murpayikg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jk; njhlu;ghd nghJkf;fs; fUj;jwp ... · murpayikg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jk; njhlu;ghd...
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murpayikg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jk; njhlu;ghd nghJkf;fs; fUj;jwp FOtpd; mwpf;if murpayikg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jk; njhlu;ghd nghJkf;fs; fUj;jwp FO Nk 2016
Transcript of murpayikg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jk; njhlu;ghd nghJkf;fs; fUj;jwp ... · murpayikg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jk; njhlu;ghd...
murpayikg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jk;
njhlu;ghd nghJkf;fs;
fUj;jwp FOtpd; mwpf;if
murpayikg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jk; njhlu;ghd nghJkf;fs; fUj;jwp FO
Nk 2016
© murpayikg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jk; njhlu;ghd nghJkf;fs; fUj;jwp FO> Nk 2016
(,w;iwg;gLj;jg;gl;L gjpg;gpf;fg;gl;;lJ)
Mq;fpy %yj;jpy; ,Ue;J jkpopy; nkhopngaHf;fg;gl;lJ.
murpayikg;G rPh;jpUj;jk; njhlu;ghdnghJkf;fs; fUj;jwp FO
tpRk;ghah
];Nugpy; tPjp
nfhOk;G 02
,yq;if
iii
eed;wpAiu
jtprhsh; vd;w tifapy;> vkJ gzpg;ghizia epiwNtw;Wk;
nray;Kiwapy; gq;Nfw;w midtUf;Fk; vdJ csg;g+h;tkhd ed;wpfisj;
njuptpf;f tpUk;Gfpd;Nwd;. vk;Kd; Njhd;wp fUj;Jf;fis vLj;Jiuj;j
,uz;lhapuj;J [e;E}Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l egh;fSf;Fk;> mtw;Ws; rpy ghupa
mikg;Gfis gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jp rku;g;gpg;Gfis Nkw; nfhz;ltu;fSf;Fk;>
vOj;J%y rkh;g;gzq;fis Kd;itj;jtu;fSf;Fk; vkJ tpNrl ed;wpfs;
cupj;jhFf.
ehd;> FO cWg;gpdu;fshd jpU. tpd;];ld; gj;jpuh[ (nrayhsh;)> jpU.
ghap]; K];jhgh P.C> Nguhrpupah; V.vk;. etuj;d gz;lhu> Nguhrpupah;
vk;.vy;.V. fhjh;> jpU.vd;. nry;tFkhud;> nfsut v];. jtuh[h> jpU.
F\hd; b my;tp]; P.C> lhf;lh; `upzp mku#upa> lhf;lh; FKJ FRk; Fkhu>
jpU. Rdpy; [auj;d> lhf;lh; cg;Gy; mNguj;d> jpU. Njkpah vy;.gP.
`_Uy;Ny> jpU. v];. tpN[re;jpud;> jpU. vk;.it.vk;. ghap];> jpUkjp. vk;.Nf.
ejPfh jkae;jp> jpUkjp. fhe;jp uzrpq;f> jpU. v];.rp.rp. ,sq;Nfhtd; kw;Wk;
jpU rpwpkrpup `g;GMur;rp MfpNahUf;F vdJ Mo;e;j ed;wpfis
KOikahd jpUg;jpAzh;Tld; njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;Nwd;. ,f;FOtpdu; ehL
KOtjpYKs;s kf;fisr; re;jpj;J> mth;fspd; fUj;Jf;fisf; Nfl;L>
vOj;J %y rkh;g;gzq;fis thrpj;jwpe;J> kpfTk; FWfpa fhyj;jpw;Fs;Sk;;;; ;>
kpfTk; rthyhd #o;epiyfspd; fPOk;> kl;Lg;ghlhd %ytsq;fSlDk;>
ghupa jpahfq;fis Nkw;nfhz;Lk; xU nfhLg;gdtw;w gzpahf (Honourary
Capacity); ,e;j mwpf;ifiaj; jahupj;Js;sdh;.
FOtpd; cWg;gpdu;fs; ,e;jf; f\;lkhd gzpia epiwT nra;tjw;F
ifahz;l Kiwfis ,q;F gjpTnra;tJ mtrpakhdjhFk;. MW
thuq;fspy; ,Ugj;ije;J khtl;lq;fSf;F tp[ak; nra;tnjd;gNj xU ghupa
rhjidahFk;. Rkhh; ehyhapuk; tha;%y kw;Wk; vOj;J%y rkh;g;gzq;fis
Ma;Tnra;tnjd;gJ kw;WnkhU kfj;jhd gzpahFk;. ,Ue;jNghjpYk;>
ehkidtUk; vkJ tho;f;ifapd; Vida tplaq;fs; midj;ijAk;
kwe;J> xw;WikAld;> ,uT gfyhfg; gzp Mw;wpNdhk;.
iv
jpU rupj;j uj;tj;ij mth;fSf;Fk;> nfsut gpujkupd; nrayhsh; jpU. rkd;
Vf;fehaf;f kw;Wk; mtupd; Nkyjpf nrayhsUf;Fk;> cjtp
nrayhsu;fSf;Fk; vkJ ,yf;if rhj;jpakhf;Fk; tifapy; Nkw;nfhz;l
cjtpfSf;fhf ehd; vdJ ed;wpfis njuptpj;Jf;nfhs;fpd;Nwd;.
vkJ gzpg;ghizia epiwNtw;Wtjpy; Raeykw;w kw;Wk; mh;g;gzpg;Gkpf;f
Nritfis Mw;wpa vkJ tpRk;ghah mYtyf MszpapdUf;F vdJ
ed;wpfisj; njuptpf;fNtz;Lk;. tpRk;ghah mYtyfj;ijr; jpwk;gl nraw;gl
itf;f mauhJ gzpahw;wpa vdJ nrayhsh; nry;tp. uq;fh [aRe;juTf;Fk;
mtuJ MszpapdUf;Fk; (gl;bay; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ) tpRk;gha
mYtyfj;ij ,af;Ftjw;fhf mtu;fs; Nkw;nfhz;l fisg;gw;w
gzpfSf;fhf vdJ ed;wpfisj; njuptpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
vkJ FOtpw;Fj; Njitahd cgfuzq;fis toq;fp> Mjutspj;j UNDP
mikg;Gf;Fk;> V-Force ,ypUe;J fpilj;j cjtpf;Fk; ehd; ed;wp $Wjy;
Ntz;Lk;. If;fpa ehLfspd; jd;dhh;tj; njhz;lh;fshd rhjdp uh[gf;\>
tpKf;jp fy;Njuh> cl;gl Rkhh; mWgJ V- Force jd;dhh;tj; njhz;lh;fs;;
(gl;bay; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ) rkh;g;gzq;fisr; rhuhk;rg;gLj;jp> fzpdpj;
juTj;jsj;ijj; jahupj;J cjtpaikf;fhf mtu;fSf;F vdJ ed;wpiaj;
njuptpj;Jf;nfhs;Sfpd;Nwd;.
mwpf;ifiag; gjpg;Gj;jpUj;jk; nra;j jpU.tp.Nf. ehzaf;fhu mth;fSf;Fk;>
FWfpafhy mwptpj;jypy; mwpf;ifia mr;rpl;L cjtpa cd;dj gzpf;fhf
jpU. fhkpdp nghd;Nrfh mth;fSf;Fk; vdJ ed;wpfs; cupj;jhFf.
,Wjpahf> vkJ nray;Kiwapd; Kfhikj;Jt nraw;ghLfis
mh;g;gzpg;Gld; ifahz;likf;fhf vkJ nrayhsh; jpU. tpd;];ld;
gj;jpuh[tpw;F ehd; vdJ KOikahd ed;wpawpjiyj; njuptpf;fpd;Nwd;.
yhy; tpN[ehaf;f
jtprhsh;
murpayikg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jk; njhlu;ghd nghJkf;fs; fUj;jwp FO
2016 Nk 10
v
KKd;Diu
murpayikg;Gg; Nguitapd; nfsut jtprhsUk;>
mq;fj;jth;fSk;
ehk; murpayikg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jr; nray;Kiwf;F Mjutspf;Fk; tifapy;>
murpayikg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jk; njhlu;ghf nghJkf;fspd; fUj;Jf;fisg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;tjw;fhf mikr;ruitapdhy; epakpf;fg;gl;N;lhk;;. vkJ gzp ehl;bd;
gy;NtW gFjpfspYk; gfpuq;f mkh;Tfis elhj;jp nghJkf;fsplkpUe;J
murpayikg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jk; njhlu;ghd tha;%y kw;Wk; vOj;J%y
rkh;g;gzq;fis NfhUtJk;> mtu;fsJ fUj;jwpe;J %d;Wkhj fhyj;jpw;Fs;;
nghJ kf;fs; fUj;Jf; Fwpj;j vkJ tpje;Jiug;GiufSldhd ,Wjp
mwpf;ifapid> murpayikg;Gg; Nguitf;Fr; rkh;g;gpg;gJkhFk;.
vkJ Ntz;LNfhspd;Ngupy;> nfsut gpujkh; uzpy; tpf;fpukrpq;f mth;fs;
,Wjp mwpf;if rkh;g;gpg;gjw;fhd fhyg;gFjpia NkYk; xU khjj;jpdhy;
ePbj;jhu;;. vkJ Nkyjpf Ntz;LNfhs; fhuzkhf ,Wjp mwpf;ifapid
rkh;g;gpf;Fk; jpfjp 2016 Nk 10Mk; jpfjptiu ePbf;fg;gl;lJ.
FO Kjd; Kjyhf 2016 rdtup 05Mk; jpfjp $baJ. mjd;gpd;dh;> vkf;F
toq;fg;gl;l gzpapd; gpufhuk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;glNtz;ba eltbf;iffis
jpl;lkpLk; Nehf;fpy;; njhluhd gy g+h;thq;ff; $l;lq;fisAk; FO
elhj;jpaJ.
vkJ gzpia epiwT nra;J nfhs;tjw;F toq;fg;gl;bUe;j kpfr;rpwpa
fhyfl;lj;ijAk;> kl;Lg;ghlhd tsq;fisAk; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L> ehk;
gpd;tUk; jPh;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhz;Nlhk;.
1. FOtpdhy; jPh;khdpf;fg;gl;l 20 tplaq;fs; rk;ge;jkhfg; nghJkf;fspd;
fUj;Jf;fisf; Nfhupg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy; (tplaq;fspd; epuy;
,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ).
2. xt;nthU khtl;lj;jpYk;; ,uz;L ehl;fs; vd;wbg;gilapy; rfy 25
khtl;lq;fspYk; gfpuq;f mkh;Tfis elhj;Jjy;.
vi
3. nfhOk;Gf;F ntspapyhd khtl;lq;fspy; xNurkaj;jpy;; gy
mkh;Tfis elhj;jf;$batifapy;> FOit 4-6 mq;fj;jth;fs;
nfhz;l cg-gpupTfshf mikj;jy;.
4. khtl;l nrayhsu;fspd; Nritfisg; ngw;W> KiwNa mth;fspd;
khtl;lq;fspy; ,lk; ngWk; gfpuq;f mkh;Tfs; Fwpj;J
nghJkf;fSf;Fg; gutyhf mwptpj;jy; toq;Ftjw;fhf fpuhk
Nritahsh;fspd; cjtpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;;.
5. khtl;l kl;lj;jpy; mku;Tfis elhj;Jtjw;Fj; Njitahd
Maj;jq;fisAk; trjpfisAk; khtl;lr; nrayhsh;fspd;
mYtyfq;fspD}lhf; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;.
6. khtl;lq;fspypUe;J fpilf;Fk; tha;%yf; fUj;Jr; rkh;g;gzq;fspd;
gjpTfis NgZk; Nehf;fj;jpy;> rfy khtl;l mkh;Tfspd; tha;%y
rkHg;gzq;fis ,yj;jpudpay; uPjpapy; gjpTnra;jy;.
7. kpd;dQ;ry; ([email protected])> njhiyefy; kw;Wk;
Vida njhlh;ghly; topKiwfSf;$lhf rku;g;gzq;fis ngw;Wf;
nfhs;Sjy;.
8. www.yourconstitution.lk vdg;gLk; ,izaj; jsnkhd;iw Muk;gpj;jy;.
9. mr;R Clfq;fSf;$lhfTk;> ,yj;jpudpay; Clfq;fSf;$lhfTk; rfy
nkhopfspYk; ,ad;wsTf;F gfpuq;f mkh;Tfs; Fwpj;Jg;
nghJkf;fSf;F mwpTWj;Jjy;.
10. Clf khehLfs; kw;Wk; Clfq;fspy; ,lk;ngWk; fye;Jiuahly;fs;
%yk; FOtpd; gzp Fwpj;j jfty;fis nghJkf;fSf;F toq;Fjy;.
,jd; gpufhuk;> nfhOk;G khtl;lj;jpy; 8 jpdq;fSk;> Vida rfy
khtl;lq;fspYk; 2 jpdq;fs; vd;w mbg;gilapYk; ehk; gfpuq;f mkh;Tfis
elhj;jpNdhk;.
vii
2016 rdtup 11Mk; jpfjp ,lk;ngw;w FOtpd; $l;lj;jpy;> jpU.tpd;];ld;
gj;jpuh[h FOtpd; nrayhsuhfg; ngah; Fwpg;gplg;gl;L epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
jtprhsh; r%fkspf;fhj khtl;l mkh;Tfspy;> mtw;Wf;Fj; jiyik jhq;Fk;
tifapy; jtprhsuhy; FO mq;fj;jtnuhUtu; khtl;l mku;T FOtpw;F
jtprhsuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;. (khtl;lq;fspy; mkh;Tfis elhj;jpa FO
mq;fj;jth;fspd; ngah; epuy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ).
FO Nkw;nfhz;lnjhU jPh;khdj;jpd;gb> FO mq;fj;jth;fs; khtl;lq;fSf;F
tp[ak; nra;jNghJ ,ad;wstpw;F mk;khtl;lq;fspYs;s
kjj;jiyth;fisr; re;jpj;J> murpayikg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jk; njhlu;ghd
mth;fspd; fUj;Jf;fSk; ngwg;gl;ld.
NkYk;> 2016 khh;r; 05 Mk; jpfjpAld; khtl;l mkh;Tfs; midj;Jk;
epiwTngw;wd. mjd; gpd;dh;> FO Nkw;nfhz;l Xh; jPh;khdj;jpw;fpzq;f>
ehk; mjpNkjF rdhjpgjpiaAk;> nfsut gpujkiuAk;> nfsut
rghehafiuAk;;> nfsut vjph;f;fl;rpj; jiytiuAk; re;jpj;J vkJ gzpfs;
Fwpj;J mth;fSf;F vLj;Jiuj;Njhk;.
Nkw;gb FO gy murpay; fl;rpfs;> RahjPd Mizf;FOf;fs;> njhopy;rhh;
mikg;Gf;fspd; jiyth;fs;;> fy;tpg; Gyikahsh;fs; MfpNahUf;Fk;
miog;GtpLj;jNjhL> murpayikg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jk; rk;ge;jkhd mth;fspd;
fUj;Jf;fisAk; Nfl;lwpe;J nfhz;lJ.
tha;nkhop %yk; kw;Wk; vOj;J%ykhd fUj;Jr; rkh;g;gzq;fis
rku;g;;gpg;;gjpy; nghJkf;fs; mjpfsthd Mh;tj;ij fhl;baik fhuzkhf>
mth;fs; midtUf;Fk; NghJkhd re;jh;g;gj;ij toq;Ftjpy; ehk; ngUk;
rthiy vjph;Nehf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ.
tha;nkhop %yk; kw;Wk; vOj;J %ykhd fUj;Jr; rkh;g;gzq;fis
ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F ,Wjp ehnshd;iw ehk; eph;zapj;jpUe;j NghjpYk;>
mjd;gpd;dUk; $l nghJkf;fsplkpUe;J fUj;Jr; rkh;g;gzq;fs; te;J
Ftpe;jd.
viii
vkJ gjpTfspd; gpufhuk; 2>500 ,w;F Nkw;gl;l jdpegh;fs; / mikg;Gfs;
vk;Kd;Njhd;wp> tha;nkhop %y kw;Wk; vOj;Jr; rkh;g;gzq;fis
Nkw;nfhz;bUe;jdu;;. NkYk;> kpd;dQ;ry; %ykhf 800 ,w;Fk; mjpfkhd
fUj;Jr; rkh;g;gzq;fSk;> 150 njhiykly; nra;jpfSk;> 60
njhiyNgrpapDlhd nra;jpfSk;> Vwf;Fiwa 700 mQ;ry;%yKkhd
rkh;g;gzq;fSk;> vk;khy;; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. njhopy;rhh; mikg;Gf;fs;>
njhopw;rq;fq;fs; kw;Wk; rptpy; r%f mikg;Gf;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwg;
gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;Ak; egh;fsplkpUe;J tpN\lkhf tha;nkhop %y
kw;Wk; vOj;J%yr; rkh;g;gzq;fs; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf> ntspehLfspy; thOk; ,yq;ifah;fsplkpUe;Jk;>
Fwpg;ghf> njhopy;ty;Yeh;fs; kw;Wk; fy;tpg; Gyikahsh;fsplkpUe;Jk;
vOj;J%y rkh;g;gzq;fis ehk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;Nlhk;. vkf;F mtrpakhd
trjpfs; ,y;yhik fhuzkhf> tPbNah khehLfs; %ykhf mth;fspd;
tha;%yr; rkh;g;gzq;fis ehk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lnkd;w
Ntz;LNfhs;fis vk;khy; epiwNtw;w Kbatpy;iy.
murpayikg;G cUthf;fr; nray; Kiwapd;NghJ> Kjy;Kiwahf> kf;fisf;
fye;jhNyhrpf;f Ntz;Lnkd;w Nehf;fpy; ehk; Vw;Wf;nfhz;l gzpapid
nraw;gLj;jpa tpjkhdJ murpayikg;gpd; nray;Kiw ,iaG epiyFwpj;J
xU tpopg;Gzh;it kf;fs; kj;jpapy; cUthf;fpa njd;Wk;> murpayikg;G
cUthf;fr; nray; Kiwapid kf;fSf;F NkYk; neUf;fkhff; nfhz;L
te;Js;snjd;Wk; ,f;FO fUJfpd;wJ.
vkf;F toq;fg;gl;l fhytiuaiwf;Fs; nghJ kf;fspd; xU gue;j
gpuptpdiur; nrd;wiltjw;F> ehk; vk;khy; ,ad;w Kaw;rpfis
Nkw;nfhz;Nlhk;. kjj;jiyth;fs;> murpay; fl;rpfspd; jiyth;fs;> RahjPd
Mizf;FOf;fspd; jiyth;fs; kw;Wk; njhopy;rhh; mikg;Gf;fspd;
jiyth;fspd; fUj;Jf;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;l fhyg;gFjpapDs; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F
ehk; ghupa Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhz;Nlhk;.
vkJ mkh;Tfs; gfpuq;fkhdKiwapy; ,lk;ngw;wNjhL> vk;Kd;
Njhw;wpath;fs; jkJ fUj;Jf;fisr; Rje;jpukhfTk;> jpwe;jKiwapYk;>
vLj;Jiuf;f mDkjpf;fg;gl;ldh;. kf;fspd; rkh;g;gzq;fis
ix
Ma;Tnra;ifapy;> ,yq;if KOtjpYKs;s kf;fspd; fzprkhd fUj;Jf;fs;
gpd;tUkhW mike;jpUe;jij mwpaf; $bajhapUe;jJ:-
1. rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rpia (Rule of Law) epiyehl;Ljy;. midj;Jklq;Fk; Xh;
cupikfs; rhrdj;jpD}lhf (Bill of Rights) mbg;gil kdpj
cupikfisg; gutyhf;Fjy;> kw;Wk; RahjPd Mizf;FOf;fis
];jPug;gLj;Jjy; vd;gtw;wpD}lhf muir [dehafkag;gLj;Jjy;.
2. khfhz kw;Wk; cs;s+uhl;rp kl;lj;jpw;F mjpfhuq;fis Nguspj;jy;
(Devolution);> Ml;rpKiwapYk;> murpay; tho;tpYk; kf;fs; Jbg;ghfg;
gq;Nfw;gijr; rhj;jpakhf;Fk; tifapy; epWtdq;fis ];jPug;gLj;Jjy;;;
kw;Wk; fpuhk my;yJ gl;bd kl;lj;jpy; gpui[fspd; murpay;
nraw;ghLfis muRf; fl;likg;Gld; xUq;fpizg;gjD}lhf murpay;
r%fj;ij [dehafkag;gLj;Jjy;.
3. ‘Njrpa kPspzf;fk;’ vd;gjid Xh; mtru gzpahf Nehf;fg;gLjy;.
,ij <l;bf;nfhs;Sk; topfs; rk;ge;jkhf NtWgl;l fUj;Jf;fs;
njuptpf;fg;gl;ld. ,tw;wpDs; xd;W> rpWghd;ikapd kf;fspd;
ePz;lfhy murpay; tptfhuq;fSf;Fj; jPh;TfhZk; Kfkhf
mh;j;jKs;s mjpfhug; Nguspj;jy; (Devolution) Nkw;nfhs;Sk;
tifapy; murpayikg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jj;jpd; NghJ ftdk; nrYj;jg;gly;
Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;.
4. kf;fSf;F neUf;fkhfr; nraw;glf;$baJk;> epahakhdJk;> murpay;
fyg;gw;wJk; RahjPdkhdJk;> njhopy;rhh; jd;ikkpf;fJk;>
mh;g;gzpg;Gzh;Tld; $baJkhd nghJr; Nritnahd;iw epWTjy;
Ntz;Lnkd;gJk;> mjD}lhf kf;fSf;Fr; Nritahw;w
Ntz;Lnkd;gJk; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;lJ.
muir [dehafkag;gLj;jy;; kw;Wk; Njrpa kPspzf;fj;jpw;F ,J tha;g;ghd
xU jUznkd;gJk;> mJ cldbahfr; nraw;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lnkd;gJk;>
,t;Ntisapy; mJ Njhy;tpAw;why;> ,j;jifa re;jh;g;gj;ij ehL kPz;Lk;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;shJ vd;gJk; vk;Kd; Njhd;wpa kf;fspd; nghJthd
fUj;jhftpUe;jJ.
x
,e;j mwpf;ifahdJ mNdfkhf vk;Kd; Njhd;wpa kf;fs; tha;nkhop
%yk; vLj;Jiuj;j NtWgl;l fUj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; vOj;J%yk;
rkh;g;gpf;fg;gl;l rku;g;gzq;fs; midj;ijAk; ftdkhf Ma;T nra;Js;sJ.
kf;fs; vk;Kd; njuptpj;j fUj;Jf;fs; vt;tpj khw;wq;fSf;Fk;
cl;gLj;jg;glhky; vk;khy; jug;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gjid ehk; $wpitf;f
tpUk;Gfpd;Nwhk;.
,ttwpf;ifapy;> gpd;gw;wg;gl;Ls;s tbtikg;G xt;nthU jiyg;gpd; fPOk;
me;j tpalk; rk;ge;jkhf kf;fs; vLj;Jiuj;j fUj;Jf;fSk;> mjd;gpd;dh;
,ad;w tplaq;fspy; ,f;fUj;Jf;fSf;F Mjuthf Kd;itf;fg;gl;l
thjq;fSk;> kf;fs; njuptpj;j fUj;Jf;fisf; ftdj;jpw;nfhz;L ehk; nra;j
tpjg;GiufSk; ,lk;ngWk;tifapy; mike;Js;sJ. mwpf;ifapy;
cs;slf;fk; ngwNtz;ba tpjg;Giufs; Fwpj;J FOtpd; mq;fj;jth;fs;
NtWgl;l fUj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;bUe;j Ntisapy;;> ehk; khw;W
tpjg;Giufisj; jdpahf toq;fpAs;sNjhL> mtw;iw murpayikg;Gg;
Nguit ftdj;jpw; nfhs;tjw;F top rikj;Js;Nshk;.
ehk; ehl;bd; gy;NtW gFjpfSf;F tp[ak; nra;J> fbdkhd fhyr;
#o;epiyapYk; Ntfkhfj; jfty;fisj; jpul;b> MokhdnjhU
jPh;f;fhNyhridfis Nkw;nfhz;L> ,e;j mwpf;ifiaj; jahupj;Js;Nshk;;
vd;Dk; ajhu;j;jj;ij kdjpypUj;j tpUk;Gfpd;Nwhk;. ntspapLtjw;fhd
jpUj;jq;fs; kw;Wk; ge;jpfs; xOq;FgLj;jy; vd;gdtw;wpy; rpy njhopy;El;gf;
FiwghLfs; fhzg;glf;;$Lk;; vd;gijAk; ehk; mwpfpd;Nwhk;.
vkf;F toq;fg;gl;l gzpf;F ,zf;fkhd Kiwapy; ,e;j
mwpf;ifia ehk; rkh;g;gpf;fpd;Nwhk;.
yhy; tpN[ehaf;f (jtprhsh;) .....................................
tpd;];ld; gj;jpuh[ (nrayhsh;) .....................................
ghap]; K];jhgh P.C .....................................
V.vk;. etuj;d gz;lhu .....................................
xi
vk;.vy;. V.fhjh; .....................................
vd;. nry;tFkhud; .....................................
v];. jtuh[h .....................................
F\hd; b my;tp]; P.C .....................................
`upzp mku#upa .....................................
FKJ FRk; Fkhu .....................................
[p.V. Rdpy; [auj;d .....................................
cg;Gy; mNguj;d .....................................
Njkpa vy;.gP `_Us;Ns .....................................
v];. tpN[re;jpud; .....................................
vk;.it.vk;. ghap]; .....................................
vk;.Nf. ejPfh jkae;jp .....................................
fhe;jp uzrpq;f .....................................
v];.rp.rp. ,sq;Nfhtd; .....................................
rpwpkrpup `g;GMur;rp .....................................
22016 Nk 10k; jpfjpahfpa ,d;W
xii
xiii
cs;slf;f ml;ltiz ed;wpAiu iii
Kd;Diu v 1. mwpKfk; 1
2. murpayikg;Gf;fhd g+h;thq;f thrfk; 9
3. Njrpaf; nfhb> Njrpa fPjk; kw;Wk; FbAupik 13
3.1 Njrpaf; nfhb 13
3.2 Njrpa fPjk; 14
3.3 FbAupik 15
4. kjk; 17
5. murpd; jd;ik 22
6. murpayikg;gpd; mbg;gilf; fl;likg;G 30
7. murpd; tbtq;fSk;> mLf;FfSk; 37
7.1 murpd; tbtq;fs; 37
7.2 cg/[dhjpgjp my;yJ gpujpg; gpijkH 40
7.3 mikr;ruit 41
7.4 murpd; mLf;Ffs; 43
8. mjpfhug; gfph;T 47
9. mjpfhug; Nguspj;jy; 53
9.1 mjpfhug; Nguspj;jypd; myF 53
9.2 mjpfhug; Nguspj;jypd; Nehf;nfy;iy 60
10. cs;s+uhl;rp 80
11. muRf; nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; mbg;gilf; flikfs; Fwpj;j
topfhl;ly; Nfhl;ghLfs;
95
12. mbg;gil cupikfs; 106
13. nkhop cupikfs; 153
14. ePjpj;Jiw 158
14.1 ePjpkd;wf; fl;likg;G 159
14.2 murpayikg;G ePjpkd;wk; / cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpd;
murpayikg;G ePjpaurh; Fohk;
162
xiv
14.3 ePjpKiwrhh; kPsha;T 166
14.4 ePjpj;Jiwapd; Rje;jpuk; 166
14.5 cah;epiy ePjpkd;wq;fSf;fhd ePjpKiwrhh;
Mizf;FO
175
14.6 ePjpr;Nrit Mizf;FO 181
14.7 kdpjcupikfs; Mizf;FO 182
14.8 ghuhSkd;wf; FiwNfs; mjpfhup (Xk;Gl;];kd;) 184
14.9 ePjpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy; 186
14.10 rl;lj;jpd; jhkjq;fs; 188
15. Njh;jy; KiwikAk;> nray;KiwAk; 189
16. gfpuq;fr; Nrit>murepjp kw;Wk; fzf;fha;T 210
17. nghJkf;fs; ghJfhg;Gk; kdpj ghJfhg;Gk; 224
18. murpayikg;Gg; NguitAk; RahjPd Mizf;FOf;fSk; 228
19. fhzp> #oy; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp 232
20. rPh;nra; rl;l eltbf;ifAk; kPspzf;fKk; 243
21. ghugl;rkpd;ik Fwpj;j Mizf;FO 245
22. gfpuq;f Nrit kdf;Fiw Mizf;FO 247
gpd;dpizg;G A murpayikg;Gr; rPu;jpUj;jk; njhlHghd nghJkf;fs; fUj;jwp FOtpw;F epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;s mq;fj;jtu;fs;
249
gpd;dpizg;G B murpayikg;Gr; rPu;jpUj;jk; rk;ge;jkhf nghJkf;fspd; fUj;Jf;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;
250
gpd;dpizg;G C murpayikg;Gr; rPu;jpUj;jk; njhlHghd nghJkf;fs; fUj;jwp FOtpd; mwpf;ifia jahupj;jYf;fhd fye;jhuha;tpy; gq;Fgw;wpa cWg;gpdu;fs;
251
gpd;dpizg;G D murpayikg;Gr; rPu;jpUj;jk; njhlHghd nghJkf;fs; fUj;jwp FOtpd; khtl;l uPjpapyhd mku;Tfs; cWg;gpdu;fspd; tUifg;gjpT
252
gpd;dpizg;G E tpRk;gha gzpahl;nlhFjpapdH
259
gpd;dpizg;G F njhz;lu;fspd; gl;bay; 260 gpd;dpizg;G G gfpuq;fr; rkHg;gzq;fspd; jw;fhypfg; gl;bay; 261
1
mj;jpahak; 1
mwpKfk;
cj;Njr murpayikg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jk; njhlu;ghf ,yq;if kf;fSld;
fye;jhNyhridfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fj;Jld; 2015 jpnrk;gh; 22Mk; jpfjp
20 mq;fj;jtu;fis cs;slf;fpajhf “murpayikg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jk; njhlu;ghd
nghJkf;fs; fUj;jwp FO” mikr;ruitapdhy; epakpf;fg;gl;lJ (gpd;dpizg;G
A).
1.1 nray;Kiw
Nkw;gb FO> gy;NtW topfspy; nghJkf;fspd; fUj;Jf;fisg;
ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. nghJkf;fs; gfpuq;f mku;Tfspy; gq;Nfw;W tha;nkhop
%yKk;;; mQ;ry;> kpd;dQ;ry;> njhiyefy; kw;wk; Neupy; tp[ak; nra;J
vOj;J %yKk; jkJ fUj;Jf;fis rkh;g;gpf;FkhW Nfl;Lf; nfhs;sg;gl;ldh;.
nfhOk;G khtl;lk; jtph;e;j Vida 24 khtl;lq;fspYk;> xt;nthU
khtl;lj;jpYk; ,uz;L ehl;fs; vd;wbg;gilapy; gfpuq;f mkh;Tfis
Vw;ghLnra;tjw;F khtl;lr; nrayhsh;fspd; MjuT FOthy;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. nfhOk;G khtl;lj;jpw;fhd gfpuq;f mkh;Tfs; vl;L
ehl;fs; ,lk;ngw;wd. FO cg-FOf;fshf gpupe;J khtl;l mku;Tfis
elhj;jpaJ. (gpd;dpizg;G D Ig; ghh;f;fTk;). khtl;l kl;lj;jpyhd midj;J
gfpuq;f mkh;TfspYk; Clfq;fSk;> nghJkf;fSk; gq;Nfw;f
mDkjpf;fg;gl;bUe;jdu;. FO cWg;gpdu;fspilNa njhlu;e;Jk; gy jpdq;fshf
,lk;ngw;w jPh;f;fhNyhridfspd; gpd;dh;> cj;Njr Gjpa murpayikg;Gf;fhd
nghJkf;fspd; rkh;g;gzq;fisAk;> FOtpd; tpjg;GiufisAk; murpayikg;Gg;
Nguitf;F rku;g;gpg;gjw;fhf ,t;twpf;ifia FO jahupj;jJ.
ntspg;gilj; jd;ikia cWjpg;gLj;Jk; tifapy;;> FO nghJkf;fspd;
rkh;g;gzq;fis ,izaj;jpy; juNtw;wk; nra;ag;glf;$ba tifapyhd
fzpdpj; juTj; jsnkhd;iwAk; cUthf;fpaJ. vjph;fhyj;
jiyKiwapdUf;fhf ,e;j tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtq;nfhz;l jfty;;
njhFg;igAk; nray;KiwiaAk;; Ngzpg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhfTk;; Mtzq;fisg;
nghJkf;fs; ghh;itf;F itg;gjw;fhfTk; ,j;juTj;jsk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
2
,r;nray;Kiw kPJ nghJkf;fs; fhl;ba <LghL kpfTk;
nkr;rj;jf;fjhftpUe;;jJ. fhy> kdpjts kl;Lg;ghLfs; kw;Wk; nghJkf;fs;
fUj;Jr; rkh;g;gzq;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;l FWfpafhy mwptpj;jy; vd;gd
tiuaiwahf fhzg;gl;lNghjpYk;> kf;fl; njhifapd; fzprkhd xU
gFjpapdu; muR mjpfhuj;ij kPsikg;gjpYk;;> ehl;bd; kPAah; rl;lj;ij
(Supreme Law) kW rPuikg;gjpYk; mjpfk; Mu;tk; nfhz;bUe;jikia ehk;
mtjhdpj;Njhk;. rptpy; r%ff; FOf;fs;> kjFUkhh;> Xa;T ngw;w murhq;f
cj;jpNahfj;jh;fs;> Clfg; gpuKfh;fs;> MAjg;gilfisAk; nghypirAk;
Nrh;e;j Xa;T ngw;w kw;Wk; khw;Wj;jpwd; nfhz;Nlhh;> murpay;;
nraw;ghl;lhsh;fs;> khzth;fs;> njhopw;rq;fthjpfs;;> murpay;thjpfs;>
,dj;Jtf; FOf;fs;> Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;l kw;Wk; md;dpa kag;gLj;jg;gl;l
FOf;fs;> ,dj;Jtr; rpWghd;ikf; FOf;fs; kw;Wk; khw;Wj; jpwdhspfs; Nghd;w
gue;j mstpyhd egh;fs; vk; Kd; Njhd;wpr; rkh;g;gzq;fisr; nra;jdh;.
mkh;Tfspd;NghJ> nghJ kf;fshy; gd;ikahd mgpg;gpuhaq;fSk;
fUj;Jf;fSk; tha;%yk; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;lNjhL> vOj;J%y rkh;g;gzq;fSk;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. nghJkf;fs; Neh;ikAlDk;> tpUg;gj;JlDk; jkJ
fUj;Jf;fis> vLj;Jiuj;jNjhL> VidNahupd; fUj;Jf;fisAk;>
mgpg;gpuhaq;fisAk; nghWikahf nrtpkLj;jik ghuhl;Lf;Fupa
tplakhftpUe;jJ. jkJ rkh;g;gzq;fisr; nra;a te;jpUe;Njhh;> NkYk; mq;F
jq;fpapUe;J VidNahupd; fUj;Jf;fisAk; mikjpahf nrtpkL;j;jdh;.
,r;nray;Kiwapy; kf;fs; nfhz;bUf;Fk; Mh;tk;> murpayikg;G
cUthf;fj;jpy; gq;Nfw;Fk; fupridAzh;T> mh;g;gzpg;Gzh;T kw;Wk; rf
gpui[fspd; khWgl;l fUj;Jfis nrtpkLf;Fk; jpwe;j kdg;ghd;ik
vd;gdtw;iw ,J vLj;Jf;fhl;baJ. nghJkf;fSldhd ,j;jifa
fye;jhNyhridfs;> Njrpa Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j tptfhuq;fspy; kw;Wk;
fye;Jiuahly;fspy;; nghJ kf;fs; <LgLtjw;fhd Kjph;r;rpngw;w xU
[dehafj;jpd; Kf;fpa mk;rnkhd;iwg; gpujpgypj;jpUe;jJ. ,f;
fye;jhNyhridfspd; NghJ epytpa #oy; ngUk;ghYk; kjpg;gspg;gjhfTk;
mikjp epiwe;jjhfTkpUe;jJ. mku;Tfspy; kpfTk; khWgl;l fUj;Jf;fs;
nghJkf;fshy; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l NghjpYk;> khw;Wf; fUj;JfSf;Fk;
kjpg;gspj;J> VidNahu;; jkJ fUj;Jf;fisj; Rje;jpukhf vLj;Jiuf;Fk;
cupikf;F midtUk; kjpg;gspj;jpUe;jdu;;. ,J kpfTk; ghuhl;lg;glf;$baJk;
tuNtw;fg;gl Ntz;baJkhdnjhU tplakhFk;.
