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evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgx¶v

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†mb: mvwnZ¨ I A_©bxwZ: evsjvi K‡qKwU `ywf©¶ 3

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cwiwPZ); (L) 1870 `k‡Ki Lv`¨vfve ev MYgvby‡li g‡a¨ ¶zavi we¯Í…wZ; (M) 1943 mv‡ji


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†mw`‡bi A_©‰bwZK PvjwPÎ m¤ú‡K© wKQy weij D‡š§vPb n‡Z †`wL, hvi m‡½ AvK©vB‡fi `wjjcÎ

Ges miKvwi Z_¨-cwimsL¨v‡bi mv¶Ï mgq mgq wb®úÖf †V‡K|

eZ©gvb †jLvwU 6wU Aa¨v‡q web¨¯Í| A_©bxwZ I mvwn‡Zï g‡a¨ ïf „wó-wewbg‡qi wKQz

D`vniY Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q cÖeÜwUi cÖ_g I wØZxq Aa¨v‡q| Z…Zxq Aa¨v‡q ÔwQqvË‡ii gššÍiÕ wb‡q

Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| PZz_© Aa¨v‡q bRi c‡o‡Q 1870-i `k‡K MÖvg evsjvq †gŠmygx ÿzavi

e¨vcK we¯Í…wZi cÖwZ| G‡ÿ‡Î †gŠwjK AvK©vBf M‡elYvi wKQz mgmvgwqK mvÿ¨ Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q|

cÂg Aa¨v‡q BwZc~‡e© eû Av‡jvwPZ †ZZvwjø‡ki ywf©ÿ-Gi K_v Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| GB `ywf©‡ÿi

cÖfve ïay mgKvjxb wefvM-c~e© evsjv mvwn‡Z¨B bq, cÂv‡ki hy‡Mi c~e©e‡½i mvwn‡Zï Ic‡iI

c‡owQj, Zv cvVK‡K g‡b Kwi‡q †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| Gi Ab¨Zg cÖfveK wn‡m‡e weªwUk miKv‡ii

hy×Kvjxb bxwZgvjvI AvswkKfv‡e `vqx †m m¤ú‡K© mvwnZ¨ I BwZnvm M‡elYvi Z_¨ †ck Kiv

n‡q‡Q| me©‡kl lô Aa¨v‡q DÌvwcZ n‡q‡Q cÖvq-we¯§„Z I úk©KvZi ÔPzqvË‡ii ywf©‡ÿi cÖm½wU|

G‡ÿ‡Î A_©‰bwZK mvwn‡Zï †hvMvb fvix, wKš‘ mvwn‡Z¨ Gi cÖKvk Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e mxwgZ

ch©v‡qi| G wel‡q D`vmxbZvi cÖkœwU †Rv‡i‡kv‡i †Zvjv n‡q‡Q cÖe‡Üi †klfv‡M|

3| wQqvË‡ii gš^šÍi

evsjv mb 1176-Gi (ev Bs‡iwR 1770 mvj) gššÍ‡ii Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`k Ôk¥kv‡bÕ cwiYZ

nq| Avwg m‡›`n Kwi, GB Ôk¥kvbÕ kãwUi cieZ©x ivR‰bwZK eënv‡ii †cQ‡b wQqvË‡ii

gššÍ‡ii gb¯ÍvwË¡K f‚wgKv i‡q †M‡Q †MvP‡i-A‡MvP‡i| c~e© I cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi g‡a¨ elg¨g ~jK

bxwZgvjv Abymi‡Yi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z mË‡ii wbe©vP‡b AvIqvgx jx‡Mi †cv÷vi Ô†mvbvi evsjv k¥kvb

†KbÕ cÖKvwkZ nq Ges AwP‡iB Zv RbwcÖq †¯øvMv‡b cwiYZ nq| GB †¯øvMv‡b ewY©Z Ôk¥kvbÕ

nIqvi cÖZ¨¶ AwfÁZv wQqvË‡ii gššÍ‡iB cÖ_g| GB ywf©‡¶i GKk eQi c‡i DBwjqvg

nv›Uv‡ii Ô`¨ Gbvjm& Ae iæivj †e½jÕ (1868) †_‡K Rvbv hvq : 1770 mv‡ji †g gv‡mi c~‡e©B

evsjvi ÔGK-Z…Zxqvsk RbmsL¨v miKvwi cwimsL¨vb AbyhvqxB wbwðý n‡q hvq|Õ nv›Uv‡ii GB

weeiYxwU ew¼gP‡›`ªi ÔAvb›`gVÕ (1882) Dcb¨v‡mi g~j Z_¨wfwË RywM‡qwQj| m¤úÖ`vqMZ

we‡fèv`x wPšÍvi Rb¨ ÔAvb›`gVÕ `yb©vg Kzwo‡qwQj m½Z Kvi‡YB| wKš‘ wQqvË‡ii gššÍi m¤ú‡K©

Rvbvi Rb¨ Ges mš¿ vmx-dwKi we‡`ªv‡ni ywf©¶‡Kw›`ªK cUf‚wg †evSvi Rb¨ ew¼‡gi ÔAvb›`gVÕ

Dcb¨vm‡K AvRI cvV Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|


Kxfv‡e `ywf©¶ †b‡g G‡jv evsjvq, ew¼g Zvi weeiY †ck Ki‡Qb Gfv‡eÑ ÔAvb›`gVÕ

Dcb¨v‡mi cÖ_g L‡Ði cÖ_g cwi‡”Q‡`B| D×…wZwU `xN©| wKš‘ `ywf©‡¶i NUbv-ci¤úivi Kvh©KviY

m~Î †evSvi Rb¨ Zv we‡kl mnvqK : Ô1176 mv‡j MÖx®§Kv‡j GKw`b c`wPý MÖv‡g †iŠ‡ «i DËvc

eo cÖej| MÖvgLvwb M„ngq, wKš‘ †jvK †`wL bv| evRv‡i mvwi mvwi †`vKvb, nv‡U mvwi mvwi Pvjv,

cjøx‡Z cjøx‡Z kZ kZ g„Y¥q M„n| g‡a¨ g‡a¨ D”P bxP AÆvwjKv| AvR me bxie| evRv‡i †`vKvb

eÜ, †`vKvb`vi †Kv_vq cvjvBqv‡Q wVKvbv bvB| AvR nvUevi, nv‡U nvU jv‡M bvB| wf¶vi w`b,

wf¶z‡Kiv evwni nq bvB| Zš‘evq ZuvZ eÜ Kwiqv M„ncÖv‡šÍ cwoqv Kuvw`‡Z‡Q, eëmvqx eëmv

fzzwjqv wkï †µv‡o Kwiqv Kuvw`‡Z‡Q, vZviv vb eÜ Kwiqv‡Q, Aa¨vc‡K †Uvj eÜ Kwiqv‡Q; wkïI

eywS Avi mvnm Kwiqv Kuv‡` bv| ivRc‡_ †jvK †`wL bv, m‡ive‡i ¯œvZK †`wL bv, M„nØv‡i gbyl¨

†`wL bv, e„‡¶ c¶x †`wL bv, †MvPvi‡Y Miæ †`wL bv, †Kej k¥kv‡b k„Mvj-KzKzi|Õ

ïay ¯íweË Rb‡Mvôx bq, A‡bK weËevb cwieviI wQqvË‡ii `ywf©¶ Øviv AvµvšÍ n‡qwQj|

ew¼‡gi †jLvq Zvi Bw½Z cvIqv hvq: ÔGK e„nr AÆvwjKvÑ Zvnvi eo eo QoIqvjv _vg `~i

nB‡Z †`Lv hvqÑ †mB M„nviY¨g‡a¨ ˆkjwkLier †kvfv cvB‡ZwQj| ... Zvnvi Af¨šÍ‡i N‡ii

wfZi ga¨v‡ý AÜKvi| AÜKv‡i wbkx_dzjøKzmyghyMjer GK `¤úwZ ewmqv fvwe‡Z‡Q| Zvnv‡ì

m¤§y‡L gššÍi|Õ

wQqvË‡ii gššÍi wb‡q Ô†Kv‡bv wbf©i‡hvM¨ BwZnvm iwPZ nqwbÕÑ G iKg gšÍe¨ K‡i‡Qb

myeªZ ivq‡PŠayix Zvi ÔK_vmvwnZ¨ gššÍ‡ii w`b¸wj‡ZÕ| †hUzKz weeiY cvIqv hvq Zv nv›Uvi

mv‡n‡ei †jLv †_‡K| Ô`¨ Gbvjm& Ae iæivj †e½jÕ MÖ‡š’ cÖvK…wZK wech©‡qi (Liv/ Abve„wó‡Z

dmjnvwb) Kvi‡Y ywf©¶ m„wó nIqvi Bw½Z i‡q‡Q| nv›Uvi wj‡L‡Qb, “The famine of 1770

was therefore a one year's famine, caused by the general failure of the December

harvest in 1769, and intensified by a partial failure of the crops of the previous

year and the following spring” Gi ‡_‡K AvKw¯§K cÖvK…wZK wech©‡q K…lK-A_©bxwZ‡Z cÖej

am †b‡g Avmvi e¨vL¨v Luy‡R cvIqv hvq bv| nv›Uvi AviI Rvwb‡q‡Qb †h, ywf©‡¶i c‡ii eQi

cÖK…wZ gyL Zz‡j ZvKv‡jb| el©v n‡q gvwU AveviI De©i nIqvi my‡hvM †cj| wKš‘ gvby‡li ` yM©wZ

†Mj bv| B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi †KvU© Ae wW‡i±im ch©šÍ Dcjwä Ki‡jb †h, Pvlvev` Kivi g‡Zv

h‡_ó †jvKej evsjvq Avi Aewkó †bB| nv›Uv‡ii MYbvg‡Z, wQqvË‡ii gššÍ‡i ÔK…lK‡ì

kZKiv cÂvk fv‡MiÕ cÖvYnvwb n‡qwQj| kni GjvKvi wW-BÛvwóªqvjvB‡Rk‡bi cvkvcvwk MÖvg

GjvKvi wW-ccy‡jk‡bi AwfNvZ G‡m c‡owQj evsjv‡`‡k| 1765 mv‡ji 12 AvM÷ †gvMj

mgªvU kvn Avj‡gi KvQ †_‡K B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwb evsjv-wenvi-Dwol¨vi Ô†ÌqvwbÕ jvf K‡i|

†Ìqvwb A_©vr LvRbvi UvKv Av`vq Kivi AwaKvi jvf K‡i| j¶Yxq, †Ìqvwb jv‡fi cuvP eQ‡ii

gv_v‡ZB wQqvË‡ii gššÍ‡ii g‡Zv GK A „óc~e© me©MÖvmx ywf©¶ evsjvq †b‡g Av‡m| G‡Z Bs‡iR

kvmKe‡M©i mykvm‡bi Yvewji cwiPq cvIqv hvq bv| †h †`‡k ywf©¶ nq, †m †`‡k ivR¨ kvm‡bi

ˆbwZK AwaKvi _v‡K bvÑ †m K_v ew¼g Rvb‡Zb| †mUv Jcwb‡ewkK Bs‡iR kvmK‡Mvôx‡K ¯§iY

Kwi‡q †Ìqvi Rb¨B wZwb ÔAvb›`gVÕ wjL‡Z DØy× n‡qwQ‡jbÑ GgbUv fvevI Aev¯Íe bq| gy‡L

hwÌ wZwb e‡j‡Qb, ÔBs‡iR‡K ivRv KwieÕ| wKš‘ Avgvi aviYv, Zvi D‡Ïk¨ AšÍN©vZg~jK| wZwb

Avm‡j †`Lv‡Z Pvb, †Kv¤úvwbi nv‡Z kvmbfvi P‡j hvIqvi Kvi‡YB wQqvË‡ii g‡Zv GZ eo


gššÍi n‡Z †c‡iwQj| 1700 †_‡K 1765 ch©šÍ bevwe Avg‡j K…wl eë¯’vi µgvš^‡q AebwZi

wPÎ cwijw¶Z n‡jI †m mg‡q evsjvq †Kv‡bv ywf©¶ nqwb| ZLb Pig `vwi‡ «ï cÖ‡Kvc wQj;

mgq mgq evsjv‡`k D‡cvmx _vKZ, wKš‘ gššÍi wQj bv| nv›Uv‡ii eY©bv AbymiY K‡iB wZwb

Bs‡iR kvmb‡K c‡iv‡¶ mgv‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| ew¼g wj‡L‡QbÑ Ô1174 mv‡j dmj fv‡jv nq

bvB| myZivs 1175 mv‡j Pvj wKQy gnvN© nBjÑ †jv‡Ki †K¬k nBj, wKš‘ ivRv ivR¯ Kovq MÐvq

eywSqv jBj| ivR¯^ Kovq MÐvq eySvBqv w`qv `wi‡`«iv GK mÜ¨v Avnvi Kwij| 1175 mv‡j

el©vKv‡j †ek e„wó nBj| †jv‡K fvwej, †èZv eywS K…cv Kwi‡jb| Avb‡›` Avevi ivLvj gv‡V

Mvb Mvwqj... AK¯§vr Avwk^b gv‡m †èZv wegyL nB‡jb| Avwk^‡b-KvwZ©‡K we›`ygvÎ e„wó cwoj bv|

gv‡V avb¨ mKj ïKvBqv G‡Kev‡i Lo nBqv †Mj, hvnvi yB GK Kvnb dwjqvwQj, ivRcyiæ‡liv

Zvnv wmcvwni Rb¨ wKwbqv ivwL‡jb| †jv‡K Avi LvB‡Z cvBj bv| cÖ_‡g GK mÜ¨v Dcevm Kwij,

Zvici GK mÜ¨v Ava‡cUv Kwiqv LvB‡Z jvwMj,Zvici yB mÜ¨v Dcevm Avi¤¢ Kwij| †h wKQy

ˆPÎ dmj nBj, KvnviI gy‡L Zvnv KzjvBj bv| wKš‘ gn¤§` †iRv Luv ivR¯^ Av`v‡qi KZ©v, g‡b

Kwij, Avwg GB mg‡q midivR nBe| G‡Kev‡i kZKiv `k UvKv ivR¯ evovBqv w`j| ev½vjvq

eo Kvbœvi †Kvjvnj cwoqv †Mj|Õ

e¯‘Z ew¼‡gi eY©bvq ïay cÖvK…wZK wech©‡qi K_v wQj bv, AwaKš‘ wQj mvaviY gvbyl hLb

Dcev‡m Kó cv‡”Q, ZLb ivRkw³ (cÖKvivšÍ‡i weªwUk kvmb) ÔivR¯ Kovq MÐvqÕ ey‡S wb‡”Q;

hLb Abve„wó‡Z mvgvb¨B djb n‡q‡Q, ZLb ivRkw³ wmcvwn‡ì Z_v mvgwiK evwnbxi Rb¨ †mB

dmj wK‡b ivL‡Q AMÖvwaKvi wfwË‡Z; GgbwK hLb †jvKRb yB †ejv K‡i Dcevm Ki‡Q, ZLbI

ÔivR¯ Av`vqÕ eÜ nqwb| hv‡Z †Kv¤úvwbi †gvU ivR¯ Av`v‡q hv‡Z Uvb bv c‡o †mRb¨ Dcev‡mi

eQ‡i ivR‡¯î gvÎv ÔkZKiv `k UvKvÕ nv‡i e„w× Kiv n‡jv| ¯úóZB GLv‡b †Rvi †Ìqv n‡q‡Q

ivóªxq bxwZgvjv I Ackvm‡bi Ic‡i, hv cÖvK…wZK wech©qRwbZ ytL‡fvM‡K eû ¸‡Y evwo‡q

w`‡qwQj| GUv cÖ_gZ|

wØZxqZ, Lv`¨vfve I ywf©‡¶i eQ‡i Ab¨vq ivR¯ Av`v‡qi cÖwZ `„wó wbe× Kiv QvovI ew¼g

`ywf©‡¶i AviI GKwU êwk‡óï D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb, hv cieZ©x mg‡q `ywf©‡¶i Qvqvm½x wn‡m‡e

we‡ewPZ n‡q Avm‡Q| †mwU n‡”Q Rb¯^v¯’ cÖm½| ew¼g wjL‡Qb :

ÔLv`¨vfv‡e Mv‡Qi cvZv LvB‡Z jvwMj, Nvm LvB‡Z Avi¤¢ Kwij, AvMvQv LvB‡Z jvwMj| BZi

I e‡bïv Kz°zi, B› yi, weovj LvB‡Z jvwMj| A‡b‡K cjvBj, hvnviv cjvBj, Zvnviv we‡`‡k

wMqv Abvnv‡i gwij| hvnviv cjvBj bv, Zvnviv ALv`¨ LvBqv, bv LvBqv †iv‡M cwoqv cÖvYZ¨vM

Kwi‡Z jvwMj| †ivM mgq cvBj, R¡i, IjvIVv, ¶q, emšÍ| we‡klZ: em‡šÍi cÖv`yf©ve nBj|

M„‡n M„‡n em‡šÍ gwi‡Z jvwMj| †K Kvnv‡K Rj †`q, †K Kvnv‡K ¯úk© K‡i| †Kn Kvnvi wPwKrmv

K‡i bv; †Kn Kvnv‡K †`‡L bv, gwi‡jI †Kn †d‡j bv|Õ

mywew`Z †h, B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi Kg©KZ©v-Kg©Pvix I †mcvB‡ì Rb¨ 1764 mv‡jB GKwU

Ô†gwW‡Kj wWcvU©‡g›UÕ cÖwZôv Kiv n‡qwQj| 1785 mv‡j miKvwifv‡e †e½j, gv`ªvR I †ev‡¤^

†cÖwm‡WwÝ‡Z Avjv`v Ô†gwW‡Kj wWcvU©‡g›UÕ-Gi cÖeZ©b nq| wKš‘ Zvi Kvh©cwiwa mxwgZ wQj

cÖkvmwbK Kg©Pvix I mvgwiK evwnbxi g‡a¨B| G‡`kevmxi Rb¨ Rb¯v ’¨ eë¯’vi †Kv‡bv Aw ÍZ¡


ZLb ch©šÍ wQj bv| 1857 mv‡ji wmcvwn wecø‡ei ci hLb †Kv¤úvwb kvm‡bi Aemvb N‡U, ZLb

(1869 mv‡j) me©cÖ_g ÔcvewjK †nj_& KwgkbviÕ c` m„wó Kiv nq| Gi d‡j Rb¯v ’¨, m¨vwb‡Ukb

I RbmsL¨vi ÔfvBUvj ÷¨vwUmwU·Õ msMÖn nIqv ïiæ n‡Z _v‡K, hwÌ Gi cÖK…Z cÖwZôv nq †Kej

1919 mv‡ji c‡iB| g‡›U¸-†Pgm‡dv‡W©i mvsweavwbK ms¯‹v‡ii Aax‡b cÖ‡`k¸‡jvi nv‡Z

Rb¯v ’¨ I m¨vwb‡Uk‡bi `vq`vwqZ¡ †Q‡o †Ìqv nq| Avwg ej‡Z PvBwQ, ïay wQqvË‡ii gššÍi

bq, Dwbk kZK Ry‡oB ch©vqµ‡g †h ywf©¶¸‡jv fviZe‡l© (I evsjv‡`‡k) msNwUZ nw”Qj, Zv‡Z

Rb¯v ’¨ msiÿ‡Yi †Kv‡bv eë¯’v ev wewagvjv Kvh©Z wQj bv| evsjvi MÖvg GjvKv Gme ¯v¯’ wewai

m¤ú~Y© evB‡i †_‡K wM‡qwQj| ywf©¶ cÖm‡½ †ivM-gnvgvix BZ¨vw` Dcm‡M© g„Zzï K_v D‡jøL K‡i

ew¼g cÖKvivšÍ‡i Rb¯v‡¯’ i wb`viæY Afve ev Abycw¯’wZi K_vB cvVK‡K (I kvmK‡kÖwY‡K) §iY

Kwi‡q w`‡”Qb|

Z…ZxqZ, nv›Uv‡ii weeiYx †_‡KI Rvbv hvq, wQqvË‡ii gššÍ‡ii mvgvwRK cÖwZwµqv n‡qwQj

gvivZ¥K| K¨vwbevwjR‡gi D‡jøL i‡q‡Q Zvi †jLvq| nv›Uvi wj‡L‡Qb, ‘All through the

stifling summer of 1770 the people went on dying. The husband-men sold their

cattle; they sold their implements of agriculture; they devoured their seed-grain;

they sold their sons and daughters, till no buyer of children could be found;... in

June 1770, the resident at the Durbar affirmed that the living were feeding on the

dead.’

ew¼g GK ch©v‡q nv›Uv‡ii weeiYx AbymiY K‡i Rb`yM©wZi gg©¯úkx weeiY w`‡q‡Qb! Ô†jv‡K

cÖ_‡g wf¶v Kwi‡Z Avi¤¢ Kwij| Zvici †K wf¶v †`q! Dcevm Kwi‡Z Avi¤¢ Kwij| Zvici

†ivMvµvšÍ nB‡Z jvMj, Miæ †ewPj, jv½j †Rvqvj †ewPj, exRavb LvBqv †dwjj, Nievwo †ewPj,

†RvZRgv †ewPj| Zvici †g‡q †ewP‡Z Avi¤¢ Kwij| Zvici †Q‡j †ewP‡Z Avi¤¢ Kwij| Zvici

¯¿x †ewP‡Z Avi¤¢ Kwij| Zvici †g‡q, †Q‡j, ¯¿x †K wK‡b? LwiÏvi bvB, mK‡jB †ewP‡Z Pvq|Õ

Avb›`g‡Vi cÖ_g L‡Ði Z…Zxq cwi‡”Q‡` wZwb mivmwi bigvsm f¶‡Yi „kÏ †cÖvw_Z

K‡i‡Qb| abx †jvK g‡n› ª| wKš‘ ZLb Ôabx wba©‡bi GK ì|Õ g‡n›`« Zvi ¯¿x Kj¨vYx‡K M„‡n

†i‡L Zvi wkïKb¨vi Rb¨ ya Avb‡Z †M‡Qb| GiB g‡a¨ Zvi M„‡n Xz‡K c‡o‡Q `myï `j|

Ôgbyl¨vK…wZ †eva nq| wKš‘ gbylÏ †eva nq bv| AwZkq ï®‹| kxY©, AwZkq K…òeY©, Dj½,

weKUvKvi gby‡lï gZ wK Avwmqv Øv‡i ùvovBj|Õ Zviv Kj¨vYx I Zvi wkïKb¨v‡K wN‡i ùvovj|

Zvici ew¼‡gi cÖvq Pv¶zl eY©bv‡ZB ïbyb :

ÒZLb Avi GKRb ewjj, ÔivL, iI, iI, hw` gnvgvsm LvBqvB AvR cÖvY ivwL‡Z nB‡e|

Z‡e GB eyovi ïK&b gvsm †Kb LvB? AvR hvnv jywVqv AvwbqvwQ, ZvnvB LvBe, Gm, H KwP

†g‡qUv‡K †cvovBqv LvB|Õ Avi GKRb ewjj, Ôhvnv nq †cvov evcy| Avi ¶zav mq bv|Õ ...

