100 nm) on a

ldquogel biochiprdquo The molecules deform and stretch to pass through the small channels

This process separates DNA fragments by length

This is part of the method used to sequence the DNA in the human genome and in

identifying a unique DNA ldquofingerprintrdquo

Nanotechnology Applications - Immunoisolation for Cell-encapsulation therapy

9) Liver Dysfunction Encapsulation of Hepatic Cell

Pancreas Dysfunction Encapsulation of Islets of Langerhans

Disorders of the CNS Parkinsonrsquos Alzheimerrsquos

Pre-requisites for cell encapsulation

ndash continued and optimal tissuecell supply

ndash maintenance of cell viability amp function

ndash successful prevention of immune rejection

Nonporous Silicone-based biocapsules serves as Artificial Pancreas(Desai et al)

Nanotechnology Applications

10) Targeting Tumours laquo Smart Bombs raquo

Conventional Therapy Chemotherapy that poisons surrounding tissue

Strategy Block angiogenesis selectively at tumor site

Nanoparticle DNA + Cationic Polymer directed at tumourous cells

Starves blood cells

Nano engineering ndash Bio - analogous Structures

Bone-cartilage composite

Muscle

Brain-machine Interface

CHALLENGES amp Methods ofDrug Delivery

Prevention of drug from biological degradation (Oral dosage form)

Effective Targeting ( Inhalation)

Patient Compliance (Tran dermal)

Cost effectiveness (Implantation)

Product life extension (Injections)

Nanotechnology Applications

Medical Nanotechnology or Nano medicine

Nano medicine is the application of nanotechnology in

medicine including to cure diseases and repair damaged

tissues such as bone muscle and nerve and its monitoring

Key Goals for Nano medicine

minusTo develop cure for traditionally incurable diseases (eg

cancer) through the utilization of nanotechnology

minusTo provide more effective cure with fewer side effects by

means of targeted drug delivery systems

Nanotechnology in Health Care - Detection and Diagnosis

Nanotechnology offers tools

and techniques for more effective detection diagnosis and treatment of diseases

Fig The micro fluidic channel with nano wire sensor can detect the presence of altered genes associated with cancer ndash J Heath Cali Insti of Technology

Lab on chips help detection and diagnosis of diseases more efficiently

Nano wire and cantilever lab on chips help in early detection of cancer biomarkers (Carcinoembryonic antigen ndashCEA Alfa-fetoprotein-CEA Prostate Specific antigen ndashPSA)

Fig The nano scale cantilever detects the presence and concentration of various molecular expressions of a cancer cell ndash A Majumdar Univ of Cal at Berkeley

Nanotechnology in Health Care - Thermal ablation of cancer cells

Thermal ablation of cancer cells

minus Nano shells have metallic outer layer and silica core kills the cancer cells by Thermal ablation

minus Selectively attracted to cancer shells either through a phenomena called enhanced permeation

retention or due

to some molecules coated on the shells

Nanotechnology in Health Care - Treatment

Targeted drug deliver

minus Nano particles containing drugs are coated with targeting agents (eg conjugated antibodies)

minus The nano particles circulate through the blood vessels and reach the target cells

minus Drugs are released directly into the targeted cells

Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery

In biopharmaceuticals in addition to the main technologies covered liposomal monoclonal antibody-based and polymer-based

technologies host of newer technologies such as nano particles

including various nano dimensional entities such as molecular

imprinted polymers pro drug delivery oral injectable and implantable pulmonary and transdermal and transmucosal delivery have come up

Importance of Drug Delivery Technology to Pharma Industry

1048713 Drug delivery formulations involve low cost research compared that for discovery of new molecule

Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery

1048713 Minimizing the drug use would significantly reduce the effective cost of drug which would give financial relief to the patients

1048713 Delivery systems increase commercial opportunity by distinguishing a drug from competitive threats posed by ldquome toordquo drugs and

1048713 Novel means of delivery particularly using nano-carriers can allow branded drugs to be rescued from abyss of generic competition (may be called ldquoresurrection of drugrdquo)

SOME SIGNIFICANT NANODEVICES

Development of one dose a day ciprofloxacin using nanotechnology

Tumor targeted taxol delivery using nano particles in Phase 2 clinical trial stage

Improved ophthalmic delivery formulation using smart hydrogel nano particles

Oral insulin formulation using nanoparticles carriers

Liposomal based Amphotericin B formulation

1048713 Nano particles for Drug Delivery

- Metal-based nano particles - Lipid-based nano particles

- Polymer-based nano particles - Biological nano particles

Nanotechnology Applications

1) SiO2-Nanoparticles as a new platform for non-viral gene delivery (favourable size 10 - 50 nm controlled production possible excellent phys-chemical stability many possibilities for chemical modification) Probably cheaper and safer but presently not safer

2) Using Nanotechnology for New Medicines Eg Gene-Therapy

mRNA

Modified genevector

Therapeutic Protein

Nanotechnology Applications

3) Brain Drug Targeting Polysorbate-coated NPs to enhance

penetration to the blood-brain barrier (BBB)

ndash Mechanism

ndash Binding of the NPs to the inner endothelial lining of the brain

capillaries (subsequently particles deliver drugs to the brain by

providing a large concentration gradient thus enhancing the passive

diffusion)

ndash Brain endothelial uptake by phagocytosis

_ A general surfactant effect characterized by a solubilization of the

endothelial cell membrane lipids that would lead to membrane fluidization

and an enhanced drug permeability through the BBB

_ The NPs could lead to an opening of the tight junctions between the

endothelial cells The drug could then permeate through the tight junctions

in free form or together with the NPs in bound form

Nanotechnology Applications

_The NPs may be endocytosed by the endothelial cells followed by the release of

the drugs within these cells and delivery to the brain

_The NPs with bound drugs could be transcytosed through the endothelial cell layer

_The polysorbate 80 used as the coating agent could inhibit the efflux system

especially P- glycoprotein (P-gp)

4) Semiconductor Nano Crystals or ldquoQUANTUM Dots TMrdquo or

Biodegradable bio polymers for ex-vivo optical diagnostics and

some form of hybrid biodegradable nano capsule with MRI

contrast agent core for in-vivo simultaneous diagnostics and

therapeutics (ldquotheragnosticsrdquo)

Nanotechnology Applications

Nanoelectromechanical System (NEMS) Sensors

minus NEMS technology enables creation of ultra small and highly sensitive sensors for various applications

minus The NEMS force sensor shown in the figure is applicable in pathogenic bacteria detection

Fig A NEMS bacteria sensor

Nanotechnology Applications

5) Nano medicine - Continuous Therapy for Preventing Cancer in Astronauts Engineered multilayered nano particles targeted to radiation-damaged cells can initiate repair of damaged DNA using DNA repair genes manufactured inside individual living cells under the control of molecular

biosensor switches

6) Nanoparticles in cancer therapy Increase in antitumor efficacy Reduction of systemic side-effects Selective delivery of oligonucleotides to tumor cells Reversion of multidrug resistance in tumor cells

7) Targeted delivery of antibiotics using nanoparticles Challenge is to design the means of carrying an antibiotic in a form that is able to be endocytosed by phagocytic cells and then released into these cells Nanoparticles are one of the main carriers developed for these logistic strategies

Nanotechnology Applications

Targeting of intracellular bacteria with antibiotic colloidal carriers liposomes or nanoparticles

Nanotechnology Applications- DNA Sequencing

8) In DNA Sequencing DNA molecules under the influence of an electric field are forced through nano-scale channels (~100 nm) on a

ldquogel biochiprdquo The molecules deform and stretch to pass through the small channels

This process separates DNA fragments by length

This is part of the method used to sequence the DNA in the human genome and in

identifying a unique DNA ldquofingerprintrdquo

Nanotechnology Applications - Immunoisolation for Cell-encapsulation therapy

9) Liver Dysfunction Encapsulation of Hepatic Cell

Pancreas Dysfunction Encapsulation of Islets of Langerhans

Disorders of the CNS Parkinsonrsquos Alzheimerrsquos

Pre-requisites for cell encapsulation

ndash continued and optimal tissuecell supply

ndash maintenance of cell viability amp function

ndash successful prevention of immune rejection

Nonporous Silicone-based biocapsules serves as Artificial Pancreas(Desai et al)