3
,g;gzpapy; <Lgl;lNtisapy;> FO ,U Kf;fpakhd mtjhdpg;Gf;fis
Nkw;nfhz;lJ. xd;W> [dehafj;ij ];jPug;gLj;jp> Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F kf;fs;
ntspg;gLj;jpa tpUg;gk;; kw;iwaJ rkhjhdk; kw;Wk; kPspzf;fj;Jf;fhd Mu;tk;
vd;gjhFk;;. ,tw;iw epiwNtw;WtJ my;yJ miltJ vt;thW vd;gjpy; gy
NtWghLfs; fhzg;gl;lik cz;ikahFk;. MapDk;> [dehaf kw;Wk;
rkhjhdk;; epiwe;j Njrnkhd;iw cUthf;Ftjpy; ,yq;if kf;fs;
nfhz;bUe;j cz;ikahd tpUg;gnkhd;W fhzg;gl;lik epju;rdkhFk;.
vkJ rl;lthf;fr; nray;Kiwapy; <LgLNthh; vkJ kf;fspd; tpUg;gj;ijAk;>
mth;fs; ,r;nray;Kiwapy; gq;Nfw;gjpy; fhl;ba Neh;ikiaAk; mq;fPfupj;J>
kjpg;gspf;f Ntz;Lnkd;W FO fUJfpd;wJ. vk;Kd; Njhd;wpa gyh;
murpyikg;G cUthf;fr; nray;Kiwapd; tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijr;
Rl;bf;fhz;gpj;J> jkf;Fk; ,jpy; gq;Nfw;gjw;F tha;g;gspj;jik Fwpj;J ed;wp
njuptpj;jdh;. mth;fs; ek;gpf;ifAzh;TlDk;> ghupa vjph;ghh;g;GlDk; FO
Kd;dpiyapy; te;jpUe;jdh;. gyh; ,j;jUzkhdJ Njrj;jpd; tuyhw;wpy; xU
jPh;khdfukhd jpUg;G Kidnad;gijAk;> fle;jfhyj; jtWfisj;
jpUj;Jtjw;fhd jdpr;rpwg;G tha;e;j re;jh;g;gnkd;Wk;> vjph;fhyr; re;jjpf;F
xU ghJfhg;ghd> kfpo;;r;rp epiwe;j ehl;ilg; ngw;Wf;nfhLg;gjw;F ,ijg;
gad;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; njuptpj;jdh;. mth;fs; vk;Kd;
Njhd;wpaJk;> rkh;g;gzq;fis mDg;gpitj;jJk; Mokhd ek;gpf;if kw;Wk;
vjph;ghh;g;GfSldhFk;. ,e;j ek;gpf;iff;Fk;> vjph;ghh;g;Gf;Fk;
JNuhfkpiof;fg;gLjyhfhJ. kf;fs; jkf;Fr; nrhe;jkhdnjd;W Xh;
cilikAzh;TlDk;> ngUikAlDk; $Wk;NghJ khj;jpuNk
murpayikg;nghd;W mh;j;jk; ngWfpd;wJ. ,Jtplaj;jpy;> kf;fspd;
fUj;Jf;fisf; Nfl;lwptJk;> murpyikg;G cUthf;fr; nray;Kiwapy;
mth;fspd; ghj;jpuj;ij mq;fPfupg;gJk;> ,r;nray;Kiwapy; mth;fspd;
njhlh;r;rpahd gq;Nfw;ig cWjp nra;tJk; jPh;khdfukhd
Kf;fpaj;Jtk;tha;e;j tplaq;fshFk;.
murpayikg;G cUthf;fnkd;gJ mbf;fb ,lk;ngWk; xU tplaky;y.
Rje;jpuj;Jf;Fg; gpd;dh; ehl;by; ,lk;ngWk; %d;whtJ gpujhd murpayikg;Gr;
rPh;jpUj;jnkd;Dk; epfo;Tz;ik vkJ rl;lq;fis Mf;FNthh; fle;j
fhyq;fspy; vkJ kf;fspd; vjph;ghh;g;Gfs; kw;Wk; mgpyhi\fs; rk;ge;jkhf
mth;fSld; xU $l;L xg;ge;jj;Jf;F tuj;jtwpaikia
vLj;Jf;fhl;LtjhdJ murhq;fj;jpd; mq;fq;fspYk;> rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rpapYk;
kw;Wk; xUth;kPnjhUtupYk; ek;gpf;ifiaf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy; Njhy;tp
4
fz;Ls;Nshk; vd;gjidahFk;. ehk; kPz;Lk; fle;jfhyj; jtWfSf;Fj;
gpuhar;rpj;jk; NjLtjw;F Kaw;rpf;Fk; gzpf;F Kfq; nfhLj;Js;Nshk;. MfNt>
ehk; ,e;j tha;g;ig tPzbj;J tplf;$lhJ. Njrj;Jf;fhd xU vjph;fhy
ek;gpf;iff;fhl;rpia cUthf;Fk; tplaj;jpy; ehk; murpay;
re;jh;g;gthjq;fSf;F mg;ghw;nrd;W> vjph;fhy re;jjpapdUf;fhf vj;jifa
kuGupikia ehk; tpl;Lr; nry;yTs;Nshk; vd;Dk; tpdhit vk;Ks; vOg;Gjy;
Ntz;Lk;. mJ jtwtplg;gl;Ls;s re;jh;g;gq;fs; kw;Wk; Njhy;tpaile;j
tha;g;Gfs; Fwpj;jjh my;yJ mth;fs; ngUikAld; cupik Nfhuf;$ba
xd;wh? ehk; ,yFthd topiaj; njupTnra;J> ntWkNd jw;Nghija
NjitfSf;F vjph;tpid fhz;gpg;gjh my;yJ vjph;fhyj;jpy; ek;gpf;ifitj;J
midtUf;Fk; ePjpiaAk;> rkj;Jtj;ijAk; cWjpnra;Ak; NkYk; tYTs;s>
Jbg;ghd [dehafnkhd;iw fl;bnaOg;GtJ Fwpj;Jr; rpe;jpg;gjh? ,itNa
murpayikg;Gg; NguitapYk;> gue;j rKjhaj;jpYk; tpthjpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba
tpdhf;fshFk;.
Xh; murpayikg;ig tiuAk; jw;Nghija nraw;ghL rfy [dr%fq;fs;
kj;jpapYk; rkhjhdk;> nrs[d;ak; kw;Wk; midtiuAk; cs;slf;Fjy;
vd;git epiwe;j xU #oypd; cUthf;fk; Fwpj;j> ,jw;F Kd;dh; Vw;gl;buhj
rthiy vjph;Nehf;Ffpd;wJ. MfNt> murpayikg;ghdJ [dehafk;> rl;lk;
kw;Wk; xOq;Fepiy> xspTkiwtpd;ik> tifg;nghWg;G> kdpj cupikfs;>
Rje;jpuk;> r%fePjp> rkj;Jtk;> #oy; kw;Wk; ,aw;iftsq;fs; ghJfhg;G
vdgtw;iw cs;slf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.
vkJ r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; rfy jtwhd tplaq;fSf;Fk; murpayikg;Gr;
rPh;jpUj;jj;jpD}lhfj; jPh;T fz;Ltpl KbahJ vd;gijAk; ehk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. murpay; gpujpepjpj;Jtq;Fwpj;J kf;fs; jkJ mjpUg;jpia ntspapl;l
NghjpYk;> ehKk; vk;ik Nehf;fp> ve;j msTf;F ehk; vkJ [dehafg;
nghWg;Gf;fis epiwNtw;wpAs;Nshk; vd;gJ Fwpj;Jk; rpe;jpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ehk;
vkJ gpujpepjpfsplk; juq;fisAk;> tpOkpaq;fisAk;> vjph;ghh;f;Fk;
mNjNtisapy;> ehk; ,e;j tpOkpaq;fSf;F cfe;jtifapy; thOfpd;Nwhkh
vd;gijAk; rpe;jpj;Jg;ghh;f;f Ntz;Lk;.
vt;thW Nehf;fpdhYk;> ehk; njupTnra;Ak; vkJ gpujpepjpfs; vk;kj;jpapypUe;Nj
tUfpd;wdh;. [dehafnkd;gJ nghWg;Gzh;Tld; epjh;rdkhFk; xd;whFk;. vkJ
tpjg;Giufspy; fhzg;gLtJ NghyNt> vkJ kf;fs; NkYk; mjpfupj;j>
Mokhd [dehafg;gLj;jiyNa mthtp epw;fpd;wdh;. ,it mjpfupj;j
5
nghWg;Gzh;T> kw;Wk; Jbg;ghd Fbapay; gq;Nfw;G vd;gtw;WlNdNa
rhj;jpankd;gij ehk; Gupe;Jnfhs;tJ mtrpakhFk;. [dehafg; gq;Nfw;G
vd;gJ ntWkNd Rayhgq;fspdbg;gilapy; gzpahw;Wtjy;y vd;gijAk;>
VidNahupd; eyd;fs; Fwpj;j rpe;jidAk; mjw;F mtrpankd;gijAk; ehk;
tpsq;fpf;nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; fUj;J gy epiyg;ghLfs; kw;Wk;
gy;NtW eyd;fisf; ftdj;jpw;nfhz;L tpl;Lf;nfhLg;GfSld; jPh;Tfis
vl;LtJ vd;gjhFk;. ,J ehk; cld;ghby;yhtpl;lhYk;> NtWghLfSld;
rkhjhdkhf thOk; topKiwfs; Fwpj;Jg; guprPypf;fj; jahuhfTs;Nshk;
vd;gij mq;fPfupg;gjhFk;.
murpayikg;G kWrPuikg;Gr; nray;Kiw ntw;wpaila Ntz;Lnkdpy;>
rPh;jpUj;jq;fs; Fwpj;j fUj;njhUkpg;ig ehk; fl;bnaOg;g Ntz;Lnkd;gJk;>
mtw;Wf;F Mjuitf; fl;bnaOg;Gk; tifapy; kf;fSld; Jbg;ghf <Lgl;Lr;
nraw;gl Ntz;Lnkd;gJk; ,d;wpaikahj tplaq;fshFk;. ,jw;F> njhiy
Nehf;fq;nfhz;l murpay; jiyikj;JtKk; fw;gdhtsKk; mtrpakhFk;.
kf;fSf;F czh;t+l;b mth;fSld; gaDWjpAld; njhlh;ghly; nra;tJ vkJ
murpay; jiyth;fspd; nghWg;ghFk;. murpayikg;G cUthf;fr;
nray;Kiwapd; NghJ kf;fSld; ,iltplhj Kiwikahd <LghL
nfhs;tjw;Fk;> ,J cz;ikapNyNa ehl;L kf;fs;; midtUf;Fk;
nrhe;jkhdJ vd;gij epjh;rdkhf;Ftjw;Fkhd Njitia murpay; ];jhgdk;
mq;fPfupf;Fnkd;W ehk; cWjpahf ek;Gfpd;Nwhk;.
Kf;fpakhd tptfhuq;fspy; njhlh;e;Jk; kf;fis mzp jpuSkhWk;>
gpur;rhuq;fspy; <LgLkhWk; ,e;j ehl;L kf;fisAk;> tpNrlkhf vk;Kd;
te;jth;fisAk; ehk; Ntz;bf;nfhs;Sfpd;Nwhk;. ehk; ,r;nray;Kiwapy;
njhlh;e;J <LgLtJk;> Jbg;ghfr; nraw;gLtJk;> njupT nra;ag;gl;l gpujpepjpfs;
vkf;F nghWg;G $wiy cWjpnra;tJk;> ,k;Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j
Kaw;rpapd;Nghjhd rkh;g;gzq;fspD}lhf vkJ ek;gpf;ifia>
mgpyhi\fisj; njspthf vLj;jiug;gJk; mtrpakhFk;.
Kd;Ng Fwpg;gpl;lthW> ,f;FO gytopfspD}lhfr; rkh;g;gzq;fisg;
ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. ehL KOtjpYk; ,lk;ngw;w gfpuq;f mkh;Tfspy;
ngw;Wf;nfhz;l rkh;g;gzq;fSf;F Nkyjpfkhf> kpd;dQ;ry; %yKk;>
njhiyefy; %yKk;> mQ;ry; %yKk; ehk; rkh;g;gzq;fisg;
ngw;Wf;nfhz;Nlhk;. (,izg;G G) FOtpd; mq;fj;jtHfh;fs; jhk;
6
ngw;Wf;nfhz;;l rfy rkh;g;gzq;fisAk; Ma;Tnra;J> mtw;iw khtl;l
mwpf;iffshfr; rhuhk;rg;gLj;jp> fUg;nghUs;rhh; tplag;gug;Gfs; rk;ge;jkhd
mwpf;iffis tiue;Js;sdh;. FO mq;fj;jpdh;fs; gpd;dh; ,it rk;ge;jkhd
MNyhridfis Nkw;nfhz;L> tpjg;Giufis tFj;jikj;jdh;.
,tw;wpdbg;gilapy; vkJ ,Wjpawpf;if tiuag;gl;lJ.
vkJ Nehf;fk; ,uz;L tpjkhf mike;jJ: KjyhtJ> ,ad;w msTf;F
kf;fspd; rkh;g;gzq;fis xU Jy;ypakhd> epahakhd Kiwapy; ntspf;
nfhzu;tNjhL rkh;g;gzq;fspd; epahag+h;tkhd jd;ikia vLj;J tpsf;fy;.
,uz;lhtjhf> ehk; ngw;Wf; nfhz;l tplaq;fspd; gFg;gha;tpdbg;gilapYk;>
vkJ nrhe;j murpay;> njhopy;rhh; kw;Wk; Jiwr;rPyj; Njh;r;rpfspdbg;gilapYk;
tpjg;Giufis Nkw;nfhs;tjhFk;. FOtpd; gpujpepjpj;JtkhdJ rl;ltwpQh;fs;>
rptpy; r%fg; gpujpepjpfs;> murpay;thjpfs;> fy;tpg; Gyikahsh;fs; kw;Wk;
njhopy; ty;Yeh;fisf; nfhz;ljhFk;. ,jd;%yk; gy;NtW eyd;fisAk;>
epiyg;ghLfisAk; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;Ak; xU FOtpdh; ,jpy;
xd;wpize;jdh;. tpjg;Giufis tFj;jikg;gjpYk; FOtpd; Jiwj;
Njh;r;rpfisAk; gad;gLj;jg;gLtJ Kf;fpakhdnjd;Wk; ehk; vz;zpNdhk;.
xU Fwpg;gpl;l tpjg;Giu rk;ge;jkhf ehk; fUj;njhUkpg;ig vl;lKbahj
re;jh;g;gq;fspy; ehk; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l tpjg;Giufisr; nra;tnjd;W
cld;gl;Nlhk;. ,jd;%yk; rfy mq;fj;jtH;fspdJk; cs;sPLfSk;
epahakhdKiwapy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLtJ cWjpnra;ag;gl;lJ. gy topfspy;>
FOtpd; fUj;Jf;fs; rKjhaj;jpy; epyTk; gy;tifahd fUj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk;
epiyg;ghLfspd; xU rpWTUj;Njhw;wkhf mike;Js;sd. ,e;jg;
gy;tifikfSk;> NtWghLfSk; murpayikg;Gg; Nguitapd; rpe;jid kw;Wk;
fye;Jiuahly;fSf;nfd ,e;j mwpf;ifapy; gpujpgypf;fg;gLtJ
Kf;fpakhdnjd;W ehk; vz;Zfpd;Nwhk;. ,e;j mwpf;ifapy; vkJ Fwpf;Nfhs;>
nghJkf;fspd; fUj;Jf;fisg; gFg;gha;T nra;J> rkh;g;gpg;gjD}lhf
cs;sPLfis toq;fp> murpayikg;Gg; Nguitapd; jPh;f;fhNyhridfSf;F
cjtp toq;FtjhFk;. FOtpw;F fpilf;fg; ngw;w rkHg;gzq;fisAk;
tpjg;GiufisAk; fye;Jiuahlypw;F cl;gLj;JtJ ,jd; njhlHr;rpahFk;.
7
11.2 mwpf;ifapd; fl;likg;G
,e;j mwpf;if ,Ugj;jp ,uz;L mj;jpahaq;fisf; nfhz;ljhFk;. xt;nthU
mj;jpahaKk; nghJkf;fs; toq;fpa rkh;g;gzj;jpd;kPjhd xU
fye;JiuahlYld; Muk;gpf;fpd;wJ. ,jidj;njhlh;e;J FOtpd; tpjg;Giufs;
,lk;ngWfpd;wd. xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l tpjg;Giufs; ,lk;ngWk; re;jh;g;gq;fspy;>
mbf;Fwpg;gpy; Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l tpjg;Giuia Nkw;nfhz;l egh;fspd;
ngah;fs; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
vkJ mwpf;ifapy; rkh;g;gzq;fis Nkw;nfhz;l jdpegh;fs; my;yJ
mikg;Gf;fspd; ngah;fs; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy. rkh;g;gzq;fis
toq;fpNahupd; g+uz epuy;fs; gpd;dpizg;G G apy; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
rkh;g;gzq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s nkhop vkJ rpy tpjg;Giufis
tFj;jikg;gjpYk; xd;wpizf;fg;gl;L> gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
1.3 kl;Lg;ghLfs;
ehk; vjph;Nehf;fpa ghupa kl;nly;iy fhyk; rk;ge;jkhd mOj;jkhFk;. ,J
FO Kd;dpiyapy; rkh;g;gzq;fisr; nra;tjw;F kf;fis mzpjpul;Ltjd;kPJ
xU jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ. murpayikg;G cUthf;fk;Nghd;w xU
tplaj;jpy;> jkJ rkh;g;gzq;fis jahH nra;tjw;F kf;fSf;Ff; fhy
mtfhrk; Njitg;gLk;. JujpH\;ltrkhf> Nghjpa mwptpj;jy; ,y;yhik
fhuzkhf> gyh; jkJ rkh;g;gzq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd fhy mtfhrk;
,y;yhJNghapUf;ff;$Lk;. mj;NjhL> fhyk; ,y;yhik fhuzkhf ehk;
nfhOk;Gf;F ntspapy; ,lk;ngw;w khtl;l mkh;Tfis ,uz;L jpdq;fshff;
Fiwf;fNtz;ba epiy Vw;gl;lJ. gy khtl;lq;fspy; toq;fg;gl;l fhyk;
Nghjhnjd;gJ gpuj;jpal;rkhfj; njupate;jJ.
ehk; njspTgLj;j tpUk;Gk; ,d;DnkhU fhuzp> ehk; rkh;g;gzq;fspd; xU
Gs;sptpguk;rhh; gFg;gha;it Nkw;nfhs;stpy;iy vd;gjhFk;. ehk;
ngw;Wf;nfhz;l rkh;g;gzq;fs; Gs;sptpguk;rhh; gFg;gha;it
Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd xU khjpupapd; mbg;gilapy; ,lk;ngw;wjhff;
fUjg;glKbahnjd;gjhy;> FO ,ijr; nra;ahky; jtph;f;fj; jPh;khdpj;jJ.
rkh;g;gzq;fisr;nra;Njhh; Ra- tpUg;gj;jpdbg;gilapy; FOtpd; Kd;dpiyapy;
Njhw;wpNahuhth;. mth;fs; FOtpdhy; Kd;njupT ngw;wth;fsy;yh;. MfNt>
8
ehk; nra;jJ ehk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l rkh;g;gzq;fisf; ftdkhf Muha;e;J>
kf;fs; rkh;g;gpj;j gy;NtW mgpg;gpuhaq;fis ,dq;fz;L>
mf;fUj;Jfspdbg;gilapy; fye;Jiuahb> vkJ tpjg;Giufisr;
rkh;g;gpj;jikNaahFk;.
9
mmj;jpahak; 2
murpayikg;Gf;fhd mwpKf thrfk;
nghJkf;fs; ,yq;if murpayikg;G Fwpj;J nghJthd fUj;Jf;fisAk;>
NtWgLk; fUj;Jf;fisAk; vLj;Jiuj;jdh;. gutyhf midtuhYk;
gfph;e;Jnfhs;sg;gl;l mj;jifa xU fUj;J> murhl;rp vd;gJ kf;fspilNa
Vw;gLk; Xh; cld;ghl;bypUe;J gpwg;gJ vd;gNjhL> murpd; mjpfhuk; kf;fspd;
eyid Nehf;fkhff;nfhz;Nl gpuNahfpf;fg;glNtz;Lk; vd;gJkhFk;.
murpayikg;ghdJ mij Vw;gLj;Jk; kf;fspd; rptpy;> murpay; kw;Wk;
nghUshjhu cupikfis cj;juthjk; nra;aNtz;Lnkd;gJ NkYnkhU
nghJkf;fs; fUj;Jr; rkh;g;gzf;$w;whFk;. nghJkf;fs; cs;shh;e;juPjpapy;
Rje;jpukhdth;fnsd;Wk;> mth;fs; cupikfisf;nfhz;l
jdpegh;fshtnud;Wk; nghJkf;fs; NkYk; fUj;Jr; rkh;g;gzk; nra;Js;sdh;.
MfNt> kf;fNs mjpfhuj;jpd; %yk; MtH.
2.1 rkh;g;gzq;fs; nghJkf;fs;> murpayikg;ghdJ tpiykjpg;gw;w #oiyAk;> ,aw;ifiaAk;
ghJfhf;Fk; Mw;wiyf;nfhz;l Xh; ,yq;ifapd; vjph;fhy ,yl;rpaNehf;if
cs;slf;f Ntz;Lnkd;Wk;> muR vjph;fhyg; guk;giuapdupd; eyd;fSf;F
CWtpistpf;fhjtifapy;> cupikfs;> Rje;jpuq;fs;> [dehafk; kw;Wk;
r%fePjp vd;gtw;Wf;Fg; ghjpg;gpy;yhj tifapy; mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jf;
flikg;gl;Ls;snjd;Wk; fUj;J ntspapl;ldh;. muR ,Ug;gJ kf;fspdJk;>
[dr%fq;fspdJk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; kw;Wk; Fwpapyf;Ffis
<l;bf;nfhs;tjw;Nfnad;Wk; mtHfs; NkYk; vLj;Jiuj;jdh;. MfNt>
murpayikg;G vjph;fhyg; guk;giuapdiu Cl;btsh;f;ff;$ba xU
epiyNgwhd mgptpUj;jpr; nray;Kiwia cs;slf;fp> epiyngwr; nra;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.
mur tha;g;Gf;fis midtUk; rkkhfg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tij cWjpnra;a
Ntz;Lnkd;Wk;> mJ gytPdkhd> ehl;by; Xuq;fl;lg;gl;l [dr%fq;fisg;
ghJfhg;gjw;fhd Nghjpa eltbf;iffis vLf;Fk; flg;ghl;ilf;
nfhz;Ls;snjd;Wk;> kf;fs; njuptpj;jdh;. KOikahf Nehf;Fkplj;J> kf;fs;
10
Gjpa murpayikg;G cUthf;fr; nraw;ghLfspypUe;J gpujpepjpj;Jt
[dehafk;> rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp> r%fePjp> rkj;Jtk; kw;Wk; xg;GuT Mfpa
,yl;rpaq;fSf;F mh;g;gzpg;Gzh;Tnfhz;l Xh; ,yq;ifia vjph;ghh;f;fpd;wdh;.
,yq;ifanud;w milahsj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy;> gy;NtW
[dr%fq;fspilapyhd gu];gu mq;fPfhuk;> Rakupahij> ehl;bd;
gy;tifiknfhz;l gd;ikj;Jtg; gz;Gf;fhd mq;fPfhuk; vd;gtw;iw
murpayikg;G vz;zf;fUthf;fk; nra;aNtz;Lnkd;W kf;fs; NflLf;
nfhz;;ldh;. rfy ,yq;ifah;fSk; Gjpa murpayikg;G cUthf;fr;
nray;Kiwia czh;r;rptrg;glhik> jahsk;> cz;ik> tifg;nghWg;G
Nghd;w tpOkpaq;fSlhfj; jkJ NtWghLfis kwe;J xd;wpiztjw;fhd xU
tha;g;ghf Nehf;Fjy;Ntz;Lnkd;w fUj;ij kf;fs; gfpHe;J nfhz;ldh;.
gy [dr%fq;fs; nghJthfj; njuptpj;j xU fUj;J [dehafk; mh;j;jKs;s
xd;whf ,Uf;fNtz;Lnkdpy;> fpuhkq;fspYk; (efh;g;Gwg;gpuNjrq;fspd;
tl;lhuq;fspYk;) ,Uf;Fk; kf;fs; [dehafj; jPh;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;tjpy; xU
gFjpahfTk;> mJ fPopUe;J Nky;Nehf;fpr; nry;Yk; njhlh;Gs;s Xh; murpay;
Kiwikapd; xU gFjpahfTk; tpsq;fNtz;Lnkd;gJkhFk;. cjhuzkhf-
fpuhk rigfisf; $l;bizg;Gr;nra;Ak; tplak;- fpuhk kl;lj;jpy;
Rahl;rpf;fhd xU nghwpKiwf;fhd NjitiaAk;> mjd; jpwikahd
nraw;ghl;bw;F mtrpakhd Nghjpa trjpfis toq;FtJ murhq;fj;jpd;
Nky;gb epiyfspd; (Higher tiers of Government) nghWg;ghFnkd;Wk; mth;fs;
typAWj;jpdh;.
rpy gpuNjrq;fspd; kf;fs; mjpfupj;j mjpfhug;Nguspg;G (Devolution of Power) kw;Wk; Rahl;rp vd;gtw;iwf;> kj;jpg;gLj;jg;gl;l Ml;rp fhuzkhf vOk;
Xuq;fl;ly;fs; kw;Wk; ghugl;rq;fis ePf;Fk;tifapy;> khfhzq;fisAk;
cg-myFfisAk; Nfhupdhh;fs;. VidNahh; mjpfupj;j mjpfhug;guty;fs;
kw;Wk; ntspkhtl;l myFfSf;fhd (Peripheries) mjpfupj;j mjpfhuq;fs;
vd;gtw;iwf; Nfhupdh;. mth;fs; mjpfhug;Nguspg;Gk;> mjpfhug;gutyhf;fKNk
ehl;by; [dehafj;ijAk;> xUq;fpizg;igAk; tYg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd topnad;W
njuptpj;jdh;.
nghJkf;fs; Nkw;nfhz;l fUj;Jr;rkh;g;gzq;fspdbg;gilapy;> FO
murpayikg;Gf;fhd mwpKf thrfj;jpy; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis
Kd;itf;fntz;Lnkd;W Kd;nkhopfpd;wJ.
11
rpq;fsth;> jkpoh;> K];yPk;fs;> kiyafj; jkpoh;fs;> Mjpthrpfs;>
kyhah;> gwq;fpah;fs; kw;Wk; Vida fyhrhu> nkhopr; r%fq;fis
rKjhaj;jpd; gpupf;fKbahj gFjpfshf mq;fPfupj;jy;.
ehL rfy Fbkf;fSf;Fk;> [dr%fq;fSf;Fk; nrhe;jkhdJ
vd;gijAk;> midtUf;Fk; rkhjhdkhfTk;> nrs[d;akhfTk;
xd;wpize;J thOk; cupik cs;sJ vd;gijAk; mq;fPfupj;jy;.
fyhrhuk;> kjk; kw;Wk; nkhop uPjpapyhd gd;Kfj;jd;ikia vkJ
ehl;bd; nry;tkhf Vw;W> mit kjpf;fg;glTk;> ghJfhf;fg;glTk;
mtrpakhdtw;iwr; nra;aNtz;Lnkd;gij mq;fPfupj;jy;.
kf;fspd; tpUg;gpd; gpufhuk; murhq;fk; nraw;gLk; xU [dehaf
r%fj;Jf;fhd mj;jpthuj;ij ,Lk; nghWg;ig Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;.
,yq;if jkJ jha;ehL vd;W ek;Gk; midtUf;Fk; rkj;Jtk;> xg;GuT>
ePjp kw;Wk; midtUf;Fk; Rje;jpuk; Nghd;w Nrh\ypr kw;Wk; FbauRf;
Nfhl;ghLfis cWjpnra;jy;.
ehl;bd; xt;nthU gpui[f;Fk; rl;lj;jpd; rkkhd ghJfhg;G kw;Wk;
ePjpia cWjpnra;jy;.
fle;jfhyj;jpy; td;nraYk;> ,uj;jQ;rpe;JjYk; Vw;gl;ldntd;gij
Vw;Wf;nfhz;L. kuzpj;j caph;fSf;F kjpg;gspj;J> vjph;fhyj;jpy;
td;nray; ,lk;ngwf;$lhJ vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;.
fle;jfhyj;jpd; fhaq;fis Mw;Wtjw;Fk;> rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp> Rje;jpuk;>
[dehaf tpOkpaq;fs;> r%fePjp kw;Wk; mbg;gil cupikfs;
vd;gtw;wpdbg;gilapyhd r%fnkhd;iwj; ];jhgpf;Fk; nghWg;ig
Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;.
kdpj nfsutj;ij cah;thf kjpg;gjw;Fg; nghWg;Ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy;.
12
22.2 tpjg;Giufs;
murpayikg;gpd; cj;Njr mwpKf thrfj;jpy; ,lk;ngwNtz;baJ vd;d
vd;gJ rk;ge;jkhf kf;fs; gy fUj;Jr; rkh;g;gzq;fis Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sdh;.
rpyh; xU Qhgf%l;Lk; mk;rkhfTk;> vjph;fhyj;Jf;fhd xU ghlkhfTk;
murpd; fle;jfhy epfo;TfSf;fhd Xh; Fwpg;ig tpUk;gpdh;. vt;thwhapDk;>
ehL [dehafk;> rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp> kdpj cupikfs;> kdpj nfsutk;> epahak;>
rkj;Jtk;> gd;ikj;Jtk;> gy;tifik kw;Wk; rkhjhdk; Nghd;wtw;iw
mwpKf thrfj;jpy; ,lk;ngwr;nra;tJ rk;ge;jkhd fUj;njhUkpg;G cs;sJ.
FO ,r;rkh;g;gzq;fisf; fUj;jpnyLj;J> murpayikg;gpy; xd;wpizg;Gr;
nra;ag;glTs;s cj;Njr mwpKf thrfk; mjd; tFj;jikg;gpy; gpd;tUk;
tplaq;fisj; njuptpf;fNtz;Lnkd;W vz;Zfpd;wJ:
'fle;jfhyj;jpd; gpuptpidfisf; Fiwg;gjw;F mtrpakhd NjitiaAk;>
Njrj;jpd; [f;fpaj;ijAk; tpOg;gj;ijAk; Kd;Ndw;w Ntz;Lnkd;gijAk;
mq;fPfupj;J>
Ml;rpKiw epWtdq;fis tYg;gLj;jp>
gue;j mjpfhug;gfph;it cWjpnra;J>
[dehaf tpOkpaq;fs;> rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp> r%fePjp> kdpj nfsutk;
kw;Wk; mbg;gil kdpj cupikfis kjpg;gijAk; cs;thq;fp>
nghUshjhu> r%f kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu Kd;Ndw;wj;ij <l;bf;nfhs;tijAk;>
kw;Wk;
rkhjhdk;> ,dj;Jt nrs[d;ak; kw;Wk; [dehaf eilKiwfis
Kd;Ndw;WtijAk; Nehf;fkhff;nfhz;L"
13
mmj;jpahak; 3
Njrpaf;nfhb> Njrpa fPjk; kw;Wk; FbAupik
3.1 Njrpaf;nfhb 3.1.1 rkh;g;gzq;fs;
Njrpaf; nfhbahdJ ,dj;Jt If;fpak;> kw;Wk; Njrj;jpd; gd;ikj;Jtf;
Fztpay;ig milahsuPjpahfg; gpujpgypf;Fk; NjitiaAk;> rfy ,dj;Jtf;
FOf;fspd; rkj;Jtj;ijAk;> mth;fspilNa rkhjhdk; kw;Wk;
nrs[d;aj;ijAk; mJ typAWj;Jtjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lnkd;gjhfTk;
Njrpaf;nfhb rk;ge;jkhd nghJkf;fspd; fUj;Jf;fs; mike;jpUe;jd. nfhb
ve;jtpjkhd ,dj;Jt milahsj;ijAk; fhz;gpf;fhjjhfTk;> mjw;Fg;gjpyhf>
mJ xU nghJthd ,yq;ifanud;w milahsj;ij typAWj;Jtjhf
mikaNtz;Lk; vd;gJk; xU khw;Wf;fUj;jhf fhzg;gl;lJ. ,e;j ,U
epiyg;ghLfSk; xU Gjpa Njrpaf;nfhb tbtikf;fg;gLtij
mthtpepw;fpd;wd. NkYnkhU khw;Wf;fUj;jhdJ nfhbapd; jw;Nghija
tbtikg;ig khw;whky;> mg;gbNa itj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lnkd;gjhFk;.
3.1.2 tpjg;Giufs;
Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;l rkh;g;gzq;fspdbg;gilapy; gpd;tUk; tpjg;Giufis
ftdj;jpw;nfhs;tjw;fhf FO Kd;itj;Js;sJ.
m. kjf;fyg;gpy;yhj Xh; muRf;fhd tpjg;GiuNahL ,zf;fkhd
KiwapYk;> ,dj;Jtepiyiaf; Fwpg;gplhJ> ,yq;ifapd;
$l;Ltho;itg; gpujpgypf;Fk; tifapYkhd xU Gjpa
Njrpaf;nfhbia tbtikj;jy;1.
1 `upzp mku#upa@ V.vk;.etuj;d gz;lhu@ v];.rp.rp.,sq;Nfhtd;@ FKJ FRk; Fkhu@
vd;.nry;tFkhud;@ v];. tpN[re;jpud;
14
M. rfy ,dj;Jtf; FOf;fspdJk; rkj;Jtk;> kw;Wk; mth;fspilNa
rkhjhdk; kw;Wk; nrs[d;aj;ij milahsg;gLj;Jk;tifapy; xU
Gjpa Njrpf;nfhbia tbtikj;jy;2.
,. nfhbia khw;wkpd;wp mt;thNw itj;Jf;nfhs;Sjy;3.
3.2 Njrpa fPjk;
3.2.1 rkh;g;gzq;fs;
Njrpa fPjk; rk;ge;jkhff; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s gpujhd tptfhuk; mJ
rpq;fsj;jpYk;> jkpopYk; ghlg;glNtz;Lkh vd;gJk;> ve;jKiwapy;
vd;gJkhFk;. rpq;fsj;jpy; khj;jpuNk mJ ghlg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;gJ xU
fUj;jhftpUf;Fk; mNjNtis> mJ ,uz;L nkhopfspYk;
ghlg;glNtz;Lnkd;W xU khw;W epiyg;ghL njuptpf;fpd;wJ. mt;thW
njuptpg;Nghh; mJ rpq;fsj;jpYk;> jkpopYk; xd;wpd;gpd;dh; xd;whfg; ghlg;gl
Ntz;Lnkd;Wk;> NtWrpyh; mJ fPjj;jpd; nra;As;fisf; fye;J ghlg;gl
Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; njuptpf;fpd;wdh;. mjhtJ> xU nra;As; rpq;fsj;jpYk;> kw;wJ
jkpopYk; vd;W njhlh;r;rpahfg; ghlg;gLjy;. rpq;fsnkhop NgRk; gpuNjrq;fspy;
mJ Kjypy; rpq;fsj;jpYk;> jkpo;nkhop NgRk; gpuNjrq;fspy; mJ Kjypy;
jkpopYk; ghlg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;W xU khw;Wf;fUj;J njuptpf;fpd;wJ.
rpq;fsKk;> jkpOk; Njrpa nkhopfs; vd;gJk;> mit xUGwj;jpy;
rpq;fsth;fisAk;> kWGwj;jpy; jkpoh;fisAk; K];ypk;fisAk; (jkpo;nkhop
NgRk;) gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;fpd;wdntd;gJk; Njrpa fPjj;ij ,U nkhopfspYk;
ghLk; tpUg;Gj;njupTf;F mbg;gilahf tpsq;Ffpd;wd. MfNt> ehl;bYs;s
%d;W gpujhd ,dj;Jt r%fq;fSf;fpilNa Njrpa fPjj;ijg; ghLtjpy; nkhop
cgNahfj;jpy; rkj;Jtj;ij muR mq;fPfupf;fNtz;Lnkd;W
Kd;nkhopag;gl;lJ. rpq;fsth; my;yhNjhUf;Fr; rkj;Jtk; toq;fpdhy; rpq;fs
milahsj;Jtk; %o;fbf;fg;gLk; mr;RWj;jy; Vw;gLnkd;w fUj;Jzh;Nt mJ
rpq;fsj;jpy; khj;jpuNk ghlg;glNtz;Lnkd;Dk; fUj;Jzh;Tf;fhd fhuzkhFk;.
vkJ tpjg;Giufisr; nra;tjpy; ehk; muR Vw;nfdNt mur epfo;Tfspy; Njrpa
2 v];.jtuh[h 3 cg;Gy; mNguj;d@ vk;.vy;.V.fhjh;@ F\hd; b my;tp]; P.C@ ejPf;fh jkae;jp@ vk;.it.vk;.ghap];@ Rdpy; [auj;d@ rpupkrpup `g;GMur;rp@ Njkpah vy;.gP.`_Us;Ns@ fhe;jp uzrpq;f@ tpd;];ld; gj;jpuh[h@ yhy; tpN[ehaf;f
15
fPjk; rpq;fsk;> jkpo; Mfpa ,U nkhopfspYk; ghlg;glNtz;Lnkd;W gpufldk;
nra;Js;sikapypUe;J Muk;gpf;fpd;Nwhk;.