Ae¯’vwe‡k‡l gbyl¨ wnsmª Rš‘ gvÎ|Ó

PZz_©Z, wQqvË‡ii gššÍ‡ii d‡j ïay A‡a©K K…wlRxex RbM‡Yi cÖvYbvk N‡U, ZvB bq| Gi

my`~icÖmvix A_©‰bwZK cÖwZwµqv n‡qwQj mviv evsjvq| wW-ccy‡jk‡bi Kvi‡Y K…wl-eë¯’v cÖvq

m¤ú~Y© †f‡O c‡owQj| nvjPvl Kivi g‡Zv RbejI wQj bv| ew¼g wj‡L‡QbÑ ÔMÖv‡g MÖv‡g kZ


kZ DeŸ©iv f‚wgLÐ mKj AKwl©Z, Abyrcv`K nBqv cwoqv iwnj A_ev R½‡j cywiqv †Mj| †`k

R½‡jc~Y© nBj| evsjvq km¨ R‡b¥, LvBevi †jvK bvB; we‡µq R‡b¥, wKwbevi †jvK bvB; Pvlvq

Pvl K‡i, UvKv cvq bv, Rgx`v‡ii LvRbv w`‡Z cv‡i bv Rgx`v‡iiv ivRvi LvRbv w`‡Z cv‡i bv|

ivRv Rgx`vix Kvwoqv jIqvq Rgx`vi m¤úª`vq me©üZ nBqv `wi`ª nB‡Z jvwMj| KvnviI N‡i

ab bvB| †h hvnvi cvq Kvwoqv Lvq|Õ

G iKg AivRK cwiw¯’wZ‡K mvgvj †Ìqvi Rb¨ jW© Kb©Iqvwj‡mi ÔwPi ’vqx e‡›`ve¯ÍÕ

eë¯’vi cËb nq 1793 mv‡j| Zvi GK eQi Av‡M, 1792 mv‡j `v‡ivMv eë¯’vi cËb nq MÖvg-

GjvKvi AvBbk„•Ljv cwiw¯’wZ wbqš¿‡Y ivLvi Rb¨| G †`‡ki K…wl‡Z ÔcuywRev`xÕ Av`‡ji Lvgvi-

eë¯’v bq, 1770 mv‡ji `ywf©¶-DËi AivRK ivR¯ cwiw¯’wZ‡K AwZµg K‡i GKwU w¯’wZkxj

Jcwb‡ewkK Drcv`b eë¯’vq cwiYZ KivB wQj Gi Avï j¶¨|

4| 1870-80 `k‡Ki ÔD‡cvwmÕ evsjv

Av‡MB e‡jwQ, wQqvË‡ii gššÍ‡ii cÖwZwµqvq 1793 mv‡ji wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯Í G‡mwQj|

Zv‡Z K‡i mvgwqKfv‡e n‡jI K…wl‡Z GK ai‡bi w ’wZkxjZv AwR©Z n‡qwQj| gššÍ‡ii d‡j

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K…wl‡Z Drcv`b e„w× nw”Qj RbmsL¨v e„w×i m‡½ mvgÄm¨ †i‡L| wKš‘ 1793 †_‡K 1893 GB

GKk eQ‡i mvgwMÖKfv‡e Kb©Iqvwjm cÖewZ©Z Rwg`vwi eë¯’vq evsjvi K…l‡Ki Avw_©K Ae¯’vi Lye

mvgvb¨B DbœwZ n‡Z †c‡iwQj| e¯‘Z 1850 mv‡ji ci †_‡K, K…l‡Ki Ae¯’vi µ‡gB AebwZ

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n‡”Q 1875 mv‡ji cÖKvwkZ i‡gkP›`« `‡Ëi cÖ_g eB Ô`¨ †c‡Rw›Uª Ae †e½jÕ| Aek¨ m‡Zï

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mK‡jiB kÖxe„w×| †Kej K…l‡Ki kÖxe„w× bvB| mnmª †jv‡Ki g‡a¨ †Kej bq kZ wbivbeŸB R‡bi


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K‡iwQ‡jb|

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ÔRx‡ei kÎæ Rxe; gby‡lï kÎæ gbyl¨, evOvwj K…l‡Ki kÎæ evOvwj f‚¯vgx| e¨vNªvw` e„n¾š‘, QvMvw`

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Gfv‡e : ÔjW© †ew›UK e‡j‡Qb ivqZ kãwUi Øviv mgMÖ K…wl Rb‡Mvôx‡KB †evSv‡bv n‡q _v‡K|

... Z‡e mvaviY g‡Z ÔivqZÕ GK wbw`©ó ga¨¯Z¡‡fvMx‡KB wb‡ ©k K‡i|Õ †hgb Rwg`vi miKv‡ii

KvQ †_‡K Rwg †c‡q‡Q; ZvjyK`vi Rwg`v‡ii KvQ †_‡K eo AvKv‡ii Rwg †c‡q‡Q; Avi ivqZ

Rwg`v‡ii KvQ †_‡K †QvU AvKv‡ii Rwg †c‡q‡Q| i‡gkP› « Ë Zvi eBwU‡Z †`Lv‡jb †h, 1859

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Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv; (L) hviv †Kej 12 eQ‡ii Rb¨ Pvlvev‡ì AwaKvi †c‡q‡Q (Gi c‡i Zviv IB

Rwg Pvl Ki‡Z cvi‡e wKbv Zv Rwg`v‡ii B”Qvaxb) Ges (M) hv‡ì Rb¨ Pvlvev‡ì †¶‡Î ivqZx

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Ô`¨ †c‡Rw›Uª Ae †e½jÕ †jLvi cÖavb †cÖiYv wQj GB Z…Zxq †kÖwYfz³ AwaKviwenxb ivqZ ev

K…lK‡ì Rb¨ ÔwPi¯’vqx Avev‡ìÕ AwaKvi Av`vq Kiv| A_©vr, G‡ìI cÖ_g MÖæ‡ci ZvwjKvfz³

Kiv‡bv| Gi Rb¨B wZwb bvbvwea Z‡K©i Rvj we¯Ívi K‡iwQ‡jb eBwU‡Z| G‡¶‡Î Zvi Ab¨Zg

cÖavb hyw³ wQj †h, GB AwaKvinxb Z…Zxq †kÖwYfz³ ivq‡ZivB evsjvi K…wl‡Z c~e©vci Pig

`vwi‡ «ï g‡a¨ w`b KvUv‡”Q, GivB ce©všÍ‡i ywf©‡¶i wkKvi n‡”Q ev ywf©‡¶i SzuwK‡Z †_‡K hv‡”Q|

1870-i `k‡K ïay †h cvebv-iscy‡ii K…lKiv ¯’vbxqfv‡e we‡`«vn KiwQj ZvB bq, †m mgq

GjvKv we‡k‡l Lv`¨vfveI †`Lv w`w”Qj| GgbwK evsjvi Ôkm¨fvÐviÕ e‡j cwiwPZ c~e©e‡½i Lv`¨-

Drcv`‡b ÔDØ„ËÕ †Rjv¸‡jv‡ZI ¶zavi cÖv yf©ve †`Lv w`w”Qj| 1870-i ci †_‡KB evsjv

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Ôwf‡±vwiqvb n‡jvKv÷Õ e‡j AwfwnZ K‡ib| K…wli Jcwb‡ewkK KvVv‡gvMZ msK‡Ui m‡½ Rjevqy

cwieZ©‡bi Kvi‡Y m„ó SzuwKc~Y© AwbðqZv wg‡k wM‡q Lv`¨vfve I `ywf©¶‡K cÖvq Awbevh© K‡i

Zz‡jwQj| Jcwb‡ewkK AvgjvZš¿‡K GB mg‡q we‡klfv‡e e¨wZe¨ Í _vK‡Z †`Lv hvq m¤¢ve¨

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eQ‡ii g‡a¨B cÖKvwkZ nq (1880 mv‡j) Ôwi‡cvU© Ae `¨ BwÛqvb †dwgb KwgkbÕ| Jcwb‡ewkK

kvm‡bi Awdwmqvj wWm‡Kv‡m©i Ask n‡q uvovq `ywf©¶-welqK wWm‡Kvm©|

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wb‡q wKQyUv Av‡jvPbv Kiv GLv‡b cÖvmw½K n‡e| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv BwZnvmwe` GK_v `vwe K‡i‡Qb

†h, wek kZ‡Ki Av‡M GLbKvi evsjv‡`k f‚L‡Ði †Rjv¸‡jv‡Z Ô`ywf©¶Õ †`Lv †`qwb| Dwbk

kZ‡Ki ywf©¶¸‡jv n‡q‡Q eZ©gv‡bi cwðge‡½i †Rjv¸‡jvq| G cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z miKvwi

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c~e© evsjvq msNwUZ bv n‡jI we¯Í…Z ¶zavi (÷vi‡fk‡bi) `xN©‡gqvw` Aw Í‡Z¡i cÖgvY cvIqv hvq

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GgbwK A‡c¶vK…Z Lv‡`¨-DØ„Ë GjvKv¸‡jv‡ZI| 1870-80-Gi `k‡Ki ¯’vbxq cÎcwÎKv‡Z

†mme ¶zav-Abvnv‡ii cÖm½ D‡V G‡m‡Q, GgbwK †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †¶‡Î cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q ¶zavq ev

ALv`¨-KzLv`¨ †L‡q Amy‡L cÖvYnvwbi msevÌ| †m¸‡jv RvZxq ch©v‡q †nWjvBb Kiv msev` wQj

bv wVKB, wKš‘ Gi ga¨ †_‡K †h wPÎ dz‡U I‡V Zv Lv`¨-wbivcËvi ¯w¯ÍKi wP‡Îi m¤ú~Y© wecixZ|

†mme weeiY co‡j g‡b nq ïay `vwi‡ «¨ bq, mgq mgq ¶zavq KvUv‡Z n‡Zv e„nËi K…wl-wbf©i

Rb‡Mvôx‡K Ges †m Rb‡Mvôxi GKUv D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ask Ô ywf©‡¶i SzuwK‡ZÕ _vK‡Zv eQ‡ii

AwaKvsk mgq| GB M‡elYvi Kv‡R Avgv‡K mvnvh¨ K‡iwQ‡jb BwZnv‡mi ZiæY M‡elK BdvZ

Aviv we_x I b‡e› y miKvi| Zv‡ì mnvqZvq AvK©vBf †_‡K †hme Z_¨-DcvË cvIqv hv‡”Q,

ZviB Askwe‡kl Bs‡iwR †_‡K Abyev` K‡i GLv‡b Zz‡j aiv n‡jv|

(1) 1878 mv‡j Ôwn› y wn‰ZwlYxÕ cwÎKvi 20 RyjvB msL¨vq ejv n‡”Q :Ôc~e©e‡½i MÖvgvÂ‡jÕ

ga¨we‡Ëi g‡a¨ Lv`¨k‡mï µgvš‡q g ~jë„w×i Kvi‡Y yie¯’v †`Lv w`‡q‡Q| bvivqYMÄ,

dwi`cyi, gqgbwmsn, ewikvj, Kzwgjøv, †bvqvLvjx I PÆMÖv‡gi msev``vZviv G Z_¨

Rvbv‡”Q| ... Aciva cÖeYZv †e‡o hv‡”Q; A‡b‡KB K‡qK w`b a‡i Abvnv‡i w`b

KvUv‡”Qb|Õ

(2) 1878 mv‡ji ÔXvKv cÖKvkÕ cwÎKvi 21 RyjvB msL¨vq ejv n‡”Q : ÔGUv AZ¨šÍ

cwiZv‡ci welq †h, XvKvi Kwgkbvi mv‡ne MZ ywf©‡¶i mg‡qi DØ„Ë Znwej †_‡K

Lv`¨km¨ wK‡b Zv ¶wZMÖ Í GjvKvevmx‡ì Rb¨ ¯í g ~‡j¨ weµq Kivi cÖ ÍvewU wdwi‡q

w`‡q‡Qb| cÖ_gZ, AvDk avb IVv ch©šÍ A‡c¶v Kiv mgxPxb n‡e bv, †Kbbv G eQ‡ii

AvDk av‡bi djb fv‡jv n‡e bv e‡j Avk¼v Kiv n‡”Q| wØZxq, djb hw` †gvUvgywUI


nq Zvn‡jI mnmv GB k‡mï g ~j¨ bvg‡Z ïiæ Ki‡e bv| ZZw`‡b eZ©gv‡bi `yM©wZ

Av‡iv gvivZ¥K AvKvi aviY Ki‡e, Abvnv‡i g„Zz¨ NU‡Z cv‡i Kv‡iv Kv‡iv, hv GLb Avi

weij NUbv bq GB AÂ‡j| MZ mvZ-AvU gvm a‡i LyeB Pov `v‡g Pvj wewµ n‡”Q;

Lv`¨ wKb‡ZB gvby‡li me UvKv †ewi‡q hv‡”Q| 1874 mv‡ji cwiw¯’wZi Zzjbvq G eQi

Ae¯’v AviI Lvivc G K_v we‡ePbv K‡i XvKvevmxi Rb¨ mZ¡i Lv`¨km¨ wbf©i ÎvY

Kvh©µg ïiæ Kivi Rb¨ Aby‡iva Rvbv‡bv n‡”Q|Õ

(3) 1878 mv‡ji ÔfviZ wgwniÕ cwÎKvi 27 RyjvB msL¨vq ejv n‡”Q : Ô`ywf©‡¶i wPi¯’vwqZ¡

Avgv‡ì wePwjZ bv K‡i cv‡i bv| Kxfv‡e GwU wbeviY Kiv hvq GB cÖkœwU Rbg‡b i‡q

†M‡Q| ywf©¶ wbevi‡Y †h e¨q n‡e, miKv‡ii c‡¶ Zv KZw`b enb Kiv m¤¢e? ...

miKvix mg Í cÖ‡Póv m‡Ë¡I [1877 mv‡ji] gv`«v‡Ri ywf©¶ †Zv Gov‡bv †Mj bvÑ wZwik

jvL gvby‡li g„Zz¨ n‡jv †mLv‡b| gvby‡li g‡b µgk GB fzj aviYvB Rgv‡”Q †h, [1876

mv‡ji 1jv †g] ivbx wf‡±vwiqv hLb †_‡K fviZ-mgªvÁxi wk‡ivcv ci‡jb ZLb †_‡KB

fviZe‡l© G‡Ki ci GK wech©q †b‡g Avm‡Q|Õ

(4) 1878 mv‡ji Ôwn› y iwÄKvÕ cwÎKvi 14 AvM÷ msL¨vq ejv n‡”Q : ÔG‡`‡ki BwZnv‡m

GZ Nb Nb `ywf©¶ Avi KL‡bv nqwb... eb¨vi d‡j evsjvi km¨-fvÐviƒ‡c cwiwPZ

wmivRMÄ Ges cvebvi AvDk I Avgb avb bó n‡q †M‡Q; Gi d‡j cy‡iv cÖ‡`‡kB

`ywf©‡¶i AvksKv †`Lv w`‡q‡Q| ... wenv‡i ywf©‡¶i mgq †hgb miKvix wm×všÍ G‡mwQj

†h †hLv‡bB Pv‡ji `vg gY cÖwZ 6 UvKvq P‡j hv‡e, †mLv‡bB ywf©¶-cxwoZ GjvKv

†NvlYv Kiv n‡e| GKB ai‡bi †NvlYv GLb evsjvi †¶‡ÎI cÖ‡hvR¨|Õ

(5) 1878 mv‡ji ÔmgvPvi Pw› «KvÕ cwÎKvi 30 AvM÷ msL¨vq ejv n‡”Q : ÔPv‡ji `vg

†hfv‡e evo‡Q Zv‡Z K‡i aviYv nq †h ywf©¶ Avmbœ| Ggb †Kvb MÖvg cvIqv hv‡e bv

†hLv‡b gY cÖwZ 4 ev 5 UvKvi bx‡P Pvj wewµ n‡”Q| G iKg Ae¯’vq BD‡iv‡c Pvj

ißvbx Kiv n‡”Q| Pvj ißvbx‡Z Avgv‡ì AvcwË _vKZ bv hw` †`‡ki †fZ‡i Pv‡ji

h‡_ó gRy` _vKZ|Õ

(6) 1878 mv‡ji ÔmgvPvi Pw› «KvÕ cwÎKvi 20 b‡f¤î msL¨vq ejv n‡”Q : ÔK‡jiv gvivZ¥K

fv‡e Qwo‡q c‡o‡Q P›`bbMi kni I Zvi Av‡k-cv‡ki MÖvg¸‡jvq| GKw`‡bB gviv

†M‡Q mËi R‡bi gZ| ... ûMwj b`xi yÕav‡ii MÖvg¸‡jv‡Z bvbv ai‡bi gnvgvix cÖKU|

cÖwZ w`b †mLv‡b KZ Rb gviv hv‡”Q Zvi †Kvb wnmve Avgv‡ì Kv‡Q †bB|Õ GB NUbv

P›`bbMi msjMœ MÖvgvÂj wb‡q n‡jI c ~e© e‡½i MÖvg GjvKv‡ZI GUv N‡U‡Q|

(7) 1878 mv‡ji ÔXvKv cÖKvkÕ 3iv b‡f¤i msL¨vq wj‡L‡Q Ôc ~e© e‡½ `ywf©‡¶i AvksKviÕ

K_v : ÔjW© b_©eªæK e‡j‡Qb †h-¯’v‡b Pv‡ji `vg gY cÖwZ Pvi UvKvq †cuŠQv‡e †mB

GjvKv‡KB ywf©¶-cxwoZ GjvKv wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv| G iKg Ae¯’v `xN© w`b a‡iB c ~e©

e‡½i cÖvq mgMÖ AÂj Ry‡oB weivR Ki‡Q| gqgbwms‡n Pv‡ji `vg gY cÖwZ 6-7 UvKv

ch©šÍ D‡V‡Q| ... Avgiv A‡bK w`b a‡i Gme GjvKvi Rb`y`©kv wb‡q wewfbœ cÖwZ‡e`b

cÖKvk K‡i AvmwQ| GK †ejv †L‡qB mš‘ó _vK‡Z n‡”Q KvD‡K, †KD ev wKQyB †L‡Z


cv‡”Q bv| miKvix Kg©KZ©viv Aek¨ ZviciI fve‡Qb †h Riæix ÎvYmvgMÖx cvVv‡bvi

†Kvb ìKvi †bB| G‡¶‡Î Zv‡ì hyw³ n‡jv, GZ Pov `v‡g hviv Pvj wKb‡Z cvi‡Q

Zviv wbðqB Ae¯’vkvjx| Avm‡j Afv‡ei Kvi‡Y Pov `‡i Lvevi wKb‡Z wM‡q AwaKvsk

gvbylB Zv‡ì me©¯ nviv‡Z e‡m‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K, hviv g„Zzï c‡_ ayu‡K ayu‡K P‡j‡Q Zv‡ì