Nanotechnology Applications

10) Targeting Tumours laquo Smart Bombs raquo

Conventional Therapy Chemotherapy that poisons surrounding tissue

Strategy Block angiogenesis selectively at tumor site

Nanoparticle DNA + Cationic Polymer directed at tumourous cells

Starves blood cells

Nano engineering ndash Bio - analogous Structures

Bone-cartilage composite

Muscle

Brain-machine Interface

CHALLENGES amp Methods ofDrug Delivery

Prevention of drug from biological degradation (Oral dosage form)

Effective Targeting ( Inhalation)

Patient Compliance (Tran dermal)

Cost effectiveness (Implantation)

Product life extension (Injections)

Nanotechnology in Health Care - Detection and Diagnosis

Nanotechnology offers tools

and techniques for more effective detection diagnosis and treatment of diseases

Fig The micro fluidic channel with nano wire sensor can detect the presence of altered genes associated with cancer ndash J Heath Cali Insti of Technology

Lab on chips help detection and diagnosis of diseases more efficiently

Nano wire and cantilever lab on chips help in early detection of cancer biomarkers (Carcinoembryonic antigen ndashCEA Alfa-fetoprotein-CEA Prostate Specific antigen ndashPSA)

Fig The nano scale cantilever detects the presence and concentration of various molecular expressions of a cancer cell ndash A Majumdar Univ of Cal at Berkeley

Nanotechnology in Health Care - Thermal ablation of cancer cells

Thermal ablation of cancer cells

minus Nano shells have metallic outer layer and silica core kills the cancer cells by Thermal ablation

minus Selectively attracted to cancer shells either through a phenomena called enhanced permeation

retention or due

to some molecules coated on the shells

Nanotechnology in Health Care - Treatment

Targeted drug deliver

minus Nano particles containing drugs are coated with targeting agents (eg conjugated antibodies)

minus The nano particles circulate through the blood vessels and reach the target cells

minus Drugs are released directly into the targeted cells

Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery

In biopharmaceuticals in addition to the main technologies covered liposomal monoclonal antibody-based and polymer-based

technologies host of newer technologies such as nano particles

including various nano dimensional entities such as molecular

imprinted polymers pro drug delivery oral injectable and implantable pulmonary and transdermal and transmucosal delivery have come up

Importance of Drug Delivery Technology to Pharma Industry

1048713 Drug delivery formulations involve low cost research compared that for discovery of new molecule

Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery

1048713 Minimizing the drug use would significantly reduce the effective cost of drug which would give financial relief to the patients

1048713 Delivery systems increase commercial opportunity by distinguishing a drug from competitive threats posed by ldquome toordquo drugs and

1048713 Novel means of delivery particularly using nano-carriers can allow branded drugs to be rescued from abyss of generic competition (may be called ldquoresurrection of drugrdquo)

SOME SIGNIFICANT NANODEVICES

Development of one dose a day ciprofloxacin using nanotechnology

Tumor targeted taxol delivery using nano particles in Phase 2 clinical trial stage

Improved ophthalmic delivery formulation using smart hydrogel nano particles

Oral insulin formulation using nanoparticles carriers

Liposomal based Amphotericin B formulation

1048713 Nano particles for Drug Delivery

- Metal-based nano particles - Lipid-based nano particles

- Polymer-based nano particles - Biological nano particles

Nanotechnology Applications

1) SiO2-Nanoparticles as a new platform for non-viral gene delivery (favourable size 10 - 50 nm controlled production possible excellent phys-chemical stability many possibilities for chemical modification) Probably cheaper and safer but presently not safer

2) Using Nanotechnology for New Medicines Eg Gene-Therapy

mRNA

Modified genevector

Therapeutic Protein

Nanotechnology Applications

3) Brain Drug Targeting Polysorbate-coated NPs to enhance

penetration to the blood-brain barrier (BBB)

ndash Mechanism

ndash Binding of the NPs to the inner endothelial lining of the brain

capillaries (subsequently particles deliver drugs to the brain by

providing a large concentration gradient thus enhancing the passive

diffusion)

ndash Brain endothelial uptake by phagocytosis

_ A general surfactant effect characterized by a solubilization of the

endothelial cell membrane lipids that would lead to membrane fluidization

and an enhanced drug permeability through the BBB

_ The NPs could lead to an opening of the tight junctions between the

endothelial cells The drug could then permeate through the tight junctions

in free form or together with the NPs in bound form

Nanotechnology Applications

_The NPs may be endocytosed by the endothelial cells followed by the release of

the drugs within these cells and delivery to the brain

_The NPs with bound drugs could be transcytosed through the endothelial cell layer

_The polysorbate 80 used as the coating agent could inhibit the efflux system

especially P- glycoprotein (P-gp)

4) Semiconductor Nano Crystals or ldquoQUANTUM Dots TMrdquo or

Biodegradable bio polymers for ex-vivo optical diagnostics and

some form of hybrid biodegradable nano capsule with MRI

contrast agent core for in-vivo simultaneous diagnostics and

therapeutics (ldquotheragnosticsrdquo)

Nanotechnology Applications

Nanoelectromechanical System (NEMS) Sensors

minus NEMS technology enables creation of ultra small and highly sensitive sensors for various applications

minus The NEMS force sensor shown in the figure is applicable in pathogenic bacteria detection

Fig A NEMS bacteria sensor

Nanotechnology Applications

5) Nano medicine - Continuous Therapy for Preventing Cancer in Astronauts Engineered multilayered nano particles targeted to radiation-damaged cells can initiate repair of damaged DNA using DNA repair genes manufactured inside individual living cells under the control of molecular

biosensor switches

6) Nanoparticles in cancer therapy Increase in antitumor efficacy Reduction of systemic side-effects Selective delivery of oligonucleotides to tumor cells Reversion of multidrug resistance in tumor cells

7) Targeted delivery of antibiotics using nanoparticles Challenge is to design the means of carrying an antibiotic in a form that is able to be endocytosed by phagocytic cells and then released into these cells Nanoparticles are one of the main carriers developed for these logistic strategies

Nanotechnology Applications

Targeting of intracellular bacteria with antibiotic colloidal carriers liposomes or nanoparticles

Nanotechnology Applications- DNA Sequencing

8) In DNA Sequencing DNA molecules under the influence of an electric field are forced through nano-scale channels (~100 nm) on a

ldquogel biochiprdquo The molecules deform and stretch to pass through the small channels

This process separates DNA fragments by length

This is part of the method used to sequence the DNA in the human genome and in

identifying a unique DNA ldquofingerprintrdquo

Nanotechnology Applications - Immunoisolation for Cell-encapsulation therapy

9) Liver Dysfunction Encapsulation of Hepatic Cell

Pancreas Dysfunction Encapsulation of Islets of Langerhans

Disorders of the CNS Parkinsonrsquos Alzheimerrsquos

Pre-requisites for cell encapsulation

ndash continued and optimal tissuecell supply

ndash maintenance of cell viability amp function

ndash successful prevention of immune rejection

Nonporous Silicone-based biocapsules serves as Artificial Pancreas(Desai et al)

Nanotechnology Applications

10) Targeting Tumours laquo Smart Bombs raquo

Conventional Therapy Chemotherapy that poisons surrounding tissue

Strategy Block angiogenesis selectively at tumor site

Nanoparticle DNA + Cationic Polymer directed at tumourous cells

Starves blood cells

Nano engineering ndash Bio - analogous Structures

Bone-cartilage composite

Muscle

Brain-machine Interface

CHALLENGES amp Methods ofDrug Delivery

Prevention of drug from biological degradation (Oral dosage form)

Effective Targeting ( Inhalation)

Patient Compliance (Tran dermal)

Cost effectiveness (Implantation)

Product life extension (Injections)

Nanotechnology in Health Care - Thermal ablation of cancer cells

Thermal ablation of cancer cells

minus Nano shells have metallic outer layer and silica core kills the cancer cells by Thermal ablation

minus Selectively attracted to cancer shells either through a phenomena called enhanced permeation

retention or due

to some molecules coated on the shells

Nanotechnology in Health Care - Treatment

Targeted drug deliver

minus Nano particles containing drugs are coated with targeting agents (eg conjugated antibodies)

minus The nano particles circulate through the blood vessels and reach the target cells

minus Drugs are released directly into the targeted cells

Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery

In biopharmaceuticals in addition to the main technologies covered liposomal monoclonal antibody-based and polymer-based

technologies host of newer technologies such as nano particles

including various nano dimensional entities such as molecular

imprinted polymers pro drug delivery oral injectable and implantable pulmonary and transdermal and transmucosal delivery have come up