3.2.2 tpjg;Giufs;
Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l tplaq;fspdbg;gilapy; ehk; gpd;tUk; tpjg;Giufis
Nkw;nfhs;Sfpd;Nwhk;:
m. 2000 Mk; Mz;bd; murpayikg;Gr;rl;l%yj;jpy;> Njrpa fPjk;
rk;ge;jkhf tFj;jikf;fg;gl;l thrfj;ijf; ftdj;jpy;nfhs;Sjy;
Ntz;Lk;4.
M. mijr; rpq;fsj;jpy; kw;Wk; / my;yJ jkpopy; ghLtjw;fhd
cupikia mq;fPfupf;Fk; mNjNtisapy;> 2000 Mk; Mz;L
murpayikg;Gr; rl;l%yj;jpy; Njrpa fPjk; rk;ge;jkhf
tFj;jikf;fg;gl;l thrfj;ijf; ftdj;jpy;nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;5.
3.3 FbAupik
3.3.1 rkh;g;gzq;fs;
FbAupik rk;ge;jkhd nghJkf;fspd; rkh;g;gzq;fs; nghJthfNt xUth;
guk;giuahf gpui[ahftpUg;gpDk;rup> gjpT%yk; gpui[ahftpUg;gpDk;rup
',yq;ifah;" vd ,dq;fhzg;gl;L> rkkhf elhj;jg;glNtz;bajd;
mtrpaj;ij typAWj;Jfpd;wd. rpq;fs kf;fSf;Fg; 'g+kp Gj;jpuh;fs;' (kz;zpd;
ike;jh;fs;) vdg;gLk; ehl;bd; Muk;gfhyg; gpui[fs; vd;w tpNrl me;j];J
toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;W rpyH Nfhupa mNjNtisapy;> VidNahh; ve;jg;
gpui[f;Fk; gpwg;gpdbg;gilapy;;> ,dj;Jtk;> ,dk;> rhjp my;yJ kjk; my;yJ
ek;gpf;ifapdbg;gilapy; ve;jtpjkhd ghugl;rKk; fhl;lg;glf;$lhnjd
typAWj;jpdh;. ,j;jiyg;Gr; rk;ge;jkhfr; rkh;g;gzk; nra;ag;gl;l Vida
Kf;fpakhd fUj;Jfspd; rhuhk;rk; gpd;tUkhW: FbAupikr; rl;lj;jpd;fPo;
gpu[h cupikf;fhf tpz;zg;gpj;J> FbAupik toq;fg;gl;Nlhh; ,yq;ifapd;
murpayikg;Gf;F tpRthrj;ij cWjpg;gLj;jp> rj;jpag;gpukhzk; vLj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. FbAupikf;Fg; gjpit mtrpag;gLj;Jifapy; kiyaf (Nky;ehl;L)
4 F\hd; b my;tp];> P.C@ 5 cg;Gy; mNguj;d@ `upzp mku#upa@ V.vk;.etuj;d gz;lhu@ vk;.vy;.V.fhjh;@ ejPf;fh
jkae;jp@ v];.rp.rp.,sq;Nfhtd;@ vk;.it.vk;.ghap];@ rpupkrpup `g;GMur;rp@ Rdpy;
[auj;d@ FKJ FRk; Fkhu@ fhe;jp uzrpq;f@ tpd;];ld; gj;jpuh[h@
v vd;.nry;tFkhud;@ ];.jtuh[h@ v];. tpN[re;jpud; @ yhy; tpN[ehaf;f
16
jkpoh;fSf;Fk; Vida ehLfspy; mfjpfshf thOk; ,yq;if
tk;rhtspapdUf;Fkpilapy; vt;tpj NtWghLk; ,Uj;jyhfhJ. Aj;jk;>
gaq;futhjk; kw;Wk; njhlh; njhy;iyfs; epkpj;jk; ,yq;ifia tpl;Lr;
nry;yNtz;bapUe;j ,yq;if tk;rhtsp mfjpfspw;Fk; mth;fspd;
topj;Njhd;wy;fSf;Fk; fl;lzkpd;wp ,ul;ilg;gpu[h cupik toq;fg;gLjy;
Ntz;Lk;> FbAupik gjpTnra;j mjpfhug;gutyhf;fk; (decentralisation) nra;ag;glNtz;baJ mtrpak;> ,yq;ifaiuj; jpUkzk; nra;Ak;
ntspehl;lth;fSf;fhd FbAupik mth;fs; fhzp nrhj;Jupikfisg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;tijj; jLf;Fk; tifapYk;> ehl;by; Vida tbtq;fspyhd
KjyPLfis Nkw;nfhs;tijj; jilnra;Ak;tifapYk; ,lk;ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;.
xUGwj;jpy; FbAupik rk;ge;jkhd nghJkf;fspd; fUj;Jf;fs; rfy r%f
kw;Wk; fyhrhug; gpupTfspilNa rkj;Jtj;jpd; mbggilapyhd Xh;
,yq;ifj; Njrpa milahsj;jpy; Nth;nfhs;Sk; czh;itg;gpujpgypf;fpd;wd.
kWGwj;jpy;> Vida milahsq;fspy; mkpo;e;JNghFk; rpq;fs milahsk;
rk;ge;jkhd gPjpfis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wd.
33.3.2 tpjg;Giufs;
jw;NghJ gpui[fs; vjph;Nehf;Fk; fUj;njhUkpg;nghd;iwf;
fl;bnaOg;gNtz;ba gzpia itj;JNehf;Fifapy;> vkJ tpjg;Giufs;
gpd;tUkhW mikfpd;wd:
m. guk;giu%yk; my;yJ gjpT%yk; ,yq;if gpui[ahfTs;s
rfyUk; rkkhf elhj;jg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
M. gjpT%yk; gpui[fshNdhh; xU tpRthrg; gpukhzj;ijr;
nra;jy;Ntz;Lk;.
17
mmj;jpahak; 4
kjk;
,e;jg; gFjpapy; ehk; kjk; vd;Dk; tplak; vt;thW murpayikg;gpy;
cs;slf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ Fwpj;j nghJkf;fspd; fUj;Jf;fs; Fwpj;Jf;
fye;JiuahLfpd;Nwhk;. ,e;j tptfhuk;> Fwpg;ghfj; jw;Nghija
murpayikg;gpy; ngsj;j kjj;jpd; me;j];Jf; Fwpj;j cWg;Giu 9 Ir; Rw;wp
nghJkf;fspilNa ngUkstpyhd fye;Jiuahly;fisj; Njhw;Wtpj;jpUe;jJ.
4.1 rkh;g;gzq;fs;
muRf;Fk; kjj;Jf;Fkpilapyhd njhlh;GFwpj;Jk;> NkYk; Fwpj;Jiug;ghf
muRf;Fk; ngsj;j kjj;Jf;Fkpilapyhd njhlh;GFwpj;Jk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l
rkh;g;gzq;fs; ngupJk; khWghLs;sitahff; fhzg;gl;ld. muR ngsj;j
kjj;Jf;F mjpAah;thd me;j];ij toq;fp> mjid Nkg;gLj;j kw;Wk;
ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; fz;Nzhl;lj;Jf;F khwhf> muR
kjr;rhu;gw;wjhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lnkd;Wk;> kjk; murpd; nraw;ghl;nly;iyf;F
mg;ghw;gl;ljhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lnkd;w epiyg;ghLk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,jw;F
khwhdnjhU fz;Nzhl;lkhf> rfy kjq;fSk; murpdhy;
mq;fPfupf;fg;gLtNjhL> mtw;Wf;Fr; rkghJfhg;G toq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;
vd;Wk;> vdNt> jw;Nghija murpayikg;gpy; fhzg;gLk; ,J njhlu;ghd
mj;jpahak; “ngsj;jk;” ; vd;gjhftd;wp> 'kjk;" vd;gjhfNt jiyg;gplg;gly;
Ntz;Lnkd;gjhFk;. ngsj;j kjj;Jf;F mjpAah;thd me;j];J
toq;fg;glNtz;Lnkd;W njuptpg;Nghh;> Vida kjq;fSf;Fk; murpdhy; cupa
ghJfhg;Gk; cupikfSk; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; typAWj;Jfpd;wdh;.
NtWrpyh;> ngsj;jk;;; murpdhy; Kd;Ndw;wp kw;Wk; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lnkd;W
epidf;Fk; mNjNtis> Gj;jrhrdk; (,ij ,th;fs; ‘rq;f’ vd;Dk;
epWtdnkd;W tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tJNghyj; Njhd;Wfpd;wJ) vd;gJ murpd;
nraw;ghl;nly;iyf;Fs; nfhz;ltug;glf;$lhnjd;w NtWghl;il
Kd;itj;jdu;.
muR ngsj;j kjj;ij Kd;Ndw;wpg;ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lnkd;Wk;> mjw;F
mjpAah;thd me;j];ij toq;fNtz;Lnkd;Wk; njuptpf;Fk; fUj;Jf;fhd
fhuzk;> murpd; ghJfhg;G ,y;iynad;why;> ,yq;ifapy; rq;f vdg;gLk;
18
epWtdk; moptilAk; mr;RWj;jiy vjph;Nehf;Fk; vd;gjhFk;. ,e;j
tplaj;jpy; murpd; ghj;jpuj;Jf;F tuyhw;WuPjpahd Kd;dpfo;T cs;sJ.
vdNt> ngsj;j kjj;Jf;Fk;> rpq;fsth;fspd; Ra-milahsj;Jf;Fkpilapyhd
ePz;lfhy tuyhw;W cwtpizg;G cs;snjd;w thjk; Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ.
ngsj;j kjj;Jf;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gl;l Kjd;ikahd ,lkhdJ mf;fUj;J
rhh;ghdth;fspd; fz;Nzhl;lj;jjpw;fhd thjj;ij cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
Nkw;nfhz;L> GydwpTs;s egh;fspd; eyid mbg;gilahff;nfhz;l ngsj;j
jj;Jtq;fSf;F $l;Ltho;tpatpy; Kd;Dupik nfhLf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lnkd;gjhy;> mjw;F murpd; MjuT mtrpak; vd;W thjplg;gl;lJ.
,d;ndhUtpjj;jpy;>
kjr;rhh;gw;w murpw;fhd thjkhdJ> kjk; jdpg;gl;l tho;f;ifr;#oYf;F
nrhe;jkhdjhy;> muR mjd; jiyaPl;bypUe;J tpyfpapUf;fNtz;Lk;
vd;gijr; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. NkYk;> Fwpgpl;lnjhU kjj;Jf;F
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLg;gjhdJ Vida kjq;fSf;F NtWghL fhl;Lfpd;wJ
vd;w Gwf;fzpg;G tbtj;ij nfhz;bUg;gJ> rkj;Jtf; nfhs;iffspd;
kPwy;fSf;Fk; kjKuz;ghLfSf;Fk; ,l;Lr;nry;ytjhf Nehf;fg;gLfpdwJ.
ngsj;j kjj;jpw;F Kjd;ikahd ,lj;ijf;nfhLf;Fk; mNjNtis> kw;iwa
kjq;fSk; murpdhy; ruprkkhf mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;L> ghJfhf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;>
vd;Dk; epiyg;ghL ngsj;j kjj;ij xU kj epWtdk; vd;Dk;
epiyg;ghl;bypUe;J gpupj;J kjf;Nfhl;ghL vd;Dk; epiyg;ghl;Lf;Ff;
nfhz;LtuNtz;Lk; vd;Dk; rpe;jidiag; gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ. ,e;epiyg;ghL>
ngsj;j kjj;jpd; Nkk;ghl;il> mjd; ghuk;gupa kw;Wk; fyhrhu
mbg;gilapd;Ngupy; ehL Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; mNjNtisapy;. ngsj;j
kjf;FOf;fs; my;yJ egh;fspd; elj;ij ngsj;j kjj;ijr; rhuhNjhupd;
eyd;fisg; ghjpf;fhjtz;zk; mikjy;Ntz;Lk;.
gpw kjq;fspd; FUkhh;fs; rpyh; jkJ fUj;Jf;fisj; njuptpf;Fk;nghOJ> gpw
kjq;fSf;F murpayikg;gpy;; ghJfhg;G fpilf;Fk;tiuapy;>
fUj;JNtWghl;ilj; jtph;j;Jf;nfhs;Sk; Kfkhf> jw;NghJs;s murpay;
ahg;gpd; kjk; rk;ge;jkhd thrfk; njhlh;e;Jk; nraw;gLtjw;F
kWg;Gj;njuptpf;fkhl;lh;fs; vd;W $wpAs;sdh;. rpy kjFUkhh;fs;>
,yq;ifapd; fyhrhug; gz;ghL ngsj;j kjj;Jld; nfhz;Ls;s tuyhw;Wj;
njhlh;ghff; fz;Lzug;glNtz;Lk; vd;Dk; fz;Nzhl;lj;ijf;
nfhz;Ls;sdh;.
19
FOthdJ> ,t;tpguq;fisj; njhlHe;J> Mokhf Muha;e;jNghjpYk;>
gupe;Jiufs; tplaj;jpy; fUj;njhUik vl;lg;gl Kbahjepiyf;F te;jJ.
vk;kpy; xUrpyUf;F ,J eilKiwg;gaDWjp Fwpj;j tplakhfj; njd;gl;lJ.
ehk; jdpg;gl;l tpjj;jpy; xU kjr;rhh;gw;w murpaYf;Fr; rhh;ghf ,Ug;gpDk;>
nghJkf;fshy; njuptpf;fg;gl;l tpj;jpahrkhd fz;Nzhl;lq;fspd;Ngupy;>
murpayikg;gpy; jw;NghJ fhzg;gLk; thrfj;jpy; khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpdhy;
mJ Njitaw;w Kuz;ghLfSf;F ,l;Lr;nry;tNjhL> mjd;tpisthf
murpayikg;gpy; mikf;Fk; nray;KiwAk; ghjpf;fg;glf;$Lk; vd
vz;zpNzhk;. mj;jpahak; 2 cWg;Giu 4,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;j NghjpYk;>
rpy re;jh;g;gq;fspy; cah; ePjpkd;wkhdJ ,yq;if xU kjr;rhh;gw;w ehL vd
eilKiwr;rhu;e;jjhff; $wpAs;sJ vd;gJ ,q;F Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ. ,d;Dk;
rpyh;> murpayikg;gpYs;s thrfj;jpid khw;wpaikg;gjd;%yk;
nghJkf;fshy; njuptpf;fg;gl;l fUj;Jfis Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Kide;jdh;. Xh;
cWg;gpdu;> jw;NghJs;s thrfj;jpy; khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jNtz;ba mtrpak;
,y;iynad;Wk; Mzpj;jukhd fUj;ijf;nfhz;bUe;jhh;. fz;ba xg;ge;j
fhyg;gFjpapypUe;J ngsj;j kjj;Jf;F murpayikg;gpy; Kjd;ikahd ,lk;
nfhLf;fg;gl;L te;Js;sNjhL> jw;NghJs;s murpayikg;gpd; 9Mk; cWg;Giu
kw;w kjq;fspd; cupikfisg; ghJfhg;gjhYk;> mNdfkhNdupd;
gupe;Jiufsp;d;NgupYk;> Nkw;bg 9Mk; cWg;Giu jw;NghJs;s epiyikapy;
njhlHe;Jk; Ngzg;gly;Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; thjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
,t;tplak; njhlu;ghf> nghJkf;fshy; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l NtWg;gl;l
fz;Nzhl;lq;fisf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L> nray;Jiwg; gad;ehl;lKila
mZFKiwiag; (pragmatic approach) gpd;gw;Wtjw;Fg; gjpyhf> jw;NghJ
fhzg;gLk; gpuptpidfSf;F mg;ghy; Kd;NdWtjw;fhf> vjph;fhyj;jpy; vkJ
ehL nry;Yk; jpiria eph;zapf;Fk; tifapy; ehl;bd; kjk; rk;ge;jkhd
tpthjj;ijAk;> ciuahliyAk; Kd;ndLg;gNj vk;Kd;Ds;s rthy;kpf;f
nghWg;ghFk; vd;Dk; fUj;ij FOtpYs;s; Vida rpyh; nfhz;bUe;jdu;.
,yq;ifapd; rKjhaj;jpw;Fk;> ngsj;j kjj;Jf;Fkpilapyhd
tuyhw;Wj;njhlh;gpd; ve;jnthU ,dq;fhzYk; murpayikg;gpd;
mwpKfthrfj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;glyhk;.
20
44.2 tpjg;Giufs;
rkur ,zf;fj;jpd; Ngupy;> FOthdJ mq;fj;jth;fspd; NtWgLk;
tbtikg;Gf;fis khw;Wg; gupe;Jiufshf murpayikg;Gg; Nguitapd;
mtjhdj;Jf;F gupe;Jiu nra;a Vw;Wf;nfhz;Ls;sJ.
i. jw;Nghija murpayikg;gp;Ys;s 9Mk; cWg;Giuapy; (II Mk;
mj;jpahaj;ij) khw;wkpd;wp jf;fitj;Jf;nfhs;sy;1.
ii. jw;Nghija murpayikg;gpd; 2Mk; mj;jpahaj;jpd; jiyg;ig
ngsj;jk; vd;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf 'kjq;fs;" vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gl;L 9Mk;
cWg;Giuia jf;fitj;Jf;nfhs;sy;;2.
iii. jw;Nghija murpayikg;gpd; 9Mk; cWg;Giuia> fPo;f;fhZk;
tz;zk; kPsikf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;: ',yq;if [dehaf FbauR
vy;yh kjq;fSf;Fk; rkkhd me;j];ij nfhLf;Fk.; murhdJ
ngsj;j kjj;ijAk;> Gj;j rhdj;ijAk; ghJfhj;J
Nkk;gLj;JtNjhL> jw;Nghija murpayikg;gpd;; 10kw;Wk; Mk;
cWg;Giu 14(1)(e) ,y; Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;Ls;sthW Vida
kjq;fspd; cupikfisg; ghJfhf;fTk; cWjpaspf;fpd;wJ3.
iv. ,yq;if kjr;rhh;gw;w Xh; murhftpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;4.
v. kf;fspd; Md;kPf mgptpUj;jpapy; kjj;jpd; ghj;jpuj;ij mq;fPfupf;Fk;
mNj Ntitapy; ,yq;if xU kjk; rhuh murhf ,Uj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;5.
1 F\hd; b my;tp]; P.C@ vk;.Nf. ejPf;fh jkae;jp. 2 Njkpah vy;.gP. `_Uy;Ny@ tpd;];ld; gj;jpuh[h. 3 cg;Gy; mNguj;d@ vk;.vy;.V. fhjh; @ yhy; tpN[ehaf;f@ rpwpkrpup `g;GMur;rp@ Rdpy; [auj;d 4 `upzp mku#upa@ v];.rp.rp. ,sq;Nfhtd;@ FKJ FRk; Fkhu@ fhe;jp uzrpq;f@
vd;. nry;tFkhud;. 5 V.vd;. etuj;d gz;lhu
21
vi. jw;Nghija murpay; ahg;gpd; II Mk; mj;jpahaj;jpd; jiyg;G
'kjq;fs;" vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. mj;NjhL thrfkhdJ
gpd;tUkhW kPsikf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;6.
",yq;iff; FbaurhdJ vy;yh kjq;fSf;Fk; rkkhd
me;j];ij toq;Fk;".
6 v];.jtuh[h@ v];. tpN[re;jpud;
22
mmj;jpahak; 5 murpd; jd;ik
5.1 rkh;g;gzq;fs;
murpd; jd;ik gw;wp gy fUj;Jfs; kf;fshy; njuptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
mit xU rk\;bapypUe;J xU xw;iwahl;rp muR tiuAk;> kjk;rhuh
epiyapypUe;J kjk;rhu;e;j muR vd;w epiy tiuAk;> VidNahu;
rk\;b kw;Wk; xw;iwahl;rp vd;gdtw;wpw;F ,ilg;gl;l muR vd;w
epiyapidAk; nfhz;bUe;jd. jkpo; murpay;thjpfshy; ePz;l fhykhf
Kd;itf;fg;gl;l rk\;b muR vd;w ,yl;rpaj;ij gpujpgypg;gjhf
tlkhfhz kw;Wk; fpof;F khfhz jkpo; r%fj;ijr; rhu;e;jtu;fs;
vLj;Jiuj;j fUj;J rkug;;gzq;fspy; njspthf ntspg;gl;lJ.
vt;thwhapDk;> ehl;bd; Vida ghfq;fisAk;> Vida
rKjhaq;fisAk; rhu;e;j rpy jdpg;gl;legu;;fSk; FOf;fSk; jkpo;
kf;fspd; kdf;Fiwfis jPh;g;gjw;fhd kpfr;rpwe;j topKiwahf xU
rk\;b Kiwik my;yJ xU mjpfhug;gfph;Tg; nghwpKiw mikAk; vd
Kd;nkhope;jdh;.
mNjNtisapy;> ehl;bd; Vida ghfq;fspypUe;J xU xw;iwahl;rpf;fhd
tpUg;gj;jpid cWjpahf ntspg;gLj;Jk; gy rkh;g;gzq;fs;
Kd;itf;fg;gl;ld. ,jpypUe;J njspthFk; tplak; vd;dntdpy;>
rk\;bapid vjph;g;Nghu;> rk\;b muR njhlu;ghd vz;zq;fis
gpuptpidthjj;NjhL njhu;GgLj;JtjhFk;. mNjNtis> mth;fs;
xw;iwahl;rp muir gpupglKbahj ehl;bw;F xg;gpLfpd;wdh;. mjw;F
khwhf> ngUk; mjpfhug; Nguspg;G kw;Wk; rk\;b fl;likg;Gr;
rhu;ghNdhu;> xw;iwahl;rp vd;gJ xU [dehafkw;w kw;Wk;
kj;jpag;gLj;jg;gl;l Kiwikapyhd muR fl;Lg;ghL; vdf;fUJfpd;wdu;.
rk\;b muR gw;wp Fwpg;ghf rpq;fstuplk; vOk; mr;rkhdJ> rk\;b
murhdJ ,Wjpapy; gpuptpidthjj;jpw;F ,l;Lr;nry;Yk; vd;gjpypUe;J
Njhw;wk; ngWtjhFk;. xw;iwahl;rp Fwpj;j mr;rkhdJ> mJ
ngUk;ghd;ikapdupd; Ml;rpf;Fk;> mjpfhuj;ij kj;jpaapy; Ftpg;gjw;Fk;
,l;Lr;nry;Yk; vd;gij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;ljhFk;>
23
muRfspd; $l;L (Confederation of States) my;yJ gpuhe;jpaq;fspd;
xd;wpak; (Union of Regions) vd;gd Fwpj;Jk; tpjg;Giu nra;ag;gl;L>
Kd;nkhopag;gl;Ls;sJ. tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;F khfhzq;fisr; rhu;e;j
FOf;fs;> tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;F khfhzq;fs; jkpo; kf;fspd; ghuk;gupa
jhafkhf mq;fPfupf;fg;gLtNjhL> ,Ukhfhzq;fSk; xd;wpizf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lnkd;w Nfhupf;ifiaAk; tpLj;jdu;;. K];ypk;fs;> Fwpg;ghf
fpof;fpYs;Nshu;> ,izf;fg;gl;l tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;F khfhzj;jpy;
jhk; xJf;fg;gLNthk; vd;w jkJ mr;rj;ijj; njuptpj;jNjhL> xU
,izg;G tpjg;Giu nra;ag;gbgpd;;> K];ypk;fSf;F> fpof;F
khfhzj;jpy; K];ypk;fs; nrwpe;J thOk; epyj;njhlu;gw;w gFjpfiAk;
cs;spl;ltifapy; jdpg;gl;l gpuhe;jpak; xd;W toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;
vd;w tpthjj;ij; Kd;ndLj;jdu;.
NkNyhl;lkhf> murpd; jd;ik Fwpj;jhd ngUk;ghd;ikahd fUj;J
NtWghLfs;> ,dj;;Jtk; rk;ge;jkhditahff; fhzg;gl;lNghjpYk;> ehk;
ngw;w rkh;g;gzq;fs; Fwpj;jnjhU Ma;tpd;gb> rhjp> kj> nkhop; kw;Wk;
Gtpapay; ,ltikT vd;Dk; mbg;gilapYk; NtWghLfs;
fhzg;Lfpd;wik fz;lwpag;gl;lJ. kjk; kw;Wk; Gtpapay; ,ltikT
rhue;j FOf;fspDs;> rpwpa FOf;fs; ngupa FOtpw;Fs;
cs;thq;fg;gl;LtpLk; vd;Dk; mf;fiwAk; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. cjhuzkhf
kyhah; jk;ikj; jdpg;gl;l FOthff; fUjNtz;Lk; vd;W tw;GWj;jpdh;.
kiyafj; jkpoh; jkf;Fk; jdpNtwhd mq;fPfhuk; Ntz;Lk; vd;wdh;.
mNjNghd;W> gwq;fpah;> njYq;FNgRk; kf;fs; kw;Wk; Mgpupf;f
tk;rhtopapdh; vd;NghUk; Nfhupf;if tpLj;jdh;. kjq;fSf;Fs;Sk;
gpuptpidfs; ,Uf;fpd;wnjd;gJ K];ypk; kf;fspilNaAs;s #gpfs;>
kw;Wk; ngsj;j kjFUkhh;fSf;fpilNa Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jk;
FOf;fsplkpUe;J xJf;fg;;lNlhu; vLj;Jiuj;j rkh;g;gzq;fs;%yk;
mwpag;gl;lJ.
,q;F mtjhdpf;fg;gl;l tplak; ahnjdpy;> ngUk;ghd;ikapduhy;;
Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jg;gLNthk; vd;w rpWghd;ikapdupd; mr;rk;; vd;gjhFk;.
,q;F> xU rpWghd;ikapdu;; vd cs;slf;fg;gLNthu; epue;jukw;w
xd;whf ,Ug;gJk;> mJ gy;NtW fhuzpfshy; NtWgLfpd;wJ vd;gJk;
njspthf mwpag;gLfpd;wJ. tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;fpy; thOk;; rpq;fs
kf;fshdhYk;> kj;jpa khfhzj;jpy; thOk; kiyaf jkpou;fshdhYk;>
24
fpof;F khfhzj;jpy;; thOk; gwq;fpau; r%fkhdhYk;;> Fwpg;ghf
tlf;fpNy thOk; Fiwe;j rhjpapdu; vd;W $wg;gLk; kf;fshdhYk;>
fpof;fpYk; njw;fpYk; thOk; #gpfshdhYk;> kyhauhdhYk;> rpWghd;ik
kf;fspd; ghJfhg;gw;w kdepiy mth;fspilNa njspthfj;
njd;gLfpd;wJ. rpq;fs kf;fshy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk;; mr;rj;ijAk;
(mth;fs; ehl;bd; ngUk;ghd;ik ,dj;jtuhf ,Ug;gpDk;) mNjepiyapy;
Gupe;Jnfhs;syhk;. rpq;fstu;fshy; ntspg;gLj;jpa mr;rKk;
ghJfhg;gw;w kdepiyAk;> maypYs;s njd;dpe;jpahtpd;
ngUk;ghd;ikapduhd jkpo; r%jhaj;jplkpUe;J mr;RWj;jy; tUk;
vd;Dk; Cfj;jpd;NgupYk;;> Vida r%fj;jpdUf;F cyfpd; NtW
gFjpfSld; njhlh;GfSs;s NghjpYk;> ,yq;if khj;jpuNk
rpq;fsth;fSf;Fupa jdpr; rpwg;Gtha;e;j ehL vd;gNjhL> rpq;fsnkhop>
kjk;> fyhruk; vd;gd fyg;glk; nra;ag;gLk; vd;Dk; mr;RWj;jypd;
mbg;gilapYk; Njhw;wk; ngw;w vLNfhspdhy; vOe;jjhFk;. rpy
rpq;fsth;fSf;F> rk\;b vd;gJ 13Mk; jpUj;jr;rl;lj;NjhL
rk;ge;jg;gl;ljhf ,Ug;gNjhL> mJ mf;fhyg;gFjpay; ,e;jpa
murhq;fj;jpdhy; gyte;jkhf ehl;bd;kPJ jpzpf;fg;gl;lJ vd;wnjhU
vz;zj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;JtjhAs;sJ.
vq;fSila fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy;> vkJ ehl;by; gy Mz;Lfshf Vw;gl;l
Aj;jj;jhy; vOe;j re;Njfk;> ek;gpf;ifaPdk; vd;gd r%fq;fspilNa
mr;rj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpf;ff; fhuzkhapUe;jJ. fle;j gy
jrhg;jfhyq;fshf> ngUk;ghd;ikahf ,dj;Jt> kj milahsq;fspd;
mbg;gilapNyNa kf;fs; jkJ murpay; nraw;ghLfis Vw;gLj;jpf;
nfhz;Ls;shh;fs;. fle;j gy jrhg;j fhyq;fshf> murpay;> r%f>
fyhrhu mbg;gilapy; mike;Js;s ,dj;Jt-kj Njrpathjk; Mjpf;fk;
nrYj;jpAs;sJ. Aj;jk; epiwT ngw;wpUg;gpDk;> vkJ rKjhaj;jpy;
,e;jf; fhuzpfs; jzpe;Js;sjhff; fhzg;gltpy;iy. NtWgl;l FOf;fs;
jkJ cupj;Jupikfis gpbj;Jf;nfhz;bUf;f Kaw;rpg;gjhYk;>
mtu;fsJ kdf;Fiwfis <Lnra;Ak; topfisj; NjLtjhYk;>
,t;ntz;zq;fs; jPtpukhf;fg;gl;Ls;sd vd;W tpthjpf;fyhk;. NkYk;>
,J> gd;ikthjj;ijAk;> gy;tifr; rKjhaj;ijAk; kjpf;Fk;tifapy;
,yq;iff;Fupa xU nghJ milahsj;ij fl;bnaOg;gj; jtwpajhy;
Vw;gl;l gpujpgydhFk;. ek;gpf;ifiaAk;> tpRthrj;ijAk;>
gy;tifikia Vw;Wf;nfhs;SjiyAk; fl;bnaOg;Gjy; Xuputpw;Fs;
eilngwkhl;lhJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> ehk; jPh;f;fhNyhridfSld; vkJ
25
ehl;bd; vjph;fhyj;ij mikjpahd epiyikf;Ff; nfhz;Lnry;Yk;
nraiy Muk;gpf;Fk;NghJ> vkf;Fs; fhzg;gLk; mr;rk; kw;Wk;
ek;gpf;ifapd;ikia Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; mNjNtis> ,e;j
kdepiyapypUe;J tpLgLtjw;fhd topKiwfisg; gbg;gbahfj;
Njbf;nfhs;tJk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
,q;F fhzg;gl;l xU Kf;fpa mtjhdpg;G vd;dntd;why;> ,r;rfy
NtWghLfspd;; kj;jpapYk;> ehl;bd; [dehafj;ij cWjpg;gLj;Jk;
Mh;tk; ngUk;ghYk; rkh;g;gpf;fg;gl;l midj;J rku;g;gzq;fspYk;
gpujpgypf;fg;gl;likahFk;. mjpfhuj;jpd; gpwg;gplk; kf;fNs> mjd;gpufhuk;>
muR eilKiwapypUg;gjw;F kf;fs; ,zf;fk; njuptpf;Fk; tiuapYk;
mjd; ,Wg;G ePbf;Fk; vd;Dk; fUj;Jk;> ,jdhy; muR xU Fbaurhf
,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd;gJk; Mzpj;jukhfj; njuptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. murhdJ
xU ehl;bd; gpui[fspd; xd;wpak; vd;gjhy;> mJ kf;fSf;fhf nraw;gl
Ntz;Lnkd;gJk;> xU muR jdpkdpj kw;Wk; $l;Lupikfisg;
cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;LnkdTk; tpthjpj;jdu;;. xU muR mjd; murhq;f
eltbf;iffSf;$lhf murpd; nraw;ghLfs; %yk; ePjp kw;Wk; Neh;ik
vd;gdtw;iw cWjpg;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lnkd;gij kf;fs; tpUk;Gfpd;wdh;.
murpayikg;G> mjd; mbg;gil cupikfs; mj;jpahak; kw;Wk;
murf;nfhs;ifapd; topfhl;ly; jj;Jtk; vd;gdtw;wpD}lhff; rfyUf;Fk;
ePjpiaAk; rkj;Jtj;ijAk; cj;jutjhk; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ
njhlu;ghfTk; rku;g;gzq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;bUe;jd. ,J> vkJ kf;fs;
kj;jpapy; [dehafj;ij Nehf;fpa cWjpahd ce;Jjy;;
fhzg;gLtjid gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ. [dehafj;ij ];jPug;gLj;jp>
vy;NyhUf;Fk; ePjpiaAk;> epahaj;ijAk; cWjpg;gLj;JtjhdJ> ,jw;F
Kd;du; fye;Jiuahba> kf;fs; kj;jpapy; epyTk; rpy mr;rq;fis
,y;yhnjhopf;f ePz;lnjhU gazj;ij nry;y Ntz;bapUf;Fk;
vd;gjid gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ.
55.2 tpjg;Giufs;
FOthdJ murpd; jd;ikiaf; Fwpj;J tpje;Jiug;G
Nkw;nfhs;Sk;NghJ ePz;l jPh;f;fhNyhridfspy; <Lgl;lJ. vkJ
jPh;f;fhNyhridfspy; ,uz;L Kf;fpakhd tptfhuq;fis ehk;
fUj;jpw;nfhz;Nlhk;: mit> [dehafj;ij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
26
NjitAk;> Njrpga; gpur;rpidf;F jPh;TfhzYk; vd;gdthFk;. vk;Kd;
Njhw;wpa kf;fSf;F ,t;tpU tplaq;;fSk; kpf Kf;fpa tptfhuq;fshf
,Ue;jd vd;gJ vkJ fUj;jhFk;;. ehk;> NtWgl;l r%fq;fspilNa
epyTk;; mr;rk; kw;Wk; ek;gpf;ifaPdk; vd;gd kPs Njhd;Wtijj;
jLg;gjd; mtrpaj;ijAk;> mNjNtis ehL; xU rpwe;j vjph;fhyj;ij
Nehf;fpa gazpg;gjw;fhd tpjg;Giufis toq;Ftjd; mtrpaj;ijAk;
mq;fPfupf;fpd;Nwhk;;. murpd; jd;ik Fwpj;J VfkdjhdnjhU
tpjg;Giuia ehk; mile;Jnfhs;s Kbahtpl;lhYk;> FOtpd;
mq;fj;jth;fs; jPh;f;fhNyhridfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk;Ntisapy;>
murpd;jd;ik Fwpj;J gpd;tUk; tpjg;Giufis ngw;Wf;;nfhs;s
,lkspf;FKfkhf jq;fSila %yf; fUj;J epiyapyUe;J tpyfp
tpl;Lf;nfhLg;G nra;Js;sdu; vd;gij fUj;jpw; nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.
vkJ tpjg;Giufspy;> xw;iwahl;rp kw;Wk; rk\;bKiw tbtq;fs;
gpd;tUkhW tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ:
i. XH xw;iwahl;rp murhq;f tbtk; vd;gjpd; fUj;J murhq;f
mjpfhuj;jpd; kj;jpa epiyak; xd;W vd;gjhFk;. XH
xw;iwahl;rp murpDs; kj;jpapy; ,Uf;Fk; XH mikg;G
rl;lthf;f mjpfhuj;ijAk;> kj;jpapy; cs;s NtW XH mikg;G
epiwNtw;W mjpfhuj;ijAk; kw;Wk; kj;jpapy; cs;s
,d;DnkhU mikg;G ePjpKiwrhH mjpfhuj;ijAk;
nfhz;bUf;Fk;. vt;thwhapDk;> ,e;epWtdq;fSf;fpilapyhd
tYNtwhf;fj;jpd; msT NtWglyhk;. xw;iwahl;rpKiw
murhq;fkhdJ mjw;FNkyhd my;yJ rkhe;jukhd my;yJ
mjDldhd rkepiyahd epWtdk; vjidAk;
mDkjpf;fkhl;lhJ. NkYk;> ,t;tjpfhuq;fspy; rpytw;iw NtW
epWtdq;fSf;F ifaspf;fNth my;yJ Nguspg;G nra;aNth
Kbfpd;w mNjNtis> Nguspg;G nra;ag;gl;l my;yJ
ifaspf;fg;gl;l epWtdq;fspd; xg;Gjypd;wp mt;tjpfhuq;fis
kj;jpa muR kPsg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sNth jpUj;jk; nra;aNth
my;yJ ,uj;jr; nra;aNth KbAk;. ,t;topKiwapy;>
mjpfhukhdJ murpayikg;Gg; nghwpKiw%yk;
ifaspf;fg;glNyh my;yJ Nguspg;G nra;ag;glNyh epfOfpd;w
Ntisapy;> mt;tjpfhuq;fis Nguspg;G nra;ag;gl;l my;yJ
27
ifaspf;fg;gl;l epWtdq;fspd; xg;Gjypd;wp my;yJ
mDkjpapd;wp kPsg;ngw;Wf;nfhs;s> ,y;yhnjhopf;f>
khw;wpaikf;f kj;jpa rl;lthf;fr;rig mjpfhuj;ij
nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
ii. kWGwj;jpy;> xU rk\;b murhq;f tbtk; vd;gjpd; fUj;J rpy
Fwpg;gpl;l tplaq;fspy; rl;lthf;f> epiwNtw;W kw;Wk;
ePjpj;JiwrhH mjpfhuq;fis nfhz;Ls;s xU rk\;b
murhq;fk; ,Uf;Fk; mNjNtisapy; ehl;by; NtW rpy
Fwpg;gpl;l tplaq;fspy; rl;lthf;f> epiwNtw;W kw;Wk;
ePjpj;JiwrhH mjpfhuq;fis nfhz;Ls;s rk\;bia
cUthf;Fk; murhq;f myFfSk; ,Uf;Fk; vd;gjhFk;.