cÖwZ iv‡óªi †Kvb g‡bv‡hvM †bB|Õ g‡b n‡”Q, GB eY©bvq Dwbk kZ‡Ki Ôgiv KvwZ©K‡KÕ

†`LwQ|

(8) 1878 mv‡ji ÔfviZ wgwniÕ 5B †m‡Þ¤i msL¨vq GgbUv wj‡L‡Q : Ôc ~e© e‡½i gd¯j

†_‡K G‡Ki ci GK ytmsev` Avm‡Q †h, eb¨vi Kvi‡Y Avgb avb bó n‡q †M‡Q| me©Î

Pv‡ji `vg gY cÖwZ cuvP UvKvq P‡o †M‡Q| †Kej gvÎ hviv cvUPvlx Zv‡ì Ae¯’v wKQyUv

fvj| ZviciI mvgwMÖK fv‡e y`©kvi cwigvY Kg bq| ¯’vbxq cÖkvm‡bi KZ©ve¨w³iv

wejvmeûj Rxe‡b †_‡K nq Zviv RbM‡Yi Kó eyS‡Z cvi‡Qb bv, A_ev Zviv cÖK…Z

Ae¯’v Zz‡j ai‡Z PvB‡Qb bv Ges miKv‡ii Kv‡Q ÔAe¯’v m‡šÍvlRbKÕ ai‡bi cÖwZ‡e`b

cvVv‡”Qb| m¨vi Gkwj G‡Wb Mixe gvby‡li evÜe iƒ‡c cwiwPZ, wKš‘ Zvi M„nxZ

c`‡¶ç‡jv †m K_v ej‡Q bv| ¯’vbxq g¨vwR‡÷ªU Avi Kwgkbvi‡ì cÖwZ‡e`b †c‡qB

wZwb mš‘ó _vK‡Qb| wKš‘ Zv‡KB ev †`vlv‡ivc Kwi †Kb? GZ Nb Nb ywf©‡¶i

†gvKvwejv Kiv †Kvb miKv‡ii c‡¶ m¤¢e? ¯’vqx fv‡e wiwj‡di KvR me©Î Kiv‡bv hv‡”Q

bv, Gi mnR e¨vL¨v n‡jvÑ Gi R‡b¨ miKvix Znwej AcÖZzj|Õ †Kbbv miKvwi e¨‡qi

eo AskB P‡j hv‡”Q Ab¨vb¨ Lv‡Z, †hgb Kveyj-hy‡×| D`vniY¯iƒc, 1878-80 mvj

c‡e© 2q ÔGs‡jv-AvdMvb IqviÕ PjwQj, hvi eve` A‡bK LiP †e‡o wM‡qwQj

Jcwb‡ewkK miKv‡ii| GB Li‡Pi wmsnfvM hywM‡qwQj Nb Nb ywf©‡¶i wkKvi

fviZe‡l©i Z_v evsjvi K…lK-m¤úÖ`vq|

(9) 1878 mv‡ji 22†k b‡f¤‡ii ÔXvKv cÖKvkÕ Rvbv‡”Q : ÔPÆMÖvg I †bvqvLvjx‡Z Pv‡ji

`vg Kgv ïiæ Ki‡jI XvKv I Zvi Av‡k-cv‡ki GjvKvq Pvj gY cÖwZ 7-8 UvKvq wewµ

n‡”Q| XvKvi Avgb avb eb¨vi Kvi‡Y m¤ú ~Y© webó| gyÝxMÄ I bvivqYMÄ GjvKvi av‡b

†cvKvi Kvgo †`Lv w`‡q‡Q, d‡j †mLv‡bI fvj dmj nIqvi m¤¢vebv Kg| Gme e‡j

XvKv cÖKvk †hvM K‡i‡Q, ÔAvgiv GgbwK Abvnv‡i g„Zzï LeiI †c‡qwQÕ (ÔWe have

heard even of deaths from starvationÕ)|

(10) 1878 mv‡ji 18B b‡f¤i Ô†mvgcÖKvkÕ cwÎKv Lei †`q †h, ev‡Minv‡Ui †jvKRb

¯’vbxq †ev‡iv av‡bi djb bó nIqvq Ô`ywf©‡¶i Ae¯’vq DcbxZÕ n‡q‡Q| ZviciI

Zv‡ì Ic‡i e‡Kqv `vq-†`bv cwi‡kv‡ai Rb¨ gnvRb‡ì KvQ †_‡K bvbviK‡gi

AZ¨vPvi †b‡g G‡m‡Q| Ô†mvgcÖKvkÕ AviI Rvwb‡q‡Q †h, Ôwb¤œe‡Y©i GKwU bvix ¶zavi

R¡vjvq ¯’vbxq nvUevRv‡i wM‡q Zvi wkïKb¨v‡K 12 Avbvi wewbg‡q wewµ K‡i w`‡Z

†P‡q‡Q|Õ

1878 mv‡ji †h-`kwU weeiYx Dc‡i †ck Kiv n‡jv Zv‡Z K‡i g‡b n‡Z cv‡i, eywS H

eQ‡iB `ywf©‡¶i cwimgvwß NUj| wKš‘ cÖK…Z Ae¯’v wQj AviI fqven| Gi cÖvq GK eQi c‡iI


†`wL, Ae¯’vi †Kv‡bv DbœwZ †Zv nqB wb, eis j¶Yxq AebwZ N‡U‡Q| †hgb, 1879 mv‡ji 30†k

RyjvB gv‡mi wn› y iwÄKv cwÎKv wmivRMÄ-kvRv`cyi GjvKvq `ywf©¶ Nwb‡q Avm‡Z †`‡L‡Qb :

ÔA‡bK gvbyl †mLv‡b Mv‡Qi cvZv †L‡q _vK‡Q| evwKiv wf‡¶i mÜv‡b †ewi‡q c‡o‡Q|Õ H GKB

eQ‡ii 22†k AvM‡÷i ÔcÖfvZxÕ cwÎKv wj‡L‡Q, ÔPv‡ji `vg †h-nv‡i evo‡Q Zv‡Z K‡i `y`©kv

evo‡Q Ges †mUv hw` Pj‡Z _v‡K AwP‡iB ywf©¶ †b‡g Avm‡e| GUv _vgv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i †Kej

gvÎ gy³ evwYR¨ bxwZi wel‡q wKQyUv n Í‡¶c K‡iB| G‡`k †_‡K hv‡Z Pvj evB‡i ißvwb bv n‡q

hvq Zvi wbðqZv weavb Ki‡Z n‡e|Õ cieZ©x‡Z, 1943 mv‡ji gššÍi Av‡jvPbvi mg‡qI †`L‡Z

cve †h Pv‡ji ißvwb e‡Üi `vwe bZzb K‡i D‡VwQj|

D‡cvwm evsjv Z_v c ~e© evsjvi Ôbxie Abvnv‡iiÕ †h wPÎ Avwg †`Lv‡Z m‡Pó n‡qwQ Zv 1870-

80i `k‡Ki †Kv‡bv K_vmvwn‡Z¨ wjwce× nqwb| i‡gkP›`« `Ë ev ew¼‡gi cÖeÜ-mvwn‡Z¨ ¶zav I

`ywf©‡¶i cÖm½ G‡m‡Q K…lK-Rwg`vi êix m¤ú‡K©i Av‡jvPbvi Abyl½ wn‡m‡e| mivmwifv‡e

`ywf©‡ÿi wPÎ †mmg‡qi K_v-mvwn‡Zï g‡a¨ cvIqv KwVb|

1857 mv‡ji wmcvnx wecø‡ei cÖm½ †hfv‡e mgmvgwqK K_vmvwn‡Z¨ cÖvq-Abycw¯’Z, 1860-

1900 mvj Aewa evsjvi Pig Lv`¨vfve, †gŠmygx ¶zav I mgq mgq cÖvq `ywf©‡¶i cwiw¯’wZ wb‡q

Abyiƒc bxieZv „k¨gvb| mgmvgwqK cÎ-mvwn‡ZÏ ¶zav I ywf©‡¶i D‡jøL cvIqv hvq bv| wZwik

†ciæ‡bv iex› «bv_ hLb Awe¯§iYxq ÔwQbœcÎÕ wjL‡Qb ZLb Zvi g‡a¨ evsjvi gvqvgq cÖK…wZi Qwe

dz‡U D‡V‡Q, wKš‘ ¶zav I Abvnv‡ii we¯Í…wZ †Kv_vI †`wL bv| ïaygvÎ mgmvgwqK cwÎKv mvgwqKx

we‡klZ ¯’vbxq ch©v‡q cÖKvwkZ evsjvi bvbv cÎcwÎKv wb‡R‡ì mva¨g‡Zv ywf©‡¶i AvksKvi

K_v †Rv‡i‡mv‡i Zz‡j a‡i‡Q| Zv‡Z †cÖiYv G‡m‡Q bvbv m ~Î †_‡K| ÔAv¼j Ugm †KwebÕ

Dcb¨vmwUi D`vniY G‡¶‡Î ¯§iY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| 1852 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ `vm-cÖ_v we‡ivax GB

Dcb¨vmwU cÂv‡ki `k‡Ki cÖvMÖmi evOvwj eyw×Rxex‡ì g‡a¨ cÖfve †d‡jwQj| Ô`¨ wn›`y

c¨vwUªqUÕ-i eivZ w`‡q binwi KweivR Rvbv‡”Qb †h, Giv g‡b Ki‡Zb Av‡gwiKvi vm‡ì g‡ZvB

gvb‡eZi Rxe‡bi ch©v‡q †b‡g †M‡Q evsjvi Pvlx‡ì Rxeb| Giv ZvB wVK Ki‡jb †h, Ôevsjvi

ivqZ‡ì mvgvwRK Ae¯’vÕ wb‡q iPbv-cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi Av‡qvRb Ki‡eb| G‡Z whwb †miv iPbvwU

wjL‡eb wZwb cv‡eb cuvPkZ UvKv cyi¯‹vi| Gi wePviKgÐjx‡Z wQ‡jb †mKv‡ji D`vi‰bwZK wZb

e¨w³Z¡ : †`‡e› «bv_ VvKzi, wK‡kvix Puv` wgÎ Ges †ifv‡iÛ †Rgm js| 1855 mv‡j c¨vwUªqU

AviI Avkv K‡iwQj †h, ivqZ‡ì Ae¯’v wb‡q Ôhw` †Kv‡bv Dcb¨vm A`~i fwel¨‡Z wjwLZ nq,

†m †jLvi gvb wW‡KÝ Aewa bv Mov‡jIÕ Zv GKwU eo KvR n‡e Ges Gi ga¨ w`‡q Rwg`vix

eë¯’vi gva¨‡g Pj‡Z _vKv Ôbvbv RNb¨ KvR Rbmvavi‡Y¨ †cuŠQv‡e|Õ `xbeÜz wg‡Îi bxj`c©Y ev

gxi gkii&d †nv‡m‡bi Rwg`vi `c©Y-Gi ga¨ w`‡q Ôc¨vwUªqUÕ-Gi †mB Avkv †mfv‡e c~Y© nqwb|

1870 `k‡Ki D‡cvwm evsjvi `ytL- y`©kv 1880-90 `kK Ry‡oB Ae¨vnZ wQj| 1892

mv‡ji ÔmvgvwRK cÖeÜÕ MÖ‡š’ f‚‡è gy‡Lvcva¨vq cwimsL¨vb-mviwY eënvi K‡i G wel‡q Z_¨-

DcvË Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb| cvwievwiK I ag©xq wel‡q f‚‡è hZUvB cÖvPxbcš’x wQ‡jb, A_©‰bwZK

wel‡q wZwb wQ‡jb ZZUvB AvaywbKcš’x| hviv Zvi ÔAvw_©K Ae¯’v welqKÕ fwel¨wePvi co‡eb,

ZvivB wew¯§Z n‡eb Zvi A_©‰bwZK wPšÍvi cÖvÁZv I ¯”QZvi cwiPq †c‡q| f‚‡`‡ei wPšÍvi GB


w`KwU c„_K Awfwb‡e‡ki `vex iv‡L| AvcvZZ GUv †`Lv‡bv Riæwi †h, 1890 `k‡Ki cUf‚wg‡Z

A_©vr Dwbk kZK hLb †kl n‡q Avm‡QÑ f‚‡è ywf©¶ wel‡q Kx ej‡Qb:

ÔcwÐ‡Ziv MYbv Kwiqv‡Qb †h, 5 †KvwU fviZevmxi c‡¶ ch©vß Abœ `yB mÜ¨v Ry‡U bv! †Kn

†Kn ewjqv‡Qb †h, Abvnvi, Aívnvi Ges K`vnvi †`v‡l fviZevmx ¶xYexh©¨ Ges ^ívqy nB‡Z‡Q|

GKcÖKvi wbðq nBqvB wMqv‡Q †h, cÖwZ `k GMvi ermi AšÍi fviZe‡l© GKwU Kwiqv e„nr `ywf©¶

†`Lv †`q, Ges Zvnvi c‡iB GKUx Kwiqv gnvgvix Avwmqv Dcw¯’Z nq| Zw™¢bœ, ’v‡b ¯’v‡b AbœKó

Ges gvixfq cÖvq cÖwZe‡l©B `„ó nBqv _v‡K| cÖf‚Z abkvjx BD‡iv‡ci K_v Qvwoqv w`‡jI c„w_exi

Aci †Kvb †`‡ki Ae¯’v Giƒc nBqv‡Q ewjqv ïbv hvq bv|Õ

f‚‡è gy‡Lvcva¨v‡qi gZ‡K nvév K‡i †`Lvi Dcvq †bB| Zvi ÔmvgvwRK cÖeÜÕ cÖKv‡ki ci

GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwUi Av‡jvPbv mfvq m¨vi Pvj©m GwjqU GiKg gšÍe¨ K‡iwQ‡jb †h, f‚‡`‡ei

g‡Zv ÔGZ wekvj Áv‡bi AwaKvix fvi‡Z Avi †KD †bB|Õ G K_v BwZnvmwe` Zcb ivq‡PŠayix

Zvi ÔBD‡ivc cyb ©k©bÕ MÖ‡š’ Avgv‡ì ¯§iY Kwi‡q w`‡q‡Qb|

D‡cvwm evsjv wel‡q ew¼gP›`«, i‡gkP› « `Ë, f‚‡è gy‡Lvcva¨vq I ¯’vbxq cÎcwÎKvi

D`vniY †U‡b Avwg G ch©šÍ †`Lvevi †Póv K‡iwQ †h, Dwbk kZ‡Ki evsjvi e„nËi MÖvgxY K…wlwbf©i

Rb‡Mvôx Z_v ivqZ‡ì g‡a¨ ¶zavi e¨vcK we¯Í…wZ n‡qwQj| Gi cÖfve †_‡K A‡c¶vK…Z Lv‡`¨

DØ„Ë †Rjv¸‡jvI ev` wQj bv| c~e© e‡½i bvbv †Rjv‡ZB KL‡bv eb¨vi Kvi‡Y, KL‡bv Abve„wói

Kvi‡Y dmj nvwb n‡q‡Q, wKš‘ Rwg`v‡ii †kvl‡Yi gvÎv K‡gwbÑ1859 mv‡ji eM©v-¯Z¡ AvB‡bi

ms¯‹vi cÖ‡Póvi c‡iI| MÖvgvÂ‡j ivqZx AwaKviwenxb (hv‡ì‡K under-ryot ejv n‡q‡Q) GK

wb¤œZg e‡M©i m„wó n‡qwQj, hviv †b‡g wM‡qwQj `vwi ª¨mxgvi A‡bK wb‡P, `vwi`«¨ Avi ¶zavi

gaëZ©x ch©v‡q| GivB wQj Dwbk kZ‡Ki evsjvi cÖvwšÍK gvbyl| dmjnvwbi eQ‡i GivB P‡j

†hZ ywf©¶ve¯’vq ev _vKZ `ywf©‡¶i SzuwK‡Z| Avwg gv‡S gv‡S m‡›`n Kwi †h, GK bxie ¶zav-

Abvnv‡ii †e`bv wg‡k Av‡Q Dwbk kZKxq evsjvi ÔevDjvÕ Mv‡b-KweZvq| GB c„w_exwegyLZv,

RMr-msmvi †Q‡o AwPbcy‡ii wPšÍv, Gi †cQ‡b nqZ MÖv‡gi wb¤œZg e‡M©i mvgvwRK-A_©‰bwZK

Kó-eÂbvi AMÖwš’Z AwfÁZv KvR K‡i _vK‡e| A_ev, MÖvg-evsjvi eyK †_‡K D‡V Avmv GB

†e`bvZ© †jvKR Mvb¸‡jv wQj ¶zavcxwoZ MÖvgxY RbRxe‡biB ï×Zg wkíiƒc|

5| cÂv‡ki gš^šÍi

Gjv †m‡bi †QvUMí msKjb ÔWv‡K©wbs †WBmÕ (Darkening Days) †ewi‡qwQj 1944 mv‡ji

†g gv‡m| Bs‡iwR‡Z †jLv bqwU Mí wQj Zv‡Z| eBwUi `ywU we‡klZ¡ cÖ_‡gB †Pv‡L co‡e|

cÖ_gZ, Mí¸‡jv †jLv Ôbvixi „wó‡KvYÕ †_‡K| K_vUv AvR‡Ki w`‡b Avi †Zgb bZzb g‡b n‡e

bv| wKš‘ MÖš’ iPbvi Kvj 1943-44 mv‡j †mUv g‡b ivL‡j wKQyUv wew¯§Z n‡ZB nq| MÖš’Kvi

ej‡Qb : 'this book is admittedly written from a woman's point of view, if on this

account over-emphasis is laid on the vicissitudes of women during the dreadful

days of last year it is not for want of appreciation of the sufferings of men' Bs‡iwR

1943 mv‡ji (evsjvq hv ÔcÂv‡ki gššÍiÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ) GK eQi ev‡` cÖKvwkZ eBwUi f‚wgKvq


†jwLKv ej‡Qb : Ô ywf©¶ GLbI †K‡U hvqwb|... gnvgvix GLb MÖv‡gi ci MÖv‡g gv_v Zzj‡Q Ges

GLbI ch©šÍ ch©vß cwigv‡Y wPwKrmv mvnvh¨ †cuŠQvqwb| AwaKvskB †ev‡S bv cybe©vm‡bi gv‡b

Kx... DUcvwLi g‡Zv gv_v ¸u‡R e‡m _vK‡j mgvavb wgj‡e bv... GB eB‡Z Avwg ejvi †Póv

K‡iwQ †h eo AvKv‡ii ÎvY ZrciZv nv‡Z †bIqv cÖ‡qvRb, hw` evsjv‡K cybR©xweZ Ki‡Z nq|...

miKvi wK Ki‡e ev Ki‡e bv, ev Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv, Zvi Rb¨ e‡m bv †_‡K A-miKvwi ÎvYKvh©

Pvwj‡q †h‡Z n‡e|... j²x, h yw_Kv ev myLxi `ytL-hš¿Yv‡K e„_v †h‡Z †Ìqv hv‡e bv|Õ

Gjv †m‡bi eBwUi wØZxq êwkó¨ n‡”Q Rqbyj Av‡ew`b| ywf©‡¶i †h-wPÎKg©¸‡jvi Rb¨

ZiæY Rqbyj (Zuvi ZLb EbwÎk eQi eqm) ivZvivwZ weL¨vZ n‡q I‡Vb †mB Qwe¸‡jv w`‡q

mvRv‡bv eBwU| nj‡` KvM‡Ri Ic‡i Kv‡jv (PvBwbR BsK) Kvwj‡Z AuvKv †mme, cÖwZwU‡Z 1943

mv‡ji D‡jøL i‡q‡Q| Gjv †mb eB‡qi cwiwPwZc‡Î †hvM K‡i‡Qb, ÔDB_ WªBs dªg jvBd evB

Rqbyj Av‡ew`bÕ| †Z‡ivwU Qwe, G‡ì †ewki fvMB GLb weªwUk wgDwRqv‡g msiw¶Z| Avgvi

Rvbv g‡Z, Gjv †m‡bi eBwU‡Z Rqby‡ji ywf©‡¶i Qwe¸‡jv cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq| Kx K‡i Rqby‡ji

m‡½ Gjv †m‡bi †hvMv‡hvM n‡jv †mUvI Avgv‡ì AvMÖn RvMvq| †K wQ‡jb GB Gjv †mb?