Importance of Drug Delivery Technology to Pharma Industry

1048713 Drug delivery formulations involve low cost research compared that for discovery of new molecule

Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery

1048713 Minimizing the drug use would significantly reduce the effective cost of drug which would give financial relief to the patients

1048713 Delivery systems increase commercial opportunity by distinguishing a drug from competitive threats posed by ldquome toordquo drugs and

1048713 Novel means of delivery particularly using nano-carriers can allow branded drugs to be rescued from abyss of generic competition (may be called ldquoresurrection of drugrdquo)

SOME SIGNIFICANT NANODEVICES

Development of one dose a day ciprofloxacin using nanotechnology

Tumor targeted taxol delivery using nano particles in Phase 2 clinical trial stage

Improved ophthalmic delivery formulation using smart hydrogel nano particles

Oral insulin formulation using nanoparticles carriers

Liposomal based Amphotericin B formulation

1048713 Nano particles for Drug Delivery

- Metal-based nano particles - Lipid-based nano particles

- Polymer-based nano particles - Biological nano particles

Nanotechnology Applications

1) SiO2-Nanoparticles as a new platform for non-viral gene delivery (favourable size 10 - 50 nm controlled production possible excellent phys-chemical stability many possibilities for chemical modification) Probably cheaper and safer but presently not safer

2) Using Nanotechnology for New Medicines Eg Gene-Therapy

mRNA

Modified genevector

Therapeutic Protein

Nanotechnology Applications

3) Brain Drug Targeting Polysorbate-coated NPs to enhance

penetration to the blood-brain barrier (BBB)

ndash Mechanism

ndash Binding of the NPs to the inner endothelial lining of the brain

capillaries (subsequently particles deliver drugs to the brain by

providing a large concentration gradient thus enhancing the passive

diffusion)

ndash Brain endothelial uptake by phagocytosis

_ A general surfactant effect characterized by a solubilization of the

endothelial cell membrane lipids that would lead to membrane fluidization

and an enhanced drug permeability through the BBB

_ The NPs could lead to an opening of the tight junctions between the

endothelial cells The drug could then permeate through the tight junctions

in free form or together with the NPs in bound form

Nanotechnology Applications

_The NPs may be endocytosed by the endothelial cells followed by the release of

the drugs within these cells and delivery to the brain

_The NPs with bound drugs could be transcytosed through the endothelial cell layer

_The polysorbate 80 used as the coating agent could inhibit the efflux system

especially P- glycoprotein (P-gp)

4) Semiconductor Nano Crystals or ldquoQUANTUM Dots TMrdquo or

Biodegradable bio polymers for ex-vivo optical diagnostics and

some form of hybrid biodegradable nano capsule with MRI

contrast agent core for in-vivo simultaneous diagnostics and

therapeutics (ldquotheragnosticsrdquo)

Nanotechnology Applications

Nanoelectromechanical System (NEMS) Sensors

minus NEMS technology enables creation of ultra small and highly sensitive sensors for various applications

minus The NEMS force sensor shown in the figure is applicable in pathogenic bacteria detection

Fig A NEMS bacteria sensor

Nanotechnology Applications

5) Nano medicine - Continuous Therapy for Preventing Cancer in Astronauts Engineered multilayered nano particles targeted to radiation-damaged cells can initiate repair of damaged DNA using DNA repair genes manufactured inside individual living cells under the control of molecular

biosensor switches

6) Nanoparticles in cancer therapy Increase in antitumor efficacy Reduction of systemic side-effects Selective delivery of oligonucleotides to tumor cells Reversion of multidrug resistance in tumor cells

7) Targeted delivery of antibiotics using nanoparticles Challenge is to design the means of carrying an antibiotic in a form that is able to be endocytosed by phagocytic cells and then released into these cells Nanoparticles are one of the main carriers developed for these logistic strategies

Nanotechnology Applications

Targeting of intracellular bacteria with antibiotic colloidal carriers liposomes or nanoparticles

Nanotechnology Applications- DNA Sequencing

8) In DNA Sequencing DNA molecules under the influence of an electric field are forced through nano-scale channels (~100 nm) on a

ldquogel biochiprdquo The molecules deform and stretch to pass through the small channels

This process separates DNA fragments by length

This is part of the method used to sequence the DNA in the human genome and in

identifying a unique DNA ldquofingerprintrdquo

Nanotechnology Applications - Immunoisolation for Cell-encapsulation therapy

9) Liver Dysfunction Encapsulation of Hepatic Cell

Pancreas Dysfunction Encapsulation of Islets of Langerhans

Disorders of the CNS Parkinsonrsquos Alzheimerrsquos

Pre-requisites for cell encapsulation

ndash continued and optimal tissuecell supply

ndash maintenance of cell viability amp function

ndash successful prevention of immune rejection

Nonporous Silicone-based biocapsules serves as Artificial Pancreas(Desai et al)

Nanotechnology Applications

10) Targeting Tumours laquo Smart Bombs raquo

Conventional Therapy Chemotherapy that poisons surrounding tissue

Strategy Block angiogenesis selectively at tumor site

Nanoparticle DNA + Cationic Polymer directed at tumourous cells

Starves blood cells

Nano engineering ndash Bio - analogous Structures

Bone-cartilage composite

Muscle

Brain-machine Interface

CHALLENGES amp Methods ofDrug Delivery

Prevention of drug from biological degradation (Oral dosage form)

Effective Targeting ( Inhalation)

Patient Compliance (Tran dermal)

Cost effectiveness (Implantation)

Product life extension (Injections)

Nanotechnology in Health Care - Treatment

Targeted drug deliver

minus Nano particles containing drugs are coated with targeting agents (eg conjugated antibodies)

minus The nano particles circulate through the blood vessels and reach the target cells

minus Drugs are released directly into the targeted cells

Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery

In biopharmaceuticals in addition to the main technologies covered liposomal monoclonal antibody-based and polymer-based

technologies host of newer technologies such as nano particles

including various nano dimensional entities such as molecular

imprinted polymers pro drug delivery oral injectable and implantable pulmonary and transdermal and transmucosal delivery have come up

Importance of Drug Delivery Technology to Pharma Industry

1048713 Drug delivery formulations involve low cost research compared that for discovery of new molecule

Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery

1048713 Minimizing the drug use would significantly reduce the effective cost of drug which would give financial relief to the patients

1048713 Delivery systems increase commercial opportunity by distinguishing a drug from competitive threats posed by ldquome toordquo drugs and

1048713 Novel means of delivery particularly using nano-carriers can allow branded drugs to be rescued from abyss of generic competition (may be called ldquoresurrection of drugrdquo)

SOME SIGNIFICANT NANODEVICES

Development of one dose a day ciprofloxacin using nanotechnology

Tumor targeted taxol delivery using nano particles in Phase 2 clinical trial stage

Improved ophthalmic delivery formulation using smart hydrogel nano particles

Oral insulin formulation using nanoparticles carriers

Liposomal based Amphotericin B formulation

1048713 Nano particles for Drug Delivery

- Metal-based nano particles - Lipid-based nano particles

- Polymer-based nano particles - Biological nano particles

Nanotechnology Applications

1) SiO2-Nanoparticles as a new platform for non-viral gene delivery (favourable size 10 - 50 nm controlled production possible excellent phys-chemical stability many possibilities for chemical modification) Probably cheaper and safer but presently not safer

2) Using Nanotechnology for New Medicines Eg Gene-Therapy

mRNA

Modified genevector

Therapeutic Protein

Nanotechnology Applications

3) Brain Drug Targeting Polysorbate-coated NPs to enhance

penetration to the blood-brain barrier (BBB)

ndash Mechanism

ndash Binding of the NPs to the inner endothelial lining of the brain

capillaries (subsequently particles deliver drugs to the brain by

providing a large concentration gradient thus enhancing the passive

diffusion)

ndash Brain endothelial uptake by phagocytosis

_ A general surfactant effect characterized by a solubilization of the

endothelial cell membrane lipids that would lead to membrane fluidization

and an enhanced drug permeability through the BBB

_ The NPs could lead to an opening of the tight junctions between the

endothelial cells The drug could then permeate through the tight junctions

in free form or together with the NPs in bound form

Nanotechnology Applications

_The NPs may be endocytosed by the endothelial cells followed by the release of

the drugs within these cells and delivery to the brain

_The NPs with bound drugs could be transcytosed through the endothelial cell layer