,jidg; Nghd;W> rpy tplaq;fs; Fwpj;j kf;fSila
mjpfhuk; (,iwik) rk\;b murhq;fj;jpYk;> mNjNtis
NtWrpy tplaq;fs;Fwpj;j mjpfhuk;> rk\;bia cUthf;Fk;
mikg;GfspYk; ,Uf;Fk;. ,t;tjpfhug; gq;fPL my;yJ gfph;T
my;yJ Nguspg;G njhlu;ghd Vw;ghL> ehl;bd; murpayikg;G
rhjdj;jpd; %yk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtNjhL> ,t;Ntw;ghl;by;
Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; khw;wq;fs; my;yJ jpUj;jq;fis rk\;b
rl;lthf;fr; rigapdhy; jd;dpr;irahf nra;a KbahJ.
,t;thW Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; VjhtJ khw;wq;fs; Fiwe;jgl;rj;jpy;
Fwpg;gpl;ltPjkhd rk\;b murhq;f myFfspd; mDkjp
my;yJ xg;GjYld; nra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
NkNy $wg;gl;l tiff;Fs; fz;bg;ghf cl;glhj NtWtifahd gy
Kiwikfs; cyfpy; ,Ug;gij ehk; czh;fpd;Nwhk;. ,tw;Wl; rpy>
xd;W kw;nwhd;iw ,ilaWg;gNjhL> XUKiwikapd; rpy
rpwg;gk;rq;fisAk; kw;nwhU Kiwikapd; rpy mk;rq;fisAk; Nrh;j;J
jkJ Ml;rpf;Nfw;wthW> Mf;fj;jpwidAk;> fw;gidj;jpwidAk;
cgNahfpj;J> xU fyg;G Kiwahd murpay; Kiwikia
cUthf;fpAs;sd. xUKiwikapd; Kf;fpakhd mk;rq;fis
cgNahfpf;Fk; mNjNtis ,d;DnkhU Kiwikapd; mk;rq;fis>
ehl;il MSk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fSf;F jPq;F tpistpf;fhjthW
cl;GFj;jpf;nfhs;s ,aYk;.
28
FO murpd; jd;ikiaf;Fwpj;J ntt;NtWg;gl;l fUj;Jf;fis
nfhz;Ls;sjhy;> fPo;Fwpg;gplg;gl;l %d;W tbtq;fis Kd;itf;fpd;wJ:
i. ,yq;ifahdJ murpayikg;gpy; Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;Ls;sthW>
murhq;fj;jpd; fUtpfisf;* nfhz;l xU Rje;jpukhd>
RahjPdkhd> ,iwikAs;s Fbaurhf ,Ug;gNjhL; Fbaurpd;
Rje;jpuj;ijAk;> ,iwikiaAk;> xw;WikiaAk;> Ml;Gy
xUikg;ghl;ilAk; ghJfhg;gJld;;; ehl;bYs;s gyjug;gl;l
kf;fspilNa rkhjhdj;ijAk;> ,zf;fj;ijAk; Mjupj;J
tpUj;jpnra;tNjhL; ,yq;ifanud;Dk; milahsj;ij
Kd;Ndw;Wjy; Ntz;Lk;1.
ii. ,yq;if FbaurhdJ> murpayikg;gpy;; Vw;ghL
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sthW murhq;fj;jpd; fUtpfisf;* nfhz;l xU
Rje;jpukhd> RahjPdkhd> ,iwikAs;s xw;iwahl;rp
ehlhftpUg;gNjhL> ,yq;ifah; vd;w milahsj;ij
Kd;Ndw;Wk; mNjNtis> ehl;bd; gy;;NtW kf;fs;
$l;lq;fSf;fpilNahahd rkhjhdj;ijAk;> nrs[d;aj;ijAk;
ghJfhj;J kw;Wk; Kd;Ndw;w Ntz;Lk;. ,t;TWg;Giuapd;
Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf xw;iwahl;rp muR Njrk; vd;gJ> gy
mLf;Ffisf; nfhz;l Ml;rp KiwikfSld; $ba>
gpupf;fg;glhj Njrk; vdg; nghUs;gLk;2.
*murhq;fj;jpd; mq;fq;fs;; vd;gJ> Njrpakl;lj;jpy;> ghuhSkd;wk;>
epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw kw;Wk; ePjpj;Jiw vd;gdtw;iwAk;> khfhzkl;lj;jpy;>
khfhzrig> khfhz epiwNtw;WJiw vd;gdtw;iwAk;> cs;s+h;
1 `upzp mku#upa@ V.vk;. etuj;d gz;lhu@ vk;.vy;.V. fhjh;@ vk;.it.vk;. ghap];@
rpwpkrpup `g;GMur;rp@ FKJ FRk; Fkhu (rk];b epiyg;ghl;by; ,Ue;J XH ,zf;f epiy Vw;ghlhf $l;luRj;jhdj;jpw;fhd rkurk;)@ fhe;jp uzrpq;f@ vd;.nry;tFkhud;@ v];.jtuh[h Fkhu (rk];b epiyg;ghl;by; ,Ue;J XH ,zf;f epiy Vw;ghlhf $l;luRj;jhdj;jpw;fhd rkurk;)@ v];. tpN[re;jpud; rk];b epiyg;ghl;by; ,Ue;J XH ,zf;f epiy Vw;ghlhf $l;luRj;jhdj;jpw;fhd rkurk;)@
2 cg;Gy; mNguj;d@ vk;.Nf.ejPf;fh jkae;jp@ njkpah vy;. gP. `_Uy;Ny@ Rdpy;
[auj;d@ tpd;];ld; gj;jpuh[h@ yhy; tpN[ehaf;f
29
kl;lj;jpy;> cs;s+uhl;rp kd;wq;fs; kw;Wk; ,e;epWtdq;fspd; jiytu;
kw;Wk; gpujpj; jiytu; vd;dgtw;iwAk; cs;slf;Fk;.
iii. jw;NghJ eilKiwapYs;s murpayikg;gpd; 2Mk; cWg;Giu
khw;wkpd;wp jf;fitj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ: ',yq;iff; FbauR
Xh; xw;iwahl;rpahFk;"3
3 F\hd; b my;tp]; P.C
30
mmj;jpahak; 6
murpayikg;gpd; mbg;gilf; fl;likg;G
6.1 rkh;g;gzq;fs;
xU [dehaf kw;Wk; midtUk; cs;slq;Fk; tifapy; muR
mikaNtz;Lk; vd;W Nfhup FOtpd; Kd;dpiyapy; kf;fs; rkh;g;gzq;fis
Kd;itj;jdu;;. mth;fs; NkYk; fUj;Jj; njuptpf;ifapy;> [dehafj;jpd;
mbg;gil %yfq;fs; murpayikg;gpy; ,lk;ngWjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;
murhdJ [dehafk; kw;Wk; midtiuAk; cs;slf;Ftjhf mika
Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; njuptpj;jdh;. mt;tifapy;> murpayikg;gpd; jpUj;jq;fs;
%ykhfNth my;yJ rhjhuz rl;lj;jpd; %ykhfNth rl;lthf;fr; rig
[dehafj;jpd; mbg;gil %yfq;fspypUe;J NtWgLk; ve;jr; rl;lj;ijAk;
Mf;f KbahJ. murpayikg;gpd; Nkyhd;ikia epiyNgwhf;Fk;
mNjNtisapy; gpd;tUtdtw;iwAk; cWjpg;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;:
i. murpayikg;gpy; / Njh;jy; rl;lj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;lKiwapy; fhyj;jpw;F
fhyk; jkJ njupthd murhq;fj;ij Rje;jpukhd kw;Wk; epahakhd
Njh;jy;fs; %yk; njupTnra;Ak; cupik.
ii. rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp.
iii. ePjpj;Jiwapd; Rje;jpuk;.
iv mbg;gil cupikfs; kw;Wk; kdpj cupikfSf;fhd kjpg;G
v. midtiuAk; cs;slq;;Fjy; kw;Wk; rkj;Jtj;jpd; mbg;gilapyhd
xU rKjhak;.
kf;fspd; rkh;g;gzq;fspd; gpufhuk;> ,yq;if xU ghuhSkd;w [dehafk;
vd;gij murpayikg;G Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy;Ntz;Lk;. mJ> ,iwik kf;fisr;
rhh;e;Js;sJk;> ghuhjPdg;gLj;jKbahjJk; vd;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk; xU
gd;ikj;Jt rKjhak; Fwpj;jjhFk;. kf;fspd; thf;Fupik mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;L
kjpf;fg;glNtz;Lk;. murhq;fj;jpd; rfykl;lq;fspYkhd gpujpepjpfisj;
31
njupe;njLf;Fk; tifapy; mth;fSila thf;ifg; gpuNahfpf;f> Rje;jpukhd>
epahakhd Njh;jy;fs; fpuk xOq;fpy; elhj;jg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. kf;fspd;
,iwikapd; Mf;f %yfq;fshd murhq;f mjpfhuq;fspd; gpuNahfk;
cs;Su; my;yJ fpuhk kl;lj;jpyhd kf;fSf;F kpf neUf;fkhd
myFfspypUe;J khfhz kl;lj;jpd; Clhf Njrpa kl;lj;jpw;Fr; nry;tJ
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l xU tplakhFk;. murpayikg;gpdJk; mjd; fPohd
rl;lq;fspdJk; Vw;ghLfspd; Clhf kf;fs; toptUjyhf mikAk;
murhq;ff; fUtpfspd; (Organs of the Government) mjpfhuq;fs; mNj
murpayikg;gpdhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; kl;Lg;ghLfs; kw;Wk; tiuaiwfSf;F
cl;gl;litahFk;. kf;fs; Nritf;fhd Kjdpiy J}z;fshf tpsq;Fgit
epahakhdJk; tpidj;jpwd; cs;sJkhd nghJ epu;thff; Nfhl;ghLfSk;>
eilKiwfSk; gaDWjpkpf;f jhkjkw;w ePjp epu;thfKkhFk;.
66.2 murpayikg;gpd; Nkyhd;ik
6.2.1 rkh;g;gzq;fs;
murpayikg;Ng mjpAau; rl;lkhf tpsq;fNtz;Lnkd;gJk;> murhq;fj;jpd;
fUtpfs; murpayikg;gpd; Vw;ghLfspd; toptUepiyapy; jkJ mjpfhuq;fis
ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lnkd;gJk; mj;jifa mjpfhuq;fs; mtw;wpd;
Nehf;nfy;iyiag; nghWj;J kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;gJk; FOtpd;
Kd;dpiyapy; rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;ld. rkh;g;gzq;fspd; Kf;fpa ce;JjyhdJ>
ve;jnthU murhq;f fUtpAk; vy;iyaw;w fl;Lg;ghlw;w mjpfhuj;ijf;
nfhz;bUf;fyhfhJ vd;gJk;> ,t;thwhd ve;jnthU fUtpAk;
tifg;nghWg;gpy;yhj mjpfhuj;ijf; nfhz;bUf;fyhfhJ vd;gJk;
vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;ld. nghJkf;fs; mth;fSila rpy rkh;g;gzq;fspy;>
murpayikg;gpd; Nkd;ikiaf; fhf;Fk; tifapyhd Vw;ghLfs;
murpayikg;gpy; fhzg;glNtz;Lk; vd;W nrhy;ystpy; $whtpl;lhYk;>
mth;fs; mjpfhug;gpuNahfk; kw;Wk; Nehf;nfy;iy Fwpj;j tplaq;fspy;
njuptpj;j tpjg;Giufs; murpayikg;gpd; Nkyhd;ikia cah;j;jp
epiyNgwhf;Fk; rpy Mf;ftk;rq;fis typAWj;jpAs;sd.
rpy rku;g;gzq;fspy;> ghuhSkd;wk; Nkyhd;ikahd ,iwikiaf;
nfhz;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; Kd;nkhopTk; mike;J ,Ue;jJ.
vg;gbahapDk;> ,e;j Nkyhd;ik tplak; [dhjpgjpapd; mjpfhuq;fSld;
xg;gPl;lstpNyNa vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;ls;sJ. ,J ghuhSkd;wj;Jf;F mjd;
Nehf;nfy;iyapy; vJtpj kl;Lg;ghLfSk; ,Uj;jyhfhJ vd;gjhf mikahJ.
32
cz;ikapy;> ghuhSkd;wNk mjpNkyhd;ikahd mikg;ghf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;W njuptpj;jth;fs; $l> [dhjpgjpapd; gjtpAld; xg;gPl;L
epiyapy; mij Fwpj;Jiug;gjw;fhfNtahFk;.
kf;fspd; ,f;$w;iwf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L. Jbg;ghd> epiyNgwhd
[dehafj;jpw;fhd Kf;fpakhd ,e;j vz;zf;fUtpd; Nehf;nfy;iyfspd;
nrwpe;j rhuj;Jf;Ff; ftdk; nrYj;jp> FOthdJ murpayikg;gpd;
Nkyhd;ik vd;Dk; fUj;Jg; nghUis cWjpg;gLj;Jk; %yfq;fSk;>
Mf;ff;$WfSk; murpayikg;gpy; cs;thq;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;W tpjg;Giu
nra;fpd;wJ.
,e;j Nehf;fj;Jf;fhf> murpayikg;gpy;> ,e;ehl;bd; mjpNkd;ikahd rl;lk;
murpayikg;Ng vdTk;> Vw;nfdNt Mf;fg;gl;l my;yJ Mf;fg;glTs;s
ve;jnthU rl;lKk;> murpayikg;gpd; Vw;ghLfSf;F Kuz;gLk; mstpw;F
mJ ntw;Wk; twpJkhFnkd;W (Null and void) vLj;Jiuf;Fk; ntspg;gilahd
cWg;Giunahd;W; ,lk;ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;. njd;dhgpupf;f murpayikg;gpd; 2
Mk; cWg;Giuia xj;j Xh; Vw;ghL nghUj;jkhf mikAk;.
6.2.2 tpjg;Giufs;
1. murpayikg;ghdJ Fbaurpd; Nkyhd;ik rl;lkhFk;. mjw;F
Kuz;gl;l rl;lNkh my;yJ elj;ijNah nry;Ygbaw;wjhFk;
vd;gNjhL> mjdhy; Rkj;jg;gLk; flg;ghLfs; epiwNtw;wg;gLjy;
Ntz;Lk;1;.
2. Nkw;fz;ltw;wpypUe;J> Fbaurpd; ve;jnthU fUtpAk;
murpayikg;gpd; fPo; me;j fUtpf;F toq;fg;gl;l mjpfhuj;ijj; jtpu
Ntnwe;j mjpfhuj;ijAk; nfhz;bUg;gjhf cupik Nfhu ,ayhJ.
mt;tjpfhuq;fs; Nehf;nfy;iyapy; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLtNjhL> ve;jnthU
epWtdKk; murpayikg;gpdhy; jq;fSf;F vy;iyaw;w> fl;Lg;ghlw;w
mjpfhuk; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;W cupikNfhu ,ayhJ.
1 12 Mk; mj;jpahaj;jpd; 16 Mk; cWg;Giuiag; ghh;f;fTk;
33
3. mjpfhug;gpupTf; Nfhl;ghl;bd; mtrpakhd mk;rq;fSk;> czh;Tk;>
murhq;fj;jpd; rl;lthf;f> epiwNtw;W kw;Wk; ePjpKiwrhu;
mikg;Gfspd; xOq;Frhu; tFj;jikg;Gf;fSlDk; mtw;wpd;
fUkg;ghl;Lg; ghj;jpuq;fSlDk; cj;Njr murpayikg;gpy;
xUq;fpizf;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;W tpje;Jiuf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
4. ,ij NkYk; ,yFgLj;Jk;tifapy;> murpayikg;gpd; %yk;
jhgpf;fg;gLk; Xh; murpaykg;G ePjpkd;wk; my;yJ mjw;F khw;wPlhf
murpayikg;gpd; Vw;ghLfis ciunra;Ak; mjpfhuq; nfhz;l
cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; murpayikg;G ePjpgjpfs; Fohnkhd;W epWtg;gLk;.
,e;j ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F my;yJ murpayikg;Grhu; ePjpkd;w Fohkpw;F
ghuhSkd;wj;jpdhy; my;yJ Vida rl;lthf;f mikg;Gfspdhy;
epiwNtw;wg;gLk; rl;lq;fspd; Vw;ghLfs; nry;Ygbahditah my;yth
vd;gJ Fwpj;J kPsha;T nra;J jPu;g;G toq;Fk; mjpfhuk; ,Uj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.
vdNt> rl;lthf;fj;jpd; ePjpKiwrhh; kPsha;T> murpay; ahg;gpdhy;
ntspg;gilahfNt mq;fPfupf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. mt;thNw eph;thfr;
nraw;ghLfspdJk;> ePjpKiw eltbf;ifspdJk; ePjpKiwrhh; kPsha;Tk;
murpayikg;gpdhy;; mq;fPfupf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,f;fhuzq;fs;
Fwpj;jhd tpupthd tpjg;Giufs; 14 Mk; mj;jpahaj;jpy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
5. mt;tz;zNk> cj;Njr murpayikg;ghdJ> ehl;by; rl;lj;jpd;
Ml;rpapd; mq;fPfhuk;> kjpg;G> kw;Wk; Ngzy; vd;gtw;iw cWjpnra;Ak;
cj;juthjj;jpw;F Ntz;ba Vw;ghLfis cs;slf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j
tpOkpaq;fSk;> [dehak;> FbauRthjk;> mbg;gil kdpjcupikfs;
kw;Wk; nghJkf;fspd; ek;gpf;iff; Nfhl;ghL vd;gtw;iw
Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhd mu;g;gz czu;Tk; murpayikg;gpd; mbg;gil
mk;rq;fshf mikjy; Ntz;Lk;.
6. murhq;f fUtpfspd; mjpfhuq;fs; ehl;bd; kf;fSf;;Nf nrhe;jkhdit
vd;Dk; epfo;Tz;ikia murpayikg;G ntspg;gilahf mq;fPfupj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. mj;Jld; ,f; fUtpfs; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l mjpfhuq;fis
jw;fhypfkhf jk;trk; itj;Jg; gpuNahfpg;gNjhL> ,J kf;fspd;
34
eyDf;fhfTk;> tUq;fhy re;jjpapdupd; eyDf;fhfTk; xU
ek;gpf;ifg; nghWg;ghfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
66.3 mjpfhug; gpuptpidAk;> rl;lthl;rpAk;
6.3.1 rkh;g;gzq;fs;
FOTf;Fr; rkh;g;gzk; nra;j gyh;> mjpfhug; gpuptpidf; Nfhl;ghL>
murpayikg;gpy; cs;slf;fg;glNtz;Lk; vd;Wk; kw;Wk; murhq;fj;jpd;
xt;nthU fUtpAk;> ehl;by; vNjr;rhjpfhu kw;Wk; jd;dpr;irahd
mjpfhuj;ij gpuNahfpf;fhJ ,Ug;gij cWjpnra;Ak; tifapy; murhq;fj;jpd;
Vida fUtpfs; kPjhd xU nrt;itghu;j;jyhf tpsq;fNtz;Lnkd;Dk;
epfo;Tz;ikia njuptpj;Js;sd.
mikr;ruit mq;fj;jpdh;fshd epiwNtw;Wj; JiwahdJ jdJ
nraw;ghLfSf;F tifg;nghWg;Ngw;W> gjpypWf;Fk; tifapy; rl;lthf;f
rig mike;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjpy; gpujhdkhd jkJ fupridia
ntspg;gLj;jpdu;. ePjpj;JiwahdJ> kw;w fUtpfspypUe;J mr;rkpd;wpa
RahjPdj;ijf; nfhz;bUg;gNjhL> kw;iwa murhq;ff; fUtpfs; VjhtJ
fl;Lg;ghL my;yJ jiyaPl;Lf;Fl;gLjyhfhJ.
6.3.2 tpjg;Giufs;
1. murpayikg;ig tFj;jikf;Fk; nghOJ> mjpfhug;gpuptpidf;fhd
Nfhl;ghl;il mjd; jPtpukhd mh;j;jj;jpyd;wp> mjd; kjpg;igAk;
czu;itAk; mq;fPfupf;Fk; tifapy; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.
ehL> ghuhSkd;w mikr;ruit Kiwik murhq;fj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lnkd;w mjp $Ljyhd tpjg;Giuia itj;J Nehf;Fifapy;>
jPtpukhd vy;iyfisf; nfhz;l jdpNtwhf;fg;gl;l> rl;lthf;f kw;Wk;
epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk; rhj;jpakw;wNjhL> mJ crpjkhdJky;y.
ePjpj;Jiw jj;Jtj;jpYk;> ajhh;j;jj;jpYk; murhq;fj;jpd; Vida
fUtpfspypUe;J RahjPdkhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
2. ehl;bd; ePjpj;Jiwf;F Fwpj;Jiug;ghfTk;> murpayikg;G uPjpahfTk;
ehl;by; rl;lthf;f kw;Wk; epiwNtw;Wr; nraw;ghLfspd; murpayikg;G
kw;Wk; rl;lk;rhh; ,zf;fepiy cs;sjh vd;gijg; guprPypf;Fk; gzp
35
xg;gilf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. murpayikg;gpdhy; Neubahf
xg;gilf;fg;gl;lthwhd kf;fs; rhu;gpyhd ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fisf;
nfhz;Ls;s ePjpj;Jiw ehl;by; murpayikg;gpd; Nkyhd;ikiaAk;
rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rpiaAk; cau;thf kjpj;J nraw;gLtJ mjd;
Kf;fpakhd flikAk; nghWg;GkhFk;.
3. rl;lthf;f kw;Wk; epiwNtw;W mjpfhuj;jpypUe;J> ePjpj;Jiwapd;
njspthd epWtd uPjpahd kw;Wk; fUkg;ghl;L gpuptpid ,Uj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. tpjptpyf;fhd #o;epiyfspy;> ePjpgjpfs; fz;bg;ghd ,aw;if
ePjpapd; tpjpfisg; gpd;gw;Wk; ,ize;j> nghWg;Gs;s> xspTkiwtw;w
topKiwfisf; nfhz;l xOf;fhw;W eltbf;iffSf;F
cl;gLj;jg;glyhk;.
4. rl;lj;jpdhy; ,lk;ngWk; Ml;rp vd;gjw;F gjpyhd rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rpNa
ehl;bd; murpayikg;igAk;> rl;lKiwikiaAk; mwpTWj;jp
czh;tspf;Fk; tifapy; nraw;gl itf;Fk; jsk;gyw;w
Nfs;tpf;fplkw;w mk;rkhFk;.
5. rfy murhq;ff; fUtpfSk; ehl;bYs;s kf;fSk;> rl;lj;jpd;
Ml;rpiaAk;> mjd; jhuhsthj> gue;j fUj;jpidAk; Vw;Wf;nfhz;L>
mtw;iw mq;fPfupj;J> cau;thf kjpj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gNjhL mth;fs;
rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp Fwpj;j jj;Jtj;jpd; gue;j tpsf;fj;jpdhy;
fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;L topfhl;lg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp>
Mff;Fiwe;j juhjuq;fshd cWjpepiy> nghJik kw;Wk; rkj;Jtk;
vd;git Fwpj;j mjpFiwthd juepakq;fis mq;fPfupj;J mtw;NwhL
,zq;fpr; nraw;gl Ntz;Lk;.
6. epiwNtw;W kw;Wk; eph;thf eltbf;iffs;> ve;jnthU murhq;f fUtp
my;yJ topKiwapd; nraw;ghL my;yJ nraypd;ik>
murpayikg;gpdhy; my;yJ rl;lj;jpd;fPo; ntspg;gilahd my;yJ
cl;fpilahd Kiwapy; toq;fg;gl;l mjpfhunkhd;wpd; MjuT my;yJ
typAWj;jy;fs; ,y;iynadpy;> mit rl;lg;gb nry;YgbahfhJ.
murpayikg;gpd; my;yJ xU rl;lj;jpd; toptuhj ve;j epajpr;rl;l
Kftuhz;ikapdJk; vt;thwhd nraYk; my;yJ nraypd;ikAk;
rl;lj;jd;ikNah> nry;YgbNah mw;wjhFk;.
7. kWGwj;jpy;> xU kdpju; murpayikg;G my;yJ rl;lj;jpdhy;
ntspg;gilahfNth my;yJ cl;fpilahfNth jiltpjpf;fg;glhj xU
36
tplaj;jpy; mj;jifa kdpju; nra;tjw;F my;yJ mijr;
nra;ahnjhoptjw;F Rje;jpuk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. rl;lj;jpdhy;
jiltpjpf;fg;glhj ve;jnthU nraw;ghl;bYk; <LgLtjw;F kf;fSf;Fr;
Rje;jpuk; cz;L.
8. rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rpapd; jj;Jtj;jpd; Nehf;nfy;iyAk; cs;slf;fKk;
murpayikg;gpy; njspthff; Fwpg;gplg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
9. kWGwj;jpy;> ePjpkd;wq;fspdhYk;> epGzh;fspdhYk; ciunra;ag;gl;L
tpsf;fkspf;fg;gl;l rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp> murpayikg;gpy; cs;thq;fg;gl;L>
gaDWjp nfhLf;fg;gLtjhy;;> jdpegh;fs; my;yJ mikg;Gfspd;
tpUg;Gfs;> rhu;G epiyfspw;Nfw;g nraw;glhky;> ehl;bd;
rl;lq;fSf;fika fUkg;gLk; xU Jbg;ghd [dehafj;ij
cWjpg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; mika Ntz;Lk; vd;gJk; vkJ
jPu;f;fhNyhridf; fUj;jhFk;.
37
mmj;jpahak; 7
murhq;fj;jpd; tbtq;fSk;> mLf;FfSk; (Tiers of Government)
,g;gFjpapy; [dhjpgjp> cg [dhjpgjp kw;Wk; Njrpa epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw
kw;Wk; rl;lthf;fj;Jiw vd;gdtw;iw ehk;; ifahSfpd;Nwhk;. cj;Njr
mLf;Ffs; Fwpj;j tpguq;isAk; ,g;gFjp Muha;fpd;wJ.
7.1 murhq;fj;jpd; tbtq;fs;
7.1.1 rkh;g;gzq;fs;
kf;fspd; epiwNtw;W mjpfhuj;ij gpuNahfpf;Fk; tpjj;jpyhd tpj;jpahrkhd
murhq;f tiffisg;gw;wp FOTf;F fUj;Jr; rkh;g;gzk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
ngwg;gl;l rkh;g;gzq;fs;> ,yq;ifapy; eilKiwapYs;s epiwNtw;W
[dhjpgjp murhq;f Kiwik ehl;bd; murpay; fyhrhuj;jpd; rpijitAk;>
rPh;Nfl;ilAk;; tpistpj;Js;sJ vdf;$wpd.
rkh;g;gzq;fspd; gpufhuk;> [dhjpgjpapd; epiwNtw;W mjpfhuj;jpd; jtwhd
gad;ghl;bdhy;> ePjpAk;> rl;lj;jpd; Kd;dpiyapy; rkj;JtKk; nghJkf;fSf;F
kWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,f;fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp rPh;Fiye;Js;sJ.
[dhjpgjp> murpd; gjtpepiy jiytuhf khj;jpuk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W
rpyh; $wpdh;;. mth; xU Njh;jypy; thf;fspf;Fk; kf;fspdhy; njupT
nra;ag;gl;L> ghJfhg;Gg;gilfspd; gpujhd fl;lisj; jsgjpahfTk;>
ey;ypzf;fr; nraw;ghl;Lf;F jiyik tfpg;gtuhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;Wk; $wpdhh;fs;. NkYk;> [dhjpgjp ve;jnthU murpay; fl;rpapYk; gjtp
tfpf;ff;$lhJ vd;Dk; fUj;Jk; njuptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
rpy rkh;g;gzq;fs; epiwNtw;W mjpfhu [dhjpgjpKiw njhlu;e;Jk; jf;f
itf;fg;gLtij tuNtw;Fk; mNjNtisapy;> [dhjpgjpf;F nfhLf;Fk;
ePjpKiwrhh; ghjpg;gpd;ikia (Judicial Immunity) ,uj;Jr;nra;a Ntz;Lk; vdTk;
$wpdh;.
38
rpyh; jw;NghJs;s [dhjpgjp Kiwiaj; jf;fitf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;wdh;. VNjh
xUtpjkhd epiwNtw;W mjpfhu [dhjpgjp Kiwik nraw;gl Ntz;Lk;
vd;W tpUk;gpath;fs; ,U tifapyhd fUj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jdh;.
KjyhtJ fUj;J> murpay; ];jpuj;jd;ikf;F [dhjpgjp Kiwik
mtrpakhFk; vd;gjhFk;. kw;iwa fUj;jhdJ> [dhjpgjp Njrpa uPjpapy;
njupT nra;ag;gLtjhy; mJ rpWghd;ikapdq;fspd; eyd;fisg; ghJfhf;Fk;
vd;gjhFk;.
nghJkf;fspdhy; Kd;nkhopag;gl;l Vida murhq;f tbtk; mikr;ruit
tbtpyhd murhq;fk; my;yJ nt];l;kpd;];;lh; khjpupahFk;.
Fwpg;ghf rpWghd;ik r%fq;fsplkpUe;J xd;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkyhd cg
[dhjpgjp gjtp my;yJ gpujpg; gpujkh; gjtp cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;>
cg [dhjpgjp my;yJ gpujpg; gpujkh;> [dhjpgjp my;yJ gpujkupd; ,dj;ijr;
Nruhjtuhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; MNyhridfs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;ld.
nt];l;kpd;];lh; khjpupia Mjupj;jth;fs; gpujkUk;> mikr;ruitAk;
rl;lthf;fr; rigf;Fg; nghWg;Gf; $wNtz;ba ghuhSkd;w Kiwikia
tYg;gLj;j tpUk;gpdh;. ,e;j khjpupapd;fPo;> murhq;fj;ij tifg;nghWg;Gf;
$witg;gjw;F> vjph;f;fl;rp Kf;fpa gq;if tfpf;fpd;wJ.
epiwNtw;Wf;FO Kiwikia kPz;Lk; nfhz;Ltu Ntz;Lnkd;W
Kd;nkhope;jth;fs; NkYk; rpwg;ghd fUj;njhUkpg;G tbtj;jpyhd
murhq;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtij tpUk;gpdh;. vjph;fl;rpf;Fk; mjpy; xU
ghj;jpukpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; thjk; nra;jdh;. jw;NghJ vjph;f;fl;rpahdJ
Mf;fg+h;tkhf nraw;glNtz;Lnkd;w mtrpakpd;wp ntWkNd vy;yhtw;iwAk;
“vjph;f;fpd;wJ” vd;W mth;fs; vz;Zfpd;wdh;. ,jw;F Mjuthf fUj;J
njuptpj;jtu;fs; (mjpfkhd fUj;njhUkpg;G tbtj;jpyhd murhq;fk;)
vjpuhspepiy murpay; ehL Kd;Ndw;wkiltijj; jLg;gjw;fhd Xu; ghupa
kl;Lg;ghlhf cs;snjd;W njuptpj;jdu;.
rhuhk;rkhf> kf;fshy; Kd;nkhopag;gl;l murhq;f tbtq;fspd; khw;Wepiyf;
fz;Nzhl;lq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:
39
1. 19 Mk; jpUj;jj;jpw;F Kd;du; eilKiwapypUe;j epiwNtw;W [dhjpgjp
Kiwik.
2. 19 Mk; jpUj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;dh; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; epiwNtw;W
[dhjpgjp Kiwik.
3. nt];l;kpd;];lh; tbtj;ijf; nfhz;l murhq;fk;
4. epiwNtw;Wf; FO Kiwikia cs;slf;Fk; xU nt];l;kpd;];lh;
tbtj;jpyhd Xu; murhq;fk;
5. Xh; fyg;G Kiwapyhd my;yJ ,Uepiyg; gz;G Kiwikapyhd
murhq;fk; (Hybrid System of Government)> mjhtJ> [dhjpgjp murhq;fj;jpd;
jiytuhftd;wp> murpd; jiytuhfTk;> xU rpy ajhu;j;jkhd
mjpfhuq;fisf; nfhz;l epiwNtw;wjpfhupahfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;.
77.1.2 tpjg;Giufs;
Nkw;Nghe;j tplaq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; ehk; gpd;tUk; Kd;nkhopTfisr;
nra;fpd;Nwhk;:
1. Njrpa kw;Wk; khfhz kl;lq;fspy; nt];l;kpd;];lh; tbtj;jpyhd
murhq;fk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. ghuhSkd;wk; fiyf;fg;gl;L>
GjpanjhU murhq;fk; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; tiuapy; fhge;J murhq;fk; xd;W
,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;1.
2. kj;jpa murhq;f kl;lj;jpd; fPo; epiwNtw;Wf; FO Kiwiknahd;W
eilKiwg;gLj;jg;;gly; Ntz;Lk;2.
m. rpyh; ,k;Kiwik khfhz kl;lj;jpYk;> cs;s+uhl;rp kl;lj;jpYk;
gpd;gw;wg;glNtz;Lk; vd;Wk; Kd;nkhope;Js;sdh;.
M. rpyh; ,e;j tifapyhd murhq;fk; cs;s+uhl;rp kl;lj;jpy;
khj;jpuNk nraw;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpjg;Giu nra;Js;sdh;.
1 cg;Gy; mNguj;d@ F\hd; b my;tp]; P.C@ `upzp mku#upa@ vk;.it.vk;.ghap];@ Njkpah
`_Uy;Ny@ FKJ FRk; Fkhu@ tpd;];ld; gj;jpuh[h@ vd;.nry;tFkhud; @ v];.jtuh[h@ v];. tpN[re;jpud; @ yhy; tpN[ehaf;f 2 V.vk;.etuj;d gz;lhu@ vk;.Nf.ejPf;fh jkae;jp@ v];.rp.rp.,sq;Nfhtd;@ rpupkrpup `g;GMur;rp@
Rdpy; [auj;d@ fhe;jp uzrpq;f@
40
murhq;fj;jpy; [dhjpgjpapd; ghj;jpuk;> fPo;f;fhZk; tifapy; tpj;jpahrkhd
tpjq;fspy; tFj;jikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ:
1. [dhjpgjp ngaustpy; khj;jpuk; murpw;Fj; jiyik tfpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;3;.
2. [dhjpgjp murpd; jiytuhfTk;> MAjg; gilfspd; gpujhd fl;lisj;
jsgjpahTk;; ,Ug;ghh;. [dhjpgjp Nju;jy; thf;fhsu; $lj;jpD}lhf
(Electoral College) Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;L murpayikg;gpy; Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gLk;
mjpfhuq;fisf; nfhz;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Njrpa ghJfhg;gpw;Fk;> Njrpa
eyd;fSf;Fk;> rpWghd;ikNahu; eyd;fSf;Fk; murpayikg;gpy;
cs;slf;fk; ngw;Ws;s Nfhl;ghLfSf;F ,zf;fkw;w Kiwapy;
epiwNtw;W eltbf;if Vw;Wf;;nfhs;sg;gl;l> vy;iyfis kPwp mr;RWj;jy;
Vw;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy;> jiyaPL nra;tjw;Fupa mjpfhuk; ,jpy;
cs;slq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;4; .