Gjv †m‡bi eBwU cÖKvwkZ n‡qwQj mykxj ¸ßÕi cÖKvkbvjq †_‡K| Zvi †g‡q jxjv `vm ¸ß

Rvbv‡”Qb, ÔGjv †mb wQ‡jb mvsevw`K| Zvi ¯vgx Av‡jK †iBW KjKvZvi †÷Umg¨vb cwÎKvq

KvR Ki‡Zb| LykIqvšÍ wms-Gi Ômvwnem& û jvfW& BwÛqvÕ eBwU‡Z Av‡jK †iB‡Wi D‡jøL Av‡Q|Õ

cieZ©x‡Z Gjv †mb Bw›ìv MvÜxi Nwbô n‡q I‡Vb Ges 1973 mv‡j Bw›ìvi cÖ_g RxebxKvi

wQ‡jb wZwbB| bvix AwaKvi Kg©x I KwgDwb÷ cvwU©i m`m¨ gwbKzšÍjv †m‡bi eivZ w`‡q

ÔK¨vjKvUv : `¨ ÷wg© †W‡KWm&Õ MÖ‡š’ BwZnvmwe` ZwbKv miKvi Rvbv‡”Qb †h, Gjv †m‡bi

KjKvZvi evmvq evgavivi I cÖMwZkxj g‡Zi bvixiv cÖvqB wgwjZ n‡Zb| ZiæY Rqbyj

Av‡ew`bI cÖMwZkxj †jLK I wkíx ms‡Ni m‡½ hy³ n‡qwQ‡jb G mg‡q| gKeyj wd`v û‡mb I

ˆmq` nvwkg ivRvi g‡Zv wkíxiv †hgb K‡i D‡š§l c‡e©B cÖMwZkxj †jLK-wkíx‡ì Av‡›`vj‡bi

m‡½ hy³ n‡qwQ‡jb, RqbyjI †Zgwbfv‡e †m Av‡›`vj‡bi m‡½ Rwo‡q c‡owQ‡jb| GB Av‡›`vjb

I †Mvôx M‡o †Zvjvi †cQ‡b cÖZ¨¶fv‡e KwgDwb÷ cvwU©i f‚wgKv wQj| cvwU©i †cÖiYv‡ZB Rqbyj

Kjg-Zzwj a‡iwQ‡jb ywf©‡¶i WKz-weeiYx i‡O-†iLvq cÖKv‡ki Rb¨| G Kv‡R wZwb Aek¨ GKv

wQ‡jb bv| Zvi m‡½ wQ‡jb †kvfv wms, wPËcÖmv`, AZzj myi, †Mvea©b Gl, †mvgbv_ †nvi cÖgyL

wkíx| GÛªy †nvqvBU‡nW gšÍe¨ K‡i‡Qb, Ô¯úóZB Rqbyj wQ‡jb evgavivi c‡¶Õ| cieZ©x‡Z GB

Ôevgcwš’Õ Rqbyj Av‡ew`b Ôevsjv‡`‡ki AvaywbK wkíKjvi RbK n‡q I‡VbÕ|

wKš‘ Gjv †m‡bi eBwU MíMÖš’ n‡jI †mLv‡b GKUv cwiwkó wQj, hv‡Z cÂv‡ki gššÍi

m¤ú‡K© PjwZ Z‡_ï weij wePvi-we‡kølY i‡q‡Q| KjKvZv wek^we`¨vj‡qi Gb‡_ªvcjwR wefvM

KZ…©K cwiPvwjZ Rwi‡ci D‡jøL K‡i †mLv‡b ejv n‡q‡Q : 1943-44 mv‡ji ywf©‡¶ gnvgvix‡Z

Ô¯vfvwe‡Ki †P‡q †ewk g„Zzï msL¨v uvwo‡q‡Q cuqwÎk jv‡Li †ewk|Õ (the probable total

number of deaths above the normal comes to well over three and a half millons)|

Gi g‡a¨ 1943 mv‡ji gnvgvix‡Z g„Zzï msL¨v 19 jv‡L wM‡q uvov‡e| cwimsL¨vb‡K wek^vm‡hvM¨


K‡i †Zvjvi Rb¨B †evaKwi `yB wgwjqb bq, G‡Kev‡i ¸‡Y ¸‡Y 1.9 wgwjq‡bi g„Zz¨ msL¨v wbw`©ó

Kiv n‡qwQj|

KjKvZv wek^we`¨vj‡qi c~‡e© DwjøwLZ Rwi‡ci g‡Z, ÔGB g„Zzï 30 †_‡K 50 kZvskB cuvP

eQ‡ii Kg eqmx wkï| AgZ© †m‡bi g‡ZvB †jwLKv GLv‡b hyw³ †`Lv‡”Qb †h, Lv‡`ï Drcv`‡b

¯íZv bq, Lv‡`ï eÈ‡b êlg¨ I Aeë¯’vi Kvi‡YB GB ywf©¶ n‡q‡Q| Av‡gwiKvi ÔjvBdÕ

g¨vMvwR‡bi eivZ w`‡q Rvbv‡bv nq †h, ÔcÖK…Zc‡¶ [1943 mv‡j] fvi‡Z Lv`¨k‡mï Drcv`b

1942 A_ev 1941 mv‡ji †P‡qI †ewk n‡qwQj| ’vbxq ch©v‡q †Kv_vI †Kv_vI NvUwZ Abyf‚Z

n‡jI †mUv eo KviY wQj bv| g ~j KviY wQj y‡Uv| GKwU n‡”Q †K‡› «i weªwUk miKvi I ¯’vbxq

¯vqËkvwmZ miKv‡ii g‡a¨ `vwqZ¡kxj m¤ú‡K©i AvswkK †f‡½ cov| Av‡iKwU n‡”Q (cÖej)

g~j¨ùxwZ|Õ

m¤úÖwZKv‡j y‡Uv cÖKvkbv cÂv‡ki gššÍ‡ii Kvh©Kvi‡Yi e¨vL¨vq D‡jøL‡hvM¨ bZzb gvÎv

†hvM K‡i‡Q| gaykÖx gyLvwR© Zvi `xN©Kv‡ji M‡elYv w`‡q †`wL‡q‡Qb †h, Rvcvwb Avµg‡Yi SzuwKi

gy‡L weªwUk miKvi evsjvi me DØ„Ë Pvj ga¨cÖv‡P¨ hy×iZ Bs‡iR †mbv‡ì Rb¨ gRy` K‡i

†i‡LwQj| Zvi Ic‡i hv‡Z K‡i †Kv‡bv Pvj evRvi-eë¯’vi gva¨‡g Ab¨ KviI nv‡Z P‡j bv hvq

ev evsjvi evB‡i `w¶Y-c~e© Gwkqvq Rvcvb AwaK…Z AÂ‡j P‡j bv hvq †mRb¨ c~e©e‡½i †_‡K

Pvj ißvwb‡Z eënƒZ cYëvnx †QvU †QvU †bŠhvb ch©šÍ aŸsm K‡i †djv n‡qwQj| mgMÖ 1943

mvj Ry‡oB KjKvZvi †÷Umg¨vb cwÎKv Zv‡ì cÖ_g cvZvq wZbwU cwimsL¨vb eo K‡i cÖKvk

KiZÑ ÔMZKvj g„Zzï msL¨v,Õ ÔMZ mßv‡ni g„Zzï msL¨vÕ Ges ÔMZ gv‡mi g„Zzï msL¨vÕ| GB

g„Zzï msL¨v cÖwZw`bB †e‡o hvw”Qj nvRv‡ii GK‡K| Zvici g„Zz¨ GZ †e‡o †MjÑ GB

cwimsL¨v‡bi cÖKvk GK ch©v‡q eÜ n‡q †Mj| Zey e„wUk cÖavbgš¿x PvwP©‡ji UbK b‡owb| evsjvi

K…lK‡K ywf©‡¶i w`‡K †V‡j w`‡q Bs‡iR mb¨‡ì Lv`¨ wbivcËvi wbðqZv weavb KivB Zvi Kv‡Q

AwaKZi hyw³hy³ g‡b n‡qwQj| ÔPvwP©jÕm wm‡µU IqviÕ MÖ‡š’ †m K_v gaykÖx gyLvwR© mwe¯Ív‡i

Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| evsjvi K…lKK‚j wbwðý n‡q hv‡”Q Zvi bxwZi Kvi‡YÑ G K_v †kvbvi ci PvwP©j

e‡jwQ‡jb, ÔMvÜx wK †eu‡P Av‡Q GLbI? †m gviv hvq bv †Kb?Õ

†ZZvwjø‡ki ywf©‡¶i wkKvi wZwik jvL gvby‡li g„Zzï †cQ‡b PvwP©‡ji c‡iv¶ f‚wgKvq

A‡b‡KiB Kcv‡j fuvR co‡e| A‡b‡KB ÔD`vi‰bwZK MYZ‡š¿iÕ mxgv wb‡q `yf©vebvq co‡eb|

G‡ì Kv‡iv Kv‡iv Kv‡Q PvwP©j Aeva cyuwRev` I MYZ‡š¿i gvbmcy‡Îi g‡Zv| Zvi my¯v`y BwZnvm

iPbv (hvi Rb¨ mvwn‡Z¨ †bv‡ejI †c‡qwQ‡jb wZwb) A¯xKvi Kivi bq| †hgb bq hy×Kvjxb

mg‡q Bs‡j‡Ûi cÖavbgš¿x _vKv Ae¯’vq Zvi AbycÖvwYZ fvlY I †bZ…Z¡| hy× R‡qi ci i¶Ykxj

miKv‡ii cZb n‡jv Ges wZwb Avi cÖavbgš¿x iB‡jb bv| G‡ZI `ytL cÖKvk K‡ib †KD †KD|

wKš‘ GUvI A¯xKvi Kivi bq †h, PvwP©‡ji g‡Zv Ôwjev‡ijÕ ivRbxwZ‡Ki mvd‡jï †cQ‡b i‡q‡Q

A‡bK Aby`vi „wófw½ I AgvbweK bxwZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi avivevwnKZv| BsjÛ‡K euvPv‡bvi Rb¨ wZwb

fviZel© ev Ab¨vb¨ Dcwb‡ek‡K ywf©‡¶i MÖv‡m †d‡j w`‡Z wØav K‡ibwb| hLb wZwb hy‡×vËiKv‡j

GKbvMv‡o Qwe Gu‡K‡Qb (G Kv‡R `¶Zv wQj Zvi), GKeviI Auv‡Kbwb Rqby‡ji g‡Zv †Kv‡bv

`ywf©¶cxwoZ gvby‡li Qwe| †mme wbibœ gvby‡li wPrKvi Zvi ¯‡cœi g‡a¨ KL‡bv †kvbv †hZ wKbv


G weeiY Rvbv hvq bv| BD‡iv‡ci Rb¨ GK wbqg, Avi Dcwb‡e‡ki gvbyl‡ì wePvi Kivi †¶‡Î

Ab¨ wbqgÑ cv_© P¨vUvR©x hv‡K e‡j‡Qb ÔK‡jvwbqvj iæj Ae wWdv‡iÝÕÑ Zv PvwP©‡ji ywf©¶-

m¤úwK©Z Kg©KvÐ we‡kølY Ki‡j ¯úó n‡q I‡V|

gaykÖx gyLvR©xi KvR‡K A¯xKvi Kiv Dcvq †bB| hvècyi wek^we`¨vjq †_‡K c`v_©we`¨vq

¯§vZK wWwMÖ jv‡fi ci wZwb wkKv‡Mv wek^we`¨vjq †_‡K wcGBPwW jvf K‡ib †bv‡ej Rqx c`v_©

weÁvbx BDBwm‡iv bv¤yi Aax‡b| c‡i K¨vj‡UK †_‡K †cv÷-W±‡iU K‡i weL¨vZ Ômv‡qw›UwdK

Av‡gwiKvbÕ mvgwqKxi Ab¨Zg m¤úv`K wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e weÁvb-welqK mvsevw`KZv

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Kl‡Z Rv‡bb bv, GK_v ejv hv‡e bv| 2002 mv‡j weª‡Ubevmx‡ì g‡a¨ wewewm KZ…©K cwiPvwjZ

Rwi‡c PvwP©j n‡qwQ‡jb Ô†kÖô Bs‡iRÕ| G‡nb e¨w³Z¡‡K mgv‡jvPbvi KvVMovq uvo Kiv‡Z †M‡j

mvnm I g DfqB _vKv PvB| 1943 mv‡ji RyjvB gv‡m fviZ †_‡K hLb cÖ Íve †Mj †h, evsjv‡K

`ywf©¶ †_‡K i¶v Kivi Rb¨ gv‡m AšÍZ 80,000 Ub Lv`¨km¨ Riæwi wfwË‡Z mieivn Kiv PvB,

PvwP©j †mB Aby‡iva bvKP K‡i w`‡qwQ‡jb| GUv cÖv_wgK Z_¨ DcvË †Nu‡U gaykÖx m‡›`nvZxZfv‡e

cÖgvY K‡i‡Qb Zvi eB‡q| PvwP©‡ji GB wm×v‡šÍ Lywk wQ‡jb bv fvi‡Z Kg©iZ weªwUk miKvwi

Kg©KZ©vivI| ZrKvjxb fvBmiq jW© wjbwj_‡Mv †hgb g‡b K‡iwQ‡jb †h, ÔLv`¨km¨ Avg`vwb

n‡Z hv‡”Q evsjvqÕÑ ïaygvÎ GB LeiwU Qwo‡q w`‡jI ÔgRyZ`vwii cÖeYZv K‡g †hZ I Pv‡ji

`vg †b‡g AvmZ|Õ A‡÷ªwjqv I KvbvWv Lv`¨km¨ cvVv‡Z †P‡qwQj| wKš‘ mgm¨v wQj cYëvnx

Rvnv‡Ri ¯íZv wb‡q| †Kbbv RvnvR¸‡jv‡K ZLb weªwUk DcK‚‡ji Av‡kcv‡k R‡ov K‡i ivLv

n‡qwQj| gaykÖx e‡j‡Qb †h Rvnv‡Ri ¯íZvi Ô†UKwbK¨vj Av¸©‡g›UÕ A‡bKUvB Kó KwíZ| KviY

ZZw`‡b gvwK©b cÖkvmb mvnvh¨ wn‡m‡e A‡bK gvjevnx RvnvR weª‡U‡bi Kv‡Q ’vbvšÍi K‡iwQj|

`ywf©¶ Qwo‡q covi Le‡i GgbwK Bs‡i‡Ri kÎæc‡¶ hy×iZ †bZvRx myfvlP›`« †ev‡mi BwÛqvb

b¨vkbvj Avwg© ch©šÍ AwaK…Z evg©v †_‡K wKQy Pvj evsjv‡Z cvVv‡Z †P‡qwQj| weªwUk †mÝiwkc †m

Z_Ï cy‡ivcywi †P‡c hvq|

Gevi Avwm g~j¨ùxwZi cÖm‡½| ïay †h Lv`¨-mieiv‡n AcÖZzjZvi Kvi‡Y cÖwZ gv‡m

g~j¨ùxwZi nvi evowQj, Zv bq| Gi m‡½ hy³ wQj m‡PZbfv‡e M„nxZ g¨v‡µv-B‡KvbwgK

c`‡¶cI| 2018 mv‡ji B‡KvbwgK A¨vÛ cwjwUK¨vj DBKwji 20 A‡±vei msL¨vq cÖL¨vZ

gvK©mev`x A_©bxwZwe` I RInijvj ‡b‡niæ wekwe`vj‡qi Aa¨vcK Elv cvUbv‡qK Awf‡hvM

K‡i‡Qb †h, evsjvi `ywf©¶ Ggwb‡ZB nqwb| evsjvq `ywf©¶ve¯’v m„wó K‡i hy‡×i Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq

AwZwi³ A_©vq‡bi †hvMvo-hš¿ Kiv n‡qwQj| gvby‡li †fv‡Mi cwigvY Kwg‡q hy‡×i im`

†hvMv‡bvi Rb¨ wewb‡qv‡Mi Znwej evov‡bv n‡qwQj| GB g¨v‡µv-B‡KvbwgK hyw³wU G‡mwQj

AMÖMY¨ A_©bxwZwe` †KBb‡mi †jLv †_‡K| ÔwUªwUm Ab gvwb : `¨ GcøvBW w_Iwi Ae gvwbÕ

(1930) Ges ÔnvD Uz †c di `¨ Iqvi :G i¨vwW‡Kj cø¨vb di `¨ P¨v‡Ýji Ae `¨ G·‡PKviÕ

(1940) GB ywU †jLvq †KBbm GB m¤¢vebv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ‡jb| Kxfv‡e RbM‡Yi Avq

(†fvM) Kwg‡q Zv †_‡K DØ„Ë AvniY Kiv hvq hy×Kvjxb AwZwi³ e¨‡qi A_©vq‡bi Rb¨, †mUv

†KBb‡mi AvMÖ‡ni welqe ‘ wQj| Aek¨ G‡¶‡Î weª‡Ubevmxi †¶‡Î GB g‡nŠlwai cÖ‡qvM bv K‡i

Zv eënvi Kiv n‡qwQj Jcwb‡ewkK fviZe‡l©i mvaviY Awaevmx‡ì †¶‡Î| evsjvi MÖvgvÂ‡ji


wbixn RbM‡Yi †fvM Kwg‡q Zv‡ì‡K ywf©‡¶i w`‡K †V‡j w`‡q hy‡×i Rb¨ AwZwi³ m¤ú` Zz‡j

wb‡qwQj PvwP©‡ji Bs‡iR miKvi| gaykÖx gyLvR©xi eBwU I Elv cvUbv‡q‡Ki †jLvwU‡K Avgiv GB

A‡_© m¤ú~iK iPbv wn‡m‡e cvV Ki‡Z cvwi|

gyLvR©x I cvUbv‡q‡Ki †jLvi gyL¨ cÖwZcv‡`ï mv‡_ AgZ© †mb AcwiwPZ bb| †mb Zvi

ÔcfvwU© A¨vÛ †dwgbÕ eB‡q cÂv‡ki gššÍi wb‡q ej‡Z wM‡q mvZwU Kvi‡Yi K_v e‡j‡Qb| Zvi

g‡a¨ GKwU KviY wQj PvwP©‡ji wb¯ú„nZvI| †hgb, wZwb ej‡Qb, ÔThe refusal of the British

Government to permit move food imports into India through reallocation of

shipping as an emergency measure to tackle the famine was severely criticized.

Lord Wavell, who became the new Viceroy at the last stage of the famine and who

had to battle hard for increasing food imports into India, went on record in this

context that he felt that 'the vital problems of India are being treated by his

Majesty's Government with neglect, even sometimes with hostility and contemptÕÑ

GB †k‡lv³ D×…wZwUi Drm n‡”Q jW© Iqv‡f‡ji wPwV, 1944 mv‡ji 24 A‡±ve‡i †jLv DBb÷b

PvwP©j‡K D‡Ïk K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K Elv cvUbv‡q‡Ki hyw³Ñ ÔB‡”Q K‡i g~j¨¯çxwZ NUv‡bv n‡qwQj

hy×Kvjxb AwZwi³ e¨q wbe©v‡ni Rb¨ÕÑ †mwUI c‡iv¶fv‡e AgZ© †m‡bi †Pv‡L c‡owQj| wZwb

wjL‡Qb :ÔThe 1943 famine can indeed be described as a 'boom famine' related to

powerful inflationary pressures initiated by public expenditure expansion'. Z‡e me

Kvh©Kvi‡Yi g‡a¨ †m‡bi cÖavb ¸iæZ¡ G‡m c‡owQj Ôexchange entitlementÕi ªæZ AebwZi

Ic‡iÑ mvgwMÖKfv‡e Lv‡`ï †hvMv‡bi mvsermwiK evov-Kgvi Ic‡i bq| 1943-44 mv‡ji

`ywf©‡¶ g~jZ ¶wZMÖ Í n‡qwQj MÖvg-evsjv, we‡klZ gRywi-kÖ‡gi Ici wbf©ikxj K…wl kÖwgK I

Am”Qj cÖvwšÍK †Rv‡Zi cwievi¸‡jv| GLv‡b †m‡bi g~j ZK©Uv `ywf©‡¶i Causality ev g~j

Kvh©KviYm~Î wb‡q| hLb ywf©¶we‡ivax ÔcwjwmiÕ cÖm½ G‡m‡Q ZLb wZwbI Lv`¨ mieivn

cwiw¯’wZ, dzW †ikwbs eë¯’v, cvewjK IqvK©m †cÖvMÖvg, Lv`¨k‡mï g~j¨-cwiw¯’wZ‡K mnbkxj

Ae¯’vq wb‡q Avbv BZ¨vw` ÔmieivnZvwoZ (supply-side)Õ Kg©m~wPi Ici †Rvi w`‡q‡Qb Zvi

eB‡Z h_vh_fv‡eB|

1943-44 mv‡ji ywf©¶ wb‡q ïay miKvwi cÖkvmK, BwZnvmwe`, cwimsL¨vbwe` ev

A_©bxwZwe‡ì mv¶¨B h‡_ó bq| mgmvgwqK mvwnZ¨-K‡g©i ga¨ w`‡q GB ywf©‡¶i PvjwPÎ

wek^ ÍZvi mv‡_ dz‡U D‡V‡Q| wef‚wZf‚lY e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi ÔAkwb ms‡KZÕ gššÍ‡ii cÖvKK_b †_‡K

ïiæ K‡i Gi Uª¨vwRK cwiYwZ Aewa cvÎcvÎx‡ì ch©‡e¶Y K‡iwQj| Rvcvwb Avµg‡Yi gy‡L

1942 mv‡ji †g gv‡m Bs‡iRiv evg©v †_‡K hLb wcQy nUj, ZLb evg©v †_‡K Pvj Avg`vwbI

AvKw¯§Kfv‡e eÜ n‡q †Mj| G wb‡q yM©vcwÐZ Avi M½vPi‡Yi g‡a¨ K_v n‡”Q:

ÒÑ Rvcvwbiv wm½vcyi wb‡q wb‡q‡Q? hy‡×i Lei Kx?

Ñ ïay wm½vcyi †Kb, eªþ‡`kI wb‡q wb‡q‡P| Rv‡bv bv †m Lei?

Ñ bv-B‡q-ïwb wb †Zv? eªþ‡`k? †m †ZvÑ


Ñ †hLvb †_‡K †i½yb Pvj Av‡m †i fvqv| IB †h m Ív, †gvUv †gvUv Av‡jv Pvj ...Ó

hy×iZ Bs‡iR †mbv‡ì Rb¨ Lv‡`ï †hvMvb wbwðZ Ki‡Z Pvj †Kbvi aviv †Zv c~e©vci wQjB,

Rvcvwb Avµg‡Yi gy‡L GB †Kbvi MwZ‡eM AviI †e‡o †Mj| †Kv‡bvfv‡eB †hb Rvcvwb‡ì Kv‡Q

Pv‡ji evRvi P‡j bv hvq †m R‡b¨ Jcwb‡ewkK miKvi ¯’vbxq eëmvqx‡ì‡K Pvj †Kbvi AbygwZ

†`q| Pvj wewµ Ki‡Z bv PvB‡j Rei`w¯ÍI nw”Qj hy×Kvjxb cwiw¯’wZi hyw³ †`wL‡q| Gi d‡j

wKQyUv Ae¯’vcbœ gvbyl hviv UvKv w`‡q Pvj †Kbvi mvg_©¨ iv‡L, ZvivI nv‡U-†`vKv‡b wM‡q Pvj

cvqwb| hviv Av‡iv Ae¯’vcbœ Zv‡ì Kv‡Q Pvj _vK‡jI Pv‡ji `vg AviI evo‡Z cv‡iÑ GB

Avk¼vq ZvivI Pv‡ji msMÖn jywK‡q †d‡jwQj| G‡Z K‡i M½vPi‡Yi g‡Zv µq-wbf©i cwievi‡ì

Abvnv‡i-Dcev‡mi SzuwK‡Z w`b KvUv‡Z n‡qwQj| wef‚wZf‚lY wjL‡Qb G‡Ki ci GK Nbvqgvb

`y‡h©v‡Mi „k¨ :

1. ÔAb½-†eŠ ej‡jÑ Avi y‡Uv fvZ †g‡L bvI, Wvj w`‡q †cU f‡i LvIÑ

ÑG Pvj y‡Uv wQj eywS Av‡Mi ìæY?

Ñûu|

ÑKvj n‡e?

ÑKvj n‡e bv| mKv‡j D‡VB Pvj †hvMvo K‡iv| ivZUv †U‡bUz‡b n‡q †Mj|

Ñ†mB wek^vm gkv‡qi ìæY av‡bi Pvj?