_The polysorbate 80 used as the coating agent could inhibit the efflux system

especially P- glycoprotein (P-gp)

4) Semiconductor Nano Crystals or ldquoQUANTUM Dots TMrdquo or

Biodegradable bio polymers for ex-vivo optical diagnostics and

some form of hybrid biodegradable nano capsule with MRI

contrast agent core for in-vivo simultaneous diagnostics and

therapeutics (ldquotheragnosticsrdquo)

Nanotechnology Applications

Nanoelectromechanical System (NEMS) Sensors

minus NEMS technology enables creation of ultra small and highly sensitive sensors for various applications

minus The NEMS force sensor shown in the figure is applicable in pathogenic bacteria detection

Fig A NEMS bacteria sensor

Nanotechnology Applications

5) Nano medicine - Continuous Therapy for Preventing Cancer in Astronauts Engineered multilayered nano particles targeted to radiation-damaged cells can initiate repair of damaged DNA using DNA repair genes manufactured inside individual living cells under the control of molecular

biosensor switches

6) Nanoparticles in cancer therapy Increase in antitumor efficacy Reduction of systemic side-effects Selective delivery of oligonucleotides to tumor cells Reversion of multidrug resistance in tumor cells

7) Targeted delivery of antibiotics using nanoparticles Challenge is to design the means of carrying an antibiotic in a form that is able to be endocytosed by phagocytic cells and then released into these cells Nanoparticles are one of the main carriers developed for these logistic strategies

Nanotechnology Applications

Targeting of intracellular bacteria with antibiotic colloidal carriers liposomes or nanoparticles

Nanotechnology Applications- DNA Sequencing

8) In DNA Sequencing DNA molecules under the influence of an electric field are forced through nano-scale channels (~100 nm) on a

ldquogel biochiprdquo The molecules deform and stretch to pass through the small channels

This process separates DNA fragments by length

This is part of the method used to sequence the DNA in the human genome and in

identifying a unique DNA ldquofingerprintrdquo

Nanotechnology Applications - Immunoisolation for Cell-encapsulation therapy

9) Liver Dysfunction Encapsulation of Hepatic Cell

Pancreas Dysfunction Encapsulation of Islets of Langerhans

Disorders of the CNS Parkinsonrsquos Alzheimerrsquos

Pre-requisites for cell encapsulation

ndash continued and optimal tissuecell supply

ndash maintenance of cell viability amp function

ndash successful prevention of immune rejection

Nonporous Silicone-based biocapsules serves as Artificial Pancreas(Desai et al)

Nanotechnology Applications

10) Targeting Tumours laquo Smart Bombs raquo

Conventional Therapy Chemotherapy that poisons surrounding tissue

Strategy Block angiogenesis selectively at tumor site

Nanoparticle DNA + Cationic Polymer directed at tumourous cells

Starves blood cells

Nano engineering ndash Bio - analogous Structures

Bone-cartilage composite

Muscle

Brain-machine Interface

CHALLENGES amp Methods ofDrug Delivery

Prevention of drug from biological degradation (Oral dosage form)

Effective Targeting ( Inhalation)

Patient Compliance (Tran dermal)

Cost effectiveness (Implantation)

Product life extension (Injections)

Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery

In biopharmaceuticals in addition to the main technologies covered liposomal monoclonal antibody-based and polymer-based

technologies host of newer technologies such as nano particles

including various nano dimensional entities such as molecular

imprinted polymers pro drug delivery oral injectable and implantable pulmonary and transdermal and transmucosal delivery have come up

Importance of Drug Delivery Technology to Pharma Industry

1048713 Drug delivery formulations involve low cost research compared that for discovery of new molecule

Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery

1048713 Minimizing the drug use would significantly reduce the effective cost of drug which would give financial relief to the patients

1048713 Delivery systems increase commercial opportunity by distinguishing a drug from competitive threats posed by ldquome toordquo drugs and

1048713 Novel means of delivery particularly using nano-carriers can allow branded drugs to be rescued from abyss of generic competition (may be called ldquoresurrection of drugrdquo)

SOME SIGNIFICANT NANODEVICES

Development of one dose a day ciprofloxacin using nanotechnology

Tumor targeted taxol delivery using nano particles in Phase 2 clinical trial stage

Improved ophthalmic delivery formulation using smart hydrogel nano particles

Oral insulin formulation using nanoparticles carriers

Liposomal based Amphotericin B formulation

1048713 Nano particles for Drug Delivery

- Metal-based nano particles - Lipid-based nano particles

- Polymer-based nano particles - Biological nano particles

Nanotechnology Applications

1) SiO2-Nanoparticles as a new platform for non-viral gene delivery (favourable size 10 - 50 nm controlled production possible excellent phys-chemical stability many possibilities for chemical modification) Probably cheaper and safer but presently not safer

2) Using Nanotechnology for New Medicines Eg Gene-Therapy

mRNA

Modified genevector

Therapeutic Protein

Nanotechnology Applications

3) Brain Drug Targeting Polysorbate-coated NPs to enhance

penetration to the blood-brain barrier (BBB)

ndash Mechanism

ndash Binding of the NPs to the inner endothelial lining of the brain

capillaries (subsequently particles deliver drugs to the brain by

providing a large concentration gradient thus enhancing the passive

diffusion)

ndash Brain endothelial uptake by phagocytosis

_ A general surfactant effect characterized by a solubilization of the

endothelial cell membrane lipids that would lead to membrane fluidization

and an enhanced drug permeability through the BBB

_ The NPs could lead to an opening of the tight junctions between the

endothelial cells The drug could then permeate through the tight junctions

in free form or together with the NPs in bound form

Nanotechnology Applications

_The NPs may be endocytosed by the endothelial cells followed by the release of

the drugs within these cells and delivery to the brain

_The NPs with bound drugs could be transcytosed through the endothelial cell layer

_The polysorbate 80 used as the coating agent could inhibit the efflux system

especially P- glycoprotein (P-gp)

4) Semiconductor Nano Crystals or ldquoQUANTUM Dots TMrdquo or

Biodegradable bio polymers for ex-vivo optical diagnostics and

some form of hybrid biodegradable nano capsule with MRI

contrast agent core for in-vivo simultaneous diagnostics and

therapeutics (ldquotheragnosticsrdquo)

Nanotechnology Applications

Nanoelectromechanical System (NEMS) Sensors

minus NEMS technology enables creation of ultra small and highly sensitive sensors for various applications

minus The NEMS force sensor shown in the figure is applicable in pathogenic bacteria detection

Fig A NEMS bacteria sensor

Nanotechnology Applications

5) Nano medicine - Continuous Therapy for Preventing Cancer in Astronauts Engineered multilayered nano particles targeted to radiation-damaged cells can initiate repair of damaged DNA using DNA repair genes manufactured inside individual living cells under the control of molecular

biosensor switches

6) Nanoparticles in cancer therapy Increase in antitumor efficacy Reduction of systemic side-effects Selective delivery of oligonucleotides to tumor cells Reversion of multidrug resistance in tumor cells

7) Targeted delivery of antibiotics using nanoparticles Challenge is to design the means of carrying an antibiotic in a form that is able to be endocytosed by phagocytic cells and then released into these cells Nanoparticles are one of the main carriers developed for these logistic strategies

Nanotechnology Applications

Targeting of intracellular bacteria with antibiotic colloidal carriers liposomes or nanoparticles

Nanotechnology Applications- DNA Sequencing

8) In DNA Sequencing DNA molecules under the influence of an electric field are forced through nano-scale channels (~100 nm) on a

ldquogel biochiprdquo The molecules deform and stretch to pass through the small channels

This process separates DNA fragments by length

This is part of the method used to sequence the DNA in the human genome and in

identifying a unique DNA ldquofingerprintrdquo

Nanotechnology Applications - Immunoisolation for Cell-encapsulation therapy

9) Liver Dysfunction Encapsulation of Hepatic Cell

Pancreas Dysfunction Encapsulation of Islets of Langerhans

Disorders of the CNS Parkinsonrsquos Alzheimerrsquos

Pre-requisites for cell encapsulation

ndash continued and optimal tissuecell supply

ndash maintenance of cell viability amp function

ndash successful prevention of immune rejection

Nonporous Silicone-based biocapsules serves as Artificial Pancreas(Desai et al)

