Hyvinvointia ja aluetaloudellisia vaikutuksia valtion mailta, Mikko Rautiainen, Metsähallitus
N ANOPARTICLES IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE Antti Rautiainen 5.5.2011 KE-31.5530 Nanopartikkelit.
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Transcript of N ANOPARTICLES IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE Antti Rautiainen 5.5.2011 KE-31.5530 Nanopartikkelit.
NANOPARTICLES IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINEAntti Rautiainen 5.5.2011
KE-31.5530 Nanopartikkelit
INTRODUCTION Nanoparticles have unique size-dependant physical
properties (arising from surface-to-volume ratio) which can be very useful in biology and medicine
Biology: analyzing methods, diagnostics
Medicine: dianostics and care/therapy, ”Nanomedicine”
Understanding of biological processes on the nanoscale level is a strong driving force behind development of nanotechnology
24 nanotechnology based therapeutic products have been approved for clinical use, with total sales exceeding 5,4 billion $ (80 % from nanoparticle based drug delivery systems) (2008)
APPLICATIONS
Fluorescent biological labels Drug and gene delivery Bio detection of pathogens Probing of DNA structure Tissue engineering Tumour destruction via heating Separation and purification of biological
molecules and cells MRI contrast enhancement Phagokinetic studies
NANOPARTICLES IN MEDICINE/BIOLOGY
Two examples Nanovesicles: drug delivery, membrane filled
with drug, membrane from polymeric material
Quantum dots: imaging, metal nanoparticles (e.g. iron oxide), precise control of the average particle size and a narrow distribution of sizes allow creating very efficient fluorescent probes that emtit narrow light in a very wide range of wavelengths for example very precise protein identification
Hundreds of applications proposed/introduced
WHY USE NANOPARTICLES IN MEDICINE (A LITTLE BIT OF DEEPER POINT OF VIEW)?
Nanoparticles allow to modify fundamentals properties in biological environmet Solubility Diffusivity Blood circulation half-life Drug release characteristics Immunogenenicity
More effective, more convenient routes of administration, lower therapeutic toxicity, extend the product life cycle, reduce healthcare costs
Typical configurations utilised in nano-bio materials appliedto medical or biological problems.
DIAGNOSTICS
Nanoparticles allow detection on the molecular scale Identification of abnormalities such as fragments
of viruses, precancerous cells and disease markers that cannot be detected with tradional diagnostics
Nanoparticles enhance imaging contrast of tradional medical imaging (specially MRI) Use of superparamagnetic nanoparticles Enhanced sensitivity and specifity
DRUG DELIVERY Nanoparticles can be used to
Enhance solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs
Prolong the half-life of drug systemic circulation by reducing immunogenecity
Release of drugs at a sustained rate or in an environmentally responsive manner lower frequency of administration
Delivery of drugs in a target manner to minimize systemic side side effects
Delivery of two or more drugs simultaneously for combination therapy to generate a synergistic effect and suppress drug resistance
Schematic illustration of therapeutic nanoparticle platforms in preclinical development: (a) liposome, (b) polymer–drug conjugate, (c) polymericnanoparticle, (d) dendrimer, and (e) iron oxide nanoparticle. The red dots represent hydrophilic drugs and the blue dots represent hydrophobic drugs.
SOMETHING GOOD, SOMETHING BAD Nanotoxicology A little of information available
on effects of nanoparticles on environment, health and safety Mostly on carbon nanotubes
Nanotoxicology relies on many analytical methods for characterization of nanomaterials as well as their impacts on in vitro and in vivo function TEM, elemental analysis,
fluorescence spectroscopy, proliferation assays, necrosis/apoptosis assays, DNA damage assays,oxidative stress, etc.
During in vivo biodistribution studies, organ morphology is oftenexamined. In this example, excised kidneys from mice after copperexposure with (a) 17 mm diameter particles, (b) 23.5 nm diameter particles,and (c) control conditions are shown. (Reprinted with permissionfrom ref. 165. Copyright 2006, Elsevier.)
CONCLUSION
Nanoparticles may (and will) increase knowledge of biological systems and diseases, improve medical diagnostic and enable to cure some diseases that can’t be cured with tradional methods (AIDS, cancer etc.)
Understanding of biological systems combined with knowledge of physics/chemistry/engineering will give new points of view to tradional medicine
When? 10 years, 20 years? Today
REFERENCES
OV Salata. ”Applications of nanoparticles in biology and medicine”. Journal of nanobiotechnology. Vol. 2:3. 2004
L Zhang et. al. ”Nanoparticles in medicine: Therapeutic applications and developments”. Clinical pharmacology&Therapeutics. Vol. 83:5. 2008.
K Dreher. ”Health and environmental impact of nanotechnology: Toxicological Assessment of manufactured nanoparticles”. Toxicological sciences. Vol. 77. 3-5. 2004
B Marquis et. al. ”Analytical methods to assess nanoparticle toxicity”. Advance Article on the web. 2004.