Ñûu|

Ab½-†eŠ ¯vgx-cyÎ‡K †cU f‡i LvB‡q †m-iv‡Z GK NwU Rj Avi GKUz ¸o †L‡q D‡cvm

K‡i iB‡jv|Õ

2. [c‡ii w`b M½vPiY †M‡Q Pv‡ji †Luv‡R| GK RvqMvq †`Lj Pvj wewµ n‡”Q| GKUz ¶Y

Av‡MB M½vPiY GK †R‡j bexb cvo–B‡K e‡j‡Q, ÔKL‡bv wK †KD ï‡b‡P †h Pv‡ji gY †lvj UvKv

n‡e|Õ A_P, Avð‡h©i welq, GiB g‡a¨ Pv‡ji `vg †e‡o ÔKzwo UvKv gYÕ n‡q †M‡Q| GZ †e‡o

hvIqvq M½vPiY hvI-ev wKQy wKb‡Z cvi‡jv, bexb cvo–B wKQyB wKb‡Z †cj bv| gvQ a‡i Zvi

hv DcvR©b Zv‡Z K‡i Zvi µq¶gZvi evB‡i P‡j †M‡Q Lv`¨k‡mï g ~j¨| Kxfv‡e AgZ©¨ †mb

Kw_Z ÔG·‡PÄ GbUvB‡Uj‡g‡›UiÕ `ªæZ AebwZ nw”Qj, Zvi weeiY †g‡j Zv‡ì K_vq]

ÔM½vPiY ej‡jÑ bexb, Pvj †b‡e bv?

Ñ bv evevVvKzi| GKUv wmwK Kg c‡o †Mj|

Ñ Z‡e †Zv gykwKj| Avgvi Kv‡QI †bB †h †Zvgv‡K †`‡ev|

Ñ Ava‡mi cyuwUgvQ a‡ijvg mvgUvi we‡j| †c‡qjvg QÕAvbv| Avi Kvj gvQ †ePevi ìæb

†Qj `k Avbv| Kzwo‡q-eywo‡q GKUv UvKv G‡bjvg Pvj wKbwZ| Zv Avevi Pv‡ji `vg P‡o †Mj

Kx K‡i Rvbe?


Ñ ZvB †Zv!

Ñ Ava‡cUv †L‡q AvwQ yÕw`b| Pvwl‡ì N‡i fvZ Av‡Q| Avgv‡ì Zv †bB| Avgv‡ì Kó

mK‡ji A‡c¶v †ewk| R‡ji cÖvYx, Zvi Ici †Zv †Rvi †bB? aiv bv w`‡j Kx KiwQ! †hw`b

cvjvg †mw`b Pvj Avbjvg| †hw`b cvjvg bv †mw`b D‡cvm| Av‡M avb-Pvj avi w`Z| AvRKvj

†KD wKQy †`q bv|Õ

3. [Pvj-msMÖn Awfhv‡bi Kvi‡Y A‡bK eo eo †`vKv‡bI †Kbvi Rb¨ Pvj Lyu‡R cvIqv

hvw”Qj bv]

ÔwKš‘ gykwK‡ji e¨vcvi| eo eo wZb-PviwU †`vKvb Lyu‡R †eov‡j, mK‡jiB GK eywjÑ Pvj

†bB| M½vPi‡Yi g‡b co‡jv e„× KzÐz gkv‡qi K_v| ...wKš‘ †mLv‡bI Z‰_eP, M½vPiY

†`vKvbNiwU‡Z XzKevi mgq †P‡q †`L‡j euv cv‡ki †h euv‡ki gvPvq Pv‡ji e Ív Qv` ch©šÍ mvRv‡bv

_v‡K, †m RvqMv GK`g Lvwj, nvIqv †Lj‡P|...

M½vPiY ej‡jÑ wKQy Pvj w`‡Z n‡e|

Ñ †Kv_vq cve, †bB|

Ñ GK UvKvi Pvj, †ewk bq| GB †jvKUv‡K D‡cvm K‡i _vK‡Z n‡e| w`‡ZB n‡e Avcbv‡K|

KzÐzz gkvq myi wbPz K‡i ej‡jÑ m‡Üï ci Avgvi evwo‡Z †h‡Z ej‡eb, Lvevi Pvj †_‡K

GK UvKvi Pvj w`‡q †`‡ev GLb|

M½vPiY ej‡jÑ avb-Pvj †Kv_vq †Mj? Avcbvi GZ eo †`vKv‡bi gvPv GK`g duvKv †Kb?

Ñ Kx Kie evcy, †mw`b cuvPz KzÐzi †`vKvb jyU nIqvi ci Kx K‡i mvnm K‡i gvj ivwL GLv‡b

ejyb! meviB †m `kv| Zvi Ici k ybwP cywj‡k wb‡q hv‡e Pvj Kg `v‡g wgwjUvwii Rb¨|...

Ñ Avgiv bv †L‡q gie?

Ñ hw`b _vK‡e, †`‡ev| ...

Ñ ...ey‡S KvR Kiæb, wKQy Pvj †`‡k _vKzK, bB‡j ywf©¶ n‡e †h! Kx †L‡q euvP‡e gvbyl?

Ñ eywS me, wKš‘ Avwg GKv ivLwj †Zv n‡e bv| Luv eveyiv GZ eo AvoZ`vi, me avb †e‡P

w`‡q‡P Meb©‡g‡›Ui KbUªvKUvi‡ì Kv‡Q| GK `vbv avb iv‡Lwb| GB iKg A‡b‡KB K‡i‡P Lei

wb‡q †`Lyb| Avwg‡Zv Pz‡bvcywU †`vKvb`vi, cÂvk-lvU gb gvj Avgvi we‡`¨|Õ

4. [gwZ gywPbx gviv hv‡”Q| M½vPiY‡K †MvOv‡Z †MvOv‡Z ejj, ÔeÇ R¡i `v`vVvKzi, wZb

w`b LvBwb, y‡Uv fvZ Lve|Õ Zvi c‡ii weeiYx wef‚wZf‚l‡Yi †jLv‡ZB ïbyb]

ÔAb½-†eŠ ïb‡Z †c‡q e¨ Í n‡q DV‡jv, wKš‘ †mI AZ¨šÍ `ye©j| D‡V gwZi Kv‡Q hvIqvi

kw³ ZviI †bB!

ej‡jÑ I‡Mv gwZ‡K wKQy †L‡Z w`‡q G‡mvÑ


Ñ Kx †`‡ev?

Ñ y‡Uv KjvB‡qi Wvj Av‡Q wfR‡bv| GK gy‡Vv w`‡q G‡mv|

Ñ I †L‡q wK gi‡e? Zvi R¡i AvR KZ w`b Zv †K Rv‡b? gyL-nvZ dz‡j †Xvj n‡q‡P| †Kb

I LvB‡q wbwg‡Ëi fvwM n‡ev!

Lye e¨ Í n‡q co‡jv Ab½| wKš‘ Ab¨ wKQyB N‡i †bB| Kx †L‡Z †Ìqv hvq, GK UzK‡iv KPz

N‡i Av‡Q e‡U, wKš‘ Zv †ivMxi Lv`¨ bq| ... †f‡ewP‡šÍ Ab½-†eŠ ej‡jÑ nu¨v Mv, KPz †e‡U Rj

w`‡q wm× K‡i w`‡j †ivMx †L‡Z cv‡i bv?

Ñ Zv †eva nq cv‡i| gvbKPz?

[eªvþY cwÐZ ¯‹z‡ji wk¶K M½vPi‡Yi D‡bv‡biB hw` GB `kv nq AviI wb¤œ-Av‡qi mvaviY

gvby‡li cwiw ’wZ †h KZUv fqven nw”Qj, Zv Gi †_‡K Aby‡gq|]

5. [Ae‡k‡l `ywf©‡¶ g„Zzï NUbv mZ¨ e‡j cÖgvY n‡jv| wef‚wZf‚lY Zvi AbbyKiYxq eY©bvq

†mB AvcvZ Awek^vm¨ NUbvi K_v wjL‡Qb| †m eY©bv PvwP©j-†KBbm& ev Jcwb‡ewkK fvi‡Zi

fvBmiqiv †KD c‡obwb, wKš‘ mZ¨wRr iv‡qi ÔAkwb ms‡KZÕ Qwei Kj¨v‡Y c‡i gwZ gywPbxi

g„Zz¨ mgMÖ cwðgv RM‡Z ivóª n‡q wM‡qwQj]

ÔMÖv‡g _vKv Lye gykwKj n‡q co‡jv gwZ gywPbxi g„Zz¨ nIqvi c‡i| Abvnv‡i g„Zz¨ GB cÖ_g|

Gi Av‡M †KD RvbZ bv ev wek^vmI K‡iwb †h Abvnv‡i Avevi gvbyl gi‡Z cv‡i| GZ dj _vK‡Z

Mv‡Q Mv‡Q, b`xi R‡j GZ gvQ _vK‡Z, we‡kl K‡i GZ †jvK †hLv‡b evm K‡i MÖv‡g I cv‡ki

MÖv‡g, ZLb gvbyl KLbI bv †L‡q g‡i? †KD bv †KD †L‡Z †`‡eB| bv †L‡q mwZ¨B †KD gi‡e

bv|

wKš‘ gwZ gywPbxi e¨vcv‡i mK‡jB eyS‡j, bv †L‡q gvby‡l Zvn‡j †Zv gi‡Z cv‡i| GZ w`b

hv M‡í-Kvwnbx‡Z †kvbv †hZ, AvR Zv m¤¢‡ei MwÐi g‡a¨ G‡m †cuŠ‡Q †Mj| KB, GB †h GKUv

†jvK gviv †Mj bv †L‡q, †KD †Zv Zv‡K †L‡Z w`‡j bv? †KD †Zv Zv‡K g„Zzï nvZ †_‡K euvPv‡Z

cvi‡j bv? mK‡ji g‡b welg GKUv Avk¼vi m„wó n‡jv| mevB †Zv Zvn‡j bv †L‡q gi‡Z cv‡i!Õ

ÔAkwb ms‡KZÕ QvovI †m mg‡q Zvivk¼i e‡›`¨vcva¨vq wj‡LwQ‡jb Zvi Ôgš^šÍiÕ Dcb¨vm

(`ywf©‡¶i Ic‡i †jLv weRb fÆvPv‡h©i ÔbevbœÕ bvUKwU ZLbB Rbwc ÖqZvi kx‡l© †cuŠ‡QwQj)| 1942

mv‡ji kxZ-†gŠmy‡gi Lv`¨km¨ eb¨v I N ~wY©S‡oi d‡j A‡bKUvB bó n‡q †Mj `w¶Y e‡½i

†Rjv¸‡jv‡Z| ÔgššÍ‡iÕ Zvivk¼i wj‡L‡Qb :Ô†jvK K‡qKwU †gw`bxcy‡ii Awaevmx| Nievwo †f‡O

gvwUi wXwe n‡q †M‡Q, Miæ-evQyi †f‡m †M‡Q, R‡jv”Q¡v‡m Rwgi ey‡K Pvwc‡q w`‡q‡Q evwji ivwk|

AšÍ †bBÑ GgbwK Z…òv wgwU‡q Rjcvb KieviI Dcvq †bBÑ Rj jeYv³ n‡q †M‡Q|Õ GB eb¨v-

R‡jv”Q¡vm-N~wY©So `ywf©‡¶i cÖvM-cUf‚wg m„wó K‡iwQj| gššÍ‡i weRq`v bxjv‡K wjL‡Q :ÔGLb

gvN gvm, GiB g‡a¨ †`LwQÑ avb cÖvq AšÍwn©Z n‡q †Mj| MZ eQ‡ii wWbv‡qj cwjwm, G eQ‡ii

ARš§v, Gi Ici †Pviv evRv‡ii Kv‡jv Kvco XvKv nvZ avb †U‡b wb‡”Q...gvbyl gi‡Q; `‡j `‡j

†`k Z¨vM Ki‡Q; ¯¿x-Kb¨v‡K †d‡j cvjv‡”Q, mšÍvb weµx Ki‡Q, we‡kl K‡i Kb¨v-mšÍvb|Õ gššÍi


Dcb¨vmwU mgmvgwqKZvq we× n‡jI Av`k© cÖPv‡ii Kvi‡Y ZZUv wk‡ívËxY© n‡Z cv‡iwb|

Zvivk¼i GKw`‡K gnvZ¥vi Abymvix, Ab¨w`‡K evgcwš’ wPšÍvavivi cÖfveI ¯xKvi K‡i wb‡”Qb|

G `yB‡qi wgwjZ D”Q¡vm gv‡Sg‡a¨B Zvi cvÎ-cvÎx‡ì K_vi g‡a¨ Dc‡P c‡o| GKwU D`vniY

w`B, kni KjKvZvq ZLb ywf©¶cxwoZ Rb‡mªvZ Xz‡K c‡o‡Q| evwKUv Zvivk¼‡ii eY©bvq ïbyb:

Ôbx‡P c‡_i Dci †_‡K ¶xY KvZi K‡É WvK DVjÑ fvZ `vI gv PviwU, evwm fvZ! bxjv

Ges KvbvB‡qi gy‡Li nvwm wgwj‡q †Mj| G gššÍi †kl bv nIqv ch©šÍ nvmvUv Zv‡ì Kv‡Q Aciva

e‡j g‡b n‡jv|

weRq`v †jLv mgvß K‡i ej‡jvÑ KvbvB fvB, GBevi Kv‡R †b‡g c‡ov, bxjv fvB, Kg‡i‡Wi

m‡½ ZzwgI †j‡M c‡ov| ...

bxjv Gevi ej‡jÑ ejyb, Kx Kie? KvR e‡j w`b|

Ñ KvR A‡bK| gvbyl‡K, G gššÍ‡ii y‡h©vM cvi K‡i wb‡q †h‡Z n‡e|Õ

ÔgššÍi Dcb¨v‡m GKwU †KŠZ~nj-RvMv‡bv Z_¨ Av‡Q iex›`ªbv_‡K wb‡q| iex› ªbv_

wj‡LwQ‡jb weªwUk cvj©v‡g‡›Ui ¯Zš¿ m`m¨ wgm Gwj‡qbi i¨v_‡evb (Rathbone)-‡K: ÔmgMÖ

weªwUk †bŠeni Bsj¨v‡Ði e›`‡i e›`‡i †cuŠ‡Q w`‡”Q ivwk ivwk Lv`¨`ªe¨ AwekÖvšÍ cwikÖ‡g| Avi

`ywf©ÿ-cxwoZ Avgv‡ì †`‡ki gvby‡li Kv‡Q GK †Rjv †_‡K Ab¨ †Rjvq GK Mvwo Lv`Ï

†cuŠQvevi eë¯’v nq bv|Õ cÂv‡ki `ywf©¶ wb‡q AviI K_vmvwnZ¨ †jLv n‡q‡Q evsjvq| Gi g‡a¨

we‡kl D‡jøL‡hvM¨ †Mvcvj nvj`v‡ii wUªjwRÑ ÔcÂv‡ki c_Õ, ÔEbcÂvwkÕ I Ô1350Õ| j½iLvbv

†Lvjvi K_v Av‡Q A‡bK M‡í| ˆmq` IqvjxDjøvni ÔbqbPvivÕ MÖ‡š’i Ôg„Zz¨hvÎvÕ M‡í MÖvg †Q‡o

wbibœ gvby‡li Ak³ c_Pjvi weeiY cvB| `ywf©‡¶i mg‡q IqvjxDjøvn KjKvZvq Ae¯’vb

KiwQ‡jb Ges evgavivi QvÎ msMVb ÷z‡W›U †dWv‡ikb Ae BwÛqvi m‡½ RwoZ wQ‡jb|

Ôg„Zz¨hvÎvÕ M‡í wZwb wjL‡Qb :ÔwZby wKQy ej‡j bv| nVvr Kx n‡q‡Q ZviÑ b`xi Aci Zxi †`Levi

Rb¨ Zvi gbUv AvKzj n‡q D‡V‡Q| Zvi Avk¼v n‡”QÑ gnvmvM‡ii Zx‡i †hb e‡m i‡q‡Q| c_

fzj K‡i wK Zviv mxgvnxb gnvmvM‡ii Zx‡i G‡m e‡m‡Q gi‡Yi cv‡i hv‡e e‡j?... KÕw`b n‡jv

gwZ DavI n‡q †M‡Q Muv †_‡K Ges Zvi †Luv‡R †m G‡ì m½ wb‡q‡Q| Zv Qvov Muv‡q †h iKg

exfrm AvKvj †j‡M‡Q, †mLv‡b _vK‡j g„Zz¨ wbwðZ|Õ ywf©‡¶i Kvi‡Y Rwg mvgvb¨ wUcmB w`‡q

wewµ K‡i w`‡qwQj wbibœ K…lK, G K_v knx`yjøvn Kvqmv‡ii ÔmskßKÕ Avgv‡ì Rvwb‡q‡Q| Avey

Bmnv‡Ki Ôm ~h©`xNj evwoÕ Dcb¨v‡m Rq¸Y 1943-44 mv‡ji ywf©‡¶i ¯§„wZPviY Ki‡Q Gfv‡e

:ÔcÂvk m‡bi K_v g‡b nq| GKUv †ivRvI ivLv nqwb| †ivRv ivLvi K_v g‡bI nqwb| GK evwU

†d‡bi Rb¨ †Q‡j‡g‡q wb‡q KZ RvqMvq-KZ evwo‡Z Zv‡K Nyi‡Z n‡q‡P... gv‡Sg‡a¨ mvivivZ

mvivw`b †K‡U‡Q, GKUv `vbvI c‡owb †c‡U|Õ

nygvq~b Avn‡g` Zvi aªæc`x iPbv Ôga¨výÕ Dcb¨v‡m cÂv‡ki gššÍi‡K †cÖvw_Z K‡i‡Qb|

Zv‡Z K‡i †`Lv hvq, ïay cwðge‡½ Ges KjKvZvq bq, GB `ywf©‡¶i c Öfve c~e© evsjvi cÖZ¨šÍ

MÖvgvÂ‡jI Qwo‡q c‡owQj| Pvj wK‡b hy×iZ Bs‡iR †mbv‡ì myiw¶Z Kivi Rb¨ ÔcÖwKDi‡g›U

cwjwmÕ ywf©¶‡K Awbevh© K‡i Zz‡jwQj| wd‡i hvB nygvq~‡bi eY©bvq :


1. [Avi, wc, mvnvi K_v g‡b †i‡LB wK wb‡Pi GB ¯ÍeKwU wj‡LwQ‡jb nygvq ~b? ¯§Z©e¨, iY`v

c Ömv` c‡i Ô`vbexiÕiƒ‡c mgwaK cwiwPwZ †c‡jI Zvi ÔcÖv_wgK cyuwR mÂqbÕ n‡qwQj hy‡×i

evRv‡iÑ ywf©‡¶i cwiw ’wZ‡ZÑ avb-Pv‡ji gRy``vwi K‡iB GK_v Ave`yjøvn& dviæK Zvi GKwU

†jLvq Avgv‡ì Rvwb‡q‡Qb]|

ÔevÜecyi evRv‡i GKKwo mvnvi Pv‡ji AvoZ| wZwb mvgvb¨ cyuwR w`‡q ïiæ K‡iwQ‡jb|

hy‡×i Kvi‡Y GLb igigv Ae¯’v| avb-Pv‡ji `vg cÖwZw`bB evo‡Q| AviI evo‡eÑ G iKg ¸Re

evZv‡m fvm‡Q| me Pvj bvwK wgwjUvwiiv wK‡b wb‡e|... †`‡ki Pvj me miKvi wKb‡Q| Gw`‡K

Avevi evg©v gyjyK †_‡K Pvj Avmv eÜ| Rvcvwbiv evg©v w`‡q fvZie‡l© XzK‡e|Õ

2. [GUv †Mj ywf©‡¶i Ôe¨vKMÖvD‡ÛiÕ K_v| Gevi nygvq ~b †`Lv‡eb Kx K‡i gRy``vwi ïiæ

n‡q †Mj miKvwi µq-Awfhv‡bi Avov‡j]

ÔGKKwo nvwi‡Kb wbwf‡q w`‡q‡Qb| †K‡ivwm‡bi mvkÖq Ki‡Z n‡e|... Av‡av AÜKv‡i

GKKwo †`vKv‡bi Kg©Pvix‡ì wb‡q êV‡K em‡jb| Mjv bvwg‡q ej‡jb, Pvj wKbv ïiæ K‡iv|

`vg wKQy †ewk n‡jI wKbev| eo †bŠKv wb‡q fvwU AÂ‡ji w`‡K hvI| †mLv‡b avb-Pvj `yBB

m¯Ív|Õ

3. [Amy¯’ Ae¯’vq gvIjvbv B`wim ï‡q Av‡Qb wkqvj`n †ij‡÷k‡bi cø vUd‡g©| wZwb GKv

bb, Zvi cv‡k ywf©‡¶ bv †L‡Z †c‡q gviv hv‡”Q Ggb A‡b‡KB ï‡q Av‡Q| G‡ì‡K Avjv`v Kiv

n‡q‡Q| Gici †kvbv hvK nygvq~‡bi eY©bvq]

ÔnvmcvZv‡j †ivMxi RvqMv †bB| †¯^”Qv‡mexiv wKQy mvnv‡hï †Póv Ki‡Q| †mB mvnvh¨ †Kv‡bv

Kv‡R Avm‡Q bv| gvIjvbv‡K mKvj‡ejv GKUv iæwU †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| gvIjvbv iæwU Lvbwb| iæwU

Pvicv‡k c‡o Av‡Q, †mLv‡b wcucov D‡V‡Q| gvIjvbv Av‡Qb cÖej †Nv‡i| mviv¶YB Zvi g‡b

n‡”Q gv_vi †fZi w`‡q †Uªb PjvPj Ki‡Q|Õ

[Gici GKUz hLb fv‡jv n‡eb gvIjvbv Bw «m ¯qs Wv. weavbP›`« iv‡qi wPwKrmvq, Zvi †`Lv

n‡q hv‡e ZiæY ZvivksKi e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi mv‡_| wZwb ZLb ÔMY‡èZvÕ wjL‡Qb| whwb KLbI

nvw`m-†Kviv‡bi evB‡i †Kv‡bv Mí-Dcb¨vm c‡ob bvB, Zv‡K ZvivksKi c‡o †kvbv‡eb

ÔMY‡èZvÕ †_‡K : Ô†muv †muv k‡ã cÖej So| S‡o Pv‡ji Lo Dwo‡Z‡Q, Mv‡Qi Wvj fvwO‡Z‡Q|

weKU k‡ã IB Kvi wU‡bi N‡ii Pvj Dwoqv †Mj|Õ G †hb M‡íi g‡a¨ Mí|]