3. [dhjpgjp murpd; jiytuhfTk;> MAjg;gilfspd; gpujhd fl;lisj;
jsgjpahfTk; tpsq;Fthh;. [dhjpgjp Neubahf kf;fs; thf;fpd;%yk;
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;L> murpayikg;gpy; Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l mjpfhuq;fisf;
nfhz;bUg;ghh;. Njrpa ghJfhg;Gf;F mr;RWj;jy;fs; Vw;gLk; NghJk;>
murpayikg;gpd; Nfhl;ghLfSf;F ,zf;fkhd Njrpa
tptfhuq;fSf;Fk;> rpWghd;ikapdupd; tptfhuq;fSf;Fk; mr;RWj;jy;
Vw;gLk;NghJk;> ,ilaPLnra;tjw;F Vw;w mjpfhuk; ,jDs; mlq;Fk;5.
7.2 Jiz> gpujp [dhjpgjp my;yJ gpujpg; gpujkh;
7.2.1 rkh;g;gzq;fs’
Jiz/gpujp [dhjpgjp my;yJ gpujp gpujkh;/fs; vd;Dk; gjtpfis
cUthf;Ftjw;fhd gy MNyhridfs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;ld. ,g;gjtpfisf;
Fwpj;j Xh; Mh;t%l;Lk; Kd;nkhopT vd;dntd;why;> mtu;fs; [dhjpgjp
my;yJ gpujkupd; ,dj;Jt r%fj;ij tpl NtW ,dj;Jt r%fj;ijr;
3 vk;.Nf.ejPf;fh jkae;jp@ vd;.nry;tFkhud; 4 cg;Gy; mNguj;d@ vk;.it.vk;.ghap];@ fhe;jp uzrpq;f@ v];.jtuh[h@ yhy; tpN[ehaf;f 5 `upzp mku#upa@ Rdpy; [auj;d@ FKJ FRk; Fkhu@ v];. tpN[re;jpud;
41
Nru;e;j jdpegh;/egh;fshf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;. ,t;thwhf>
,g;gjtpfs;> rpWghd;ikf; fl;rpfs;/ [dr%fq;fspd; fuprid tplaq;fSf;F
jPh;T fhZk; topKiwfshff; Fwpg;gplg;gl;ld. mj;Jld;> ,uz;lhtJ
mitnahd;W ,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd;Wk;> Jiz [dhjpgjp mjd; jtprhsuhf
,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd;Wk; fUj;Jf;fs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;ld.
77.2.2 tpjg;Giufs;
vkJ fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy;> ,g;gjtpfisf; Fwpj;J $wg;gl;lNghJ
mg;gjtpfSf;fhd Fwpj;Jiug;ghd mjpfhuq;fs; Fwpj;J mtrpakhd
tifapy; tpsf;fk; njuptpf;fg;glhikahYk; mit tpNrlkhf rpWghd;ik
r%fq;fspd; milahs kjpg;G tifahd fUj;jhfNt Kd;nkhopag;gl;ljhYk;
,it njhlu;ghf> FOtpDs; ePz;l fye;Jiuahlypd; gpd;dh;> vkJ
tpjg;Giufs; gpd;tUkhW:
1. cg [dhjpgjp> Nju;jy; thf;fhsu; $lj;jpD}lhf (Electoral College) Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLthh;. mtUila mjpfhuk; murpayikg;gpy; Fwpj;J
ciuf;fg;gLk;. cg [dhjpgjp> [dhjpgjpapd; ,dj;ijr; rhuhj xU
[dr%fj;jpypUe;J Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLthh;6.
2. rpy FO mq;;fj;jth;fs;> mg;gjtpia cUthf;f Ntz;ba mtrpak;
,y;iy vd;Dk; fUj;ijf;nfhz;bUe;jdh;. ,g;gjtpia
cUthf;Ftjw;fhd mwpT uPjpahd fhuzk; rpWghd;ik ,dj;jtupd;
mjpfupj;j ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; Fwpj;j tpUg;Gepiy
vd;gjdhy;> ,jw;Fg; gjpyhf> murpayikg;gpy; rpWghd;ikr;
r%fj;jpdupd; ghJfhg;igAk;> gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;Jk;
tYthd topKiwfis cWjpg;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;7.
7.3 mikr;ruit
7.3.1 rkh;g;gzq;fs’
mikr;ruitg; gjtpfs; vz;zpf;ifapy; Fiwf;fg;glNtz;Lk; vd;Wk;>
mit murpayikg;gpy; ngah; Fwpg;gplg;glNtz;Lk; vd;Wk; mjpf
vz;zpf;ifapyhd rkh;g;gzq;fs; ,lk;ngw;wd. kpfg;ngupa mikr;ruitfs;
6 Rdpy; [auj;d@ v];.jtuh[h@ tpd;];ld; gj;jpuh[h@ yhy; tpN[ehaf;f 7 cg;Gy; mNguj;d@ `upzp mku#upa@ vk;.Nf.ejPf;fh jkae;jp@ vk;.it.vk;.ghap];@ FKJ
FRk; Fkhu@ vd;.nry;tFkhud;@ v];. tpN[re;jpud;
42
nghJ epjpia tPzbf;Fk;tifapy; mikfpd;wd vd;W kf;fs; jPtpukhd
tpku;rdk; nra;jdu;. mikr;ruitg; gjtpfs;
ju;f;fuPjpapYk; Nfhl;ghLfspd; mbg;gilapYk; my;yhJ> murpay;
NjitfSf;F cfe;j tifapy; Vw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd vd;gNj mth;fSila
fUj;jhftpUe;jJ. cz;ikapy; ngUk; vz;zpf;ifapyhd mikr;ruitg;
gjtpfs; Fog;gj;ijAk;> nghWg;Gfs; ,ul;bg;ghf;fiyAk;
tpidj;jpwdpd;ikiaAk; kw;Wk; Njitaw;w nryTfisAk;
Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wdntd;W gyu; fUj;J ntspapl;ldu;;. ,it> murhq;fk;
midj;Jklq;Fk; xd;wpizg;ghd mgptpUj;jpf; nfhs;iffis Vw;Wf;nfhz;L>
eilKiwg;gLj;Jtijj; jilnra;Js;sd.
mjpfhug; Nguspg;G Vw;gl;lhy;> ngupa mikr;ruitf;fhd mtrpak; Fiwthff;
fhzg;gLk; vd;Dk; cz;ikiaf; FOthdJ jPh;f;fkhf Muha;e;jJ.
tof;fkhf> murhq;fq;fs; epiyahd murhq;fnkhd;iw cUthf;Ftjw;F
vj;jdpg;gjd; tpisthf ngupa mikr;ruitfs; eilKiwf;F tUfpd;wd.
vg;gbnadpDk; gy;NtW kf;fs; Kd;nkhope;jthW> xU fyg;G Njh;jy;
Kiwahd rhjhuz ngUk;ghd;ik (FPP) kw;Wk; khfhz kl;lj;jpyhd
tpfpjhrhu gpujpepjpj;JtKiw (PPR) epiyehl;lg;gl;lhy;> murhq;fj;jpd;
];jpuepiy cWjpg;gLj;jg;glyhk;. Mjyhy;> xU ngupa mikr;ruitapd;
mtrpak; vokhl;lhJ.
mikr;Rf;fSf;F Nkw;ghh;itf; FOf;fs; gupe;Jiu nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,it>
tpla epGzu;fisAk;> me;je;j mikr;rh;fisAk; cs;slf;Fk; FOthf
,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd;Wk; gyh; Fwpj;Jiuj;jdu;. Nkw;ghh;itf; FOf;fs;
Fwpj;Jiug;ghfg; gpd;tUk; tplag;gug;GfSf;F MNyhridahf
Kd;itf;fg;gl;ld:
i. nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; cl;fl;likg;G mgptpUj;jp
ii. tpQ;Qhdk;> njhopy;El;gk; kw;Wk; kdpjts mgptpUj;jp
iii. nghJeph;thfk; kw;Wk; khfhz eph;thfk;
iv. ntsptptfhuk; kw;Wk; ntspehl;L th;j;jfKk;> thzpgKk;
43
77.3.2 tpjg;Giufs;
nra;ag;gl;l rkh;g;gzq;fisAk;> epaha tpsf;fq;fisAk; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L
ehk; gpd;tUtdtw;iwg; gupe;Jiunra;a tpUk;Gfpd;Nwhk;:
1. mikr;ruit xd;W ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
2. mikr;rh;fspd; vz;zpf;if murpay; ahg;gpd;%yk; 25-30
mikr;rh;fshfTk;> 25-30 gpujp mikr;rh;fshfTk; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl
Ntz;Lk;;. ,uh[hq;f mikr;Rfs; Kiwik ePf;fg;glNtz;Lk;.
3. mikr;Rf;fspd; fPo;tUk; tplaq;fs; mjpfhuj;jpypUf;Fk;
murhq;fj;jpdhy; mtw;wpd; fUkq;fs;> kw;Wk; %ytsq;fs;
xJf;fpaspg;Gf; Fwpj;j gFj;jwpTf; fhuzq;fshy; jPh;khdpf;fg;gly;
Ntz;Lk;.
4. mikr;Rf;fspd; fPo;tUk;; jpizf;fsq;fSk; / epWtdq;fSk; kw;Wk;
gpujp mikr;rh;fspd; fUkq;fSk; njspthf eph;zapf;fg;gl;L>
mikr;ruit cUthf;fg;gl;L ,uz;L thuq;fSf;Fs; th;j;jkhdpapy;
mwptpg;Gr; nra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
5. xt;nthU mikr;Rf;Fk; Nkw;ghh;itf; FOf;fs; (Oversight Committee)
,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,k; Nkw;ghu;itf; FOf;fspd; mq;fj;jth;fshf>
,iaGs;s njhopy;rhu; jifikfisf; nfhz;l jdp egh;fSk;>
nghUj;jkhd tpahghuj; njhopy; Nguitfspd; gpujpepjpfSk;>
mikr;rpd; rpNu\;l mjpfhupfSk;> ,iaGs;s mikr;rh;fSf;F
Nkyjpfkhd Kiwapy; ,lk;ngwy; Ntz;Lk;. Nkw;ghh;itf; FOf;fspd;
mq;fj;jtu;fs; gpujkupd; MNyhridapd; Ngupy; [dhjpgjpapdhy;
epakpf;fg;gLtu;. FOf;fspd; ghj;jpuKk;> Nehf;nfy;iyAk;
fye;Jiuahlg;gl;L> jPh;khdpf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
7.4 murhq;fj;jpd; mLf;Ffs;
murhq;f mLf;Ffspy; khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jg; gy rkh;g;gzq;fs;
Kd;itf;fg;gl;ld. mNdfkhdit> jw;NghJ eilKiwapy; ,Uf;Fk; 2 Mk;
(khfhzrigfs;) kw;Wk; 3 Mk; (gpuNjrrig> cs;s+uhl;rp kd;wk;) mLf;F
murhq;fj;ijf; Fwpg;gpl;ld. mjpfhug;gfph;T kw;Wk; cs;s+uhl;rp murhq;fk;
44
vd;Dk; gFjpapy; ,J tpupthff; fye;Jiuahlg;gLk; mNjNtis>
nghJkf;fshy; nfhLf;fg;gl;l fUj;Jf;fspd; rhuhk;rj;ij ehk; fPNo
nfhLj;jpUf;fpd;Nwhk;. Kf;fpakhf> murhq;f mLf;Ffis xl;ba
fUj;Jf;fSk; FOtpd;> gupe;JiufSk; cs;sd.
77.4.1 rkh;g;gzq;fs’
tpj;jpahrkhd murhq;f mLf;FfSf;F toq;Fk; mjpfhug; Nguspg;G
mh;j;jKs;sjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mit murhq;ff; fl;likg;Gf;F
Njitaw;w mLf;Ffisr; Nrh;g;gjd;%yk; mjpf nryitAk;>
tpidj;jpwdpd;ikiaAk; kf;fs; muRld; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; md;whl
eltbf;iffis Fog;gj;jpw; Fs;shf;Fk; tifapy; mikaf;$lhJ. ,e;j
#oiktpNyNa khfhz rigfs;> mNdfkhd re;jh;g;gq;fspy; 'nts;is
ahidfs;"; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;ld. ,e;epiy> tpj;jpahrkhd murhq;f
mLf;FfSf;F mjpfhug; Nguspg;igf; nfhLg;gjw;F vjph;g;Gj; njuptpg;gJ
vd;gjy;y; Mdhy;> Fwpj;Jiug;ghd fUkq;fs;> mjw;;Nfw;w mjpfhuk;>
epjpahw;wy; vd;git ,y;yhj tpj;jpahrkhd murhq;f mLf;Ffis
cUthf;Ftjw;F vjph;g;Gj; njuptpg;gjhFk;.
NkYnkhU fUj;jhdJ> mjpfhug; Nguspg;G nfhz;l myFfs; kPJ> kj;jpa
murhdJ njhlh;e;Jk; mjpfhuk; nrYj;jp> mjd;Nky; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jp
fl;Lg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;. ,f;fUj;ijf; nfhz;l kf;fs; mjpfhug;
Nguspg;G Fwpj;j Xustpyhd vr;rupf;if czu;Tld; NkYk; tYthf
kj;jpg;gLj;jg;gl;l murhq;f tbtj;ij Mjupj;jdu;.
[dehaf murpay; nray;Kiwapy; gpui[fspd; mjpfupj;j gq;Nfw;ig cWjp
nra;Ak; tifapYk; tpNrlkhf mtu;fspd; gpuNjrq;fs; njhlu;gpyhd
tplaq;fspy; vLf;fg;gLk; jPu;khdq;fspy; gpui[fs; jkJ nry;thf;if
gpuNahfpg;gjw;F cjTk; tifapYk; kw;Wk; mtu;fs; njupT nra;j
gpujpepjpfis fz;fhzpf;Fk; xU topKiwia mtu;fSf;F toq;Ftjd;
Clhf mgptpUj;jpapy; Fbkf;fs; gq;Nfw;gjw;F cjTk; tifapYk; mjpfhuk;
Mff; Fiwe;j mstpyhd myfpw;F Nguspg;G nra;ag;glNtz;Lnkd;w
fUj;Jk; Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ.
45
,J njhlu;gpy;> kf;fs; ehd;fhtJ mLf;F murhq;fnkhd;iw
Kd;nkhope;jdh;. mit fpuhk ,uhr;rpak;> fpuhkrig / kf;fs; rig (fk;rgh /
[drgh) MfpathW gy;NtW topfspy; ngauplg;glyhk;. NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l
KjyhtJ kw;Wk; ,uz;lhtJ fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itj;Njhh; gy
re;jh;g;gq;fspy; mjpfupj;j gpui[fs; gq;Nfw;Gf;fhd nghwpKiwnahd;iwAk;
typAWj;jpdh;.
murhq;fj;jpd; rfy mLf;FfSk; [dehaf uPjpahfTk;> midtiuAk;
cs;slf;Fk; tifapYk;> tpNrlkhf> kiyafj; jkpoh;fs;> Mjpthrpfs;>
[dr%fq;fs;> ngz;fs;> ,isQh;fs;; kw;Wk; Fiwe;j [hjpf; FOf;fs; vd
miof;fg;gLNthh; Nghd;w Xuq;fl;lg;gl;L ntspafw;wg;gl;Nlhup;d;
gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij cWjpnra;Ak; tpNrl eltbf;iffisf; nfhz;litahf
tpsq;f Ntz;Lnkd;gJk; nghJthd fz;Nzhl;lkhftpUe;jJ.
jw;NghJ murhq;fj;jpy; 3 mLf;Ffs; (Njrpa> khfhz kw;Wk; cs;s+uhl;rp)
cs;sdntd;gijf; FO mtjhdpj;jJ. jw;Nghija cs;s+uhl;rpapy;
gpuNjr rigfs;> khefurigfs;> kw;Wk; efurigfs; vd;git
mlq;Ffpd;wd. efurigfs; tYtspf;Fk; rl;lthf;fq;fspD}lhfj;
jhgpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. murhq;fj;jpd; Kjy; ,uz;L mLf;Ffs; rk;ge;jkhf
xg;gPl;LuPjpapy; Fiwe;j mstpyhd gpzf;FfNs fhzg;gl;l mNjNtisapy;>
murhq;fj;jpd; 3 MtJ mLf;Ff; FOtpdhy; ghuJ}ukhff;
fye;Jiuahlg;gl;lJ. ,J murhq;fj;jpy; $Ljyhd gq;Nfw;G kw;Wk;
nry;thf;F Fwpj;j nghJkf;fspd; tpUg;gk; kw;Wk; murhq;f epWtdq;fSld;
mth;fspd; md;whlj; njhlh;Gr; nraw;ghLfisr; rpf;fyhf;Fk; tifapyhd>
Njitaw;w murhq;f mLf;FfSf;fhd mth;fspd; vjph;g;Gzh;T rk;ge;jkhf
kf;fs; vOg;gpa tptfhuq;fspw;;F Nghjpa mstpy; vjph;tpisT
fhz;gpg;gjw;fhf ,lk;ngw;wjhFk;. (jaTnra;J> cs;s+uhl;rp rk;ge;jkhd
tpguq;fSf;F mj;jpahak; 10 Ig; ghh;f;fTk;)
77.4.2 tpjg;Giufs;
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; rk;ge;jkhff; FO Vfkdjhd cld;ghl;ilf; fz;lJ.
i. murhq;fj;jpy; 3 mLf;Ffs; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Njrpa> khfhz>
my;yJ gpuhe;jpa kw;Wk; cs;s+uhl;rp murhq;fk;. khfhzk; my;yJ
46
gpuhe;jpaj;jpw;F mLj;jgbahf cs;Suhl;rpNa mjpfhug; Nguspg;gpd;
mLj;j mLf;fhf mikjy; Ntz;Lk;.
ii. gpd;tUk; Nfhl;ghLfspdbg;gilapy; cs;s+uhl;rpapd; ghj;jpuk;>
jj;Jtq;fs; kw;Wk; fUkq;fs; gaDWjpAs;s epWtdq;fshf
tpsq;Fk; tifapy; mit tp];jupf;fg;gl;L> mjpfhu
tYtspf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
m. kf;fspd; ,iwikapd; kpf neUf;fkhd kl;lk;
M. cs;s+h; [dehafk;
,. cs;s+u; mgptpUj;jp
<. Ml;rp Kiwapy; Fbkf;fs; gq;Nfw;G
c. midtiuAk; cs;slf;Fk; tifapyhd [dehafk;
(Xuq;fl;lg;gl;Nlhh; / eyd;FOf;fs; kw;Wk; [dr%fq;fs;)
,j;jifa xU epiykhw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;F cs;s+u; Ml;rpapd;
Mff;Fiwe;j myFfspd; fl;likg;GfSf;Fk; nray;KiwfSf;Fk; mjpfupj;j
ftdk; nrYj;jg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
47
mmj;jpahak; 8
mjpfhug; gfph;T (Power Sharing)
8.1 rkh;g;gzq;fs;
ngw;Wf;nfhz;l rkh;g;gzq;fspdbg;gilapy;> mjpfhug; gfph;T tplaj;ijf; ehk;
,U topfspy; fye;JiuahLfpd;Nwhk;:
i. kj;jpf;Fk; ntspkl;l myFfSf;Fk; (Periphery) ,ilapyhd
mjpfhug; gfph;T> rhuhk;rkhf mJ ntspkl;l myFfSf;F
mjpfhug; Nguspg;G Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd Vw;ghL.
ii. kj;jpapy; ,lk;ngWk; mjpfhug; gfph;T
Kjypy;> ,t;tj;jpahaj;jpy; ehk; kj;jpapy; mjpfhug; gfph;T vd;Dk; tplaj;jpy;
ftdk; nrYj;jTs;Nshk;.
kj;jpapy; ,lk;ngWk; mjpfhug; gfph;T Fwpj;J gpd;tUk; MNyhridfs;
Kd;itf;fg;gl;ld:
m. fzprkhd mstpyhd khfhzg; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ijf;
nfhz;l Xh; ,uz;lhtJ rigiaj; ];jhgpj;jy;.
M. [dhjpgjp Nrh;e;Js;s [dr%fj;jpypUe;J NtWgl;l xU
[dr%fj;ijr; Nrh;e;j xUtiug; ghuhSkd;wk; cg-
[dhjpgjpahfj; njupTnra;jy;.
,. NtWgLk; [dr%fq;fis gpujpgypf;Fk;; tifapyhd
mikr;ruitapd; Mf;ftikT.
,uz;lhtJ rigapy; gpujhdkhf khfhzq;fspd; gpujpepjpfs;
,lk;ngwNtz;Lnkd;W njuptpf;fg;gl;l mNjNtsapy;> mq;F khfhzg;
gpujpepjpfs;> epGzh;fs;> fy;tpg; Gyikahsh;fs;> njhopy;ty;Yeh;fs;>
ePjpr;NritapypUe;J Xa;Tngw;w mq;fj;jth;fs;> Xa;Tngw;w nghJr; Nrit
48
cj;jpNahfj;jh;fs;> th;j;jfg; Nguit mq;fj;jth;fs; kw;Wk; njhopw;rq;fg;
gpujpepjpfSk; ,lk;ngwNtz;Lnkd;w epiyg;ghLk; fhzg;gl;lJ. Fiwthd
gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpid nfhz;l FOf;fspd; mq;fj;jth;fSk; ,uz;lhtJ
rigapy; cs;slf;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;w MNyhridfSk; njuptpf;fg;gl;ld.
vk;Kd; Njhd;wpa gyiug; nghWj;jtiuapy; ,uz;lhtJ rignahd;iwj;
];jhgpj;jy; rpWghd;ikf; FOf;fs; my;yJ cupa msTf;Ff;
Fiwthdtifapy; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; ngw;w FOf;fspd; rpy fuprid kw;Wk;
gPjpfSf;Fj; jPh;T fhzf;$ba re;jHg;gkhf fhzg;gl;lJ gpujpal;rkhftpUe;jJ.
,uz;lhtJ rignahd;W KjyhtJ rigapd; ngUk;ghd;ikthjr;
nray;newpfis fl;Lg;gLj;j VJthf mikAnkd;W thjpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,q;F
rpWghd;ikapdh; kw;Wk; Fiwe;j gpujpepjpj;Jtq;nfhz;l FOf;fs; vd;gJ
gpujhd rpWghd;ikapdr; r%fq;fis kl;Lkd;wp> rpwpa ,dj;Jt kw;Wk;
fyhrhu [dr%fq;fisAk; (kyhah;fs;> Mjpthrpfs;> gwq;fpah;; Nghd;Nwhh;)
kjf; FOf;fs; kw;Wk; rhjp uPjpahd FOf;fisAk; Fwpf;Fnkd;gJ ,q;F
mtjhdpf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,uz;lhtJ rig tuyhw;WuPjpahf KjyhtJ
rigapy; Fiwthd gpujpepjpj;Jtk; ngw;WtUk; ngz;fSf;F xg;Guthd
gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij cWjpnra;a KbAk;.
88.1.1 Nrhy;gup murpayikg;gpd; ,uz;lhtJ rig Fwpj;j mDgtq;fs;
,uz;lhtJ rig Fwpj;j tpjg;Giufis tFj;jikg;gjpy; ehk; Nrhy;gup
murpayikg;gpd; fPo; Nky; rigf;F ,Ue;j rpy kl;Lg;ghLfs; Fwpj;Jr;
rpe;jpj;Njhk;. Nky;rigapd; mq;fj;jth;fs; ghuhSkd;wj;jpdhy;
epakpf;fg;gl;likapdhy;> mth;fspd; Rje;jpuk; me;jNtisapy;
Nfs;tpf;fplkhdjhftpUe;jJ vd;gJ xU kl;nly;iyahftpUe;jJ.
me;jNtisapypUe;j murhq;fk; xU Nky;rigAk;> gpuptp fTd;rpYf;fhd
Nkd;KiwaPLk; cj;Njr murpayikg;Gf;F xU jilf;fy;yhf
tpsq;ff;$Lnkd;w gaj;jpd; fhzukhfg; Gjpa murpayikg;ig
Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F Kd;duhf mtw;iw ePf;Ftjw;Fj; jPh;khdpj;jdntd;Wk;
thjplyhk;.
Nky;rignahd;W ];jhgpf;fg;gl;lNtisapy; vjph;ghh;f;fg;gl;lJ Nghd;W> mJ
rpWghd;ikf; FOf;fSf;Fr; rpy ghJfhg;Gf;fis toq;fpaNghjpYk;> rpyupd;
fUj;Jg;gb> ehl;Lf;;Fg; ghupa gpd;tpisTfis Vw;gLj;jpa jdpr; rpq;fsr;
49
rl;l%yk; vjph;g;gpd;wp epiwNtw;wg;gl;lik Nky;rigapd; xU ghupa
Njhy;tpahFk;.
88.1.2 ,uz;lhtJ rigapd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fSk;> Nehf;fq;fSk;
Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l tplaq;fspdbg;gilapy;> ,uz;lhtJ rigapd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fSk;>
Nehf;fq;fSk; gpd;tUk; Kiwapy; mikaNtz;Lnkd;gJ vkJ fUj;jhFk;:
1. rpWghd;ikapdq;fs; kw;Wk; cupa msTf;Fg; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
ngwhj [dr%fq;fs; kw;Wk; eyd;fSf;fhd ghJfhg;ig
cWjpnra;jy;.
2. murpd; [dehafkag;gLj;jiy nraw;gLj;jYf;F VJthf>
rl;lthf;f rigf;fhd nrt;itghh;j;jy;fs; kw;Wk;
rkepiyg;gLj;jy;fis (Checks and balances) Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
3. KjyhtJ rigapypUe;J vOk; rh;thjpfhu kw;Wk;
ngUk;ghd;kapdthjg; Nghf;Ffis kl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;
4. murpd; jPh;khdq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; nray;Kiwf;F epGzh;fs;
kw;Wk; njhopy;ty;Yeh;fspd; Nritfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;.
8.2 tpjg;Giufs;
1. FO 75 mq;fj;jpdh;fisf;nfhz;lXh; ,uz;lhtJ rigia (Nky;rig
my;yJ nrdl;) tpje;Jiuf;fpd;wJ. vt;thwhapDk;> mjd;
Mf;ftikT rk;ge;jkhf FO mq;fj;jpdh;fspilNa 1 NtWgLk;
fUj;Jf;fs; epyTfpd;wd.
i. FOtpd; rpy mq;fj;jpdh;fs; 2 ; ,z;lhtJ rig gpd;tUk;
Mf;ftikitf; nfhz;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lnkd;W
tpje;Jiuj;jdh;
1 vk;.vy;.V.fhjh;@ vk;.Nf.ejPf;fh jkae;jp@ v];.rp.rp.,sq;Nfhtd;@ kw;Wk; FKJ FRk; Fkhu
vd;Nghh; ,uz;lhtJ rigapy; 75 f;Fk; Fiwthd mq;fj;jpdh;fs; ,Uf;fNtz;Lnkd;W fUjpdh;. 2 cg;Gy; mNguj;d@ vk;.Nf.ejPf;fh jkae;jp@ rpupkrpup `g;GMur;rp@ Rdpy; [auj;d@ tpd;];ld;
50
m. khfhz rigfspd; Kjyikr;rh;fs; (9)
M. Kjy; ,lkhw;wk; nra;af;$ba thf;F Kiwikapd;
Clhf khfhz rigapd; mq;fj;jpdu;fshYk;>
khfhzj;jpd; khefu rig Kjy;tu;fshYk;> gpujp
Kjy;tu;fshYk;> efu rigfspdJk; gpuNjr
rigfspdJk; Mrd jtprhsu;fshYk>; kw;Wk;; cg
Mrd jtprhsu;fspdhYk;> xt;nthU
khfhzj;jpypUe;Jk; njupT nra;ag;gLk; 6 egu;fs;.
ii. FOtpYs;s VidNahh;3 gpd;tUk; Kiwapy; ,uz;lhtJ
rig mikaNtz;Lnkd;W fUJfpd;wdh;
m. xt;nthU khfhz rigapdhYk; Kd;nkhopag;gLk;
khfhzrig cWg;gpdH xUtH. (Kjyikr;rh;
epiwNtw;Wj;Jiwiar; Nrh;e;jtuhifahy;> mth; xU
rl;lthf;fr; rigapy; mq;fj;jtuhf ,Uj;jyhfhnjd;W
,e;j mq;fj;jth;fs; thjpl;ldh;).
M. Kjy; ,lkhw;wk; nra;af;$ba thf;F Kiwikapd;
Clhf khfhz rigapd; mq;fj;jpdu;fshYk;>
khfhzj;jpd; khefu rig Kjy;tu;fshYk;> gpujp
Kjy;tu;fshYk;> efu rigfspdJk; gpuNjr
rigfspdJk; Mrd jtprhsu;fshYk>; kw;Wk;; cg
Mrd jtprhsu;fspdhYk;> xt;nthU
khfhzj;jpypUe;Jk; njupT nra;ag;gLk; 6 egu;fs;.
,uz;lhtJ rignahd;iwj; jhgpf;Fk; Kf;fpa Fwpf;Nfhs;
ngUk;ghd;ikapdthj ghuhSkd;w KiwikapypUe;J
rpWghd;ikNahh; eyd;fisg; ghJfhg;gJ vd;gjhy;>
,uz;lhtJ rigapy; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis cWjp
gj;jpuh[h@ vd;.nry;tFkhud;> yhy; tp[aehaf;f 3 `upzp mku#upa@ F\hd; b my;tp]; r.t@ V.vk;.etuj;d gz;lhu@ v];.rp.rp.,sq;Nfhtd;@ vk;.it.vk;.ghap];@ FKJ FRk; Fkhu@ fhe;jp uzrpq;f@ v];.jtuh[h@ v];. tpN[re;jpud;
51
nra;tjw;fhd nghwpKiwnahd;W ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lnkd;gJ
NkYnkhU MNyhridahfTs;sJ4.
m. ,uz;lhtJ rigapy; Njrpa rpWghd;ikapdupd;
nkhj;jg; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; ngUk;ghd;ik [dr%fg;
gpujpepjpj;Jtj;Jf;Fk; FiwthftpUj;jy; MfhJ>
my;yJ
M. ,uz;lhtJ rigapy; rpWghd;ik [dr%fq;fspd;
eyd;fisg; ghjpf;Fk; rl;l%y tplaq;fspy;
epiwNrh;f;fg;gl;l thf;fspg;G Kiwik.
iii. njhopw;rq;fq;fs;> r%f ,af;fq;fs;> njhopy;rhh;
mikg;Gf;fs; vd;gtw;wpypUe;J> Kjy; ,lkhw;wk;
nra;af;$ba thf;fspg;G Kiwikapy;> ghuhSkd;wj;jpdhy;
MW mq;fj;jth;fs; ngah; Fwpj;J epakpf;fg;gLjy;
Ntz;Lk;.
iv. kj kw;Wk; fyhrhuf; FOf;fs; cs;spl;ltifapy;>
fPo;rigapy; Nghjpa msT gpujpepjpj;Jtk; ngwhj> gutyhf
thOk; rpWghd;ikNahh; kw;Wk; [dr%fq;fisg;
gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;Ak; tifapy; [dhjpgjp gpujkUld;
fye;jhNyhrpj;J MW mq;fj;jth;fisg; ngah;Fwpj;J
epakpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
v. ,uz;lhtJ rigapd; mq;fj;jpdh;fSs; %d;wpnyhU
gq;Ff;Ff; FiwahNjhh; ngz;fshapUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
4 v];.jtuh[h@ v];. tpN[re;jpud;
52
vi. rpWghd;ikNahh; kw;Wk; [dr%fq;fisg; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
nra;Ak; tifapy; [dhjpgjp gpujkUld; fye;jhNyhrpj;J
MW mq;fj;jth;fisg; ngah;Fwpj;J epakpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
,uz;lhtJ rig tplaj;jpy; FO gpd;tUk; tpjg;GiufisAk; Nkw;nfhz;lJ:
2. ,uz;lhtJ rigapd; mq;fj;jpdh;fspd; gjtpf;fhyk; mjp$Ljyhf
MW tUlq;fshf ,Uj;jy;Ntz;Lk;. xt;nthU FOtpypUe;Jk;
Kd;wpnyhU gq;fpduhd mq;fj;jpdh;fs; ,uz;lhtJ tUl
KbtpYk;> ehd;fhtJ tUl KbtpYk; jkJ ,uz;lhtJ rig
mq;fj;Jtj;ij ,uh[pdhkhr; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,uz;L tUlq;fs;
nfhz;l xt;nthU fhyg;gFjp KbtpYk; gjtpfisj; Jwg;Nghh;
jpUTsr; rPl;bd;%yk; njupT nra;ag;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
3. njhlh;e;Jk; ,uz;lhtJ rigapd; mq;fj;jth;fshf ,y;yhjth;fspd;
,lj;Jf;F ,uz;lhk;> ehd;fhk; kw;Wk; Mwhk; tUlj;Jf;fhd Gjpa
mq;fj;jth;fs; gjtp tpyfpa mq;fj;jpdh;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jpa
mNj FOf;fspypUe;J epakpf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
4. xU ntw;wplj;ij epug;Gk;tifapy; epakpf;fg;gLk; Xh; mq;fj;jth;
NkYk; Xh; mq;fj;jtuy;yhj xUtupd; vQ;rpa gjtpf;fhyg;gFjpf;Nf
gjtpapypUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
5. ,uz;lhtJ rigapd; jtprhsh; ehl;bYs;s fPh;j;jpngw;w
egh;fspypUe;J [dhjpgjpapdhy; murpayikg;Gg; Nguitapd;
fye;jhNyhridAld; epakpf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. jtprhsh; 6 tUl
fhyg;gFjpf;Fg; gjtptfpj;jy; Ntz;;Lk;.
53
mmj;jpahak; 9
mjpfhug; Nguspg;G (Devolution)
,t;tj;jpahaj;jpy; mjpfhug; Nguspg;G myF kw;Wk; Nehf;nfy;iy Fwpj;J
fye;Jiuahlg;gl;Ls;sJ.
9.1 mjpfhug; Nguspg;G myF
9.1.1 rkh;g;gzq;fs;
tlf;F> fpof;F khfhzq;fisr; Nrh;e;j jkpo; [dr%fj;jpduhy;; jq;fsJ
rkh;g;gzq;fspy; tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;F khfhz rigfis ,izf;Fk; tplak;
Fwpj;J tpdh vOg;gg;gl;lJ. 1987Mk; Mz;bd; ,e;jpa-,yq;if
cld;gbf;ifapy; tlf;F-fpof;F khfhzq;fspd; ,izg;G xU tpjpf;fg;gl;l
epge;jidahftpUe;jJ vd;gNj mtu;fsJ gpujhdkhd thjkhftpUe;NjhL>
,e;epiyapy;> cld;gbf;ifapy; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sthW nghJkf;fs;
fUj;Jf;fzpg;G thf;nfLg;gpd;wp> ,t;Tld;ghl;bypYUe;J tpyfpr;nry;tJ
gpd;Ndhf;fpa xU gbKiwnahd;W vd;Wk;> ,r;nray; Nkw;gb cld;gbf;ifia
kPWk; xU nrayhFk; vd;Wk; njuptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
,izf;fg;gl;l tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;F khfhzq;fs; XNu murpay; myfhf Nehf;
fg;gly; Ntz;Lnkd;gij epahag;gLj;JtjhdJ tuyhw;W cz;ikfspd;
mbg;gilapy; ,g;gpuNjrq;fs; jkpo; kf;fspd; ghuk;gupa jhafg;G+kpahf cupikf;
Nfhug;gLtjdhyhFk;. ,J jkpoHfspd; ghJfhg;gpw;F cj;juthjkspf;Fk;
murpay; Nfhupf;if vd;gjid Kjypy; Kf;fpakhf ftdj;jpw;nfhs;sg;gl
Ntz;banjhd;whFk;;;;; ;;. Mjypdhy;> ,f;Nfhupf;ifahdJ> tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;F
jkpo; r%fj;jpd; mgpyhi\ahd ‘Rahl;rp’ vd;w vz;zg;ghl;Lld; ,ize;j
xd;whfTs;sJ.
vt;thwhapDk;> ,e;j ,U khfhzq;fspdJk; ,izg;Gf;Fk;> rk\;b
thjj;Jf;Fk; fpof;F khfhz K];yPk; r%jhaj;jpypUe;J gykhd vjph;g;G
ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. vdpDk;> mth;fs; khfhzq;fSf;F mjpfstpy;
54
mjpfhug;gutyhf;fy; Nkw;nfhs;tjid tuNtw;fpd;wdh;. fpof;F khfhzj;jpYs;s
rpq;fsr; r%jhaj;jpdUk; ,k;khfhzq;fspd; ,izg;ig vjph;f;fpd;whHfs;.
mjpfhug; Nguspg;G ngw;w myfpDs;;;; ,U Gtpapay; njhlh;gw;w cg-myFfs;
njhlu;ghf tpje;Jiug;Gfs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;ld. ,tw;Ws; xd;W> ,ize;j
tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;F khfhzq;fspDs; K];ypk;fSf;fhdJ. ,uz;lhtJ>
kj;jpa> Cth kw;Wk; rg;gpuf%t khfhzq;fspy; thOk; kiyafj;
jkpoh;fSf;fhdJ. ,th;fs; jdpj;Jtkhd Njrpa r%fq;fnsd;gJk;> mjpfhug;
Nguspg;G ngw;w myFfspDs; ,th;fspd; eyd;fisAk;; ghJfhf;Fk;
tifapyhd Vw;ghLfs; mtrpankd;gJNk ,j;jifa rkh;g;gzq;fSf;fhd
epaha tpsf;fkhftpUe;jJ.
jkpoh;fspd; ePz;lfhy mgpyhi\fis epiwNtw;Wk; tifapy; tlf;F> fpof;F
khfhzq;fs; ,izf;fg;gLtJ ftdj;jpw;nfhs;sg;gl;lhy;> nghj;Jtpy;>
fy;Kid> rk;khe;Jiw kw;Wk; Gtpapay; uPjpapy; njhlh;gw;w fhj;jhd;Fb>
Vwht+h;> Xl;lkhtb> fpz;zpah> %J}h; kw;Wk; Gy;Nkhl;il Mfpa gpuNjrq;fis
cs;slf;Fk; tifapy; K];ypk;fSf;fhd jdpNtwhd njd;fpof;F mynfhd;W
fpof;F khfhz K];ypk;fSf;F Vw;;Gila tpUg;Gj;njupthf mikAnkd;w
fUj;Jk; Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ.