Nanotechnology Applications

10) Targeting Tumours laquo Smart Bombs raquo

Conventional Therapy Chemotherapy that poisons surrounding tissue

Strategy Block angiogenesis selectively at tumor site

Nanoparticle DNA + Cationic Polymer directed at tumourous cells

Starves blood cells

Nano engineering ndash Bio - analogous Structures

Bone-cartilage composite

Muscle

Brain-machine Interface

CHALLENGES amp Methods ofDrug Delivery

Prevention of drug from biological degradation (Oral dosage form)

Effective Targeting ( Inhalation)

Patient Compliance (Tran dermal)

Cost effectiveness (Implantation)

Product life extension (Injections)

Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery

1048713 Minimizing the drug use would significantly reduce the effective cost of drug which would give financial relief to the patients

1048713 Delivery systems increase commercial opportunity by distinguishing a drug from competitive threats posed by ldquome toordquo drugs and

1048713 Novel means of delivery particularly using nano-carriers can allow branded drugs to be rescued from abyss of generic competition (may be called ldquoresurrection of drugrdquo)

SOME SIGNIFICANT NANODEVICES

Development of one dose a day ciprofloxacin using nanotechnology

Tumor targeted taxol delivery using nano particles in Phase 2 clinical trial stage

Improved ophthalmic delivery formulation using smart hydrogel nano particles

Oral insulin formulation using nanoparticles carriers

Liposomal based Amphotericin B formulation

1048713 Nano particles for Drug Delivery

- Metal-based nano particles - Lipid-based nano particles

- Polymer-based nano particles - Biological nano particles

Nanotechnology Applications

1) SiO2-Nanoparticles as a new platform for non-viral gene delivery (favourable size 10 - 50 nm controlled production possible excellent phys-chemical stability many possibilities for chemical modification) Probably cheaper and safer but presently not safer

2) Using Nanotechnology for New Medicines Eg Gene-Therapy

mRNA

Modified genevector

Therapeutic Protein

Nanotechnology Applications

3) Brain Drug Targeting Polysorbate-coated NPs to enhance

penetration to the blood-brain barrier (BBB)

ndash Mechanism

ndash Binding of the NPs to the inner endothelial lining of the brain

capillaries (subsequently particles deliver drugs to the brain by

providing a large concentration gradient thus enhancing the passive

diffusion)

ndash Brain endothelial uptake by phagocytosis

_ A general surfactant effect characterized by a solubilization of the

endothelial cell membrane lipids that would lead to membrane fluidization

and an enhanced drug permeability through the BBB

_ The NPs could lead to an opening of the tight junctions between the

endothelial cells The drug could then permeate through the tight junctions

in free form or together with the NPs in bound form

Nanotechnology Applications

_The NPs may be endocytosed by the endothelial cells followed by the release of

the drugs within these cells and delivery to the brain

_The NPs with bound drugs could be transcytosed through the endothelial cell layer

_The polysorbate 80 used as the coating agent could inhibit the efflux system

especially P- glycoprotein (P-gp)

4) Semiconductor Nano Crystals or ldquoQUANTUM Dots TMrdquo or

Biodegradable bio polymers for ex-vivo optical diagnostics and

some form of hybrid biodegradable nano capsule with MRI

contrast agent core for in-vivo simultaneous diagnostics and

therapeutics (ldquotheragnosticsrdquo)

Nanotechnology Applications

Nanoelectromechanical System (NEMS) Sensors

minus NEMS technology enables creation of ultra small and highly sensitive sensors for various applications

minus The NEMS force sensor shown in the figure is applicable in pathogenic bacteria detection

Fig A NEMS bacteria sensor

Nanotechnology Applications

5) Nano medicine - Continuous Therapy for Preventing Cancer in Astronauts Engineered multilayered nano particles targeted to radiation-damaged cells can initiate repair of damaged DNA using DNA repair genes manufactured inside individual living cells under the control of molecular

biosensor switches

6) Nanoparticles in cancer therapy Increase in antitumor efficacy Reduction of systemic side-effects Selective delivery of oligonucleotides to tumor cells Reversion of multidrug resistance in tumor cells

7) Targeted delivery of antibiotics using nanoparticles Challenge is to design the means of carrying an antibiotic in a form that is able to be endocytosed by phagocytic cells and then released into these cells Nanoparticles are one of the main carriers developed for these logistic strategies

Nanotechnology Applications

Targeting of intracellular bacteria with antibiotic colloidal carriers liposomes or nanoparticles

Nanotechnology Applications- DNA Sequencing

8) In DNA Sequencing DNA molecules under the influence of an electric field are forced through nano-scale channels (~100 nm) on a

ldquogel biochiprdquo The molecules deform and stretch to pass through the small channels

This process separates DNA fragments by length

This is part of the method used to sequence the DNA in the human genome and in

identifying a unique DNA ldquofingerprintrdquo

Nanotechnology Applications - Immunoisolation for Cell-encapsulation therapy

9) Liver Dysfunction Encapsulation of Hepatic Cell

Pancreas Dysfunction Encapsulation of Islets of Langerhans

Disorders of the CNS Parkinsonrsquos Alzheimerrsquos

Pre-requisites for cell encapsulation

ndash continued and optimal tissuecell supply

ndash maintenance of cell viability amp function

ndash successful prevention of immune rejection

Nonporous Silicone-based biocapsules serves as Artificial Pancreas(Desai et al)

Nanotechnology Applications

10) Targeting Tumours laquo Smart Bombs raquo

Conventional Therapy Chemotherapy that poisons surrounding tissue

Strategy Block angiogenesis selectively at tumor site

Nanoparticle DNA + Cationic Polymer directed at tumourous cells

Starves blood cells

Nano engineering ndash Bio - analogous Structures

Bone-cartilage composite

Muscle

Brain-machine Interface

CHALLENGES amp Methods ofDrug Delivery

Prevention of drug from biological degradation (Oral dosage form)

Effective Targeting ( Inhalation)

Patient Compliance (Tran dermal)

Cost effectiveness (Implantation)

Product life extension (Injections)

SOME SIGNIFICANT NANODEVICES

Development of one dose a day ciprofloxacin using nanotechnology

Tumor targeted taxol delivery using nano particles in Phase 2 clinical trial stage

Improved ophthalmic delivery formulation using smart hydrogel nano particles

Oral insulin formulation using nanoparticles carriers

Liposomal based Amphotericin B formulation

1048713 Nano particles for Drug Delivery

- Metal-based nano particles - Lipid-based nano particles

- Polymer-based nano particles - Biological nano particles

Nanotechnology Applications

1) SiO2-Nanoparticles as a new platform for non-viral gene delivery (favourable size 10 - 50 nm controlled production possible excellent phys-chemical stability many possibilities for chemical modification) Probably cheaper and safer but presently not safer

2) Using Nanotechnology for New Medicines Eg Gene-Therapy

mRNA

Modified genevector

Therapeutic Protein

Nanotechnology Applications

3) Brain Drug Targeting Polysorbate-coated NPs to enhance

penetration to the blood-brain barrier (BBB)

ndash Mechanism

ndash Binding of the NPs to the inner endothelial lining of the brain

capillaries (subsequently particles deliver drugs to the brain by

providing a large concentration gradient thus enhancing the passive

diffusion)

ndash Brain endothelial uptake by phagocytosis

_ A general surfactant effect characterized by a solubilization of the

endothelial cell membrane lipids that would lead to membrane fluidization

and an enhanced drug permeability through the BBB

_ The NPs could lead to an opening of the tight junctions between the

endothelial cells The drug could then permeate through the tight junctions

in free form or together with the NPs in bound form

Nanotechnology Applications

_The NPs may be endocytosed by the endothelial cells followed by the release of

the drugs within these cells and delivery to the brain

_The NPs with bound drugs could be transcytosed through the endothelial cell layer

_The polysorbate 80 used as the coating agent could inhibit the efflux system

especially P- glycoprotein (P-gp)

4) Semiconductor Nano Crystals or ldquoQUANTUM Dots TMrdquo or

Biodegradable bio polymers for ex-vivo optical diagnostics and

some form of hybrid biodegradable nano capsule with MRI

contrast agent core for in-vivo simultaneous diagnostics and

therapeutics (ldquotheragnosticsrdquo)

Nanotechnology Applications

Nanoelectromechanical System (NEMS) Sensors

minus NEMS technology enables creation of ultra small and highly sensitive sensors for various applications

minus The NEMS force sensor shown in the figure is applicable in pathogenic bacteria detection