1943-44 mv‡ji ywf©‡¶i GKUv eo êwkó¨ wQj †h, Gi cÖfve mviv evsjv‡ZB Abyf‚Z

n‡qwQj| AgZ© †mb Zvi cfvwU© A¨vÛ †dwgb eB‡Z wj‡L‡Qb †h, GB ywf©¶ AMÖmi n‡qwQj

wZbwU ch©v‡q| cÖ_g ch©vq we¯Í…Z wQj 1942-i ïiæ †_‡K 1943-i gvP© ch©šÍ, hLb Avw`MšÍ

`ywf©‡¶i bMœ càŸwb †kvbv †M‡Q| wØZxq ch©vq 1943 mv‡ji gvP© †_‡K b‡f¤i ch©šÍ P‡j‡Q; GB

c‡e© Abvnv‡i MÖvg-evsjvi gvbyl gi‡Z ïiæ KiwQj| wef…wZf‚l‡Yi ÔAkwb ms‡KZÕ cÖ_g ch©vq

†_‡K ïiæ n‡q wØZxq ch©v‡q G‡m ‡kl n‡q hvq| Z…Zxq ch©vq P‡j‡Q 1943 mv‡ji b‡f¤i †_‡K

1944 mv‡ji †kl bvMv`| GB ch©v‡q Lv`¨-msKU cwiw¯’wZi DbœwZ n‡jI g„Zzï nvi Kgvi

cwie‡Z© µ‡gB †e‡o PjwQj| 1943-44 mv‡ji ywf©‡¶i Ôme‡P‡q ¶wZMÖ ÍÕ †Rjv¸‡jvi g‡a¨


wQj PÆMÖvg, wÎcyiv, †bvqvLvjx, XvKv, dwi`cyi, gqgbwmsn, †gw`bxcyi, 24 ciMbv, nvIov I

ûMjx| ÔgvSvwi ¶wZMÖ ÍÕ GjvKvi g‡a¨ wQj h‡kvi, Lyjbv I ewikvj Avi Ôme‡P‡q Kg ¶wZMÖ ÍÕ

†Rjv¸‡jvi g‡a¨ wQj iscyi, ea©gvb, exif‚g, euvKzov, bw`qv cÖf…wZ| A_©vr G ZvwjKv †_‡K ¯úó

†h, 1943-44 mv‡ji ywf©‡¶ we‡klfv‡e cxwoZ n‡qwQj c~e©e‡½i †Rjv¸‡jv| Rvcvwb Avµg‡Yi

Avk¼v, Jcwb‡ewkK miKv‡ii Pvj gRy` Kivi bxwZ ev Z_vKw_Z ÔwWbv‡qj cwjwmÕ, Pv‡ji

cYëvnx †QvU-gvSvwi †bŠKv¸‡jv (10 R‡bi †ewk †jvK DV‡Z cv‡i Ggb me †bŠKv) aŸsm K‡i

†djv GmeB c ~e©e‡½i ¯’vbxq ch©v‡q Lv`¨vfve evwo‡q w`‡qwQj I ywf©¶ve¯’vi †cÖw¶Z m„wó

K‡iwQj| weªwUkiv wb‡RivB Zv‡ì ˆZwi Dwbk kZ‡Ki Ô†dwgb †KvWÕ AbymiY K‡iwb| Ki‡j,

cÂv‡ki gššÍi mn‡RB Gov‡bv †hZ| †kl ch©šÍ G iKg wm×v‡šÍ DcbxZ n‡q‡Qb AgZ©¨ †mb|

msKUUv AviI mn‡R mgvavb Kiv †hZ hw` cÖv‡`wkK miKvi AviI m‡Pó n‡Zv| evsjvq

ZLb LvRv bvwRgywÏ‡bi gymwjg jxM miKvi| myeªZ ivq‡PŠayix gšÍe¨ K‡i‡Qb, ÔweªwUk miKv‡ii...

Rbwe‡ivax Kvh©Kjv‡ci cvkvcvwk... bvwRgywÏb miKviI gybvdvi g„Mqvq †g‡Z wQj| GB mg‡q

6 UvKv †ewk `‡i Lv`¨ wewµ K‡i evsjvi gymwjg jxM miKvi... 75 jvL UvKv gybvdv K‡i|Õ †e½j

gymwjg †P¤vi Ae Kgv‡m©i mfvcwZ B¯úvnvbx‡K miKvi †_‡K wb‡qvM †Ìqv n‡qwQj hy‡×i Rb¨

cÖ‡qvRbxq Pvj evsjv †_‡K msMÖ‡ni Rb¨| `ywf©¶ cieZ©x †dwgb Kwgk‡bi Kv‡Q B¯úvnvbx GB

g‡g© mv¶¨ w`‡qwQ‡jb †h, 1942 mv‡ji †g gv‡mi g‡a¨B †`kxq G‡R›U‡ì gva¨‡g ÔPwjøk nvRvi

gYÕ Pvj wK‡b wZwb hy‡×i Rb¨ gRy‡ì eë¯’v K‡i †i‡LwQ‡jb| 1943 mv‡ji †g gvm bvMv` GB

cwigvY †e‡o ùvovq Ô2,35,557 gYÕ, hv B¯úvnvbx cÖwZ gY 14 UvKv 12 Avbv 7 cvB `‡i evsjv

miKv‡ii Kv‡Q wewµ K‡iwQjÑ hLb evRvi g ~j¨ wQj 32 UvKv gY| G‡Z K‡i cÖkœ DV‡ZB cv‡i

†h, ywf©‡¶ hLb †jvK gviv hv‡”Q, ZLb GZ cwigvY Pvj gRy` Kivi A_© Kx? †evSvB hv‡”Q,

PvwP©j‡K †Zv e‡UB, Z`vbxšÍb cÖv‡`wkK miKvi‡KI wKQyUv `vq`vwqZ¡ wb‡Z n‡e GB ywf©¶

wbevi‡Y e¨_©Zvi Rb¨| †e½j gymwjg jxM wiwjd KwgwUi m¤úv`K †PŠayix †gvqv‡¾g †nv‡mb GB

cwiw¯’wZi m„wó †cQ‡b ivR‰bwZK `vq`vwqZ¡ bv Gov‡bvi Rb¨ jxM †bZ…e„›`‡K c‡iv¶fv‡e mZK©

K‡i w`‡”Qb| Gjv †m‡bi c ~‡e©v³ eBwU †_‡K Zv Zz‡j w`w”Q :

“From March or April this year (1943) people began to starve because rice

had disappeared from the market and the black market rate was so high... it was

beyond the reach of the people... Many people had to quit their villages in search

of food in the town; these who remained in the villages had to perish... Bengal is

threatened with physical extinction and moral collapse. Where will be the Muslim

League if hundreds of thousands of Muslims die? What will be the meaning of

Pakistan where there will be skeleton-like sub-humans in desolate villages?Ó

`ywf©¶cxwoZ gvbyl‡ì wb‡q wK Kvw•¶Z Av`‡k©i ÔcvwK¯ÍvbÕ M‡o †Zvjv hv‡e? GB wQj †PŠayix

†gvqv‡¾g †nv‡m‡bi cÖkœ| cieZ©x‡Z, †`kfv‡Mi ci gymwjg jxM †h ªæZ RbwcÖqZv nvwi‡qwQj

ZviI †cQ‡b wQj mvaviY Rbgvby‡li Lv`¨-msK‡Ui h_vh_ †gvKv‡ejv bv Ki‡Z cvivi e¨_©Zv|

†mwU Avgiv eìæwÏb Dg‡ii aªæc`x MÖš’ Ôc~e©e‡½i fvlv Av‡›`vjb I ZrKvjxb ivRbxwZÕ Gi


myev‡` A‡bK Av‡MB †R‡bwQ| HwZnvwmK Avn‡g` KvgvjI Zvi Ô‡÷U G‡MBb÷ ‡bkbÕ eB‡Z

G wb‡q wj‡L‡Qb|

Z‡e miKv‡ii evB‡i wkw¶Z ga¨weË mgv‡Ri c¶ †_‡K †Rjvq †Rjvq A‡b‡KB ywf©¶

†gvKv‡ejvq GwM‡q G‡mwQ‡jb| PÆMÖvg wQj AZ¨šÍ `ywf©¶cxwoZ GjvKv| †mLv‡b cyi mgvR,

we‡klZ cÖMwZgbv As‡ki D‡`¨v‡M ywf©¶-wbevi‡Yi †Póv n‡qwQj| Ôwb‡Pi †_‡K D‡`¨v‡MiÕ GB

D`vniY¸‡jv‡K wjwce× I msi¶Y Kiv ìKvi, G‡Z K‡i y‡h©vM cÖwZ‡iv‡a cyi mgv‡Ri m¤¢ve¨

Zvrch©c~Y© f‚wgKvi w`KwU ¯úó n‡e| me wKQyi Rb¨ÑAby`vb †_‡K we`¨v`v‡bi cÖ‡qvRb AewaÑ

iv‡óªi Ic‡i wbf©i Kivi aviv GK iæMœ gvbwmKZvi cwiPvqK| gvneye Dj Avjg †PŠayixi

¯§„wZPviY Ô¯§„wZi mÜv‡bÕ MÖš’wUi weij GKwU Aa¨v‡qi bvg Ôhy× I ywf©‡¶i LÐwPÎÕ| ZiæY

gvneye Dj Avjg wjL‡Qb : ÔB‡Zvg‡a¨ Avgiv PÆMÖvg kn‡i wZbwU j½iLvbv Lywj Ges KwgDwb÷

cvwU© cwiPvwjZ †ewe †nv‡gI wbqwgZ Avw_©K mnvqZv `vb Kivi wm×všÍ MÖnY Kwi| ... ywf©‡¶i

mgq ÎvYKvh© Pvjv‡Z wM‡q Avwg KwgDwb÷ cvwU©i AviI wbKUeZ©x n‡q DwV| ... G Qvov Av‡M

†_‡KB Avgvi gvgvi m‡½ eÜzZ¡ wQj c~‡Y©›`y `w Í vi, Kíbv `Ë, KíZiæ †mb¸ß ... cÖgyL KxwZ©gvb

cvwU© †bZv‡ì m‡½| ... GKw`b gv cÖ Íve Ki‡jb [GKRb cÖwZ‡ekx wn› y igYx hv‡K gvZ…nviv

gvneye Dj Avjg ÔgvÕ e‡j WvK‡Zb Ges whwb fve‡Zb Ôc~e©R‡b¥Õ gvneye wbðqB ÔeªvþY wQ‡jbÕ]

Pj ywf©¶cxwoZ‡ì mvnvh¨v‡_© Avgiv GKwU mvs¯‹…wZK Abyôvb Kwi| ... mevB ywf©‡¶i Ici

GKwU bvUK †jLvi Rb¨ Avgv‡K cxovcxwo Ki‡Z jvM‡jb| Avwg bZzb gv‡qi wb‡ ©‡k K‡qKw`‡bi

g‡a¨ GKwU bvUK Lvov Kijvg| ywf©‡¶i Ici weRb fÆvPv‡h©i ÔbevbœÕ ... bvU‡Ki †Kv‡bv Kwc

wQj bv| d‡j GB bvUK iPbvq Avwg Kg‡iW c~‡Y©›`y `w Í v‡ii mvnvh¨ wb‡qwQjvg, g‡b c‡o| Lye

Drmv‡ni m‡½ ¯’vbxq gymwjg n‡j Avgvi ÔfvObÕ bvUKwU AwfbxZ n‡jv| ... A‡bK UvKvi wUwKU

wewµ n‡qwQj| hÏyi g‡b c‡o, UvKvUv ÎvYKv‡h© iZ †ewe †nvgmn †ek KÕwU mvnvh¨ ms¯’v‡K

†Ìqv n‡qwQj|Õ

cyi mgv‡Ri ch©v‡q ywf©¶-wbevi‡Y ÎvYKvh© cwiPvwjZ n‡jI ywf©‡¶i `xN©‡gqvw` cÖwZwµqv

P‡jwQj AviI eû eQi a‡i| 1943-44 mv‡ji cUf‚wg I Kvh©KviY m ~Î wb‡q hZ M‡elYv n‡q‡Q

Gi mvgvwRK cÖwZwµqv wb‡q ZZUv Av‡jvPbv ev AbymÜvb nqwb| 2007 mv‡j G‡m gvneye Dj

Avjg †PŠayix wj‡L‡Qb, ÔGfv‡e wØZxq gnvhy× I ywf©‡¶i w`b¸‡jv †kl n‡jv e‡U, wKš‘ Avgv‡ì

mgvR Rxe‡b Zv‡Z †h ¶‡Zi m„wó n‡qwQj, †mB ¶Z GZ eQi c‡iI ïKvqwb|Õ Gw`KUv

M‡elK‡ì we‡kl g‡bv‡hv‡Mi `vwe iv‡L|

6| 1974 mv‡ji `ywf©¶

†mw`‡bi K_v AvRI g‡b c‡o| XvKv K‡j‡Ri mvg‡b uvwo‡q AvwQ| AvM÷ ev †m‡Þ¤î|

†iŠ « SKS‡K w`b| wgicyi †ivW h_vixwZ e¨ Í| iv Ívi Gav‡i nKv‡ii eBcÎ †`LwQ| cv‡k

by¨gv‡K©UMvgx wiKkvi wfo| iv Ívi Iav‡i 4 UvKv `v‡gi wKgv c‡ivUv fvRv n‡”Q, Zvi MÜ Qwo‡q

c‡o‡Q Pvicv‡k| nVvr K‡i †Pv‡L coj GB kvnwiK e¨wZe¨ ÍZvi g‡a¨ GKRb wZwi‡kvaŸ© bvix

†U‡b †U‡b iv Ív cvi n‡”Qb| †nu‡U bqÑ ï‡q, wb‡R‡KB K¬všÍfv‡e Uvb‡Qb| Zvi ci‡b †Kv‡bv

Kvco †bB! G iKg „k¨ Gi Av‡M Avwg KLbI †`wLwb| M‡íi eB‡ZI cwowb| Avgvi aviYv,


XvKv kniI Gi Av‡M G iKg nZevK Kiv `„k¨ KLbI †`‡Lwb| Gi c‡i h_vixwZ Avgvi evm

Gj| †mUvq P‡o evwo wd‡i †MwQ Avi me w`‡bi g‡Zv| wKš‘ `„kÜv GLbI RxešÍ n‡q Av‡Q

g‡b| wR‡Ám Kiv‡Z †K GKRb ejj, ÔeyS‡j bv| ywf©¶ Pj‡Q iscy‡i| Giv †mB iscyi †_‡K

Lvev‡ii †Luv‡R XvKv kn‡i P‡j G‡m‡Q|Õ Gici hZevi †MwQ H RvqMv w`‡q, cÖwZeviB g‡b

c‡o‡Q †mB ARvbv Abv¤œx bvixi K_v| †m †eu‡PwQj wKbv †m eQi, A_ev GLbI †eu‡P Av‡Q wKbv

Rvwb bv| gwnDwÏb AvjgMx‡ii wnmve D×…Z K‡i AgZ© †mb wj‡L‡Qb, Ô1974 mv‡ji ywf©‡¶

gviv wM‡qwQj cÖvq c‡b‡iv j¶ gvbyl|Õ n‡Z cv‡i, †mB bvix cÖvq 6 nvRvi j½iLvbvi GKwU‡Z

AvkÖq †c‡qwQj, A_ev n‡Z cv‡i, †mB AvkÖq cvIqvi c‡iI †m euvP‡Z cv‡iwb| gvbyl †Zv ïay

¶zavq gviv hvq bv, Gi mv‡_ Rwo‡q _v‡K, KZ wbMÖn-Am¤§vb, KZ AmyL-wemyL| GR‡b¨B e‡j

Ôgvix I gššÍiÕ| Avgvi wb‡Ri aviYv, ¯vaxbZvi AeëwnZ c‡ii †h cÖRš§ wb‡R‡ì Ôj÷

†Rbv‡ikbÕ fve‡Z ïiæ K‡i w`‡qwQj, Zvi †cQ‡b µgvMZ ivR‰bwZK Aw ’iZvi cvkvcvwk

`ywf©‡¶i GK `xN© cÖjw¤^Z Qvqv cÖfve †d‡j _vK‡e| ¯vaxbZv-DËi †hŠewbK D”Q¡v‡mi Avb›`gq

g~n~Z©¸‡jv mvgwqKKv‡ji R‡b¨ n‡jI †X‡K wM‡qwQj ywf©¶RwbZ AvZ¼, welv` I nZvkvq| ZK©

DV‡jI ejv †h‡Z cv‡i, mvgvwRK g~j¨‡ev‡ai cÖK…Z Ae¶‡qi ïiæ †mB †_‡K|

1974 mv‡ji ywf©¶ wb‡q †jLv‡jwLi †kl †bB| Gi Kvh©KviY, g„Zzï e¨vwß, †`kxq I

AvšÍR©vwZK wewfbœ d¨v±‡ii Zzjbvg~jK ¸iæZ¡ G wb‡q AvRI PP©v nq| 1974 mv‡ji `ywf©¶ wb‡q

cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj cuvPwU iPbvi GLv‡b D‡jøL Ki‡Z PvB|

cÖ_‡gB Avm‡e AgZ©¨ †m‡bi ÔcfvwU© A¨vÛ †dwgbÕ MÖš’wU, hvi K_v Gi Av‡M e‡jwQ| GwU

1981 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ| Avgvi wØZxq cQ›` n‡jv, gwnDwÏb AvjgMx‡ii Ô†dwgb Bb mvD_ Gwkqv

: cwjwUK¨vj B‡Kvbwg Ae gvm ÷vi‡fkbÕ| GwU 1980 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ| AvjgMxi eBwU †j‡Lb

1970-Gi `k‡K hLb wZwb weAvBwWG‡mi M‡elYv cwiPvjK wn‡m‡e Kg©iZ wQ‡jb| Avgvi

Z…Zxq cQ›` n‡jv 1987 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ gvwU©b i¨vfvwjq‡bi Ôgv‡K©Um A¨vÛ †dwgbm&Õ| Avgvi

ZvwjKvi PZz_© Ae¯’v‡b Av‡Q Aa¨vcK †ingvb †mvenv‡bi 1979 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ ÔcwjwU· Ae

dzW A¨vÛ †dwgb Bb evsjv‡`kÕÑ GwU GKwU AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c ~Y© cÖeÜ, cÖ_g wZbwUi g‡Zv eB bq

hwÌ, wKš‘ PzqvË‡ii `ywf©‡¶i †cQ‡b AvšÍR©vwZK lohš¿ Z_v gvwK©b n Í‡¶‡ci f‚wgKvi weiæ‡×

D‡š§vPbg ~jK cÖ_g cÖwZev` (B‡KvbwgK A¨vÛ cwjwUK¨vj DBKwj mvgwqKx‡Z cÖKvwkZ)| me‡k‡l

D‡jøL Kie Aa¨vcK byiæj Bmjv‡gi Ô`¨ ev_© Ae G †bkb : Gb B‡Kvbwg÷Õm †UjÕ eBwUi

`ywf©¶-msµvšÍ cwi‡”Q`wU| Gi evB‡i Aa¨vcK wmwÏKzi ingvb Imgvbx Zvi GKvwaK †jLvq

PzqvË‡ii ywf©¶, †m‡bi ÔG·‡PÄ GbUvB‡Uj‡g‡›UÕi ZË¡ Ges Ab¨vb¨ cÖvmw½K ZË¡xq w`K wb‡q

wek`fv‡e Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| A_©vr, Avwg ej‡Z PvBwQ, evsjv 1176 mv‡ji ev evsjv 1350

mv‡ji gššÍi wb‡q †hLv‡b M‡elYvc‡Îi AcÖZzjZv i‡q †M‡Q, Bs‡iwR 1974 mv‡ji ywf©¶ †m

cwi‡cÖw¶‡ZÑ wewfbœ wbwi‡Li Kv‡Ri ga¨ w`‡qBÑ GK eûj Av‡jvwPZ welq|

Gme †jLvcÎ †_‡K PzqvË‡ii `ywf©‡¶i cÖfveK I Kvh©KviY m¤ú‡K© †hme cÖeYZv †gvUv

`v‡M †ewi‡q Av‡m Zv wb¤œiƒc| cÖ_gZ, Dch©ycwi eb¨vi Zxeª AvNvZ| eªþcyÎ †m eQi †hb dzu‡m

D‡VwQj| Ab¨vb¨ b`-b`xi cvwbI AcÖZ¨vwkZfv‡e evowQj| 1974 mv‡ji Ryb gv‡mi †k‡li


eb¨vq AvDk av‡bi cÖf‚Z ¶q¶wZ n‡q hvq| 17B RyjvB †`‡ki me eo b`x¸‡jvi cvwb wec`mxgv

AwZµg K‡i, A_©vr AvDk dmj IVvi †gŠmy‡gB eb¨vi cvwb Qwo‡q c‡o avb‡¶‡Z-gv‡V| GB

¶wZUv mvgvj †Ìqv †hZ Avgb avb Avev‡ì gva¨‡g| wKš‘ AvDk avb bó nIqvi 15 w`‡bi

gv_vq A_©vr RyjvB‡qi †k‡l AvM÷ gv‡mi cÖ_g mßv‡nB cvwb Avevi ûû K‡i evo‡Z _v‡K|

†hme Rwg‡Z Avg‡bi exRZjv ˆZwi nw”Qj †m¸‡jv ¶wZi gy‡L c‡o hvq| 1jv AvM÷ PÆMÖvg

I wm‡j‡Ui mv‡_ XvKvi moK I †ij †hvMv‡hvM wew”Qbœ n‡q c‡o eb¨vi cvwb †e‡o IVvi Kvi‡Y|