,izg;Gw;w tlf;F> fpof;F khfhzq;fspy; ,U Kjyikr;rh;fs;
,Uf;fNtz;Lnkd;Wk;> ,th;fSs; xUth; jkpouhfTk;> kw;wth; K];yPkhfTk;>
,tu;fs; gfph;e;jspf;fg;gl;l nghWg;Gfisf; nfhz;ltu;fshfTk; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; xU Gjpa NahridAk; rkHg;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
Mw;Wg;gs;sj;jhf;Ffis vy;iyfshff;nfhz;L Ie;J khfhzq;fshfTk;
mt;ite;J khfhzq;fSf;Fk; fly; gpuNjr topfs; ,Uf;ff; $bajhthW
vy;iy kPs;eph;zak; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lnkd;Wk;; jdpegh;fsplkpUe;Jk;>
FOf;fsplkpUe;Jk; gy rkh;g;gzq;fs; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd. ,J
,dj;Jtkw;w msTNfhy;fspd; mbg;gilapyhdJ vd;gJk;> mwpTg+h;tkhdJ
vd;gJk;> #oYld; el;GuPjpahdJ vd;Wk;;> mgptpUj;jpia ikag;gLj;jpaJ
vd;Wk; ,jw;fhd epahatpsf;fkhf mike;jJ. ,J Xu; kl;Lg;ggLj;jg;gl;l
55
gpuhe;jpa jd;dhjpf;fj;jpw;fhd Rahl;rpf;fhd rpWghd;ikapdupd;
mgpyhi\fisAk; cs;slf;fpajhfTk; mikAk;.
mEuhjGuj;ij ,yq;ifapd; eph;thfj; jiyefukhf;f Ntz;Lnkd;w Xh;
MNyhridAk; Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j Kd;nkhopTf;fhd xU tuyhw;W
mbg;gil cs;snjd;Wk;> tp];jupg;Gf;Fg; gad;glf;$ba ghupa epyg;gpuNjrj;jpd;
mD$yk; mq;Fs;snjd;W thjplg;gl;lJ. mj;NjhL> ehl;bd; rfy
gFjpfspypUe;Jk; mEuhjGuj;ij mZfyhk; vd;gJk;> mJ ehl;bd; kj;jpa
gFjpahf mike;Js;s njd;gJk; ,e;j Kd;nkhopTf;fhd Nkyjpf
epahatpsf;fq;fshf Kd;itf;fg;gl;ld.
mjpfhug; gfph;tpd; myF rk;ge;jkhfg; nghJkf;fsplkpUe;J fpilj;j rpy
fUj;Jf;fis gpd;tUkhW ehk; ,q;F rhuk;rg;gLj;Jfpd;Nwhk;:
jw;NghJs;s xd;gJ khfhzq;fSk; mjpfhug; gfph;T myFfshfj;
njhlh;e;Jk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
tlf;F> fpof;F khfhzq;fs; XuyfhfTk;> njw;fpYs;s Vida
khfhzq;fs; NtNwhh; myfhfTk; ,izf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
tlf;F> fpof;F khfhzq;fs; Xh; myfhf ,izf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
Vida VO khfhzq;fSk; jdpNtW myFfshf ,Uj;jy;Ntz;Lk;.
me;je;j khfhzq;fspy; thOk; nghJkf;fspd; fUj;Jf;fzpg;G
thf;nfLg;GfspD}lhf khfhzq;fspd; ,izg;Gf;F murpayikg;G
uPjpapyhd Vw;ghLfs; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
tlf;F> fpof;F khfhzq;fs; ,izf;fg;gl;L> 1978 ,w;F Kd;gpUe;jJ
Nghd;W mtw;wpd; vy;iyfs; kPs;tiuT nra;ag;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
tlf;F> fpof;F khfhzq;fs; Xh; myfhf ,izf;fg;gl;L> khfhz
vy;iyfs; Ml;Gyf;fliy (12 fly; iky;fs;tiu) cs;slf;fpajhf
,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
%d;W gpuhe;jpa myFfs; - (Nkw;F kw;Wk; njw;F> kiyehL> kw;Wk;
tlf;F> fpof;F)
56
xt;nthU khfhzj;Jf;Fk; fly; gpuNjr topfs; ,Uf;ff; $bajhf
Mw;Wg;gs;sj;jhf;Ffspd; mbg;gilapy; Ie;J khfhzq;fshf vy;iy
kPs;tiuT ,lk;ngwy; Ntz;Lk;.
jw;NghJs;s khtl;lq;fs; mjpfhug;gfph;tpd; ,uz;lhtJ mur gb epiy
myfhf mika Ntz;Lk;.
tlf;F> fpof;F khfhzq;fs; ,izf;fg;gl;lhy;> Gtpapay; njhlh;gw;w
K];ypk; gpuNjrq;fs; mjpfhug; Nguspg;gpd; Xh; cg-myfhf Mf;Fjy;
Ntz;Lk;.
kj;jpa> Cth kw;Wk; rg;gpuf%t khfhzq;fspd; gFjpfshd kiyafj;
jkpoh;;fs; thOk; gpuNjrq;fs; mjpfhug; Nguspg;gpd; Gtpapay; njhlh;gw;w
Xh; cg-myfhf Mf;fg;gly;; Ntz;Lk;.
myFfs; ,dj;Jt-Ml;Gy milahsq;fis mq;fPfupj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
Ie;J gpuhe;jpaq;fspd; $l;Lr; rk\;bahf myFfs; gpd;tUk; Kiwapy;
cUthf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. rpq;fs ngsj;jh;fs;> tlf;F-fpof;F jkpoh;fs;>
K];ypk;fs;> kiyafj; jkpoh;fs;> fpwp];jt kw;Wk; fj;Njhypf;f
gpuNjrq;fSf;fhd ru;trhu;ghd (Cosmopolitan) nfhOk;G.
gpuNjrq;fspd; nghUshjhutY cWjpg;ghL mbg;gilapyhd myFfs;:
ifj;njhopy;fSk; cw;gj;jpj;JiwAk; (Nky; khfhzk;> tlNky;
khfhzq;fs;;)> tptrhak; (tlf;F> fpof;F kw;Wk; tlkj;jpa khfhzq;fs;;)>
ngUe;Njhl;lq;fs; (kj;jpa> rg;gpuf%th kw;Wk Cth khfhzq;fs;)>
cy;yhrg;gazk; (njw;F khfhzk;)
,e;j NtWgLk; fUj;JfspypUe;J njspthfj; njupatUtJ ahnjdpy;> kf;fs;
kj;jpapy; mjpfhug; Nguspg;G myF rk;ge;jkhfg; gy;NtWg;gl;l fupridf;
ftiyfs; cs;sd vd;gjhFk;.
tlf;F> fpof;F khfhzq;fspd; epiy vd;d? mit ,iza Ntz;Lkh
my;yJ ,izaf;$lhjh?
tlf;F> fpof;F khfhzq;fs; ,ize;jhy;> fpof;fpYs;s rpWghd;ik
,dj;Jtf; FOf;fspd; epiy vd;d?
,dj;Jt mbg;gilapypd;wp myFFs; gpupf;fg;gLtJ rhj;jpakh?
57
kf;fspd;> Fwpg;ghf tlf;F> fpof;fpYs;s jkpo; kf;fspd; murpay;
Nfhupf;iffis cs;thq;FtJ vt;thW?
mwpTG+h;tkhd> mgptpUj;jpj; jpirkhh;f;fq;nfhz;l gpuhe;jpa> khfhz
myFfis tFj;jikf;Fk; topKiwnahd;W cs;sjh?
njspthfNt> tlf;F> fpof;F ,izg;G tptfhuk; kpfTk; fUj;JNtWghLs;s
xd;whftpUe;jJ. jw;NghJs;;s murpayikg;gpy; khfhzq;fs; eph;thf
Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf ,izaf;$ba Vw;ghLfs; cs;sdntd;gij mNdfkhd
kf;fs; mwpe;J nfhs;shjpUg;gJ njspthfpwJ1. tlf;F fpof;F khfhzq;fspd;
,izg;ig Mjupg;NghH kw;Wk; vjph;g;NghH Mfpa gyUk; ,ijj; jtwhfNt
tpsq;fpf;nfhz;bUe;jdh;. kf;fs; tlf;F> fpof;F khfhzq;fspd; ,izit Xh;
murpay; ,izthftd;wp> eph;thf Nehf;fq;fSf;fhd ,izthf Nehf;ftpy;iy.
,ize;j tlf;F> fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; jhk; xU rpWghd;ikapduhf
khw;wg;gLNthnkd;gjdhy;> Fwpg;ghff;; fpof;F khfhzj;jpd; K];ypk;fs;
,izg;Gf;F vjph;g;Gj; njuptpj;jdh;. ,t;thNw> fpof;f;pYk;> ehl;bd; Vida
gFjpfspYk; thOk; rpq;fs kf;fs; ,izg;ghdJ jkpo; kf;fs;; jdpauR
xd;iwj; ];jhgpf;f NfhUk; cupikia mtu;fSf;F mspg;gjhf
mike;JtpLnkd;W vz;Ztjhy;> ,izg;Gf;F vjph;g;Gj; njuptpj;jdh;.
cg-Rahl;rp myFfSf;fhd Nfhupf;if> Fwpg;ghf> kiyaf jkpou;fsplkpUe;Jk;
K];ypk;fsplkpUe;Jk; vOe;jJ. K];yPk;fSf;F> ,J jhk; xU ngUk;ghd;ikj;
jkpo; khfhzj;jpDs; fPo;epiyg; gLj;jg;gLNthnkd;Dk; gPjpapdhy; vOe;jjhFk;.
kiyaf kf;fSf;F> mtu;fs;;> jhk; thOk; ngUe;Njhl;lq;fSld; ,izf;fg;
gl;bUg;gjdhy;> mjpfhug; Nguspg;G my;yJ mgptpUj;jp Fwpj;j vj;jifa
Kd;nkhopTfspYk; jhk; Xuq;fl;lg;gl;Lk; kw;Wk; gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;Lk;
itf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;Nwhk; vd;w ajhu;j;jj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; ,e;jf; Nfhupf;ifia
tpLj;jdh;. Vnddpy;> mtu;fs; rhu;e;j tptfhuq;fs; ngUe;Njhl;l eph;thfj;jpd;
nghWg;G vd;W fUjg;gLtjd; fhuzkhf jPh;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; ve;jr;
nray;KiwapYk; mtu;fs; cs;slf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. mth;fspd; Nkw;gb
Nfhupf;if gpujhdkhf> ehl;bd; murpay; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpr; nray;Kiwfspy;
1 jw;Nghija murpayikg;gpd; gpupT 154 (A) 3
58
mtu;fs; gq;Nfw;fTk;> mq;fPfupf;fg;gLtjw;Fkhd NjitfspypUe;J vOtjhf
mike;jpUe;jJ.
Xh; ,dj;Jtr; r%fnkd;wtifapy;> mtu;fs; trjptha;g;Gfs; Fiwe;j kw;Wk;
tuyhw;W uPjpapy; Xuq;fl;lg;gl;ll rpWghd;ikr; r%fk; vd;w Nfhupf;ifia
Kd;itg;gNjhL> mJ mtu;fis murpay; mjpfhug; gfpu;T kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpr;;
epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fspy; gq;Fgw;WtjpypUe;J xJf;fp itf;fg;gl fhuzkhf
,Ue;jNjhL> mtu;fs; jkJ Nrkeyd;fs;> cupikfs; kw;Wk; mgpyhi\fis
mDgtpg;gjpy; ghupa jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ vdf; Fwpg;gpl;ldu;. ,e;j
epiyikahdJ> kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; mePjp> cupikfs; kw;Wk; mgpyhi\fs; kWg;G
vd;gdtw;Wf;F ,l;Lr;nrd;Ws;sJ. ,f;fhuzq;fspd; epkpj;jk;> murpd; rPh;nra;
cld;ghl;L (Affirmative Action) eltbf;iff; $lhf> mjpfhu Nguspg;G ngw;w
kj;jpa khfhz murhq;fj;jpDs; Ml;Gy vy;iyfisf; nfhz;l cg-mjpfhug;
Nguspg;G mynfhd;iw ];jhgpj;jy; Ntz;Lnkd;W Nfhupf;ifia tpLj;jdu;;.
,J epyj;njhlh;gw;w gpuNjrq;fspy; thOk; mth;fisr; Nrh;e;j fyhrhu
[dr%fq;fSf;Fk; epyj;njhlu;gw;w tifapy; tpupTgLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lnkd;Wk;
Nfhupdu;.
9.1.2 tpjg;Giufs;
Nkw;$wpa tplaq;fspdbg;gilapy;> FO mq;fj;jth;fs; gpd;tUk; khw;W
tpjg;Giufis Nkw;nfhz;ldh;:
1. jw;NghJs;s myFfshd xd;gJ khfhzq;fs;> eph;thf
Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf> kf;fs; fUj;Jf;fzpg;G thf;nfLg;GfspD}lhf
xU fl;likg;ghf / myfhf ,izf;fg;gLk; tpUg;Gj;njupTld;
njhlh;e;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. cWg;Giu 154A(3) njhlh;e;Jk; ,Uj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;2
2 v];.rp.rp. ,sq;Nfhtd;@ FKJ FRk; Fkhu@ tpd;];ld; gj;jpuh[h@ vd;. nry;tFkhud;@ yhy;
tpN[ehaf;f
59
2. jw;NghJs;s xd;gJ khfhzq;fs; Kiwik njhlUjy; Ntz;Lk;.
ve;j myFfspilapYk; ,izg;G mDkjpf;fg;glf;$lhJ. MfNt
cWg;Giu 154A(3) mfw;wg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. mJ cj;Njr
murpayikg;gpy; ,lk;ngwf;$lhJ3.
3. rpWghd;ikapdq;fs; epiwNtw;Wj; JiwapYk;> rl;lthf;fj;
JiwapYk; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; ngWk; kw;Wk; gq;Nfw;Fk;tifapy;>
khfhz kl;lj;jpy; mjpfhug; Nguspg;Gf;fhd murpayikg;G
Vw;ghLfSld; jw;NghJs;s xd;gJ khfhzq;fs; Kiwik
ePbf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk4;.
4. mUfUfhfTs;s khfhzq;fs; kf;fs; fUj;Jf; fzpg;G
thf;nfLg;GfspD}lhf ,izaf;$ba murpayikg;G uPjpahd
Vw;ghl;Lld;> jw;Nghija xd;gJ khfhzq;fs; Kiwik njhlu
Ntz;Lk;. khfhzq;fspd; epiwNtw;Wj; JiwapYk;> rl;lthf;fj;
JiwapYk; rpWghd;ikNahupd; Nghjpa gpujpepjpj;Jtk; cWjp
nra;ag;glf;$ba tifapy; Vw;ghLfs; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. fpof;fpy;
K];ypk;fSk;> kj;jpa khfhzj;jpy; kiyafj; jkpoh;fSk; mf-
jd;dhjpf;f myif cUthf;Ftjw;F mDkjpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
kiyafj; jkpo; r%fj;jpd; jd;dhjpf;f myF / rig MdJ
nghUshjhu> r%f> fyhrhu> kj kw;Wk; mth;fisg; ghjpf;Fk;
rfy mk;rq;fspYk; mjpfhutY nfhz;ljhf mika Vw;ghLfs;
mtrpakhFk;. mth;fsJ r%fj;jpd; tho;tpatpy; jhf;fj;ij
Vw;gLj;jf; $ba tiuaWf;fg;gl;l tplaq;fspy; rl;lthf;f kw;Wk;
epiwNtw;W mjpfhuq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;l myF / rig
nfhz;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;5
5. xw;iwahl;rp mikg;gpDs; mjpfhuk; murpd; kj;jpa murhq;fj;jplk;
,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. kj;jpa murhq;fk; mjpfhuq;fis
khfhzq;fSf;Ff; ifaspf;fyhk;. MapDk;> khfhz myfpd;
3 vk;.Nf. ejPf;fh jkae;jp@ vk;.it.vk;. ghap];@ Njkpah vy;.gP. `_Uy;Ny@ fhe;jp uzrpq;f@ 4cg;Gy; mNguj;d@ `upzp mku#upa@ V.vk;.etuj;d gz;lhu@ 5 v];. jtuh[h@ v];. tpN[re;jpud;@ vk;.vy;.V. fhjh;@
60
rk;kjk; ngwg;glhky;> ve;j mjpfhuj;ijAk; kPsg; ngWtjw;fhd
mjpfhuj;ij kj;jp nfhz;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ghuhSkd;wj;jpdJk;>
rl;lthf;f rigapdJk; mjpAah;thd me;j];J cWjpg;gLj;jg;gly;
Ntz;Lk;. jw;NghJs;s xd;gJ khfhzq;fs; Kiwik njhlh;e;Jk;
,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ve;j khfhzq;fSk; murpay; uPjpapy; my;yJ
eph;thf uPjpapy; ,iztjw;F mDkjpf;fg;gly; MfhJ. MfNt>
cWg;Giu 154A(3) mfw;wg;gly; Ntz;Lk; my;yJ cj;Njr
murpayikg;gpy; mj;jifa ve;j Vw;ghLk; ,lk;ngwyhfhJ. nkhop>
rhjp> kjk; my;yJ ,dj;Jtepiy mbg;gilapy; ve;j mjpfhug;
Nguspg;G myFk; cUthf;fg;gLjyhfhJ6.
6. g+Nfhs> r%f> nghUshjhu kw;Wk; Fbrdg;guk;gy; fhuzpfisf;
ftdj;jpw;nfhz;L> Njrpa nry;tk; kw;Wk; ,aw;if %ytsq;fs;
xg;Guthd> rkkhd mbg;gilapy; gfpug;gLk;tifapy; mjpfhug;
Nguspg;G myF gpupj;J eph;zapf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j myF>
rhjp> ,dj;Jt-kj my;yJ nkhoprhh; rpe;jidfspdbg;gilapy;
,lk;ngwyhfhJ7.
9.2 mjpfhug; Nguspg;gpd; Nehf;nfy;iy
9.2.1 rkh;g;gzq;fs;
,g;gFjpapy;> ehk; mjpfhug; Nguspj;jy; njhlHghf> tpNrlkhf khfhz /
gpuhe;jpa kl;lj;jpy; mjpfhuq;fs; Nguspg;G nra;ag;gly; Fwpj;Jf;
fye;JiuahLfpd;whk;. ,uz;L fhuzq;fspd; epkpj;jk; mjpfhu Nguspg;gpd;
Nehf;nfy;iy murpay; ,zf;fkpd;ikia Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. mJ kPspzf;f
tplaj;Jld; gpupf;f KbahjthW ,ize;Js;sJ vd;gJ KjyhtjhFk;.
,uz;lhtJ> khfhzrig Kiwik Njhy;tpapy; Kbtile;Js;sJ vd;Dk;
fz;Nzhl;lkhFk;.
6 F\hd; b my;tp];> P.C@ rpwpkrpup `g;GMur;rp@ 7 Rdpy; [auj;d@
61
,g;gFjpapy; ehk; Fwpg;ghf> khfhz / gpuhe;jpa myfpy; MSeupd; mjpfhuq;fs;>
khfhz / gpuhe;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw> ePjpj;Jiw kw;Wk;
rl;lthf;fj; Jiwfs; kw;Wk; tpNrlkhff; fUj;J NtWghLfSf;Fupa
tptfhuq;fshd fhzp kw;Wk; nghyp]; mjpfhuq;fs; vd;git njhlHghd
mjpfhu Nguspg;gpd; Nehf;ny;iy rk;ge;jkhff; fye;JiuahLfpd;Nwhk;.
Kd;G Fwpg;gpl;lJNghd;W> kf;fs; khfhzrigfspd; jpwd; nraw;ghL rk;ge;jkhd
Mokhd tpkh;rdq;fis Kd;itj;jdh;. mJ gzk; kw;Wk; %ytsq;fspd;
tpuankd;W fUjg;gl;lJ. ,j; jpwdw;w nraw;ghl;bw;fhd fhuzk; 13MtJ
jpUj;jj;jpd;fPo; khfhz rigfSf;F toq;fg;gl;l mjpfhuq;fs; NghjhikNa
vd;W rpyh; fUjpdh;. epjp %ytsq;fs; ,y;yhik> epjp Kfhikj;Jtj;jpy;
RahjPdk; ,y;yhik> epajpr; rl;lq;fis Mf;;Fk; mjpfhuj;jpyhd kl;Lg;ghLfs;>
kf;fspd; ,dq;fhzg;gl;l gpur;rpidfs; rk;ge;jkhfr; nraw;gl;L khfhzj;jpd;
%ytsq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp mtw;Wf;Fj; jPh;;TfhZk; khfhzrigfspd;
tha;g;Gepiyfis ,y;yhkw;nra;Ak; MSeupd; mjpfhuq;fs; vd;gitFwpj;J
tpNrlkhf vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;lJ. MSeh; rdhjpgjpapd; gpujpepjpnadf;
fUjg;gLtjhy;> Kjyikr;rupdJk;> khfhzrigapd; mikr;rh;fs; rigapdJk;
mjpfhuq;fis vLj;Jf;nfhs;tjhy;> MSeupd; nraw;ghL rpyupd; tpkh;rdj;Jf;F
cs;shfpd;wJ. ,jw;Fg; gjpyhf> MSeh; kf;fshy; njupT nra;ag;gl;l
Kjyikr;rupd; MNyhridapd; gpufhuk; nraw;gl Ntz;Lnkd;w Kd;nkhopTk;
,lk;ngw;wJ.
kf;fspd; kdq;fspy; khfhzrigfs; vjph;ghh;g;Gf;fis epiwNtw;Wtjpy; Njhy;tp
fz;Ls;sd vd;w fUj;Jzh;T cs;sJ vd;gjpy; re;Njfkpy;iy. rpyh; ,jw;fhd
fhuzk; 13MtJ jpUj;jj;jpYs;s Vw;ghLfs; g+uzkhf eilKiwg;
gLj;jg;glhikNa vd;Wk;> mjpfhug; Nguspg;gpy; cs;s kl;Lg;ghLfs; vd;Wk;>
khfhzrig epuy;> xJf;fpa epuy; kw;Wk; xUq;fpize;j epuy; vd;W mjpfhug;
gfph;T ,lk;ngw;wik fhuzkhf 13MtJ jpUj;jj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; cs;shh;e;j
FiwghLfs; vd;Wk; njuptpj;jdh;. ,e;j %d;W epuy;fspYk; njspthd tplag;
gpuptpidfs; ,lk;ngwtpy;iynad;Wk;> xUq;fpize;j epunyd;gJ mjpfhug;
Nguspg;G vz;zf;fUTf;fhd jilf;fy;nyd;Wk; kf;fs; thjpl;ldh;. mth;fs;
xUq;fpize;j epuy; mfw;wg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;Wk;> ,ad;w msTf;F mij
khfhzrigfs; epuypy; Nrh;j;J (xUrpy tplaq;fs; jtph;e;J) khfhzrig
62
Kiwikia NkYk; mh;j;jKs;sjhfTk;> nraw;gLj;jf;$bajhfTk; Mf;Fjy;
Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; MNyhrid Kd;itj;jdh;.
mNdfkhd fUj;Jr; rkh;g;gzq;fs; xU rkr;rPuhd mjpfhug; Nguspg;ig Nfhup
epd;w mNjNtisapy;> rpyh; tlf;F> fpof;F khfhzq;fSf;fhd rkr;rPuw;w
mjpfhug; Nguspg;igf; Nfhupdh;. xU r%fj;jplk; mjpfhuq;fs; Ftpe;jpUe;jik
fhuzkhf> jkpo; kf;fs; cs;slq;fyhf vz;zpf;if uPjpapy; rpwpa
rpWghd;ikapdq;fs; ,ayhik epiyf;F js;sg;gl;ljhy;> tlf;F> fpof;F
khfhzq;fSf;F mjpfhug; Nguspg;G Ntz;b jkpo;kf;fs; ePz;lfhykhfg;
Nghuhbajd; fhuzkhfNt> khfhzrig Kiwik cUthfpanjd;W mth;fs;
njuptpj;jdh;. Mjypdhy;> mjpfhuq;fis Nguspj;jy; nra;Ak; tplaj;jpy; tlf;F>
fpof;F khfhzq;fis Vida khfhzq;fspypUe;J jdpNtwhfg; gpupj;J
Nehf;Ftjw;fhd Njit cs;sJ.
NkYnkhU fUj;J> tlf;F> fpof;F khfhzqfs; jtph;e;j Vida
khfhzq;fspy; ngUkstpy; thOk; ngUk;ghd;ikapdr; r%fk; khfhzrig
Kiwikiaf; Nfl;ftpy;iynad;gJk;> mJ mth;fs;kPJ gyte;jkhfj;
jpzpf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gJkhFk;. rkr;rPuhd khfhzq;fSf;fpilapyhd mjpfhug;
Nguspg;G Njhy;tp fz;Ls;sikahdJ> ,aw;ifahfNt> ehl;by; njw;F kw;Wk;
Nkw;Fg; gFjpfspy; mjpfhug; Nguspg;Gf;fhd Njitfs;; vJTkpy;iy vd;gjhFk;.
MfNt> murpayikg;G cUthf;f eilKiwapy; ,zf;fkw;wnjd;W $wKbahj
tifapy;> xU rkr;rPuw;w mjpfhug; Nguspg;G tlf;F> fpof;F khfhzq;fSf;F
MNyhridahf Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ.
,uz;L tptfhuq;fs; fUj;Jg;gpzf;FfSiladthff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mit
khfhz/gpuhe;jpa kl;lj;jpyhd nghyp]; kw;Wk; fhzp mjpfhuq;fshFk;. ,e;j
,uz;L tptfhuq;fs; rk;ge;jkhd kf;fspd; fUj;Jf;fis ehk; fPNo rpwpJ
tpgukhff; fye;JiuahLfpd;Nwhk;.
63
99.2.1.1 nghyp]; mjpfhuq;fs;
vk;Kd; Njhd;wpa rpyh; khfhzrigfSf;F fhzp kw;Wk; nghyp]; mjpfhuq;fs;
toq;fg;gLtJ Fwpj;J mr;rk; nfhz;bUe;jdh;. khfhzrigfs; Kiwahff;
nraw;gLtjw;F ,e;j mjpfhuq;fs; mtrpankd;gijr; rpyh; Vw;Wf;nfhz;l
NtisapYk;> ,J khfhzrigfSf;F mjpfupj;j mjpfhuq;fis toq;fptpLk;
vd;w vz;zg;ghLk; fhzg;gl;lJ.
,e;j tplak; khfhzrig eph;thfj;jpd; fPo; tuNtz;Lkh my;yJ kj;jpa murpd;
fPo; tuNtz;Lkh vd;gNj tpthjj;Jf;Fupa tplakhfTs;sJ. gpur;rpidf;Fupa
,e;j tplak; murpayikg;gpy; vq;F mikT ngw Ntz;Lnkd;gJk;> mjd;
Nehf;nfy;iyfs; vit vd;gJNk ehl;bYs;s murpay; nraw;ghl;lhsh;fisg;
gpupf;Fk; tplakhfTs;sJ.
nghyp]; mjpfhuq;fs; khfhz myFf;F Nguspg;G nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lnkd;W
thjpLNthh;> mJ Vw;nfdNt murpayikg;Gf;fhd 13MtJ jpUj;jj;jpy;
,lk;ngw;Ws;snjd;gjid Rl;bf; fhz;gpf;fpd;wdh;. Mjypdhy;> Njitg;gLtJ
13MtJ jpUj;jj;ijg; g+uzkhf eilKiwg;gLj;JtNjahFk;. kWGwj;jpy;> rpyh;
,e;j Vw;ghLfs; mfw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk; my;yJ ,it eilKiwg;
gLj;jg;gLtjid Ml;Nrgpg;gjhfTk;> ,e;j mjpfhuq;fs; njhle;Jk; kj;jpa
muRld; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; NfhUfpd;wdh;. gpujhdkhf> aho;g;ghzj;jpYs;s
rpy Xuq;fl;lg;gl;l rhjp uPjpapyhd mikg;GfSk;> jdp egh;fSk; cah;[hjp
Mjpf;fq;nfhz;l tl khfhz rigf;F nghyp]; mjpfhuq;fs; toq;fg;gLtij
vjph;f;fpd;wd.
,e;jf; Nfhupf;iffSf;fhd fhuzq;fs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; rpwg;ghd mk;rq;fs;
Fwpj;Jf; ftdk; nrYj;Jtjw;F Kd;duhf> 13MtJ jpUj;jj;ijg; g+uzkhf
mKy;gLj;j Ntz;Lnkd;w Nfhupf;if ehl;bYs;s Nkhrkhd rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp
epiyiaf; fhz;gpf;fpd;wJ vd;gij czh;e;Jnfhs;tJ mtrpakhdjhFk;. ,J
ehl;bd; mbg;gilahd rl;lj;jpd; rpy Vw;ghLfs; 1988 ,w;Fg; gpd;dh;
mLj;jLj;Jg;; gjtpf;F te;j murhq;fq;fshy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg; gltpy;iy
vd;gijj; njspthff; fhz;gpf;fpd;wJ. mj;Jld; khfhz rigfs;
64
murpayikg;igg; g+uzkhf eilKiwg;gLj;Jk;gb Nfhup ePjpkd;wj;Jf;Fr;
nry;tjpy; mf;fiwapd;wp ,Ue;Js;sd.
Nenujpuhd ,t;tpU fUj;Jf;fSf;Fk; fhuzkhaike;j tplaq;fspd; xU
tpgukhd gFg;gha;T> Vidatw;Wld; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisAk; Kd;itf;fpd;wJ:
m. xU khfhzj;jpDs; rl;lk; kw;Wk; xOq;ifg; NgZjy; kf;fshy;
njupTnra;ag;gl;l khfhz murhq;fj;jpd; nghWg;ghFnkd;W rpyh;
fUJfpd;wdh;. khfhzj;jpy;; rl;lk;> xOq;ifg; NgZk; tplak;
rk;ge;jkhf vOg;gg;gLk; Nfs;tpfSf;F khfhz kl;lj;jpyhd
kf;fshy; njupTnra;ag;gl;l mitapy; Kjyikr;rh; gjpypWf;Fk;
flg;ghl;by; ,Ue;J eOtpf;nfhs;s KbahJ. kf;fs;> mth; kPJ
ek;gpf;if itj;J kf;fshy; mtH njupTnra;ag;gl;ltH vd;w
uPjpapy; rl;lk; xOq;ifg;NgZk; mjpfhuk; jkf;fpy;iynad;W $w
mtH tpUk;gkhl;lhh;. jh;f;fuPjpahf> khfhzj;jpy; rl;lKk;> xOq;Fk;
KiwahfTk;> jpUg;jpfukhfTk; Ngzg;glhtpby;> khfhz kl;lj;jpy;
njupT nra;ag;gl;l rl;lthf;f kw;Wk; epiwNtw;W mikg;gpd;
Vida fUkq;fisAk;> flikfisAk; gaDWjpAlDk;>
tpidj;jpwdhfTk; GupaKbahj epiy Vw;gLk;. ,e;j
epiyikahdJ> rl;lk;> xOq;F tplaj;jpy; khj;jpukd;wp> kf;fSf;F
toq;fg;gl;l Vida thf;FWjpfisAk; epiwNtw;wKbahj
epiyikapy;> khfhz murhq;fj;ij njupT nra;ag;gl;l
gpujpepjpfSf;F kl;Lky;y kf;fSf;Fk; gjpypWf;f Kbahj epiyf;F
,l;Lr;nry;Yk;. vdNt> khfhz [dehafk; vd;Dk; Fwpapyf;if
<l;l tpUk;gpa khfhzrig Kiwikapd; Nehf;fj;Jf;Nf ,J
rthyhd tpalkhf mikAk;.
M. jw;Nghija epiy Fwpj;j mjpUg;jpf;fhd Vida fhuzq;fspy;
xd;W> khfhzq;fspYs;s> Fwpg;ghf tlf;F> fpof;F
khfhzq;fspYs;s fzprkhd ngUk;ghd;ikapduhfpa nghyp];
Mszpapdh; ,g;gpuNjrq;fspYs;s ngUk;ghd;ikahd kf;fspd;
nkhopiag; NgrNth> me;j nkhopapy; fUkg;glNth Kbahjth;fs;
vd;gjhFk;. ,jd; tpisthf> kf;fs; jkJ khfhzq;fspy; rl;lk;
65
kw;Wk; xOq;if eph;tfpg;Nghh; el;Gzh;tw;w> rpe;jidaw;w nghyp];
gilnad;W vz;Zfpd;wdh;. ,J eilKiwapy; ePjp eph;thfk;
rk;ge;jkhd gy tptfhuq;fisj; Njhw;Wtpj;Js;sJ. ,it
ngUk;ghd;ikapduhd ,g;gpuNjr kf;fs; tplaj;jpy; Njhy;tp>
jhkjk;> kWg;G> fupridfs; Fwpj;j tpopg;Gzh;tpd;ik> mbg;gil
cupikfs; kw;Wk; nkhopAupikfs; kPwy; Nghd;wtw;Wf;F
,l;Lr;nry;Yfpd;wJ.
,. ,e;j ,U khfhzq;fspYKs;s nghyp]; gil 'nghyp]; cq;fs;
ez;gd;" vd;Dk; nghd;nkhop thrfj;ijg; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
nra;tjpy;iynad;Wk; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. mJ nghJkf;fSf;fhd xU
rptpy; Nritia toq;FtjhfTk; fUjg;gLtjpy;iy. ,J
khfhzj;jpy; Xh; 'Mf;fpukpg;Gg; gilahf" cs;sJ vd;w
mtjhdpg;GiuAk; cs;sJ.
<. nghyp]; mjpfhuq;fs; khfhz rig Kiwikapdhy;
gpuNahfpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;W thjpLNthh;> nghyp];gil
kj;jpapypUg;Nghuhy; ngUksTf;F murpay; kag;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s
njd;Wk;> nghyp]hh; kj;jpapy; Ml;rpapYs;Nshupd; tpUg;Gfs;>
Nehf;fq;fSf;F mikaNt nraw;gLfpd;whh;fs; vdTk;> ,r;
nray;fspd; rl;lj;jfT (Legality) kw;Wk; murpayikg;Gj;jfT
(Constitutionality) Fwpj;J mth;fs; ftiyg;gLtjpy;iynad;Wk;
fuprid nfhz;L; ftiy ntspapLfpd;wdh;. Fwpg;gpl;l
cj;jpNahfj;jh;fs; kj;jpapypUf;Fk; mjpfhu rf;jpfspd; Mjuitf;
nfhz;bUg;gth;fshapd;> mth;fs; jz;lidg; gakpd;wpAk;
nraw;glyhk;. ,it cz;ikay;yhtpbDk;> kj;jpapypUf;Fk;
nghyp];gil Fwpf;Nfhs;fisf; nfhz;l> RahjPdkhd> murpay;
kag;glhj xU rf;jpahf fUkg;glhjjd; fhzukhf ,j;jifa xU
fUj;Jzh;T khfhzq;fspy; epyTfpd;wJ.
c. kWGwj;jpy;> nghyp];gil khfhzrigaplk; / eph;thfj;jplk;
,Ue;jhy;> mJ tlf;F> fpof;F khfhzq;fspYs;s rpy jPtputhjf;
66
FOf;fs;> jw;NghJ mth;fspd; Kaw;rpfs; Njhy;tpAw;w NghjpYk;>
vjph;fhyj;jpy; mJ gpuptpidf;fhf Ntiynra;tjpy; mj;jifa
FOf;fSf;F Mjuthf mikAnkd;gjhy;> nghyp];gilia
mth;fsplk; toq;ff;$lhnjd;w fUj;J epyTfpd;wJ. nghyp];
mjpfhuq;fis khfhzq;fSf;F toq;FtJ> Fwpg;ghf mijf;
Nfl;Lepw;Fk; tlf;F> fpof;F khfhzq;fSf;F toq;FtJ
epue;jukhfNt ehl;bd; Ml;Gy xUikf;F mr;RWj;jyhf
mike;JtpLnkd;gJ ,th;fspd; gpujhd gakhfTs;sJ.