Fig A NEMS bacteria sensor

Nanotechnology Applications

5) Nano medicine - Continuous Therapy for Preventing Cancer in Astronauts Engineered multilayered nano particles targeted to radiation-damaged cells can initiate repair of damaged DNA using DNA repair genes manufactured inside individual living cells under the control of molecular

biosensor switches

6) Nanoparticles in cancer therapy Increase in antitumor efficacy Reduction of systemic side-effects Selective delivery of oligonucleotides to tumor cells Reversion of multidrug resistance in tumor cells

7) Targeted delivery of antibiotics using nanoparticles Challenge is to design the means of carrying an antibiotic in a form that is able to be endocytosed by phagocytic cells and then released into these cells Nanoparticles are one of the main carriers developed for these logistic strategies

Nanotechnology Applications

Targeting of intracellular bacteria with antibiotic colloidal carriers liposomes or nanoparticles

Nanotechnology Applications- DNA Sequencing

8) In DNA Sequencing DNA molecules under the influence of an electric field are forced through nano-scale channels (~100 nm) on a

ldquogel biochiprdquo The molecules deform and stretch to pass through the small channels

This process separates DNA fragments by length

This is part of the method used to sequence the DNA in the human genome and in

identifying a unique DNA ldquofingerprintrdquo

Nanotechnology Applications - Immunoisolation for Cell-encapsulation therapy

9) Liver Dysfunction Encapsulation of Hepatic Cell

Pancreas Dysfunction Encapsulation of Islets of Langerhans

Disorders of the CNS Parkinsonrsquos Alzheimerrsquos

Pre-requisites for cell encapsulation

ndash continued and optimal tissuecell supply

ndash maintenance of cell viability amp function

ndash successful prevention of immune rejection

Nonporous Silicone-based biocapsules serves as Artificial Pancreas(Desai et al)

Nanotechnology Applications

10) Targeting Tumours laquo Smart Bombs raquo

Conventional Therapy Chemotherapy that poisons surrounding tissue

Strategy Block angiogenesis selectively at tumor site

Nanoparticle DNA + Cationic Polymer directed at tumourous cells

Starves blood cells

Nano engineering ndash Bio - analogous Structures

Bone-cartilage composite

Muscle

Brain-machine Interface

CHALLENGES amp Methods ofDrug Delivery

Prevention of drug from biological degradation (Oral dosage form)

Effective Targeting ( Inhalation)

Patient Compliance (Tran dermal)

Cost effectiveness (Implantation)

Product life extension (Injections)

Nanotechnology Applications

1) SiO2-Nanoparticles as a new platform for non-viral gene delivery (favourable size 10 - 50 nm controlled production possible excellent phys-chemical stability many possibilities for chemical modification) Probably cheaper and safer but presently not safer

2) Using Nanotechnology for New Medicines Eg Gene-Therapy

mRNA

Modified genevector

Therapeutic Protein

Nanotechnology Applications

3) Brain Drug Targeting Polysorbate-coated NPs to enhance

penetration to the blood-brain barrier (BBB)

ndash Mechanism

ndash Binding of the NPs to the inner endothelial lining of the brain

capillaries (subsequently particles deliver drugs to the brain by

providing a large concentration gradient thus enhancing the passive

diffusion)

ndash Brain endothelial uptake by phagocytosis

_ A general surfactant effect characterized by a solubilization of the

endothelial cell membrane lipids that would lead to membrane fluidization

and an enhanced drug permeability through the BBB

_ The NPs could lead to an opening of the tight junctions between the

endothelial cells The drug could then permeate through the tight junctions

in free form or together with the NPs in bound form

Nanotechnology Applications

_The NPs may be endocytosed by the endothelial cells followed by the release of

the drugs within these cells and delivery to the brain

_The NPs with bound drugs could be transcytosed through the endothelial cell layer

_The polysorbate 80 used as the coating agent could inhibit the efflux system

especially P- glycoprotein (P-gp)

4) Semiconductor Nano Crystals or ldquoQUANTUM Dots TMrdquo or

Biodegradable bio polymers for ex-vivo optical diagnostics and

some form of hybrid biodegradable nano capsule with MRI

contrast agent core for in-vivo simultaneous diagnostics and

therapeutics (ldquotheragnosticsrdquo)

Nanotechnology Applications

Nanoelectromechanical System (NEMS) Sensors

minus NEMS technology enables creation of ultra small and highly sensitive sensors for various applications

minus The NEMS force sensor shown in the figure is applicable in pathogenic bacteria detection

Fig A NEMS bacteria sensor

Nanotechnology Applications

5) Nano medicine - Continuous Therapy for Preventing Cancer in Astronauts Engineered multilayered nano particles targeted to radiation-damaged cells can initiate repair of damaged DNA using DNA repair genes manufactured inside individual living cells under the control of molecular

biosensor switches

6) Nanoparticles in cancer therapy Increase in antitumor efficacy Reduction of systemic side-effects Selective delivery of oligonucleotides to tumor cells Reversion of multidrug resistance in tumor cells

7) Targeted delivery of antibiotics using nanoparticles Challenge is to design the means of carrying an antibiotic in a form that is able to be endocytosed by phagocytic cells and then released into these cells Nanoparticles are one of the main carriers developed for these logistic strategies

Nanotechnology Applications

Targeting of intracellular bacteria with antibiotic colloidal carriers liposomes or nanoparticles

Nanotechnology Applications- DNA Sequencing

8) In DNA Sequencing DNA molecules under the influence of an electric field are forced through nano-scale channels (~100 nm) on a

ldquogel biochiprdquo The molecules deform and stretch to pass through the small channels

This process separates DNA fragments by length

This is part of the method used to sequence the DNA in the human genome and in

identifying a unique DNA ldquofingerprintrdquo

Nanotechnology Applications - Immunoisolation for Cell-encapsulation therapy

9) Liver Dysfunction Encapsulation of Hepatic Cell

Pancreas Dysfunction Encapsulation of Islets of Langerhans

Disorders of the CNS Parkinsonrsquos Alzheimerrsquos

Pre-requisites for cell encapsulation

ndash continued and optimal tissuecell supply

ndash maintenance of cell viability amp function

ndash successful prevention of immune rejection

Nonporous Silicone-based biocapsules serves as Artificial Pancreas(Desai et al)

Nanotechnology Applications

10) Targeting Tumours laquo Smart Bombs raquo

Conventional Therapy Chemotherapy that poisons surrounding tissue

Strategy Block angiogenesis selectively at tumor site

Nanoparticle DNA + Cationic Polymer directed at tumourous cells

Starves blood cells

Nano engineering ndash Bio - analogous Structures

Bone-cartilage composite

Muscle

Brain-machine Interface

CHALLENGES amp Methods ofDrug Delivery

Prevention of drug from biological degradation (Oral dosage form)

Effective Targeting ( Inhalation)

Patient Compliance (Tran dermal)

Cost effectiveness (Implantation)

Product life extension (Injections)

Nanotechnology Applications

3) Brain Drug Targeting Polysorbate-coated NPs to enhance

penetration to the blood-brain barrier (BBB)

ndash Mechanism

ndash Binding of the NPs to the inner endothelial lining of the brain

capillaries (subsequently particles deliver drugs to the brain by

providing a large concentration gradient thus enhancing the passive

diffusion)

ndash Brain endothelial uptake by phagocytosis

_ A general surfactant effect characterized by a solubilization of the

endothelial cell membrane lipids that would lead to membrane fluidization

and an enhanced drug permeability through the BBB

_ The NPs could lead to an opening of the tight junctions between the

endothelial cells The drug could then permeate through the tight junctions

in free form or together with the NPs in bound form

Nanotechnology Applications

_The NPs may be endocytosed by the endothelial cells followed by the release of

the drugs within these cells and delivery to the brain

_The NPs with bound drugs could be transcytosed through the endothelial cell layer

_The polysorbate 80 used as the coating agent could inhibit the efflux system

especially P- glycoprotein (P-gp)

4) Semiconductor Nano Crystals or ldquoQUANTUM Dots TMrdquo or

Biodegradable bio polymers for ex-vivo optical diagnostics and

some form of hybrid biodegradable nano capsule with MRI

contrast agent core for in-vivo simultaneous diagnostics and

therapeutics (ldquotheragnosticsrdquo)

Nanotechnology Applications

Nanoelectromechanical System (NEMS) Sensors

minus NEMS technology enables creation of ultra small and highly sensitive sensors for various applications

minus The NEMS force sensor shown in the figure is applicable in pathogenic bacteria detection