11B AvM÷ bvMv` XvKvi mv‡_ DËie‡½i mg¯Í moK I †ij †hvMv‡hvM eÜ n‡q hvq| AvM‡÷i

gvSvgvwS eb¨vi cvwb evo‡Z evo‡Z †m eQ‡ii †iKW©-D”PZvq wM‡q †cuŠ‡Q| G‡Z K‡i bZzb †evbv

Avgb av‡bi GKUv eo Ask ¶wZi Ke‡j c‡o| wKš‘ g ~j AvNvZUv Av‡m †m‡Þ¤‡i| G mgq

eb¨vi cvwb ax‡i ax‡i Kgvi K_v| wKš‘ †m eQi eªþcyÎ b‡ì cvwb †m‡Þ¤î gv‡mi †Mvovi w`‡K

Avev‡iv wec`mxgv AwZµg K‡i| G‡Z K‡i AvM÷ gv‡mi eb¨vi c‡i hZUzKz Avgb avb †eu‡P

wQj †mUzKzI (†ivcv Avg‡bi AwaKvsk) eb¨vi cvwb‡Z bó n‡q hvq| G iKg Dch©ycwi eb¨vi

AvNv‡Zi ci †m‡Þ¤‡ii †k‡l G‡m ywf©‡¶ AvµvšÍ nIqvi miKvwi †NvlYv †Ìqv Qvov †Kv‡bv

Dcvq wQj bv †mw`b|

wØZxqZ, cÖvq 6 nvRv‡ii g‡Zv j½iLvbv †Lvjv bv n‡j AviI A‡bK g„Zz¨ Avgv‡ì †`L‡Z

n‡Zv m‡›`n †bB| Z‡e AviI †ewk msL¨vq Ges `xN©w`‡bi Rb¨ j½iLvbv †Lvjv/Pvjy ivLvi Rb¨

PvB cÖ‡qvRbxq Lv`¨k‡mï gRy`, Avi †mB gRy‡ì miKvwi ¶gZv K‡g wM‡qwQj †m eQi

AvšÍR©vwZK Z_v gvwK©b loh‡š¿| 1973 mvj †_‡KB evsjv‡`k‡K Lv`¨km¨ Ômvnvh¨Õ (dzW GBW)

wn‡m‡e †Ìqvi e¨vcv‡i Mwogwm KiwQj †cÖwm‡W›U wb·‡bi gvwK©b miKvi| 1973 mv‡ji †k‡li

w`‡K Ae¯’vUv GZ ¸iæZi ch©v‡q †cuŠ‡Q †h, evsjv‡`k eva¨ nq †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb‡K Lv`¨

mvnv‡hï Aby‡iva Rvbv‡Z| ivwkqv wQj wb‡RB Av‡gwiKv I KvbvWv †_‡K Lv`¨k‡mï GK eo

Avg`vwbKviK| cÖvq 2 jvL Ub Lv`¨km¨ ivwkqvi µxZ gRy` †_‡K mwi‡q wb‡q evsjv‡`‡ki

mvnvhv‡_© †cÖi‡Yi R‡b¨ GK Riæwi Aby‡iva Rvbv‡bv nq| ivwkqv †mB Wv‡K ZLb mvovI †`q|

bB‡j, 1973 mv‡ji RyjvB-AvM÷ gv‡mB G †`‡ki cvewjK †ikb cÖ`v‡bi eë¯’v †f‡O coZ|

hy³iv‡óªi weiƒc bxwZi d‡j (wb·b-wKwmÄvi Pµ ZLb ivóª ¶gZvq) †m †`k †_‡K Lv`¨km¨

Avg`vwbi aviv PzqvË‡ii ywf©‡¶i Av‡M †_‡KB wQj wb¤œvwfgyLx| d‡j 1972-73 mv‡j †hLv‡b

evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU Lv`¨km¨ Avg`vwbi cwigvY wQj M‡o gv‡m 2 jvL 32 nvRvi Ub, 1973 mv‡ji

b‡f¤i †_‡K 1974 mv‡ji gvP© ch©šÍ Zv †b‡g Av‡m M‡o gv‡m 74 nvRvi U‡b gvÎ| A_©vr,

PzqvË‡ii ywf©‡¶i K‡qK gvm Av‡M †_‡KB Lv`¨k‡mï Avg`vwb cwiw¯’wZ Avk¼vRbK ch©v‡q

†cuŠ‡QwQj| Gi GKgvÎ weKí n‡Z cviZ AvšÍR©vwZK evRv‡i wM‡q mivmwi Lv`¨km¨ †Kbv| wKš‘

†mLv‡bI Lv`¨k‡mï `vg evowQj jvwd‡q jvwd‡qÑ1972-73 mv‡j hvi `vg wQj UbcÖwZ 115

Wjvi, 1973-74 mv‡j Zvi `vg wM‡q uvovq UbcÖwZ 199 Wjv‡i| wKš‘ AvšÍR©vwZK evRvi †_‡K

cÖ‡qvRbxq Lv`¨km¨ †Kbvi g‡Zv h‡_ó ê‡`wkK gy «vi wiRvf© wQj bv miKv‡ii nv‡Z †mw`b|

1973 mv‡ji 2q ˆÎgvwm‡K (GwcÖj-Ryb) wiRv‡f©i cwigvY wQj †hLv‡b 135 wgwjqb Wjvi,

1974 mv‡ji 2q ˆÎgvwm‡K †mB wiRv‡f©i cwigvY K‡g uvovq gvÎ 60 wgwjqb Wjv‡i| `ywf©¶

hLb PjwQj, †mB 3q ˆÎgvwm‡K (RyjvB-†m‡Þ¤i) wiRv‡f©i cwigvY AviI K‡g hvqÑ me©wb¤œ 40


wgwjqb Wjv‡i| evowZ Lv`¨km¨ mvnvh¨ cvIqv Qvov Avi †Kv‡bv Dcvq wQj bv †mw`b Lv`¨k‡mï

miKvwi gRy` evov‡bvi R‡b¨| wKš‘ †m m¤¢vebvI evbPvj n‡q hvq hLb wKDevq cvU ißvwb Kivi

D‡`¨vM wb‡q‡Q evsjv‡`kÑ GB ARynv‡Z Lv`¨km¨ ißvwb Kiv eÜ K‡i †`q hy³ivóª| e¨vcviUv

GKUz †Lvjvmv K‡i ejvi `vwe iv‡L|

1974 mv‡ji 29†k †g (GiB g‡a¨ Zxeª †gŠmygx e„wócvZ n‡”Q Ges weaŸsmx eb¨v nIqvi

Avk¼v †`Lv w`‡”Q) AK¯§vr †WwfW †ev÷vi ZrKvjxb ciivóªgš¿x Kvgvj †nv‡m‡bi Kv‡Q Riæwi

mv¶vrKvi PvB‡jb| evsjv‡`k RyU wgjm Ki‡cv‡ikb (we‡RGgwm) mgvRZvwš¿K †`k wKDevq

40 jvL cv‡Ui e¨vM ißvwbi cwiKíbv Ki‡Q, G iKg Lei cÎcwÎKvq Qvcv n‡q‡Q e‡j †ev÷vi

Rvb‡Z †c‡i‡Qb| GUv Kiv n‡j gvwK©b Lv`¨km¨ Ômvnv‡hïÕ wbqg Abyhvqx evsjv‡`k †Kv‡bv Lv`¨-

mnvqZv cv‡e bv| ÔcvewjK j 480Õ Abyhvqx kÎæ †`k wf‡qZbvg I wKDevi mv‡_ evwYR¨ Kiv

†Kv‡bv †`k gvwK©b Lv`¨ mvnv‡hï myweav cv‡e bv| GUvB †m †`‡ki Ks‡MÖ‡mi weavb| ZLb

†ev÷vi‡K Rvbv‡bv n‡jv †h, (K) ê‡`wkK gy`«vi wiRv‡f©i †kvPbxq cwiw¯’wZ jvN‡ei R‡b¨ n‡jI

GB cvU ißvwb Kiv ìKvi, Ges (L) PvB‡j, Av‡gwiKvi †cÖwm‡W›U evsjv‡`k‡K G‡¶‡Î

ÔAbygwZi Ae¨vnwZÕ (I‡qfvi) w`‡Z cv‡ib, we‡klZ †hLv‡b Ôbb-÷ª¨v‡UwRKÕ K…wlcY¨B †Kej

ißvwb Kiv n‡”Q `wi`« evsjv‡`k †_‡K| Zv‡Z gvwK©b c‡¶i Ae¯’vb bgbxq n‡jv bv| ivóª`~Z

†ev÷vi mvd Rvwb‡q w`‡jb, hwÌ cv‡Ui _wj nq‡Zv ev Ôbb-÷ª¨v‡UwRKÕ K…wlcY¨, ZeyI

†cÖwm‡W‡›Ui Kw_Z ÔI‡qfviÕ †gjvi †Kv‡bv m¤¢vebvB †bB evsjv‡`‡ki| evsjv‡`k miKvi G

ai‡bi DË‡i nZevKB n‡qwQj| †Kbbv 1973 mv‡ji †m‡Þ¤î gv‡m AbywôZ †RvUwbi‡c¶

m‡¤§j‡bi ci †_‡KB wKDevi mv‡_ wewfbœ ch©v‡q A_©‰bwZK m¤úK© M‡o †Zvjv nw”Qj Ges †m

m¤ú‡K© †Mvov †_‡KB gvwK©b K‚UbxwZweìv IqvwKenvj wQ‡jb| Z`ycwi, cÖvq GKB mg‡q wgmi

hLb wKDevq ißvwb KiwQj, ZLb Zvi weiæ‡× hy³ivóª †Kv‡bv cÖwZ‡kvag ~jK c`‡¶c †bqwb|

wgmi †_‡K wKDevq Zzjv ißvwb‡Z †mw`b †Kv‡bv evav I‡Vwb; wKš‘ evsjv‡`k †_‡K cvU ißvwb‡Z

†mw`b cÖej evav D‡VwQj| GB in‡mï DËi †LuvRvI y®‹i bq : wKwmÄv‡ii Kv‡Q Av‡bvqvi

mv`v‡Zi Ôwgmi‡KÕ nv‡Z ivLv Riæwi wQj| Avi eb¨v I ywf©‡¶i Ke‡j cov evsjv‡`k‡K Pv‡ci

gy‡L †i‡L bwZ-¯xKvi Kiv‡bvi wKwmÄvix bxwZ c~e©vci Zrci wQj| G K_v wµ‡÷vdvi wn‡Pbm

Zvi Ô`¨ Uªvqvj Ae †nbwi wKwmÄviÕ MÖ‡š’I D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb|

Z…ZxqZ, ïay Lv`¨k‡mï mvgwMÖK gv_vwcQy cÖvc¨Zvi welqwU‡K PzqvË‡ii Ô ywf©‡¶i e¨vL¨vÕ

wn‡m‡e wb‡j mijxKiY Kiv n‡e| cÖvc¨Zv GKwU wbY©vqK, Z‡e GKgvÎ, GgbwK cÖavb wbY©vqK

bvI n‡Z cv‡i| 1974 mv‡ji Dchy©cwi eb¨vq cÖPzi dmjnvwbi c‡iI GUv ejv †h‡Z cv‡i|

†hgb, 1973 mv‡j RvZxq ch©v‡q Lv`¨k‡mï cÖvc¨Zvi (Drcv`b+Avg`vwb) cwigvY wQj 11.57

wgwjqb Ub, 1974 mv‡j hv †e‡o ùvovq 12.36 wgwjqb U‡b| gv_vwcQy Lv`¨k‡mï cÖvc¨Zv (ev

availability) 1973 mv‡j wQj ˆ`wbK 15.3 AvDÝ, hv 1974 mv‡j †e‡o uvovq ˆ`wbK 15.9

AvD‡Ý| A_©vr mvgwMÖKfv‡e †`L‡j ywf©‡¶i eQ‡i gv_vwcQy Lv`¨k‡mï cÖvc¨Zv Gi Av‡Mi eQ‡ii

Zzjbvq wKQyUv †ewk ê Kg wQj bv| †Rjv ch©v‡q Lv`¨km¨ Drcv`‡bi cwimsL¨vbI G Z_¨‡K

evowZ mg_©b †`q| 1973 mv‡ji Zzjbvq 1974 mv‡j Lv`¨km¨ Drcv`b †e‡owQj cÖvq cÖwZwU

†Rjv‡ZB (†Kej ewikvj I cUzqvLvjx Qvov)| me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †hUv Zv n‡jv, `ywf©‡¶ me‡P‡q


Dc ªæZ wZbwU e„nËi †RjvqÑ iscyi, gqgbwmsn I wm‡jU- Lv`¨km¨ Drcv`b K‡g †Zv hvqBwb

eis j¶Yxqfv‡e †e‡o wM‡qwQj| G wZbwU †Rjvq gv_vwcQy Lv`¨km¨ cÖvc¨ZvI wQj 1973 mv‡ji

Zzjbvq †ewk| Gi †_‡K AgZ©¨ †mb G wm×v‡šÍ †cuŠQvb †h, ÔLv`¨k‡mï mvgwMÖK cÖvc¨Zv 1974

mv‡ji evsjv‡`‡ki ywf©¶‡K e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z mvgvb¨B mnvqK n‡Z cv‡i|Õ †m‡bi g‡Z, †m eQi

Dchy©cwi eb¨vi Kvi‡Y weËnxb MÖvgxY †kÖwY Z_v K…wlgRyi I ¯íweË eM©vPvwl‡ì Kg©ms ’v‡bi

cwimi msKzwPZ n‡q wM‡qwQj Ges Zv‡ì µq¶gZv ev Í‡e K‡g wM‡qwQj| †mUv‡K cywl‡q wb‡Z

cviZ cixw¶Z ÔcvewjK dzW wWw÷ªweDkb wm‡÷gÕ (Kv‡Ri wewbg‡q Lv`¨ Kg©m~wP ev iæivj

IqvK©m †cÖvMÖvg BZ¨vw`)| wKš‘ †k‡lv³ eë¯’v Kvh©Ki n‡Z cv‡iwb 3wU Kvi‡Y : (K) miKv‡ii

Kv‡Q H wm‡÷‡gi ga¨ w`‡q eÈb Kivi g‡Zv h‡_ó Lv`¨km¨ gRy` wQj bv; (L) H wm‡÷gwU

g~jZ kni GjvKvi ga¨weË gvbyl‡ì i¶vi Rb¨ †ikb-eë¯’v Pvjy ivLvi e¨vcv‡iB †ewk m‡Pó

wQj; Ges (M) Qq nvRv‡ii g‡Zv j½iLvbv Pvjy n‡jI Zv h‡_ó wQj bv e¨vcK cwim‡i ywf©¶

wbevi‡Yi Rb¨|

PZz_©Z, Lv`¨k‡mï evRv‡i †emiKvwi Lv‡Zi gRy``vwi cÖeYZvI Lv`¨k‡mï D”Pg ~j¨‡K

AviI †ewk K‡i D‡¯‹ w`‡qwQj| †gvUv Pv‡ji `v‡gi m~PK (Index of retail prices) hw` 1974

mv‡ji RyjvB gv‡m nq 100, Zv AvM÷ gv‡m †e‡o nq 121, †m‡Þ¤i gv‡m Zv jvd w`‡q P‡o

hvq 115-G, Avi A‡±vei gv‡m Zv AviI e„w× ‡c‡q 178-G †cuŠQvq| †Kej wW‡m¤î gv‡m Zv

Avevi †b‡g ùvovq 133-G| †m‡Þ¤i-A‡±vei gv‡mi D”P I AcÖZ¨vwkZ g ~jë„w× `ywf©‡¶i

KivjMÖvm‡K Awbevh© K‡i Zz‡jwQj| GB A¯vfvweK g ~jë„w×‡K Lv`¨k‡mï evRv‡i †emiKvwi

eëmvqx‡ì gRy``vwi I dUKvevwR cÖeYZv Qvov e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq bv| i¨vfvwjIb GUv‡K

ÔRational ExpectationÕ g‡Wj Øviv e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb| GK wn‡m‡e, GUv eëmvqx‡ì Ô†hŠw³K

cÖZ¨vkviBÕ cÖwZdjb|

1973 mv‡ji †m‡Þ¤i-A‡±vei c‡e© Lv`¨k‡mï Avg`vwb †hLv‡b n‡qwQj gv‡m 263-287

nvRvi Ub K‡i, †mLv‡b 1974 mv‡j c~‡e©-DwjøwLZ Kvi‡Y Avg`vwb Kiv wM‡qwQj gv‡m 29-76

nvRvi Ub gvÎ| Lv`¨km¨ Avg`vwb‡Z eo ai‡bi NvUwZ n‡e GB c~e©vfvm †c‡q eëmvqxiv

Lv`¨k‡mï gRy` AviI evwo‡q †`q evowZ jv‡fi Avkvq (†h cÖeYZv BwZc~‡e©B †ZZvwjø‡ki

`ywf©‡¶i Av‡jvPbvq Avgiv †`‡LwQ)| Z‡e `ywf©‡¶i eQ‡i mxgv‡šÍi Icv‡i G †`k †_‡K cÖPzi

Lv`¨km¨ P‡j wM‡qwQj| GB cÖPv‡ii mc‡¶ h‡_ó Z_¨-cÖgvY †g‡jwb| eªvqvb †iWvI‡q mxgvšÍ

GjvKvq M‡elYv Pvwj‡q †`Lvb †h, wewWAvi KZ…©K †PvivPvjvwbi mgq a„Z gvjvgv‡ji g‡a¨

Lv`¨k‡mï ’vb wQj Ô6ô A_ev 7g ¯’v‡bÕ| Z`ycwi †m eQi evsjv‡`‡k Pv‡ji Z zjbvg~jK g~j¨

(relative price of rice) cvk©eZ©x †`k fvi‡Zi Pv‡ji g~‡jï cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z A‡bK †ewk DuPz‡Z

Ae¯’vb KiwQj| d‡j G †`k †_‡K Lv`¨km¨ †PvivPvjvwb nIqvi †hŠw³KZv ev incentive Lye

KgB nIqvi K_v|

†h‡Kv‡bv Kvi‡YB ev cÖfv‡eB 1974 mv‡ji ywf©¶ N‡U _vKzK bv †Kb, Gi Aïf AbyiYb

‡h `xN©Kvj a‡i P‡jwQjÑ GUv Abygvb Kiv hvq| GB AbyiYb cÖ_‡gB aiv co‡e mgmvgwqK

KweZv ev K_vmvwn‡Z¨, bvU‡K ev Dcb¨v‡m| †hgbUv n‡qwQj 1350 mv‡ji gššÍ‡ii †¶‡Î| Ôbvg


†i‡LwQ †Kvgj MvÜviÕ Kve¨MÖ‡š’i ÔAvlv‡piB RqMvbÕ KweZvi ïiæi cO&w³¸‡jv‡Z †e‡R I‡V

weòz †`Õi ¯î :

ÔkZvãx‡Z bq, AvR gššøi eQi eQi,

cÖwZw`b ywf©‡¶ ee©i|

†cv‡ov Rwg| my‡` my‡` †`Dwjqv †LZ,

Abve„wó AwZe„wó b`xi Lv‡j g„Zz¨‡Z eb¨vi eQi eQi,

GLv‡b ILv‡b| nvj jv½j f½yi| mvi †bB, †bB exRavb

†ckx †bB| i‡³ i‡³ AvKv‡ji Kvwj| i³nxb cÖvY,

Kvgv‡ii Kz‡gv‡ii †R‡ji ZuvwZi c½y nvZ

Avb‡›ì †jk †bB RxebhvÎvi RxweKviÕ

1943 mv‡ji gššÍi‡K ¯§iY K‡i †jLv GB c`vewj| wKš‘ Gme jvBb 1974 mv‡ji

cwi‡cÖw¶‡ZI w`we¨ cov P‡j| †mR‡b¨B Kwe iwdK AvRv` AZ D”PwKZfv‡e gvbwPÎ‡K MÖvm

Kivi ûgwK w`‡qwQ‡jb| GKUv AgxgvswmZ †¶vf Avi GKUv AeY©bxq †µva wg‡jwg‡k GKUv

`ye©vmv-Awfm¤úv‡Z cwiYZ n‡q wM‡qwQj †mw`b| Gi KvjQvqv Qwo‡q c‡owQj cÖZ¨¶-c‡iv‡¶|

wbg©©‡j› y ¸‡Yi KweZvq †mKvi‡YB wK 1973 mv‡jB c‡owQjvg ÔAvwg Pv‡ji AvoZ‡K bvixi

bMœZv e‡j åg KwiÕ, ev kvgmyi ivngvb wj‡LwQ‡jb Ô ytmg‡qi gy‡LvgywLÕ, ev ï‡bwQjvg Aveyj

nvmv‡bi DwØ‡Mœ-fiv D”PviY ÔivRv hvq ivRv Av‡mÕ? ev G Kvi‡YB wK wKQy c‡i knx` Kvìx

wjL‡ebÑ Ô†Kv_vI †Kvb µ›`b †bBÕ? GiKg Ae¯’vq, ywf©‡¶i H eQ‡i, †hme ZiæY-ZiæYx cÖ_g