C. nghyp]; mjpfhuq;fs; kj;jpapdhy; gaDWjpAlDk;>
tpidj;jpwDlDk; ifahsgglyhk; vd;gjhy;> mtw;iw khfhz
rigfSf;Fg; Nguspg;G nra;aNtz;ba mtrpakpy;iy vd;gJ
,th;fspd; fUj;jhf cs;sJ. nghyp]; mjpfhuq;fs;
khfhzq;fSf;Fg; Nguspg;G nra;ag;gl;lhy; jtWfs; GupAk; re;Njf
egh;fs; khfhzj;Jf;F khfhzk; jg;gpr; nry;Yifapy;; mth;fis
tprhuiz nra;J> tof;Fj; njhlUtJ> tpidj;jpwDld;
,lk;ngwKbahJ vd;w fUj;Jk; rpyNtisfspy; Kd;itf;fg;
gLfpd;wJ.
v. khfhz rl;lthf;f kw;Wk; epiwNtw;W mikg;gpd; iffspYs;s
nghyp]; mjpfhuq;fs; kj;jpa kl;lj;jpYs;s rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdHfs;
/ my;yJ epiwNtw;Wj; JiwapdUf;F CW tpistpg;gjw;F my;yJ
mth;fisj; njhe;juT nra;tjw;Fj; jhd;Njhd;wpj;jdkhfg;
gad;gLj;jg;glyhnkd;w mbkdjpyhd xU gPjpAk; cs;sJ. ,e;jg;
gak; tlf;F> fpof;F khfhzq;fSf;F khj;jpuNk kl;Lg;gl;l
xd;wy;y> mJ Vida khfhzq;fSf;Fk; nghUe;Jk; xd;whFk;.
kj;jpapy; Ml;rpapypUf;Fk; fl;rpf;F tpNuhjkhd xU fl;rp khfhz
kl;l rl;lthf;f kw;Wk; epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw Ml;rpajpfhuj;ijg;
gpbj;jhy;> kj;jpapd; rl;lthf;f cWg;gpdHfs; kw;Wk;
epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw mikr;rh;fspilNa khfhzj;jpYs;s rl;lthf;f
rig kw;Wk; epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw nghyp]; mjpfhuq;fisg;
gad;gLj;JtjD}lhf> jkf;F Kf;fpakw;w fhuzq;fSf;fhff; ifJ
67
nra;ag;gLjy; mstpw;F Njitaw;w ,lh;fs; Vw;gLNkhntd;w
gak; cUthfyhk;.
V. nghyp];gil khfhz murpay;thjpfshy; NkYk; murpay;
kag;gLj;jg;gLnkd;Wk;> mth;fs; murpay; vjpupfSf;Fj; njhe;juT
nfhLg;gjw;Fk;> mth;fisg; gopthq;Ftjw;Fk; mijg;
gad;gLj;Jthh;fnsd;Wk; gPjp epyTfpd;wJ.
99.2.1.2 Kbf;Fupa fhzpfs;8
mur fhzpfs; ghupa fUj;J Ntw;WikfSf;Fupa tplaq;fSs; xd;whf
kPspzf;ff; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; ,e;j ehl;Lf;F xU Gjpa> epd;W epiyf;ff; $ba>
Vw;Gila Xh; murpay; mikg;ig cUthf;Ftjw;fhd murpay; jiyth;fSf;F
,ilapyhd Ngr;Rthh;j;ijfspd; NghJ ,Ue;J te;Js;sd. ,e;jr;
nray;Kiwapd; NghJ> murpayikg;gpy; mur fhzpfs; vd;Dk; tplak; vt;thW
ifahsg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ Fwpj;j tptfhuq;fs; fhuzkhf r%fq;fSf;F
,ilapyhd ,dj;Jt cwTfs; tpupry; fz;Ls;sd. ehl;bYs;s mjpAAh;
ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPh;g;Gfs; ,J tplaj;jpy; epiyikiar; rPh;jpUj;j cjttpy;iy.
mjw;F Nenujpuhf> mit Fog;gj;ij Vw;gLj;jp> fUj;JNkhjy;fis ePbg;gjw;Nf
toptFj;jd.
ePz;lfhykhf> jkpo; kf;fSk;> jkpo; NgRk; kf;fSk; ngUkstpy; tho;e;J te;j
gpuNjrq;fspy;> ehl;by; mLj;JLj;J gjtpf;F te;j murhq;fq;fs;
ngUk;ghd;ikapd r%fj;ij mur cjtpAld; FbNaw;wp te;jd vd;Dk; tplak;
vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,t;thwhf> murhq;fq;fs; ,g;gpuNjrq;fspy; Fbrdg;guk;gy; rkepiyapd;ikia
Vw;gLj;jpAs;sNjhL> jkpoh;fspdJk;> jkpo;NgRk; kf;fspdJk; Njrpa> khfhz
8 fhzp rk;ge;jKw;w mgptpUj;jp> #oy; kw;Wk; Vida tptfhuq;fs; Ntwplj;jpy; xU jdpahd
gpuptpd;fPo; fye;Jiuahlg;gLk; (mj;pahahk; 19 ,idg; ghh;f;fTk;). ,e;jg;gFjpapy; ehk; myFfSf;Fg; Nguspg;G nra;ag;gl;l fhzp mjpfhuq;fs; Fwpj;j kf;fspd; rkh;g;gzq;fisNa Kd;itf;fpd;Nwhk;.
68
kw;Wk; cs;s+h;kl;l rl;lthf;f rigfspyhd murpay; gpujpepjpj;Jt tYitAk;
Fiwtilar; nra;Js;sd. ,jd;tpisthf ,e;j tplak; mth;fspd; rptpy;>
murpay;> fyhrhu> r%f> nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpiag; ghjfkhd Kiwapy;
ghjpj;J> mth;fspd; jdpj;Jtkhd r%f milahsk;> ghJfhg;G> tho;T kw;Wk;
,Ug;ig mr;RWj;jpAs;sJ.
,ij tpsq;fpf;nfhs;Sk; tifapy;> rpWghd;ikr; r%fq;fs; ,e;j
khfhzq;fspy; cj;jpNahf g+h;tkhfg; gjpTnra;ag;gl;l Fbrd kjpg;G
tpguq;fisAk;> ,e;j khfhzq;fspypUe;J Njrpa ghuhSkd;wj;Jf;Fk;>
cs;s+uhl;rp mjpfhurigfSf;Fk; njupT nra;ag;gl;l jkpo; kw;Wk; jkpo; NgRk;
gpujpepjpfspd; vz;zpf;iffisAk; vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wd. Njrpag;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; gpujpepjpfspd; vz;zpf;if Fiwtile;J tUifapy;> murpd;
tuk;gpw;Fs; mlf;Fk; [dr%fq;fs; vd;wtifapy; mth;fspd; cupikfSk;>
eyd;fSk; njhlh;r;rpahff; fPo; epiyg;gLj;jg;gl;L tUtjhf vz;Zfpd;wdh;.
mj;Jld; jkJ rptpy;> murpay;> r%f> fyhrhu> nghUshjhu kw;Wk; Vida
cupikfs; tplaj;jpy;> jhk; xU rf;jpaw;w> ,yFtpy; ghjpf;fg;glf;$ba
epiyf;Fj; js;sg;gLtjhf czUfpd;wdh;
tlf;F> fpof;F khfhzq;fisr; Nrh;e;j jkpo;NgRk; kf;fSs; gyh; fhzp
vd;gJ mjpfhug; Nguspg;G nra;ag;gl;l myFf;F cupa xU tpalkhf
,Uf;fNtz;;Lnkd;w fUj;ij ntspg;gLj;jpdh;. kj;jp fhzpg; gad;ghl;Lf;fhd
cupikia Xh; xJf;fpa epuypd; tplaq;fSf;fhf njhle;Jk; itj;Jf;
nfhs;syhk; vd;Wk;> gpuj;jpNafkhf kj;jpa muRf;Fupa tplaq;fspd;
Nehf;fj;Jf;fhf> mjpfhug; Nguspg;G nra;ag;gl;l myfpDs; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhf
kj;jpa muRf;Fj; Njitahd fhzpia mt;tyF tpLtpf;f Ntz;Lnkd;Wk;
mth;fs; njuptpj;jdh;. ,JFwpj;j ve;jg; gpzf;Fk; murpayikg;G
ePjpkd;wj;Jf;F / cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; murpayikg;G ePjpaurh;fs; Fohj;Jf;F
Nkd;KiwaPL nra;tjd;%yk; jPh;f;fg;glyhnkd;Wk; njuptpj;jdh;.
kWGwj;jpy; mjpfhug; Nguspg;gpw;F Mjuthf Vida gpuNjrq;fspypUe;J
fpilj;j rpy rkh;g;gzq;fspYk;> mur fhzpfs; vd;Dk; tplak; kj;jpa
murhq;fj;jpd; jdpr; rpwg;Gupikahf ,Uf;fNtz;Lnkd;Nw vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;lJ.
69
mjpfhug; Nguspg;ig vjph;f;Fk; gpuptpdH> ve;j tbtj;jpYk; fhzp mjpfhug;
Nguspg;G myFf;F cupa tplakhf ,Uj;jyhfhJ vd;W njuptpj;jdh;.
,J tplaj;jpy; ntspaplg;gll Xh; mgpg;gpuhak;> ehl;bYs;s rfy fhzpfSk;>
Ml;Gyq;fSk;> ehl;bd; rfy kf;fSf;Fk; cupait vd;gJk;> mit ehl;bYs;s
ve;j egUf;Fk; gad;gLj;jNth> cilik nfhs;sNth fpl;lNtz;Lk;
vd;gJkhFk;. ve;jf; FONth [dr%fNkh ve;jf; fhzpg; gpuNjrj;ijNah>
ngUk; gFjpiaNah> Ml;Gyj;ijNah jknjd;Nwh> jkJ toikahd
thoplnkd;Nwh cupik Nfhu Kbahnjd;Wk; njuptpf;fpd;wdh;. NkYk;> mth;fs;
ehl;bd; ve;jg; gFjpapYk; kf;fisf; FbNaw;WtJ murpd; rl;lepiyj;jfTs;s
fUkg;ghL (Legitimate Function) vd;Wk; $Wfpd;wdh;.
gpujhdkhf aho;g;ghzj;jpYs;s Xuq;fl;lg;gl;l rhjpf; FOf;fSk;> mikg;GfSk;>
jdpegh;fSk;> cah;rhjp Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPOs;s tlkhfhz rigf;F fhzp
mjpfhuq;fs; toq;fg;gLtij vjph;f;fpd;wdh;.
xU E}w;whz;L fhyj;Jf;F Nkyhf ngUe;Njhl;lq;fspy; trpj;JtUk; kiyafj;
jkpo; kf;fSf;Fk; fhzp tptfhuk; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd xd;whfTs;sJ.
trpg;gjw;Fk;> Njhl;lk; nra;tjw;Fk; jkf;F mjp Fiwthd tp];jPuzKs;s
fhzpj; Jz;Lf;fhd cupj;J Ntz;Lnkd;W mth;fs; Nfhupf;if tpLj;jdh;.
,e;j tptfhuk; ngUkstpyhd fUj;J NtWghl;ilj; Njhw;Wtpg;gjw;Fg; gy
fhuzq;fs; cs;sd. fhzp vd;gJ xU kjpg;Gs;s ngsjPfr; nrhj;J
khj;jpuky;y> mJ kf;fspd; rptpy;> murpay;> r%f> fyhrhu> nghUshjhu
mgptpUj;jpAlDk;> ehl;bd; milahsk;> ghJfhg;G> tho;T kw;Wk; ,Ug;G
vd;gtw;WlDk; gpd;dpg; gpize;j xU tplakhFk;. ,J FOf;fs; my;yJ
[dr%fq;fs;; Fwpg;gpl;l fhzpg; gpuNjrq;fis my;yJ ngUk; epyg;gug;Gfis
my;yJ Ml;Gyq;fisj; jkf;Fr; nrhe;jkhdJ my;yJ toikahd
thoplq;fnsd;W fUj KidAk; NghJ> Vida r%fq;fSk; kf;fSk; mjid
Vw;Wf; nfhs;shj epiyapy;> gy;NtW kf;fspilNa Mokhd czh;Tfisj;
J}z;Ltjhf mikAk;.
70
fhzp tptfhuq;fs; xU [dr%fk; / ,dj;Jtf; FO ghuk;gupa tho;tplj;jpid
Ngzpg; ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zg;ghl;Lld; ,ize;j xU
tplakhFk;. murhq;f mDruizAld; ,lk;ngWk; FbNaw;wk; kw;Wk; / my;yJ
Fbakh;j;jy; jpl;lq;fs; %yk; Fbrdg; guk;giy khw;Wtjw;fhd gpuaj;jdq;fs;
rpWghd;ik [dr%fq;fspd; kPJ ngUk;ghd;ikapdupd; jpl;lq;fis
jpzpg;gjhfNt Nehf;fg;gl;ld. ,e;j Kaw;rpfspd; tpisthf> fhzp
tptfhuj;Jf;Fj; jPh;TfhZk; tifapyhd xg;ge;jq;fs;> cld;gbf;iffs; kw;Wk;
Kd;nkhopTfs; Fwpj;Jr; rpe;jpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j cld;gbf;iffspy; cs;slq;fp
,Ue;j tplaq;fspd; rhuhk;rj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;jhik> rYif ngw;w
ngUk;ghd;ikapd Ml;rpf; FOf;fs; (Ruling Elite) ,f;fUj;J NtWghL epiwe;j
tptfhuj;jpy; jPh;Tf;fhf Kd;itf;fg;gl;l gpNuuizfisf; ftdj;jpw;nfhs;sj;
jtwpaik> vd;git fhzp mjpfhug; Nguspg;G nra;ag;gLk; myFf;Fupa
tplakhf Ntz;Lnkd;Dk; Nfhupf;iff;F ,l;Lr; nrd;Ws;sd.
tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;F khfhzq;fspd; Fbrdg;guk;gy; ghq;ifAk;>
Mf;ftikitAk; (Demography and Composition) khw;Wk; murhq;fj;jpd;
mDruizAld; ,lk;ngWk; Fbakh;jy; jpl;lq;fis KbTWj;Jtjw;fhd
mNdfkhd Kaw;rpfs; ntw;wpaspf;ftpy;iy. jpl;lkplg;gl;l FbNaw;wq;fs;
,d;dKk; ,g;gpuNjrq;fspy; njhlUfpd;wd. %d;W jrhg;jfhy Aj;jk; ,e;j
tptfhuj;Jf;F xU Gjpa gupkhzj;;ijf; nfhz;L te;Js;sNjhL> epiyikia
NkYk; Nkhrkhf;fpAKs;sJ.
NkYk;> mh;j;jKs;s mjpfhug; Nguspg;gpw;F fhzp mjpfhuq;fs; Nguspg;G
nra;ag;gLtJ ,d;wpaikahjJ vdr; Rl;bf; fhz;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. kf;fSf;F
Neubahfg; gjpy;$w Ntz;bath;fSk;> tifg;nghWg;Gs;sth;fSNk fhzp
rk;ge;jkhd jPh;khdq;fis vLj;jy; Ntz;Lnkd;gNjhL> kf;fs;> jPh;khdk;
Nkw;nfhs;Sgth;fis ,yFthfr; re;jpf;ff;$bajhfTk; ,Uj;jy;Ntz;Lk;.
fhzp mjpfhug; Nguspg;G nra;tjw;F vjpuhdth;fspd; gpujhd njhdpg;nghUs;
Fwpj;j thjq;fs; gytifapdthFk;. mth;fs; jkpo;kf;fs; VjhtJ ghupa
epyg;gug;ig my;yJ Ml;Gyj;ijj; jkf;Fupanjdf; NfhUtjw;fhd> tuyhw;W>
,dj;Jt my;yJ mfo;thuha;Tr; rhd;Wfs; Fwpj;Jf; Nfs;tp vOg;Gfpd;wdh;.
71
jkpo;r; r%fj;jpd; tuyhw;Wj; jhafnkd cupik Nfhug;gLk; G+kp cz;ikapy;>
Muk;gj;jpy; rpq;fs ngsj;jh;fshy; ,lq;nfhs;sg;gl;bUe;jitnad;W rpyh;
thjpl;ldh;.
mgptpUj;jpf;F kpfTk; nghUj;jkhd ghupa mur fd;dp epyq;fs; (Vergin Land)
tlf;F> fpof;fpypUg;gjhy;> fhzp mjpfhuj;ij mjpfhug; Nguspg;G myFf;F
toq;FtJ> Fwpg;ghf tlf;F> fpof;F khfhzq;fSf;F toq;FtJ Vida
khfhzq;fspYs;s fhzpaw;w kf;fSf;F fhzpfisg; gpupj;J toq;Ftjpy;
ghugl;rq;fisAk;> mePjpiaAk; Vw;gLj;Jnkd;w gPjp epyTfpd;wJ. ,j;jifa
mjpfhug; Nguspg;G ,dj;Jt rpWghd;iknahd;W ehl;by; %d;wpnyhU gq;fhd
my;yJ mjw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l fhzpfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jp> ghupa %ytsq;fis
VfNghfkhf;fpf;nfhs;Sk; epiyf;F ,l;Lr; nry;Ynkd;Wk; thjplg;gl;lJ.
99.2.2 tpjg;Giufs;
Nkw;gb tplaq;fspdbg;gilapy;> mjpfhug; Nguspg;G myfpd; MSeh;>
epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk; ePjpj;Jiw kw;Wk; rl;lthf;frig rk;ge;jkhd gpd;tUk;
tplaq;fis tpje;Jiuf;fpd;Nwhk;. mjpfhug; Nguspg;G myFf;fhd nghyp];
kw;Wk;; fhzp mjpfhuq;fs; Fwpj;Jk; ehk; tpjg;Giufisr; rkh;g;gpf;fpd;Nwhk;.
FOtpd; mq;fj;jth; xUtupd; rpy tpjg;Giufs; Fwpj;j NtWgl;l tplaKk;
ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
i. MSeupd; mjpfhuq;fs;
m. MSeh;> Kjyikr;rupd; rk;kjj;Jld; [dhjpgjpahy;
epakpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
M. MSeh; Kjyikr;rupd; kjpAiuapd;Ngupy; nraw;gLjy;
Ntz;Lk;.
,. khfhz rl;lthf;f rigapdhy; epiwNtw;wg;gLk;
VjhtJ rl;l%yq;fSf;F MSeh; ,irT toq;f
72
Ntz;Lnkd;w mtrpakpy;iy. mjw;Fg;gjpyhf> rfy
rl;l%yq;fSk; murpayikg;G ePjpkd;wj;jpdhy;
rl;l%yk; epiwNtw;wg;gl Kd;dUk;> gpd;dUk;
kPsha;tpw;F cl;gLj;jg;glf;$bajhfy; (Judicial Review)
Ntz;Lk;.
<. MSeud;wp> khfhz cah;gjtp Mizf; FOf;fNs
khfhz / gpuhe;jpa myFf;fhd rpNu\;l
cj;jpNahfj;jh;fis epakpg;gjw;Fg; nghWg;ghftpUj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. gpujk nrayhsh; Kjyikr;rupd;
rk;kjj;Jld; [dhjpgjpapdhy; epakpf;fg;gLjy;
Ntz;Lk;.
c. Xh; mq;fj;jth;9 khWghlhd fUj;njhd;iwf;
nfhz;bUe;jNjhL jw;Nghija murpayikg;G kw;Wk; /
my;yJ 1987 Mk; Mz;bd; 42Mk; ,yf;fr;
rl;lj;jpYs;s MSeupd; mjpfhuq;fs; khw;wkpd;wp
itj;jpUf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lnkd;W njuptpj;jhh;. ,j;jifa
mjpfhuq;fs; mtuplkpUe;J mfw;wg;gLk; gl;rj;jpy;>
mit kj;jpapYs;s khw;W epWtdnkhd;Wf;F
cupj;jhf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;..
ii. khfhz / gpuhe;jpa kl;lj;jpyhd epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk;
Kjyikr;rUk;> mikr;rh;fs; rigANk mjpfhug; Nguspg;G myfpd;
epiwNtw;W mq;fkhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. MSeuplk; ve;j tpjkhd
epiwNtw;W mjpfhuKk; ,Uj;jy; MfhJ. mikr;rh;fs; rig
khfhz / gpuhe;jpa myfpd; mq;fj;jth;fspd; nkhj;j
vz;zpf;ifapy; 15-20 tPjj;jpw;F mjpfkhf ,Uj;jyhfhJ.
9 F\hd; b my;tp];> P.C
73
iii.. khfhz / gpuhe;jpa kl;lj;jpyhd ePjpj;Jiw
m. gpuhe;jpa tof;FiuQh; ehafk; xUth; ,Uj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.
m. khfhzq;fs; / gpuhe;jpaq;fs; ghuk;gupa gpzf;Fj; jPh;T
Kiwikfs; cs;spl;l tifapyhd khw;Wg; gpzf;Fj;
jPh;T nghwp Kiwfis Cf;Ftpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
vt;thwhapDk;> XH mq;fj;jth;10 ,j;jifa xU
nghwpKiw ePjpKiwrhh; Kiwikapy; xU jiyaPlhf
mikAnkd;Wk;> ,j;jifa xU nghwp Kiw
];jhgpf;fg; gLtij jhd; Mjupf;ftpy;iynad;Wk;
fUj;Jntspapl;lhh;37
iv. khfhz / gpuhe;jpa kl;lj;jpyhd rl;lthf;f mjpfhuk;
m. khfhz myFf;F toq;fg;gLk; rl;lthf;f mjpfhuk;
njspthd Nehf;nfy;iyiaf; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;gNjhL> tplak; khfhz murhq;fj;jpd; fPoh my;yJ
kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; fPoh tUfpd;wJ vd;gJ rk;ge;j khfTk;
Iag;ghL ,Uj;jy; MfhJ.
M. khfhz rigfSf;F epajpr; rl;lq;fis Mf;Fk; mjpfhuk;
,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,it rl;lj;ij epiwNtw;w Kd;dUk;>
gpd;dUk; ePjp Kiwrhh; kPsha;Tf;fhf (Judicial Review)
murpayikg;G ePjpkd;wj;Jf;F / cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpd;
murpyikg;G ePjpaurh;fs; Fohj;Jf;F Mw;Wg;gLj;jf;
$bajhf Ntz;Lk;.
10 F\hd; b my;tp];> P.C
74
,. %d;W epuy;fs; ,Uj;jy;Ntz;Lk;. mitahtd:
1. xJf;fpa epuy;
2. khfhzrig epuy;
3. cs;s+uhl;rp epuy;
4. tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;lJ Nghd;W khfhz rigfspDs;
jd;dhjpf;f rigfs;; epWtg;gl;lhy;> jd;dhjpf;f rigfs;
epunyhd;Wk; cUthf;fg;gLk;.
2000 Mk; Mz;L murpayikg;G kNrhjhtpy; ,lk;ngw;wpUe;j
,uz;L epuy;fs; rpy jpUj;jq;fNshL gad;gLj;jg;glyhk;.
Xh; mq;fj;jth;11 xUq;fpia epuiyj; jf;fitf;f tpUk;Gfpd;whh;.
mij ePf;fptpl;lhy;> khfhzj;jpDs; thOk;> ghugl;rq;fSf;F
cs;shFk; xU rpWghd;ikf; FOtpd; eyd;fisg; ghJfhf;Fk;
tplaj;jpy; kj;jpa muR khfhzj;jpy; ,ilaPL nra;Ak; mjpfhuk;
Fiwe;J tpLnkd;W mth; thjpl;lhh;. vt;thwhapDk;> mth; nghyp];
mjpfhuq;fs;> fhzp mjpfhuq;fs;> rh;tNjrf; nfhilfs;>
ntspehl;L Neub KjyPLfs;> rh;tNjr mgptpUj;jp cjtpfs;> #oy;>
rh;tNjrf; fld;ngwy;> ePjp eph;thfk; kw;Wk; mfo;thuha;r;rpg;
gpuNjrq;fs; vd;git khfhz murhq;fj;Jf;Ff; ifaspf;fg;glh
tpl;lhy;> ,uz;L epuy;fis itj;jpUg;gjw;F cld;gLfpd;wdh;.
,y;iyNay;> ,e;j mq;fj;jth;12 xUq;fpia epuiyj; jf;fitj;Jf;
nfhs;sNtz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;Gfpd;whh.
v. nghyp]; mjpfhuq;fs;
KOehl;Lf;Fk; xU nghyp]; gilNa ,Uj;jy;Ntz;Lk;. vt;thwhapDk;>
khfhzg; nghyp]; gil khfhzj;jpDs; rl;lk;> xOq;if epiyehl;Lk;
11 F\hd; b my;tp];> P.C 12 F\hd; b my;tp];> P.C
75
tplaj;jpy; Kjyikr;rUf;Fk;> mikr;rh;fs; rigf;Fk; nghWg;Gs;sjhfTk;>
gjpypWf;f Ntz;bajhfTk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. jtwhspfnsdr;
re;Njfg;gLNthh; Fwpj;j jLg;G> tprhuiz kw;Wk; tof;Fj; njhluy;
tplaq;fspy; khfhzg; nghyp]; gil khfhzj;jpd; murpay;
nraw;ghl;lhsh;fspy; ,Ue;J RahjPdkhff; fUkkhw;Wjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j
tplaq;fspw;F> xt;nthU khfhzj;jpYk; xU tof;Fj;njhLeh; ehafk;
,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mth; khfhzj;jpYs;s jtwhspfs; vdr;
re;Njfpf;fg;gLNthupd; jLg;G> tprhuiz kw;Wk; tof;Fj; njhluy;
tplaq;fSf;Fg; nghWg;ghftpUg;ghh;. cjtpg; nghyp]; mj;jpal;rfh; gjtp
epiyf;Ff; Fiwe;j khfhzg; nghyp]; cj;jpNahfj;jh;fs; tplaj;jpy;
mth;fspd; ,lkhw;wk;> gjtpePf;fk;> kw;Wk; xOf;fhw;W eltbf;iffisf;
ifahSk; tifapy; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FOtpd; fPohd khfhzg;
nghyp]; Mizf;FOf;fs; epWtg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. khfhzg; nghyp];
Mizf;FO gpd;tUNthiu cs;slf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;:
m. khfhz MSeuhy; epakpf;fg;gLk; Mrdj; jtprhsh;
M. Kjyikr;rupdhy; epakpf;fg;gLk; xUtH
,. Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FOtpdhy; epakpf;fg;gLk;
xUtH
vi. mmur fhzpfs;
,J tplaj;jpyhd tpje;Jiug;G rk;ge;jkhf FO fzprkhd
NtWghLfisf; nfhz;bUe;jikahy; gpd;tUk; ,U tFj;jikg;Gfis
tpjg;Giw nra;aj; jPh;khdpj;jJ:
1. FO mq;fj;jpdh;fSs; mNdfkhNdhh; gpd;tUk;
MNyhridfis Kd;itj;jdh;:
mur fhzpfs;> fhzp gfph;e;jspg;G> fhzpg; gad;ghL> kdpjh;fs;
FbNaw;wk;> kw;Wk; Vida ,iaGs;s tplag;gug;G cs;slf;Fk;
tifapyhd> Njrpa fhzpf; nfhs;ifia tFj;jikf;Fk;
mjpfhuq;nfhz;l Njrpa fhzp Mizf;FOnthd;W (Nj.fh.M.)
76
];jhgpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. fhzpg;gad;ghL> FbNaw;wk;> kw;Wk;
fhzpg;gfph;T Fwpj;j tplaq;fspy; cs;s+h; kf;fSf;F Kd;Dupik
toq;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. Nj.fh.M jw;Nghija murpayikg;gpd;
gpw;Nrh;f;if 11,y; fhzg;gLk; 2.4Mk; kw;Wk; 2.5Mk;
Nfhl;ghLfisg; gpd;gw;wpr; nrayhw;Wjy; Ntz;Lk;. Nj.fh.M.
khfhz rigfshYk;> murhq;f epWtdq;fshYk; ,lk;ngWk;
fhzpg; gfph;e;jspg;G kw;Wk; fhzpg;gad;ghL rk;ge;jkhd
mjpfhuq;fisf; nfhz;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. kj;jpa murhq;fj;Jf;Fk;>
khfhz rigfSf;Fkpilapyhd VjhtJ gpzf;F Nj.fh.M tpdhy;
jPh;f;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. Nj.fh.M ,d; jPh;g;Gfshy; jpUg;jpAwhj
vtuhtJ jug;G murpayikg;G ePjpkd;wj;Jf;F / cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpd;
murpayikg;G ePjpaurh; Fohj;Jf;F Nkd;KiwaPL nra;Ak;
cupikiaf; nfhz;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mur fhzpfisg; nghWj;j
tiuapy;> murhq;fj;jpd; Vida kl;lq;fSf;Ff; fPo;tUk;
cs;s+uhl;rp rigfs; jkJ nraw;ghLfSf;F mtrpakhd
fhzpfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; epiy ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
Njrpa fhzp Mizf;FO gpd;tUNthiu cs;slf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;:
m. rfy Kjyikr;rh;fSk;
M. fhzp> ePh;g;ghrdk;> kfhtyp kw;Wk; efh;g;Gw mgptpUj;jp
vd;gtw;Wf;Fg; nghWg;ghfTs;s mikr;rh;fs;
,. gjtp Kiwg;gl;l mq;fj;jpdh;fshf> fhzp kw;Wk; fhzp
mgptpUj;jp mikr;Rfspd; jiyth;fs;
<. rpq;fs> jkpo;> K];ypk; kw;Wk; kiyafj; jkpoh;fisg;
gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;Ak; tifapy;> murpayikg;Gg;
Nguitapd; tpje;Jiug;gpd; Ngupy; [dhjpgjpahy;
epakpf;fg;gLk; 4 mq;fj;jth;fs;
77
22. FOtpd; ,U mq;fj;jth; gpd;tUk; MNyhridia
Kd;itj;jdh;13
khfhzj;jpYs;s mur fhzpfs; khfhzj;jpd; rl;lthf;f kw;Wk;
epiwNtw;Wr; rigapdhy; ifahsg;gl Ntz;ba tplakhFk;.
vt;thwhapDk;> kj;jpa murhq;fk;; Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l jdJ
nraw;ghl;L vy;iyapDs; tUk; (xJf;fpa epuypy;) VjhtJ
eltbf;ifia Kd;ndLf;Fk; tifapy; mjd; rl;lepiyj; jfTs;s
gad;ghl;Lf;fhf mur fhzpj;Jz;L vijahtJ tpLtpf;FkhW xU
khfhz epiwNtw;W Jiwiaf; NfhUk; mjpfhuk; ,Uj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. xJf;F epuypDs; tUk; VjhtJ rl;lepiyj; jfTs;s
Nehf;fj;Jf;fhf khfhzj;jpDs; ,Uf;Fk; mj;jifa tp];jPuzk;
nfhz;l mur fhzpia tpLtpg;gJ khfhz epiwNtw;W Jiwapd;
flikahf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
kj;jpa murhq;fk; xU khfhzj;jpDs; VjhtJ epWtdj;ij
my;yJ njhopy; Kaw;rpia epWtj; jPh;khdpj;jhy;> kj;jpa
murhq;fk; mJ njhlHghd khfhz epiwNtw;Wj; JiwAld;
Fwpg;gpl;l epWtdj;ij my;yJ njhopy; Kaw;rpia khfhzj;jpDs;
epWTtjw;fhd crpjepiy Fwpj;J fye;jhNyhrid nra;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. kj;jpa murhq;fk; mJ njhlHghd khfhz
epiwNtw;Wj;JiwAld; $l;lhd kw;Wk; fye;jhNyhridr; nray;
Kiwapd;wp> khfhzj;jpDs; epWtdq;fisNah> njhopy;
Kaw;rpfisNah Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd eltbf;iffspy; <LgLjy;
MfhJ.
khfhz epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw mur fhzpg;gad;ghl;L Mizf;FOtpd;
Kiwahd gad;ghl;L eilKiwfs;> fhl;L Nkw;ftrk;>
jiyKiwapdupilapyhd xg;GuT> tptrha epiyNgw;Wj;jd;ik>
fhzpfs; gpstiljy;> fhzpapd;ik Nghd;w tptfhuq;fisf;
13 v];.jtuh[h;@ vd;. nry;tFkhud;
78
fUj;jpw;nfhz;L toq;Fk; nfhs;if topfhl;ly;fNshL ,zq;fpr;
nraw;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
mur fhzpg; gad;ghl;L Mizf;FO kj;jpapdJk;>
khfhzq;fspdJk; rfy eyd;fisAk;> gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;Ak;
rkkhd vz;zpf;ifapyhd mq;fj;jpdh;fisf; nfhz;bUj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. ,j;jifa epWtdj;jpd; fUkq;fSk;> flikfSk; ,e;j
epWtdj;jpd; ve;jj; jPh;khdKk; khfhzg; gpujpepjpfspd; rk;kjkpd;wp
ve;j khfhzj;jpd;kPJk; Rkj;jg;glhJ ,Ug;gij cWjp nra;Ak;
tifapy; tFj;jikf;fg; gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
vii.. khfhzg; gfpuq;fr; Nrit
nghJkf;fSf;fhd khfhz kw;Wk; cs;s+h; Nrit tpepNahfk;
,iaGs;s epuy;fspy; cs;slf;fg;gLk;. ,iaGs;s murhq;fk;
nghJkf;fSf;Fr; Nrit toq;Ftjpy; jPh;khdq;fisg;
gaDWjpAlDk;> tpidj;jpwDlDk;> eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; tifapy;
mjpfhu tYtspf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
viii. kj;jpa murhq;fk; khfhzq;fSf;F mjpfhuq;fis toq;Fjy;
kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; fPo; tUk; tplaq;fspy; jkJ fUkq;fspd;
eilKiwahf;fj;ij mKy;gLj;Jk; tifapy; kj;jpa murhq;fk;
khfhz kw;Wk; cs;s+uhl;rp eph;thfpfSf;F mjpfhuj;ijf;
ifaspf;fyhk;.
ix. #oy;
khfhzq;fspypUe;Jk; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ijf;nfhz;ltifapy;> Njrpa
#oy; Mizf; FOnthd;W (Nj.#.M.) Vw;gLj;jg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
,t;thizf;FO #oy; Fwpj;j Njrpaf; nfhs;ifia
tFj;jikj;Jg; gpufldk; nra;Ak; tifapy; mjpfhutYt+l;lg;gLk;.
79
,f;nfhs;iffspw;F cl;gl;L> #oy; vd;gJ Xh; mjpfhug; Nguspg;G
nra;ag;gl;l tplakhFk;. mjhtJ> xt;nthU tplag;nghUspYk;
#oy; mk;rq;fs; KiwNa Fwpj;j murhq;f gb epiyfspdhy;
(Tiers of Government) ifahsg;gLk;. Cjhuzkhf khfhzrig
tplakhfpa tPlikg;G tplaj;jpy;> tPlikg;gpd; #oy; mk;rk;
kfhzrigapdhy; ifahsg;gLk;. ,t;thNw> kj;jpa murhq;f
tplakhfpa khfhzq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd ePh;g;ghrdj;ijg; nghWj;j
tiuapy; ,e;j tplaj;jpd; #oy; mk;rk; kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpdhy;
ifahsg;gLk;.