Fig A NEMS bacteria sensor

Nanotechnology Applications

5) Nano medicine - Continuous Therapy for Preventing Cancer in Astronauts Engineered multilayered nano particles targeted to radiation-damaged cells can initiate repair of damaged DNA using DNA repair genes manufactured inside individual living cells under the control of molecular

biosensor switches

6) Nanoparticles in cancer therapy Increase in antitumor efficacy Reduction of systemic side-effects Selective delivery of oligonucleotides to tumor cells Reversion of multidrug resistance in tumor cells

7) Targeted delivery of antibiotics using nanoparticles Challenge is to design the means of carrying an antibiotic in a form that is able to be endocytosed by phagocytic cells and then released into these cells Nanoparticles are one of the main carriers developed for these logistic strategies

Nanotechnology Applications

Targeting of intracellular bacteria with antibiotic colloidal carriers liposomes or nanoparticles

Nanotechnology Applications- DNA Sequencing

8) In DNA Sequencing DNA molecules under the influence of an electric field are forced through nano-scale channels (~100 nm) on a

ldquogel biochiprdquo The molecules deform and stretch to pass through the small channels

This process separates DNA fragments by length

This is part of the method used to sequence the DNA in the human genome and in

identifying a unique DNA ldquofingerprintrdquo

Nanotechnology Applications - Immunoisolation for Cell-encapsulation therapy

9) Liver Dysfunction Encapsulation of Hepatic Cell

Pancreas Dysfunction Encapsulation of Islets of Langerhans

Disorders of the CNS Parkinsonrsquos Alzheimerrsquos

Pre-requisites for cell encapsulation

ndash continued and optimal tissuecell supply

ndash maintenance of cell viability amp function

ndash successful prevention of immune rejection

Nonporous Silicone-based biocapsules serves as Artificial Pancreas(Desai et al)

Nanotechnology Applications

10) Targeting Tumours laquo Smart Bombs raquo

Conventional Therapy Chemotherapy that poisons surrounding tissue

Strategy Block angiogenesis selectively at tumor site

Nanoparticle DNA + Cationic Polymer directed at tumourous cells

Starves blood cells

Nano engineering ndash Bio - analogous Structures

Bone-cartilage composite

Muscle

Brain-machine Interface

CHALLENGES amp Methods ofDrug Delivery

Prevention of drug from biological degradation (Oral dosage form)

Effective Targeting ( Inhalation)

Patient Compliance (Tran dermal)

Cost effectiveness (Implantation)

Product life extension (Injections)

Nanotechnology Applications

_The NPs may be endocytosed by the endothelial cells followed by the release of

the drugs within these cells and delivery to the brain

_The NPs with bound drugs could be transcytosed through the endothelial cell layer

_The polysorbate 80 used as the coating agent could inhibit the efflux system

especially P- glycoprotein (P-gp)

4) Semiconductor Nano Crystals or ldquoQUANTUM Dots TMrdquo or

Biodegradable bio polymers for ex-vivo optical diagnostics and

some form of hybrid biodegradable nano capsule with MRI

contrast agent core for in-vivo simultaneous diagnostics and

therapeutics (ldquotheragnosticsrdquo)

Nanotechnology Applications

Nanoelectromechanical System (NEMS) Sensors

minus NEMS technology enables creation of ultra small and highly sensitive sensors for various applications

minus The NEMS force sensor shown in the figure is applicable in pathogenic bacteria detection

Fig A NEMS bacteria sensor

Nanotechnology Applications

5) Nano medicine - Continuous Therapy for Preventing Cancer in Astronauts Engineered multilayered nano particles targeted to radiation-damaged cells can initiate repair of damaged DNA using DNA repair genes manufactured inside individual living cells under the control of molecular

biosensor switches

6) Nanoparticles in cancer therapy Increase in antitumor efficacy Reduction of systemic side-effects Selective delivery of oligonucleotides to tumor cells Reversion of multidrug resistance in tumor cells

7) Targeted delivery of antibiotics using nanoparticles Challenge is to design the means of carrying an antibiotic in a form that is able to be endocytosed by phagocytic cells and then released into these cells Nanoparticles are one of the main carriers developed for these logistic strategies

Nanotechnology Applications

Targeting of intracellular bacteria with antibiotic colloidal carriers liposomes or nanoparticles

Nanotechnology Applications- DNA Sequencing

8) In DNA Sequencing DNA molecules under the influence of an electric field are forced through nano-scale channels (~100 nm) on a

ldquogel biochiprdquo The molecules deform and stretch to pass through the small channels

This process separates DNA fragments by length

This is part of the method used to sequence the DNA in the human genome and in

identifying a unique DNA ldquofingerprintrdquo

Nanotechnology Applications - Immunoisolation for Cell-encapsulation therapy

9) Liver Dysfunction Encapsulation of Hepatic Cell

Pancreas Dysfunction Encapsulation of Islets of Langerhans

Disorders of the CNS Parkinsonrsquos Alzheimerrsquos

Pre-requisites for cell encapsulation

ndash continued and optimal tissuecell supply

ndash maintenance of cell viability amp function

ndash successful prevention of immune rejection

Nonporous Silicone-based biocapsules serves as Artificial Pancreas(Desai et al)

Nanotechnology Applications

10) Targeting Tumours laquo Smart Bombs raquo

Conventional Therapy Chemotherapy that poisons surrounding tissue

Strategy Block angiogenesis selectively at tumor site

Nanoparticle DNA + Cationic Polymer directed at tumourous cells

Starves blood cells

Nano engineering ndash Bio - analogous Structures

Bone-cartilage composite

Muscle

Brain-machine Interface

CHALLENGES amp Methods ofDrug Delivery

Prevention of drug from biological degradation (Oral dosage form)

Effective Targeting ( Inhalation)

Patient Compliance (Tran dermal)

Cost effectiveness (Implantation)

Product life extension (Injections)

Nanotechnology Applications

Nanoelectromechanical System (NEMS) Sensors

minus NEMS technology enables creation of ultra small and highly sensitive sensors for various applications

minus The NEMS force sensor shown in the figure is applicable in pathogenic bacteria detection

Fig A NEMS bacteria sensor

Nanotechnology Applications

5) Nano medicine - Continuous Therapy for Preventing Cancer in Astronauts Engineered multilayered nano particles targeted to radiation-damaged cells can initiate repair of damaged DNA using DNA repair genes manufactured inside individual living cells under the control of molecular

biosensor switches

6) Nanoparticles in cancer therapy Increase in antitumor efficacy Reduction of systemic side-effects Selective delivery of oligonucleotides to tumor cells Reversion of multidrug resistance in tumor cells

7) Targeted delivery of antibiotics using nanoparticles Challenge is to design the means of carrying an antibiotic in a form that is able to be endocytosed by phagocytic cells and then released into these cells Nanoparticles are one of the main carriers developed for these logistic strategies

Nanotechnology Applications

Targeting of intracellular bacteria with antibiotic colloidal carriers liposomes or nanoparticles

Nanotechnology Applications- DNA Sequencing

8) In DNA Sequencing DNA molecules under the influence of an electric field are forced through nano-scale channels (~100 nm) on a

ldquogel biochiprdquo The molecules deform and stretch to pass through the small channels

This process separates DNA fragments by length

This is part of the method used to sequence the DNA in the human genome and in

identifying a unique DNA ldquofingerprintrdquo

Nanotechnology Applications - Immunoisolation for Cell-encapsulation therapy

9) Liver Dysfunction Encapsulation of Hepatic Cell

Pancreas Dysfunction Encapsulation of Islets of Langerhans

Disorders of the CNS Parkinsonrsquos Alzheimerrsquos

Pre-requisites for cell encapsulation

ndash continued and optimal tissuecell supply

ndash maintenance of cell viability amp function

ndash successful prevention of immune rejection

Nonporous Silicone-based biocapsules serves as Artificial Pancreas(Desai et al)

Nanotechnology Applications

10) Targeting Tumours laquo Smart Bombs raquo

Conventional Therapy Chemotherapy that poisons surrounding tissue

Strategy Block angiogenesis selectively at tumor site

Nanoparticle DNA + Cationic Polymer directed at tumourous cells

Starves blood cells

Nano engineering ndash Bio - analogous Structures

Bone-cartilage composite

Muscle

Brain-machine Interface

CHALLENGES amp Methods ofDrug Delivery

Prevention of drug from biological degradation (Oral dosage form)