†cÖ‡g c‡owQj, ZvivI RvbZÑ G cwiw ’wZ‡Z †cÖg KivI Ab¨vq : Ô†cÖwgK wgj‡e †cÖwgKvi m‡½

wVKB, wKš‘ kvwšÍ cv‡e bv, cv‡e bv|Õ

KweZvi K_v _vK&, K_vmvwn‡Z¨ 1974-i `ywf©¶ hZUzKz G‡m‡Q, †mUv fqven| nvbœvn Av‡iÛ

(Hannah Arendt) n‡jvKv‡÷i c‡i gvbyl Avi wb‡R‡K Ôwb‡ ©vlÕ e‡j `vwe Ki‡Z cvi‡e bvÑ

G K_v e‡jwQ‡jb| ywf©¶ Avgv‡ì wKQyKv‡ji R‡b¨ n‡jI Ômf¨Zvi †_‡KÕ wew”Qbœ K‡i w`‡qwQj|

†mB mv‡_ g‡i wM‡qwQj Avgv‡ì mËvi †fZ‡ii ˆkke-ˆK‡kv‡ii cÖvYPÂj Dcw ’wZ| wKQy GKUv

gvbweK †meQi Avgv‡ì mvgvwRK I e¨w³K Rxeb †_‡K wPiKv‡ji Rb¨ gy‡Q wM‡qwQj| gvby‡li

ga¨ †_‡K mn‡RB Aby‡gq mngwg©Zv D‡V wM‡qwQj| Ges GiB cÖwZwµqvi Pv‡c cÖej †Nv‡ii

g‡a¨ wjwLZ n‡qwQj nvmvb AvwRRyj n‡Ki wKQy Mí †mw`b| Avwg we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL Ki‡Z PvB

Zvi Ôgaïv‡Zi Kvwe¨Õ I Ômij wnsmvÕ Mí `ywU|

gaïv‡Zi Kvwe¨-i welqe ‘ 1974 mv‡ji ywf©¶| NUbvi ¯’vb XvKvi †ij‡÷kb, †hLv‡b

†Rvqv‡ii g‡Zv bvg‡Q ywf©¶-cxwoZ gvbyl| `vw` Avi bvZwbi g‡a¨ K‡_vcK_‡bi Ic‡i MíwU

KvVv‡gvMZfv‡e uvwo‡q Av‡Q| `vw` †Pv‡L wVK †`L‡Z cvq bv, bvZwbi eqm LyeB KgÑ wVK KZ

Zv c‡o Rvbv hvq bv| Z‡e †m †h wK‡kvix GUv †evSv hvq| †hÑcwiw¯’wZ‡Z Zv‡ì g‡a¨

K‡_vcK_b Pj‡Q Zv GiKg :


1. Ô`yw`b Av‡M GKUv †Uª‡b †P‡c Zviv GLv‡b †cuŠ‡Q‡Q| m‡½ Mv‡qi A‡bK †jvK wQj|

A¸bwZ †g‡q-cyiæl| bvZwb †f‡ewQj `vw` Zvi c‡_B gi‡e, XvKv Avi †cuŠQy‡Z cvi‡e bv| MZ

Pvi-c uvPw`‡b cUvcU Zvi †Pv‡Li mvg‡bB g‡i wM‡qwQj wZb-Pvi‡U ev”Pv Avi †MvUv `yB ey‡ov|

wKš‘ nv‡oi †Rvi Av‡Q eywoi, GK bvMv‡o Kw`b D‡cvm w`‡qI wVK †cuŠ‡Q †Mj|Õ

2. Z‡e GB †cÖw¶‡Zi Av‡MI †cÖw¶Z i‡q‡Q| mie ywf©‡¶i Av‡M msNwUZ nq bxie ywf©¶|

Gi Av‡M bv-†L‡Z †c‡q gviv †M‡Q eywoi DcvR©b¶g †Q‡j| ZvB wb‡q bvZwbi Awf‡hvM :

ÔbvZwb Zxeª Pvcv Mjvq ejj, Avevi wg‡Q K_v ejwQm! Avi iweevi †Zvi †Q‡j gij bv?

wZbw`b bv †L‡Z w`‡q Kv‡R jvwM‡qwQwjÑ †Zvi N‡i giv †Q‡j wd‡i G‡jv bv? wg‡Q K_v ejwQm?

Avnv‡i evQv, g‡i hvBÑ eywo PzK PzK kã K‡i wRe w`‡q|

†Zvi wb‡Ri c¨v‡Ui MZ© fievi †j‡M †Q‡j‡K Kv‡R cvwV‡qwQwjÑ †Q‡j †Zvi MvQZjvq g‡i

wQj bv?

Kx Kie eybÑ c¨vU †h gv‡b bv|

†Q‡j †h MvQZjvq yg K‡i coj Avi gij `vw`|

evjvB lvU, evQvi AvjvB evjvB †b Avwg gwi|

ZzB †Zv gwim wb `vw`|Õ

3. †kl ch©šÍ `vw` Av‡M g‡iwb| K‡_vcK_‡bi GK ch©v‡q bvZwb g„Zz¨i †Kv‡j K¬všÍ n‡q

X‡j c‡o| GK cÖKvi cÖjvc eK‡Z eK‡Z|

ÔbvZwb e‡j, †Zvi †Q‡j †Mj †Kv_v `vw`, Avgvi evc? `yjywb w`‡q eywo e‡j, Avnv‡i Kcvj?

†Zvi Muv KB?

eywoi `yjywb, Avnv‡i Kcvj!

†Zvi wf‡U KB?

Avnv‡i Kcvj!

GBevi gi‡Z hvB `vw`?

eywo `yjywb eÜ K‡i `yÕnv‡Z GK‡MvQv ïK‡bv Pzj wQu‡o e‡j, Avgvi gv_vq hZ Pzj ZZ †Zvi

cigvqy †nvK|

gi‡Z hvB `vw`?

nvq, Avgvi KcvjÑ e‡j eywo Dcyo n‡q gvwU‡Z ï‡q c‡o|Õ


4. Gic‡i †mB wkniY-RvMv‡bv „k¨| nvmvb AvwRRyj nK ZLb wd‡i †M‡Qb 1176-Gi

gššÍ‡i, bigvsm LvIqvi †h „‡kï eY©bv w`‡qwQ‡jb ÔAvb›`g‡VÕ ew¼gP›`«|

ÔbvZwbi †du‡c IVv cjKv kixi| Zvi Ici nvZ ivL‡ZB KÉvi nvowU gyU K‡i †f‡O hvq|

†mBwU‡K †ek K‡i Pz‡l Pz‡l LvIqv n‡jv...Õ

Kviv †Lj, Zv eyS‡Z ZZ¶‡Y evwK †bB| ew¼gP‡›`«i Dcb¨v‡mi g‡ZvB G M‡íi †k‡l

ÔKv‡jv Kv‡jv †cÖ‡Zi g‡Zv me gvbylÕ Pvicv‡k fxo K‡i-Zv‡ìB †KD n‡e|

nvmvb AvwRRyj n‡Ki Ômij wnsmvÕ MíwU ZZwaK fqven| ¶zavi R¡vjvq kixi wewµ Ki‡Z

PvB‡Q bvixiv| bvix-gvs‡mi †h L‡Ïi, †m GK †jvfx K`h© cyiæl : Ô†gvUv _j_‡j Av-Mov GK

evgb|Õ nv‡Z UvKv wb‡q †m GK ¶zavZ© bvixi mvg‡b G‡m uvwo‡q‡Q| Avi †g‡qwU fve‡Q,

Ômvivw`‡b nvwg GKevi †LbyÑ ya n‡q †ewi‡q †Mjy, Z‡e †Zv nvwg Avi euvwPg bv|Õ wKš‘ †g‡qwU

ïay GKv bq, GiKg Ae¯’vq Av‡Q AviI A‡b‡KB| Ges Zviv †g‡qwUi cÖwZ‡hvwMbx wn‡m‡e

ùvwo‡q hvq| †jL‡Ki eY©bvq ïbyb Gici|

1. Ômvg‡b, wcQ‡b, iv Ívi w`K †_‡K, Av‡jvi †fZi w`‡q AÜKvi mwi‡q †g‡q gvby‡liv

GwM‡q Av‡mÑ mvZ AvUwU †g‡q gvbyl| Zviv G‡m evgb gvbylwU‡K wN‡i a‡i| ... †evev evgbwUi

w`‡K Zviv Ny‡i wd‡i mvjvg †Vv‡K, GB †h mv‡qe, `¨v‡Lb, gvËi KUv UvKv Avgv‡i w`‡eb| ZvwjB

nB‡e| GBfv‡e RqZzb, Zwmiæb, †Uwc, †Mvjvwc, cy®ú BZ¨vw` Zv‡K wN‡i uvwo‡q hvq|Õ

2. cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq †RZvi Rb¨ mevB GKmgq Zv‡ì cwiav‡bi wQbœ-wew”Qbœ †cvkvK Ly‡j

†d‡j|

ÔZ‡e Avgv‡iI `¨v‡LbÑ RqZzb Zwmiæ‡bi cv‡k uvovq| †mI mgq †bq bv|

GB †g‡q ïwK‡q imnxb, †cU †mu‡U †M‡Q wc‡Vi m‡½, `¨v‡Lb, Pvi‡W ev”Pv nB‡Q, Avgvi

†`vl wK, I mv‡qe `¨v‡Lb, e‡qmKv‡j fv‡jvB †Qjvg| GLb Avgvi k¨vl ev”PvWv giwZ‡Q|...

GBevi evgb‡K wN‡i Dj½ †g‡q gvby‡liv uvwo‡q hvq|Õ

3. Gme AcÖZ¨vwkZ `„‡kï mvg‡b AcÖ ‘Z cyiæl nZevK n‡q hvq|

Ôevgb ûgwo †L‡q cy‡®úi Ici co‡Z co‡Z e‡j, †`vnvB, Avgv‡K †Q‡o `vI †Zvgiv|

RqZzb e‡j, Kx K_v Kb mv‡qe? Avc‡bi `qv PvB‡b Avgiv, wf‡¶ bv, wRwbm †b `vg

`¨vb|....

ZLb Avi¤¢ nq| wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ Zv‡ì m½x‡Zi mgšq| AwZ PgrKvi fvimvg¨| †KD a‡i

evg‡bi nvZ, †KD cv| †KD Pzj ev †Kvgi| ...evwNbxi g‡Zv Suvc w`‡q c‡o Zwmiæb| †jvKUvi

Rvgv gynü‡Z© wQu‡o dvjv dvjv K‡i †d‡j| c‡KU †_‡K GK‡MvQv †bvU c‡o †M‡j †m †m¸‡jv

Kzwo‡q wb‡q †jvKUvi mvg‡b G‡m e‡j, `¨vL mv‡qe, Zi UvKvi nvj `¨vL|... mevB wg‡j wPZ


K‡i ïB‡q †`q †jvKUv‡K| evgb me †Póv †Q‡o †`q, y-nvZ Qwo‡q †`q yw`‡K, †g‡j †`q yB

cv hZ ~i hvq...Õ

4. †jvKUv gviv †Mj Gfv‡eB:

Ômgvb Zv‡j †jvKUvi N„Yv wK fv‡jvevmv, Av‡µvk ev K‡ói wbtkvm Pj‡Z _v‡K : Zvi †Pv‡Li

fve eY©bvi hLb Avi †Kv‡bv AvkvB †bB, ZLb Zwmiæb GKv mevB‡K av°v w`‡q mwi‡q Zvi gy‡Li

Ici yB cv Zz‡j uvovq| GBevi Avcb ey‡K y-nv‡Z `gv`g AvNvZ Ki‡Z Ki‡Z †m bMixi w`‡K

†P‡q LjLj K‡i †n‡m I‡V|Õ

bMix gv‡b XvKv gnvbMix| ywf©¶-PjvKvjxb fve‡jknxb cÖvZ¨wnKZvq e¨wZe¨¯Í wekvj

Rbc‡ì wb®‹iæY XvKv bMix| ˆ`wbK GK nvRvi iæwU evbv‡bv n‡Zv wgicyi †UKwbK¨v‡jÑ †hLv‡b

Avwg evm KiZvg ZLb| GB mvnvhÜv †mLvbKvi Awaevmxiv K‡iwQj| †mB iæwU wgicy‡ii

j½iLvbvq cÖwZw`b †cuŠ‡Q †Ìqv n‡Zv| Avgv‡ì we‡eK IB ch©šÍB KvR K‡iwQj| Avgiv mš‘ó

wP‡Ë cov‡jLv K‡iwQ; we‡Kj †ejvq †Uwej †Uwbm, m‡Üï gy‡L Avwjqu‡m wM‡q Ôdivwm fvlv

wk¶vÕ, Ave„wË KiZvg †ev`‡jqv‡ii Ôj d¬zï y¨ gvjÕ (†K¬`R Kzmyg), Gfv‡eB †K‡U‡Q kvnwiK

w`b-ivwÎ| ywf©‡¶i K_v wb‡q miMig Av‡jvPbv n‡Zv Pv‡qi AvÇvq, K¬vmiæ‡g ev †Ljvi gv‡V,

g‡b c‡o bv| kn‡ii ga¨weËiv MÖv‡gi GB Af‚Zc~e© `ywf©ÿ‡K Kx K‡i GZ ZvovZvwo fz‡j †Mj?

evmšÍx Kvco bv †c‡q †R‡j‡ì Rvj Rwo‡q Av‡Q-‡mB Qwe Avgiv ˆ`wbK cwÎKvi cvZvq †`‡LwQ

KZevi| evmšÍxi evwo KzwoMÖv‡g-‡mB evwo‡Z wM‡q Zvi Ic‡i †Kvb ÔG_‡bvM¨vwdKÕ weeiYx wK

Avgiv Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ `ywf©‡ÿi c‡i? ywf©ÿ m¤ú‡K© GB ¯§„wZÿ‡qi Kvi‡YB wK ÔPzqvË‡ii

`ywf©ÿÕ‡K wb‡q Avgiv †mfv‡e D”PwKZ ev Av‡jvwoZ nBwb? gyw³h‡× knx` 30 jÿ, 74-i

`ywf©‡ÿ wbnZ 15 jÿ-G cwimsL¨vb KZUv Avgiv g‡b †i‡LwQ? G R‡b¨B wK Avgiv

¯§iY‡hvM¨fv‡e GLbI cvBwb wef‚wZf‚l‡Yi Akwb ms‡K‡Zi g‡Zv †Kv‡bv Dcb¨vm, ev weRb

fÆvPv‡h©i bev‡bœi g‡Zv †Kv‡bv bvUK? GB cÖkœ fwel¨‡Zi Rb¨ †Zvjv iBj|

bIgx †nv‡mb 2017 mv‡j wj‡L‡Qb GKwU Zvrch©c ~Y© eB : Ô`¨ GBW j¨ve : AvÛvi‡÷wÛs

evsjv‡`k AvbG·‡c‡±W mvK‡mmÕ| eBwU‡Z Zvi GKwU cÖavb ZK© n‡jv, 1974-i `ywf©¶ bv n‡j

evsjv‡`kÕm b‡o-P‡o emZ bv| `ywf©‡¶i Avk¼v Zvov K‡i †eov‡bvi Kvi‡YB G †`k Ab¨vb¨

Zzjbxq †`‡ki †cÖw¶‡Z Lv`¨km¨ Drcv`b, RbmsL¨v e„w× nvi‡K Kwg‡q Avbv, bvix‡ì wk¶v-

¯v ’¨, Pig `vwi`«¨ cÖkg‡b we‡kl Dbœqb ev mvgvwRK wbivcËv †eóbx, Dbœq‡b GbwRI‡ì f‚wgKv

cÖf…wZ Kg©m ~wP‡K c~e©v‡ýB ¯xK…wZ w`‡Z †c‡iwQj| A‡bK mg‡q msK‡U c‡oB Z‡e gvby‡li ev

†`‡ki †ev‡av`q nq| bIgx †nv‡m‡bi K_vq AwZk‡qvw³ _vK‡Z cv‡i| PzqvË‡ii ywf©‡¶i Av‡MI

†eMg †iv‡Kqvi wPšÍv-fvebv, cÂvk ev lv‡Ui `k‡Ki bvix Av‡›`vjb, Ges Z`&RwbZ bvbvwea

Kvi‡Y †g‡q‡ì wk¶vi cÖwZ †Rvi †Ìqv n‡qwQj| lv‡Ui `k‡KB iæivj IqvK©m †cÖvMÖvg I ÔmeyR

wecøeÕ-Gi WvK †Ìqv nq G‡`‡k| 1973 mv‡jB M„nxZ nq 1g cÂevwl©Kx cwiKíbvÑ †mLv‡b

bvix wk¶v, K…wlgyLxb Dbœqb, RbmsL¨v wbqš¿Y, eb¨v wbqš¿Y cÖKí BZ¨vw` A_©‰bwZK bxwZgvjv


†NvwlZ nq| 1972 mv‡j M„nxZ msweav‡b cÖwZkÖæZ nqÑ Kvj© gvK©‡mi ÔwµwUK Ae `¨ †Mv_v

†cÖvMÖvgÕ †_‡K †mB weL¨vZ Avß-evK¨Ñ ÔmevB‡K kÖg Abyhvqx eÈ‡biÕ mgZvgyLx bxwZgvjv|

ZviciI Avgvi g‡b nq †h, 1974 mv‡ji ywf©‡¶i my ~icÖmvix A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK cÖfv‡ei

cÖwZ „wó AvKl©Y K‡i bIgx wVKB K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e wZwb Zvi †jLvq g~jZ cwjwm-d«‡›U ÔBwZevPK

cÖfv‡eiÕ IciB †Rvi w`‡q‡Qb| `ywf©‡¶i mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK cÖwZwµqv Ges Gi `xN©‡gqvw`

Aïf cÖfv‡ei welqwU Zvi Av‡jvPbvq †Zgbfv‡e Av‡mwb| G wb‡q BwZnvm I mgvRwe`¨vi

M‡elK‡`i AviI Mfxifv‡e wPšÍv Ki‡Z eje| A_©bxwZwe`ivI welqwU wb‡q fve‡Z cv‡ib|

MÖš’cwÄ

I. References in English

Alamgir, M. (1980): Famine in South Asia: Political Economy of Mass Starvation,

Oelgeschlager, Gunn and Hain, Cambridge, MA.

Basu, K. (2003): Analytical Development Economics: The Less Developed Economy

Revisited, MIT press.

Davis, M. (2002): Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third

World, London: Verso Books.

Dutt, R. C. (1980): The Peasantry of Bengal, Reprint, Calcutta: Manisha.

Ghosh, M. (2014): Impact of Famine on Bengali Literature, New Delhi, Blauyanske

Publishing.

Hossain, N. (2017): The Aid Lab: Understanding Bangladesh's Unexpected Success,

Oxford University Press.

Hunter, W. W. (1868): The Annals of Rural Bengal, Vol. 1, New York: Leypoldt and Holt

(available in Internet Archive).

Islam, N. (2003): “What Was It About the 1974 Famine,” Making of a Nation, Bangladesh:

An Economist's Tale, pp. 221-246, Dhaka: The University Press Ltd.

Mukerjee, M. (2011): Churchill's Secret War: the British Empire and the Ravaging of India

during World War II, New York: Basic Books.

Osmani, S. R. (1995): “The Entitlement Approach to Famine: An Assessment” in K. Basu,

P. Pattanaik and K. Suzumura (eds). Choice, Welfare, and Development: A

Festschrift in Honour of Amartya K. Sen, pp. 253-294, Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Patnaik, U. (2018): “Profit Inflation, Keynes and the Holocaust in Bengal, 1943–44,”

Economic & Political Weekly, 53(42), 33.


Ravallion, M. (1987): Markets and Famines, Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Sen A. (1981): Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation, Oxford:

Clarendon Press.

Sen, E. (1944): Darkening Days, being a Narrative of Famine-Stricken Bengal (with

Sketches by Zainul Abedin), Susil Gupta, Calcutta.

Sobhan, R. (1979): “Politics of Food and Famine in Bangladesh,” Economic and Political

Weekly, Dec 1:1973-80.

Watts, M. (2003): Ed. The Literary Book of Economics, ISI Books, Wilmington.

II. References in Bengali

Amitrasudan Bhattacharya (2015): Bankimchandra Jibani, Ananda Publishers, Kolkata.

Bibhutibhusan Bandopadhyay (1998): “Asni Songket,” Bibhuti Rachanavali, Vol. 10,

Mitra & Ghosh Publishers, Kolkata.

Bhudeb Mukhopadhyay (2010): “Samajik Probondho,” Probondho Somogro, Charyapada:

Kolkata (in Bengali).

Bankim Chandra (2004): “Bongodesher Krishak,” Bankim Rachanabali: Sahitya Somogro,

Tuli-Kalam, Kolkata.

Bankim Chandra (2016): “Anandamoth,” Bankim Rachana Somogro, Biswa Sahitya

Bhavan, Dhaka.

Hasan Azizul Huq (2016): Golpo Somogro, Vol. 1 & 2, Dhaka.

Humayun Ahmed (2007): Modhyanyo, Onnoy Prokash, Dhaka.

Mahbub Ul Alam Chaudhury (2008): Smritir Sandhaney, Palok Publishers, Dhaka.

Shibram Chakraborty (1985): “Rinong Kritta,” Shibram Rochona Somogro, Annapurna

Publication, Kolkata.

Subrata Roychowdhury (2011): KothaSahitya: Monnontorer Dingulite, Kolkata.

Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay (1998): “Monnontor,” Tarasankar Rachanavali, Vol. 5, Mitra

& Ghosh Publishers, Kolkata.

III. Archival Documents

Hindu Hitoishini, 20 July 1878.

Dhaka Prakash, 21 July 1878; 3 November 1878; 22 November 1878.

Bharat Mihir, 27 July 1878; 5 September 1878.

Hindu Ronjika, 14 August 1878.

Samachar Chandrika, 30 August 1878; 20 November 1878.

Somprakash, 18 November 1878.

mvwnZ¨ I A ©bxwZ: evsjvi K‡qKwU `ywf©¶ Sen_Sahittya … · evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv LÐ 37...

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