Effective Targeting ( Inhalation)

Patient Compliance (Tran dermal)

Cost effectiveness (Implantation)

Product life extension (Injections)

Nanotechnology Applications

5) Nano medicine - Continuous Therapy for Preventing Cancer in Astronauts Engineered multilayered nano particles targeted to radiation-damaged cells can initiate repair of damaged DNA using DNA repair genes manufactured inside individual living cells under the control of molecular

biosensor switches

6) Nanoparticles in cancer therapy Increase in antitumor efficacy Reduction of systemic side-effects Selective delivery of oligonucleotides to tumor cells Reversion of multidrug resistance in tumor cells

7) Targeted delivery of antibiotics using nanoparticles Challenge is to design the means of carrying an antibiotic in a form that is able to be endocytosed by phagocytic cells and then released into these cells Nanoparticles are one of the main carriers developed for these logistic strategies

Nanotechnology Applications

Targeting of intracellular bacteria with antibiotic colloidal carriers liposomes or nanoparticles

Nanotechnology Applications- DNA Sequencing

8) In DNA Sequencing DNA molecules under the influence of an electric field are forced through nano-scale channels (~100 nm) on a

ldquogel biochiprdquo The molecules deform and stretch to pass through the small channels

This process separates DNA fragments by length

This is part of the method used to sequence the DNA in the human genome and in

identifying a unique DNA ldquofingerprintrdquo

Nanotechnology Applications - Immunoisolation for Cell-encapsulation therapy

9) Liver Dysfunction Encapsulation of Hepatic Cell

Pancreas Dysfunction Encapsulation of Islets of Langerhans

Disorders of the CNS Parkinsonrsquos Alzheimerrsquos

Pre-requisites for cell encapsulation

ndash continued and optimal tissuecell supply

ndash maintenance of cell viability amp function

ndash successful prevention of immune rejection

Nonporous Silicone-based biocapsules serves as Artificial Pancreas(Desai et al)

Nanotechnology Applications

10) Targeting Tumours laquo Smart Bombs raquo

Conventional Therapy Chemotherapy that poisons surrounding tissue

Strategy Block angiogenesis selectively at tumor site

Nanoparticle DNA + Cationic Polymer directed at tumourous cells

Starves blood cells

Nano engineering ndash Bio - analogous Structures

Bone-cartilage composite

Muscle

Brain-machine Interface

CHALLENGES amp Methods ofDrug Delivery

Prevention of drug from biological degradation (Oral dosage form)

Effective Targeting ( Inhalation)

Patient Compliance (Tran dermal)

Cost effectiveness (Implantation)

Product life extension (Injections)

Nanotechnology Applications

Targeting of intracellular bacteria with antibiotic colloidal carriers liposomes or nanoparticles

Nanotechnology Applications- DNA Sequencing

8) In DNA Sequencing DNA molecules under the influence of an electric field are forced through nano-scale channels (~100 nm) on a

ldquogel biochiprdquo The molecules deform and stretch to pass through the small channels

This process separates DNA fragments by length

This is part of the method used to sequence the DNA in the human genome and in

identifying a unique DNA ldquofingerprintrdquo

Nanotechnology Applications - Immunoisolation for Cell-encapsulation therapy

9) Liver Dysfunction Encapsulation of Hepatic Cell

Pancreas Dysfunction Encapsulation of Islets of Langerhans

Disorders of the CNS Parkinsonrsquos Alzheimerrsquos

Pre-requisites for cell encapsulation

ndash continued and optimal tissuecell supply

ndash maintenance of cell viability amp function

ndash successful prevention of immune rejection

Nonporous Silicone-based biocapsules serves as Artificial Pancreas(Desai et al)

Nanotechnology Applications

10) Targeting Tumours laquo Smart Bombs raquo

Conventional Therapy Chemotherapy that poisons surrounding tissue

Strategy Block angiogenesis selectively at tumor site

Nanoparticle DNA + Cationic Polymer directed at tumourous cells

Starves blood cells

Nano engineering ndash Bio - analogous Structures

Bone-cartilage composite

Muscle

Brain-machine Interface

CHALLENGES amp Methods ofDrug Delivery

Prevention of drug from biological degradation (Oral dosage form)

Effective Targeting ( Inhalation)

Patient Compliance (Tran dermal)

Cost effectiveness (Implantation)

Product life extension (Injections)

Nanotechnology Applications- DNA Sequencing

8) In DNA Sequencing DNA molecules under the influence of an electric field are forced through nano-scale channels (~100 nm) on a

ldquogel biochiprdquo The molecules deform and stretch to pass through the small channels

This process separates DNA fragments by length

This is part of the method used to sequence the DNA in the human genome and in

identifying a unique DNA ldquofingerprintrdquo

Nanotechnology Applications - Immunoisolation for Cell-encapsulation therapy

9) Liver Dysfunction Encapsulation of Hepatic Cell

Pancreas Dysfunction Encapsulation of Islets of Langerhans

Disorders of the CNS Parkinsonrsquos Alzheimerrsquos

Pre-requisites for cell encapsulation

ndash continued and optimal tissuecell supply

ndash maintenance of cell viability amp function

ndash successful prevention of immune rejection

Nonporous Silicone-based biocapsules serves as Artificial Pancreas(Desai et al)

Nanotechnology Applications

10) Targeting Tumours laquo Smart Bombs raquo

Conventional Therapy Chemotherapy that poisons surrounding tissue

Strategy Block angiogenesis selectively at tumor site

Nanoparticle DNA + Cationic Polymer directed at tumourous cells

Starves blood cells

Nano engineering ndash Bio - analogous Structures

Bone-cartilage composite

Muscle

Brain-machine Interface

CHALLENGES amp Methods ofDrug Delivery

Prevention of drug from biological degradation (Oral dosage form)

Effective Targeting ( Inhalation)

Patient Compliance (Tran dermal)

Cost effectiveness (Implantation)

Product life extension (Injections)

Nanotechnology Applications - Immunoisolation for Cell-encapsulation therapy

9) Liver Dysfunction Encapsulation of Hepatic Cell

Pancreas Dysfunction Encapsulation of Islets of Langerhans

Disorders of the CNS Parkinsonrsquos Alzheimerrsquos

Pre-requisites for cell encapsulation

ndash continued and optimal tissuecell supply

ndash maintenance of cell viability amp function

ndash successful prevention of immune rejection

Nonporous Silicone-based biocapsules serves as Artificial Pancreas(Desai et al)

Nanotechnology Applications

10) Targeting Tumours laquo Smart Bombs raquo

Conventional Therapy Chemotherapy that poisons surrounding tissue

Strategy Block angiogenesis selectively at tumor site

Nanoparticle DNA + Cationic Polymer directed at tumourous cells

Starves blood cells

Nano engineering ndash Bio - analogous Structures

Bone-cartilage composite

Muscle

Brain-machine Interface

CHALLENGES amp Methods ofDrug Delivery

Prevention of drug from biological degradation (Oral dosage form)

Effective Targeting ( Inhalation)

Patient Compliance (Tran dermal)

Cost effectiveness (Implantation)

Product life extension (Injections)

Nanotechnology Applications

10) Targeting Tumours laquo Smart Bombs raquo

Conventional Therapy Chemotherapy that poisons surrounding tissue

Strategy Block angiogenesis selectively at tumor site

Nanoparticle DNA + Cationic Polymer directed at tumourous cells

Starves blood cells

Nano engineering ndash Bio - analogous Structures

Bone-cartilage composite

Muscle

Brain-machine Interface

CHALLENGES amp Methods ofDrug Delivery

Prevention of drug from biological degradation (Oral dosage form)

Effective Targeting ( Inhalation)

Patient Compliance (Tran dermal)

Cost effectiveness (Implantation)

Product life extension (Injections)

Nano engineering ndash Bio - analogous Structures

Bone-cartilage composite

Muscle

Brain-machine Interface

CHALLENGES amp Methods ofDrug Delivery

Prevention of drug from biological degradation (Oral dosage form)

Effective Targeting ( Inhalation)

Patient Compliance (Tran dermal)

Cost effectiveness (Implantation)

Product life extension (Injections)

CHALLENGES amp Methods ofDrug Delivery

Prevention of drug from biological degradation (Oral dosage form)

Effective Targeting ( Inhalation)

Patient Compliance (Tran dermal)

Cost effectiveness (Implantation)

Product life extension (Injections)