80
mmj;jpahak; 10
cs;;@uuhl;rp
10.1 rkh;g;gzq;fs;
cs;s+uhl;rp rk;ge;jkhfTk; gy fUj;Jr; rkh;g;gzq;fis FO
ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. cs;s+uhl;rpiag; gyg;gLj;jNtz;Lnkd thjpl;Nlhh;
mbg;gilapy; mjpfupj;j gpui[fs; gq;Nfw;Gldhd rpwpa cs;s+uhl;rp
myFfisf; Nfhupdhh;fs;. cs;s+uhl;rp mikg;Gfs; jw;NghJ
nrayhw;Wtijtpl mjpf nraw;jpwDld; nrayhw;w Ntz;Lnkd nghJkf;fs;
vjph;ghh;f;fpd;wdh; vd;gjid FOTf;Fr; nra;ag;gl;l vLj;Jiug;Gfs;
ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. NkYk;> cs;s+h;kl;lj;jpy; njupTnra;ag;gl;l gpujpepjpj;Jt
mikg;Gf;fs;kPJ VNjhnthU tbtpyhd fl;Lg;ghl;ilg; nghJkf;fs;
gpuNahfpf;f cjTk; nghwpKiwfs; Vw;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lnkd
vjph;ghh;f;fpd;wdu;. mth;fs; NkYk;> cs;s+h;kl;l tptfhuq;fspy; r%jha
Ml;rpKiwiaAk;; [dehafk;> gq;Nfw;G> midtiuAk; cs;slf;Fjy;>
,yFtpy; mZff;$bajhapUj;jy;> ntspg;gilj;jd;ik> tYg;gLj;jy;;>
flikAzh;T kw;Wk; gpui[fspd; Ml;rp vd;Dk; Nfhl;ghLfspdbg;gilapy;
nraw;gLj;jg;glf;$ba cs;s+h; mgptpUj;jpr; nray;Kiwfs; JupjkiltijAk;
vjph;ghh;f;fpd;wdh;.
nghJkf;fspd; fUj;Jf;fspd;gb> gytUlfhykhf ngUkstpshd kf;fs;
gpujpjpfs; ghuhSkd;wk; khfhzrigfs; kw;Wk; cs;s+uhl;rp mjpfhurigfs;
Nghd;w NtWg;gl;l murpay; epWtdq;fSf;Fg; njupTnra;ag;gl;bUe;j
NghjpYk;> fpuhkpakl;l mgptpUj;jpFwpj;j gpur;rpidfSk;> tptfhuq;fSk;>
mth;fspd; md;whl NjitfSk; jPh;tpd;wpj; njhlUfpd;wd vd;gjhFk;.
xt;nthU fpuhkNrtfh; gpuptpYk; Rkhh; ,Ugj;njl;L murhq;f
cj;jpNahfj;jh;fs; nghJr;Nritfs; tpepNahfj;jpYk;> mgptpUj;jp
eltbf;iffspYk; <Lgl;Ls;sjidAk; mth;fs; Rl;bf;fhz;gpj;jdu;.
,tu;fspd;kPJ nghJkf;fspd; ngUe;njhifg; gzk; nrytplg;gl;l NghjpYk;>
kf;fsJ kdf;FiwfSk; kw;Wk; gpur;rpidfSk; Kwikahf
jPh;j;Jitf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. mj;NjhL> fzprkhd vz;zpf;ifapyhd kf;fs;
Coy;> jtwhd mjpfhug;gpuNahfk;> %ytsq;fs; tpuak;>
ntspg;gilj;jd;ikapd;ik> nghJkf;fSf;F nghWg;Gf;$Wk; jd;ik
81
fhzg;glhik> gytPdkhd MFnryTg; gaDWjp kw;Wk; nghJkf;fs; my;yJ
thbf;ifahsUldhd el;Gzh;tw;w elj;ij Nghd;w KiwNfLfs;
nghJr;Nrit tpepNahfj;jpy; fhzg;gLtJ Fwpj;Jk; jkJ fUj;Jf;fis
vLj;Jiuj;jdh;. nghJkf;fs; fzf;fha;T nra;tjw;fhd nghwpKiwnahd;W
fhzg;glhikAk;> nghJkf;fspd; v[khd; jhNk vd;w kdg;ghd;ikAld; $ba
cj;jpNah];ju;fspd; Nkyhjpf;f fyhrhuKk; ,j;jifa nraw;ghLfs;
epfo;tjw;fhd fhuznkd nghJ kf;fs; Fwpg;gpl;ldh;. VidNahupd; fUj;J
ahnjdpy;> cs;s+uhl;rp; gpui[fspd; gq;Nfw;G ,lk;ngWkplj;J ,j;jifa
gpur;rpidfspy; rpy ,y;yhnjhopf;fg;gLk; vd;gjhFk;.
nghJkf;fs; gq;Nfw;G> nghJkf;fSf;F nghWg;Gf;$wy; vd;git ,y;yhik
fhuzkhf mNdfkhd mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lq;fSk;> epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fSk;
ntw;wpaspg;gjpy;iy my;yJ vjph;ghh;j;j r%ftpisTfis
Vw;gLj;Jtjpy;iynad;gij gyUk; Rl;bf;fhl;bdh;. NkYk;> mit cs;s+h;
kf;fSldhd fye;jhNyhridfs; vJTkpd;wp> kj;jpa murpdhy; my;yJ
ntsp %yq;fspdhy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gLfpd;wd. nghJkf;fNshL my;yJ
mth;fspd; md;whl tho;f;ifNahL njhlh;Ggl;l mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lq;fs;
/ epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; Vida eltbf;iffs; vd;gd fpuhkpakl;lq;fspy;
cs;s+h; kf;fspd; gq;Nfw;Gld; Kd;ndLf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk; vd mtu;fs;
Fwpg;gpl;ldu;. mLj;jLj;Jg; gjtpf;F te;j murhq;fq;fs; [dr%f kw;Wk;
fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jpf;nfd ngUe;njhifahd gzj;jpid nrytpl;lNghjpYk;>
mit vjph;ghh;j;j r%f tpisTfis Vw;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; gjpyhf NtW gy
gpur;rpidfis Njhw;Wtpj;Js;sd
nghJkf;fshy; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l Fwpg;ghd rpy gpur;rpidfs; fPo;tUkhW
gl;bayplg;gl;Ls;sd:
midj;J murhq;f kl;lq;fspYk; Fiwthd gpui[fs; gq;Nfw;Gk;;>
nghJ fye;jhNyhridfSk;;.
cs;s+uhl;rp epWtdq;fspd; cWg;gpdu;fs;; nghJkf;fspd;
cz;ikahd gpujpepjpfshfr; nraw;gLtjw;Fg; gjpyhf
xg;ge;jjhuh;fshfTk;> tpahghupfshfTk; khw;wk; ngw;Ws;sik.
gpujhd mikr;Rfs;> khfhz mikr;Rfs; kw;Wk; cs;s+uhl;rp
epWtdq;fspd; gy;NtW ntspf;fs cj;jpNahfj;jh;fspilNa
82
Kiwahd $l;bizg;Ngh my;yJ njhlu;gpizg;Ngh
fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.
cs;s+uhl;rp mYtyh;fs; murpay; kag;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sik.
cs;s+uhl;rp epWtdq;fs; nraw;jpwDld; njhopw;gLtjw;F Nghjpa
%ytsq;fs; ,d;ik.
cs;s+uhl;rp epWtdq;fspd; mjpfhuq;fisAk; njhopw;ghLfisAk;
mtw;wplkpUe;J efu mgptpUj;jp mjpfhurig> ,yq;if kpd;rhu
rig> Njrpa ePh;toq;fy; kw;Wk; tbfhyikg;Gr; rig vd;gd
vLj;Js;sik.
gd;Kfg;gLj;jg;gl;l fUj;jpl;lq;;fspd; fPo; mKy;gLj;jg;gLk;
mgptpUj;jpr; nraw;wpl;lq;fs; njhlu;ghf rk;ge;jg;;gl;l
mjpfhupfspdhy; cs;s+uhl;rp epWtdq;fsplkpUe;J Kiwahf
MNyhiridfs; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLtjpy;iy.
ngUe;Njhl;lf; FbapUg;Gfs;> cs;s+uhl;rp murhq;fq;fspd;
nghJr; Nrit tpepNahfr; nraw;ghl;L vy;iyf;Fs;
nfhz;Ltug;glhik. ,jd;tpisthf> ngUe;Njhl;lj;Jiw
kf;fspd; md;whl tho;f;ifr; nraw;ghl;L tplaq;fisf;
fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; mjpfhuk; Njhl;l Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;F
cl;gl;ljhAs;sJ. vdNt ngUe;Njhl;lf; FbapUg;Gf;fis
cs;s+uhl;rp epWtdq;fspd; nghJr;Nrit tpepNahfr;
nraw;ghl;nly;iyf;Fs;; nfhz;Ltug;gLtNjhL> ngUe;Njhl;l
Kfhikj;Jtk; cs;s+uhl;rp epWtdq;fspd; topfhl;lypd; fPo;
nraw;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
gy nkhopNgRk; [dr%fq;fspy;> mr;r%fq;fSf;F mth;fs;
NgRk; kw;Wk; Gupe;Jnfhs;Sk; nkhopapy; gzpahw;Wtnjd;gJ
cs;s+uhl;rp epWtdq;fSf;F fbdkhfTs;sJ. MfNt> ,e;j
gpur;rpidapypUe;J tpLgl;L> cs;s+uhl;rp epWtdq;fs; %yk;
gaDWjpkpf;f> kw;Wk; tpidj;jpwDs;s Nritia toq;Ftjw;F
nkhopf;nfhs;if Kiwahf mOy;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
83
110.1.1 kiyafj; jkpo; kf;fspd; tpNrlkhd gpur;rpidfSk;
tptfhuq;fSk;
Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;ljd;gb> jw;NghJ eilKiwapYs;s cs;s+uhl;rp KiwikahdJ
,yq;ifapYs;s rfy [dr%fq;fs; tplaj;jpYk;> Fwpg;ghf
ngUe;Njhl;lj;Jiwapy; thOk; kiyaf jkpo; kf;fs; Fwpj;J epahakhfTk;
rkkhfTk;; nraw;gLtjpy;iynad;Dk; mbg;gilapy; fzprkhd
vz;dpf;ifapyhd fUj;Jr; rkh;g;gzq;fs; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. cs;s+uhl;rp
murhq;fq;fshy; toq;fg;gLk; gy Nritfs; jkf;Ff; fpl;Ltjpy;iy vd
kiyafj; jkpo; kf;fshy; rkh;g;gpf;fg;gl;l rku;g;gzq;fspspy;
vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. jw;NghJ eilKiwapYs;s cs;s+uhl;rp
epWtdq;fSf;fhd rl;lq;fspy; epyTk; Fwpg;gl;l FiwghLfNs (lacuna) ,jw;F fhuzkhfTs;snjd;Wk; njuptpf;fg;gl;ld. ehl;bYs;s 14
khtl;lq;fspy; gue;JthOk; ngUe;Njhl;l kf;fshy; gpd;tUk; mtjhdpg;Gfs;
Gjpa murpayikg;gpy; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lnkd
Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ:
jw;NghJ eilKiwapYs;s cs;s+uhl;rp KiwikahdJ
ngUe;Njhl;lj;JiwapYs;s kdpjf; FbNaw;wq;fis KOikahf
cs;thq;Ftjpy;iy.
ngUe;Njhl;lj;Jiw thf;fhsh;fs; cs;s+uhl;rpr; rigfspd;;
ve;jtpjkhd Nrit tpepNahfj;ijAk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; cupikaw;w
epiyapy; cs;s+uhl;rp rigfSf;fhd mq;fj;jpdh;fisj;
njupTnra;tjw;fhf jkJ thf;iffis khj;jpuk; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;.
ngUe;Njhl;lj;JiwapYs;s kdpjf; FbapUg;Gf;fs;; midj;Jk;
jdpahh;Jiw cilikfshfNt (private entities) cs;s+uhl;rp
rigfshy; Nehf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
gpuNjr rigfs; ([dj;njhif> epyg;gpuNjrj;jpd; msT Nghd;wd)
xU rPuhd jFjptpjpapd; (Criteria) mbg;gilapy; s;jhgpf;fg;glhjyhy;>
mJ ngUe;Njhl;lj;Jiwapy; thOk; kf;fSf;F vjpuhd ghugl;rkhd
eltbf;iffSf;F ,l;Lr;nry;tNjhL> mth;fSf;F cs;s+uhl;rp
epWtdq;fspd; Nritfs; fpl;lhky; Nghtjw;Fk; toprikf;fpd;wJ.
(c-k;: Etnuypah kw;Wk; mk;gfKt gpuNjr rigfs;)
84
kf;fspd; mgpyhi\fs;> mtu;fsJ Njitfs;> eph;thfg;
gpukhzq;fs;> kw;Wk; [dehaf uPjpapy; jPh;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk;
nray;Kiwfs; vd;gtdtw;Wf;fhd nghJ kf;fspd; mf;fiwfs;
ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;sg;glhj epiyapy;> Gjpa cs;s+uhl;rp myFfis
cUthf;Fk; tplaj;jpy; murpay; jiyaPLfNs Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wd.
jw;NghJ eilKiwapYs;s 1987Mk; Mz;bd; 15Mk; ,yf;fr; gpuNjr
rigr; rl;lj;jpd; 2(1)> 33> 19(xiv) 19(xxii) kw;Wk; 134(4) vd;w gpupTfs;
ngUe;Njhl;lq;fspy; thOk; kf;fs; nghJr;Nrit tpepNahfq;fis
ngwWf; nfhs;tjw;Fj; jilahf tpsq;Ffpd;wd.
cs;s+uhl;rp mjpfhurigfspy; epyTk; jkpo;NgRk; mYtyh;fspd;
FiwghL; jkpo;NgRk; nghJkf;fs; tpidj;jpwDs;s Nritfisg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjpy; jilfis cUthf;fpAs;sJ. tlf;F> fpof;F
khfhzq;fspy; rpq;fsk; NgRNthh; rpWghd;ikapduhfTs;s
gpuNjrq;fspYk; ,j;jifa gpur;rpidfs; epyTtjhf
vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
110.1.2 fpuhk ,uhr;rpak; / fpuhk rig / fk;rgh vz;zf;fU
fpuhk ,uhr;rpak;> fpuhk rig my;yJ fk;rgh Fwpj;j nghJkf;fspd; fUj;Jr;
rkh;g;gzq;fs; murpay; mjpfhuk; fpuhkq;fs; Nghd;w mjpFiwthd
kl;lq;fSf;Fg; gfph;T nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lnkd;gijg; nghJthf
Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wd. ,J xU tbtj;jpyhd cs;s+uhl;rpahf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lnkd;gjhy;> cj;Njr ajhh;j;j mikg;gpd; ngaupy; ‘fpuhk’ my;yJ ‘fk’ vd;Dk; milnkhop toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fpuhk kl;lj;Jf;F mjpfhuj;ijg; Nguspg;G nra;Ak; Njit fpuhk kl;lq;fspy;
epyTk; nraw;jpwdhd njhopw;ghlw;w Ml;rpKiw epiyikapypUe;J
tpLgLtjw;fhd xU topahfNt Nehf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J [dehaf murpay;
fl;likg;gpy; gpui[fs; Jbg;ghfTk; NeubafTk;; gq;Nfw;gij cWjp
nra;Ankd;Wk; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
cj;Njr Kiwikapd; Nehf;fk;;> Rahl;rp kw;Wk; jw;rhh;G Fwpj;j epWtdg;
nghwpKiwnahd;iw ];jhgpj;J> fpuhkkl;lj;jpy; tptfhuq;fisf;
ifahSjy;> kw;Wk; fpuhkpa kf;fspd; tho;f;ifj; juj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jk;
85
tifapy; jPh;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; nray;Kiwfspy; kf;fs; Jbg;ghfg;
gq;Nfw;gij cWjp nra;tjhFk;. gpujhdkhf> cs;s+uhl;rpapy; jPtpu
murpay;kakhf;fy; kw;Wk; mjpfhuj;Jt kdg;ghq;Ffs; vd;git fhuzkhfTk;;
rfy kl;lq;fspYk; fl;rp murpaYk;> murpay;thjpfspd; mjpfhuj;
J\;gpuNahfq;fSk;> mjpfhupfspd; Nkyhjpf;fthjKk; epiwe;j epiy
fhzg;gLtjd; fhuzkhfTk; xU Gjpa murpay; fl;likg;Gf;fhd Njit
vOe;Js;sJ.
NkYk;> fpuhkpag; nghUshjhuj;jpy; jufh;fs; kw;Wk; epahakw;w th;j;jf
eilKiwfs; fhuzkhf Ruz;ly; gutyhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. rhjhuz fpuhk
kf;fspd; r%fg; nghUshjhuj; Njitfis cjhrPdQ; nra;Ak;tifapy;>
murpay;thjpfSk;> rYifngw;w th;f;fj;jpdUk; xd;wpize;J> jkf;F
mD$ykhd topapy; fpuhkpag; nghUshjhuj;ijr; Ruz;br; #iwahLfpd;wdh;.
fpuhk kl;lj;jpy; Rfhjhuk;> fy;tp> Nghf;Ftuj;J kw;Wk; tPjp mgptpUj;jp Nghd;w
mgptpUj;jp epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fis Kd;ndLg;gjw;fhd Njit
czug;gLfpd;wJ. ,J fpuhk kl;lj;jpy; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpia
mile;Jnfhs;s VJthf> Nkw;gb NritfisAk;> cl;fl;likg;G
mgptpUj;jpiaAk; tpidj;jpwDs;s tifapy; toq;Ftij
Nehf;fkhff;nfhz;ljhFk;.
fpuhk kf;fspd; cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fis ngupa re;ijnahd;Wf;F
tpw;fg;gLtijAk;; Nghf;Ftuj;J> fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy;> gjdply; Nghd;wdtw;iw
Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;$lhf cw;gj;jpfspd; fopTfis Fiwg;gjd; %yk;; fpuhk
kf;fSf;F ed;ikfis nfhz;L tUtijAk; cWjpg; gLj;Jtjw;fhd fpuhkk;
rhu;e;j mbg;gilapyhd th;j;jf Kiwiknahd;W mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gLjy;
Ntz;Lk;. fpuhkj;jtu;fs; cs;s+upy; fhzg;gLk; tsq;fshd fhLfs;>
nghJepyq;fs;> vd;gdtw;iw jhNk eph;tfpj;jy;;> iftpidg; nghUl;fis
mbg;gilahaff; nfhz;l ghuk;gupa tho;f;if Kiwiaj; njhlu;jy; kw;Wk;
#oy; ghJfhg;gpy; <Lggly; vdgdtw;Wf;$lhf jkJ gpuNjr mgptpUj;jpapy;
jhNk Kidg;ghf <LglKbAk;.
vdNt> nghUshjhu tptfhuq;fspd; Kfhikj;Jt nraw;ghLfisAk; fpuhk
kl;lj;jpyhd Ml;rpiaAk; Nkk;gLj;jYf;$lhf fpuhkf;fspd; nghUshjhu
mgptpUj;jp> r%fePjp kw;Wk; Nrkeyd; vd;gdtw;iw mile;J nfhs;tjw;F
fPo; kl;lj;jpw;F murpay; mjpfhuj;ij Nguspg;G nra;tJ mtrpankd;w fUj;J
epyTfpd;wJ.
86
mgptpUj;jpf; fz;Nzhl;lk; jtpu> cs;s+uhl;rpf;fhd kw;WnkhW thjk;>
eilKiwapy; gpujpepjpj;Jt [dehafk; Njhy;tpfz;Ls;sJ vd;gjhFk;.
gpui[fs; ghuhSkd;wj;Jf;Fk;> Vida gpujpepjpj;Jt mikg;GfSf;Fk; jkJ
gpujpepjpfisj; njupTnra;J mDg;gpa NghjpYk;> Njh;jy;fSf;F ,ilg;gl;l
fhyq;fspy; ntWk; ghh;itahsh;fshf ,Uf;Fk; epiyf;Nf js;sg;gl;Ls;sdh;.
mth;fs;> jhk; njupTnra;j gpujpepjpfs;kPJ Nghjpa mOj;jq;fisg;
gpuNahfpf;f Kbahjtu;fshAs;sdu;. Ml;rpKiw kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp
tptfhuq;fspy; nghJkf;fisf; fye;jhNyhrpg;gjw;fhd Kiwahd
nghwpKiwfs; vJTkpd;wpa epiyapy;> thf;fhsu;fs; jkf;F toq;fpa
gzpg;ghiziaf; nfhz;L gpujpepjpfs; jk;kp\;lk;Nghy Ml;rp nra;fpd;wdu;.
murpay;thjpfspd; nghWg;Gf;$wy; nghWg;gpid cWjpg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;Sk;
Mw;wiy gpui[fs; ,oe;Js;sdu;;. thf;fhsu;fshy; njupT nra;ag;gl;l
gpupjpepjpfSf;F toq;fpa gzpg;ghizia mtu;fs; epiwNtw;wj;
jtWk;gl;rj;jpy; mg;gpujpepjpfisj; thf;fhsu;fs; jpUg;gp mioj;Jf;nfhs;Sk;
Kiwik ,y;yhjpUg;gJ jw;Nghija murpay; Kiwikapy; fhzg;gLk; xU
ghupa FiwghlhfTs;sJ.
nghJkf;fs; ‘fpuhk ,uhr;rpak;’ vd;Dk; fUg;nghUis> Nftykhd fl;rp
murpaypd; nry;thf;fpypUe;J fpuhk kl;l murpaiy tpLtpf;Fk; xU
tha;g;ghff; fUJfpd;wdh;. fpuhk ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; mbg;gil tbtkhdJ xU
mikg;GuPjpahd fl;likg;ig nfhz;Ls;s tifapy;> fpuhkk; mbg;gil myfhf
miktNjhL> gy fpuhkq;fs; xd;wpize;J xU fpuhkNrtfh; gpupitj;
];jhgpf;Fk;tifapYk;> gy fpuhkNrtfh; gpupTfs; xd;wpize;J fpuhk
,uhr;rpaj;ij cUthf;Fk; tifapYk; vz;zf;fUthf;fk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.
fpuhk ,uhr;rpaq;fis vt;thW ehl;bd; nghJthd murpay; fl;likg;Gld;
,izg;gJ vd;gJ Fwpj;J Nehf;Fkplj;J> eilKiwapYs;s gpuNjr rigfs;
kw;Wk; / my;yJ khfhz rigfs;> my;yJ cj;Njr Gjpa khtl;l rigfs;
kw;Wk; ,Wjpahf Njrpa kl;lg; NguitAld; my;yJ ghuhSkd;wj;Jld;
,izf;Fk; tifapy; gy;NtWgl;l Kiwfspy; fUj;JUthf;fk;
nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.
fpuhk ,uhr;rpak; Fwpj;j xU ghu;itapy;> (m) cs;s+h;> (M) khtl;lk; kw;Wk;
(,) Njrpa kl;l murpay; epWtdq;fs; vd;gdtw;iw cs;slf;fpa %d;W
mLf;Ff; nfhz;l fl;likg;gpy; jw;NghJs;s khfhz rig Kiwikf;F ,J
87
gjpyPL nra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lnkd;w fUj;Jk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. xU khw;Wf;
fz;Nzhl;lnkhd;wpd;gb> ,jid> fpuhkq;fis mbg;gil myFfshfTk;
fpuhkkf;fis NjUeu;fshfTk; (elector); nfhz;l Neubj; Njh;jy; %yk;;
jw;NghJ eilKiwapYs;s cs;s+uhl;rp Kiwikf;Fs;; kf;fspd; gq;Nfw;ig
Nkk;gLj;Jk; xU topahFk; vdf;fUjg;gLfpwJ.
fpuhk ,uhr;rpak; vd;Dk; vz;zf;fUthdJ> fpuhkk; my;yJ fpuhkpag;
gpuNjrq;fSf;F kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;Wk;> mNjNtis efu kw;Wk;
khefu rig gpuNjrq;fis cUthf;Fk; NghJ efu kw;Wk; gpuNjrq;fSf;Fk;
rkkhd Kiwapy; gpuNahfpf;fg;gl KbAk; vdTk; thjplg;gLfpd;wJ.
110.1.3 fpuhk kl;l [dr%f mikg;Gfspd; mq;fj;jpdh;fsJ fpuhk
,uhr;rpak;
xU Kd;nkhopT fpuhk ,uhr;rpaj;ij fpuhk kl;l [dr%f mikg;Gfspd;
jiyth;fisf; nfhz;L cUthf;FtjhFk;. ,J ,jw;FKe;jpa xU
fhyg;gFjpapy; gupNrhjpf;fg;gl;l fpuhNkhja kz;lya Nghd;w xU
tplakhfptpUg;gNjhL> ghuhSkd;w mq;fj;jth;fs; fpuhNkhja kz;lyatpw;F
epjp xJf;fPLis toq;f kWg;Gj; njuptpj;jikahy; jw;NghJ nraypoe;J
NghAs;sJ.
Nkw;$wpa fUj;jpd; Nkk;gl;l tbtkhf> cs;s+uhl;rp murhq;f Kiwikf;Fs;
fhzg;gLk; rptpy; r%f mikg;Gfspd; gpui[fspd; gpujpepjpfisf; nfhz;l
tl;lhuf; FOf;fis mikj;J> Fwpg;gpl;l cs;s+uhl;rp tl;lhuq;fspYs;s
kf;fspd; eyd;fis ftdpg;gjhFk;. ,J xU gue;j mbg;gilapy;
mikf;fg;gl;l> fpil epiy [dehafj;jpd; Nkk;ghlhd> tl;lhuKiwik
mikg;Gfis ehb epw;fpd;wJ. Vw;fdNt> rpy rptpy; r%ff; FOf;fs;
cs;s+uhl;rp tplag;gug;Gfspy; kf;fSld; ,ize;J gzpahw;wp> cs;s+uhl;rp
tptfhuq;fspy; Xh; cs;sPl;il toq;Fk; Kaw;rpapy; cs;s+uhl;rp rigf;
$l;lq;fspy; mkh;e;J mtjhdpg;ghsh;fshfr; nrayhw;wp tUfpd;wdh;.
tl;lhuKiwapd; fPo; eilngwTs;sjhfg; gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s mLj;j
cs;s+uhl;rpj; Njh;jy;fs; tl;lhu mbg;gilapyhd kf;fs; my;yJ gpui[fs;
FOf;fis mikj;J> tYg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd xU re;jh;g;gkhf mikAnkd;W
vjph;ghh;f;fyhk;.
88
[dehafj;ij eilKiwg; gLj;Jtjpy; kf;fspd; gq;Nfw;ig Nkk;gLj;Jk;
Nahridf;F ,izthfTk;> [dtup 08Mk; jpfjpa gpui[fs; FOf;fspd;
,af;fj;jpd; gpufldj;jpd; mbg;gilapYk; Njrpa murpay;
fye;Jiuahly;fspYk;;> nraw;ghl;bYk; gpui[fspd; nraw;jpwd;kpf;f jd;dhh;t
Neubahd gq;Fgw;wiy ntspf;fhl;Lk; tifapy; xt;nthU khtl;lj;jpYk;
gpui[fs; FOf;fis mikf;Fk; Nahrid Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J
ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fis mtu;fspd; nray; epiwNtw;wj;jpdbg;gilapy;
jpUg;gpaiog;gjw;fhd Muk;g nray;Kiwfis Kd;;ndLg;gjw;fhd
mjpfhuq;fSlDk;> mtu;fis Nkw;ghh;itnra;Ak; kw;Wk; fz;fhzpf;Fk;
jFjpAlDk; murpayikg;G uPjpahfj; jw;NghJs;s murpay; fl;likg;gpDs;
xd;wpizf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
110.1.4 Fiwepug;Gk; Jizepiy mikg;Gfs; Fwpj;j Nfhl;ghL
Fiwepug;Gk; Jizepiy mikg;Gfs; Nfhl;ghL gpd;tUk; topKiwfspy;
fpuhk ,uhr;rpaj;ijf; nfhz;L tUtjw;fhd cj;Njr khw;wq;fis vz;zf;
fUg;gLj;Jtjw;F vkf;F cjTfpd;wJ.
Fiwepug;Gk; Jizepiy mikg;Grhh; Nfhl;ghL kpfTk; mbkl;lj;jpy;
fhzg;gLk; Ml;rp epWtdq;fSf;F KjYupik toq;Ffpd;wJ. mjhtJ
cs;s+uhl;rp rigfSf;fhd ftdk;> 'cs;s+uhl;rp nra;af;$ba tplaq;fs;
midj;Jk; cs;s+uhl;rp KiwikaplNk tplg;gly;Ntz;Lk;" vd;gijNa
,f;Nfhl;ghL njuptpf;fpd;wJ. Vida tplaq;fNs khfhzrigfSf;Fk;>
Vidatw;Wf;Fk; ifaspf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
jw;NghJs;s #o;epiyfSf;Fg; gpuNahfpf;fg;gLifapy;> Fiwepug;Gj;
Jizepiy mikg;Gfs; Nfhl;ghL ghuhSkd;wk;> fPo;kl;lq;fspy; thOk;
kf;fs; murhq;fj;jpd; ghupa myFfSf;Fr; nry;yhky;> jkJ cs;s+h;
gpur;rpidfisf; ifahStjw;fhd Nghjpa mjpfhuq;fis kPz;Lk; toq;Fjy;
Ntz;Lnkd;Dk; fUj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. RUf;fkhff; $Wtjhapd;>
Fiwepug;Gk; Jizepiy mikg;Gfs; Nfhl;ghl;il Kd;Ndw;WtJk;> gue;j
mstpy; gpuNahfpg;gJk;> [dehaf> kf;fs; eyd;NgZk; murhq;fj;jpd;
cs;ikaj;jpy; ,lk;ngWjy;Ntz;Lk;. ,e;jr; #o;epiyapy; fpuhkrig
vz;zf;fUNt ,r;nraw;ghl;bd; Mf;ff;$whff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
89
fpuhk my;yJ tl;lhu kl;lj;jpy; fpuhkrigfis mh;j;jKs;sitahfTk;>
gaDWjp kpf;fitahfTk; Mf;Ftjw;Fg; gpd;tUk; MNyhridfs;
Kd;itf;fg;gLfpd;wd: Kjyhtjhf> gpsTgLj;Jk; fl;rpg; gpujpepjpfs;
mbg;gilapyd;wp> nghJthd Jiweyd;fspd; mbg;gilapy;>
njupTnra;ag;gl;l gpujpepjpfSld; ,ize;J fUkg;gLk; tifapyhd epWtdf;
fl;likg; nghd;iw Vw;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,it (i) czTw;gj;jp (gz;izj;
njhopy;> kPd;gpbj; njhopy; Nghd;wd) (ii) ,isQh;fs; (iii) ngz;fs; (iv) ifj;njhopYk;> NritfSk; (fy;tp> mfepiyaikT> Rfhjhuk; Nghd;wit)
(v) %ytsq;fs; (#oy;> fyhrhuk;> kjk;> [dr%fj; jiyth;fs;> KjpNahh;
Nghd;wd) vd;git Nghd;w tplaq;fshFk;. ,uz;lhtjhf> ehL KOtJk;
gue;Js;s ve;jf; fpuhk kl;l kw;Wk; tl;lhu kl;l myFfSf;Fk; kj;jpa
murhq;fk; xg;Guthd njhifapyhd gzj;ij toq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.
,jd;%yk; mit Kd;Dupikapdbg;gilay; jkJ nrhe;j tptfhuq;fisf;
ifahStJ rhj;jpakhFk;.
110.1.5 mjpfhu Nguspg;gpd; ,uz;lhtJ mLf;fhf cs;@uhl;rp
gpd;tUk; gFjpapy; ehk; fpuhkrig vd;Dk; vz;zf;fUitf; fye;Jiuahl
Muk;gpf;fpd;Nwhk;. fpuhkrig vd;Dk; ngaiug; gad;gLj;JtJ NkYk;
mh;j;jKs;sjhf mikAnkd;W ehk; vz;zpNdhk;. Kd;nkhopag;gLtJ xU
tbtj;jpyhd rig vd;gJk;> ',uhr;rpak;" vd;Dk; gjk; Fwpg;gJNghd;W "muR"
my;y vd;gij itj;J Nehf;Fifapy; ,J epahakhdjhFk;.
fpuhkrig Fwpj;j NkYk; tYthd vz;zf; fUthf;fk; cs;s+uhl;rp mjpfhu
Nguspg;gpd; ,uz;lhtJ mLf;fhf Mf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk; vd;gijAk;>
khfhzrigfs; KjyhtJ mLf;F vd;gijAk; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.
cs;s+uhl;rpapd; ghj;jpuk;> jj;Jtq;fs; kw;Wk; fUkq;fs; mtw;iw- (m) cs;s+h;
[dehafk;> (M) cs;s+h; mgptpUj;jp> (,) Ml;rpKiwapy; gpui[fspd;
gq;Nfw;G kw;Wk; (<) midtiuAk; cs;slf;Fk; [dehafk; Nghd;w
tplaq;fspy; gaDWjpAs;s epWtdq;fshf;Fk; tifapy; tp];jupf;fg;gly;
Ntz;Lk;.
,j;jifa epiykhw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F> cs;s+uhl;rpapYs;s mjp
fPo;epiyahd myFfSf;Ff; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. gpuNjr rigfs;
,g;ghj;jpuj;ij tfpf;fKbahj msTf;Fg; ngupaitahFk;. MfNt> gpuNjr
90
rigfSf;Ff; fPohd rpwpa myFfs; cUthf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,tw;iwf;
fpuhkrigfs; vd;W miof;fyhk;. fpuhk rigfspd Mf;ftikT>
mjpfhuq;fs; kw;Wk; fUkq;fs; rk;ge;jkhf> ,e;jpa gQ;rhaj;J uh[;
KiwikapypUe;J ghlq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjd; %yk; vz;zf;fUthf;fk;
rhj;jpakhdjhFk;. fpuhkrigfs; xg;gPlhf khfhz rigfspypUe;J
Rje;jpukhfTk;> epjpr; RahjPdj;JlDk; ,aq;Ftjw;Fk; kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpy;
,Ue;J mtw;Wf;F epjpaspf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. ,uz;L tbtq;fspyhd
cs;s+uhl;rpfSf;F ,izg;GwT toq;Fk;tpjj;jpy; khfhzrigfspypUe;J
fpuhkrigfSf;Fg; gzk; fpl;baNghjpYk;> ,j;jifa epjp xJf;fPLfs;
fpuhkrigfisr; nrd;wiltij cWjpg; gLj;Jtjw;F tYthd
nghwpKiwaikg;G ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. jw;NghJ cs;s+uhl;rp rigfs; khfhz
rigfspdJk;> Kjyikr;rh;fspdJk; jatpy; thOfpd;wd. gy re;jh;g;gq;fspy;>
mit cs;s+h; mikg;GfSf;Fupa epjpfis tpLtpg;gjpy;iy. mth;fisg;
nghWj;jtiuapy; khfhzrigfspd; epjp xJf;fPLfs; cs;s+h; rigfisf;
fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; xU nghwpKiwahFk;.
ngz;fSf;Fk; (,dj;Jt kw;Wk; r%f) gpuNjr rpWghd;ikNahUf;Fk;>
,isQh;fSf;Fk; kw;Wk; twpath;fSf;F xU fl;lhaf; Nfhl;lh
gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij toq;Ftjd; %yk; kf;fs; cs;s+uhl;rpapy; gq;Nfw;gij
cWjp nra;Ak;tifapy; fpuhkrig Kiwik tbtikf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
fpuhkj;jpy; rYif ngw;w th;f;fj;jpdh;> MSq;fl;rp Kfth;fs; kw;Wk; murpay;
jufh;fs; fpuhNkhja kz;lya Kiwikapy; nra;jJ Nghd;W>
fpuhkrigfisf; ifg;gw;Wtijj; jLg;gjw;F ,J kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
110.1.6 fpuhkrig kw;Wk; Fiwepug;Gk; Jizepiy mikg;Gfs;
Fwpj;j Nfhl;ghl;Lf;Fk; mg;ghy; Xh; cz;ikahd gpui[fs;
[dehafj;ij Nehf;fpr; nry;Yjy;
fpuhkrigfs; kw;Wk; Fiwepug;Gk; Jizepiy mikg;Gfs; Nfhl;ghl;Lf;F
mg;ghy; nry;Yk; tifapy;> gpui[fSf;F Neubahd gq;Nfw;G [dehafj;ij
cWjp nra;Ak; tifapyhd> Njrpakl;l murpaypy; xU Neubahd> Jbg;ghd
ghj;jpuj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; tifapyhd> Xh; murpay; fl;likg;Gf;
Fwpj;Jr; rpe;jpg;gjw;F> [dehafk; Fwpj;j fUj;ij NkYk; xU gb
Kd;ndLf;ff; NfhUk; rkh;g;gzq;fSk; ,lk;ngw;wd. ,j;jifa cj;Njr
Kiwik jw;Nghija gpujpepjpj;Jt [dehafk; Fwpj;Jr; nra;ag;gl;l
91
mth;fspd; rkh;g;gzq;fspy; vOg;gg;gl;l gy fupridf; ftiyfSf;F xU
gjpyhf mikAk;. mJ gpujpepjpj;Jt [aehafk; thf;fhsh;fSf;F
tifg;nghWg;G $Wtjpy; mile;j Njhy;tp tptfhuj;Jf;F ntw;wpfukhfj;
jPh;TfhZtjhf mikAk;.
,J murhq;fj;jpd; rfy kl;lq;fspYk; gq;Nfw;Fk; gpujpepjpfisj; jpUg;gp
miof;Fk; mjpfhuj;Jld; $ba Neubahd> [dehafr; nrt;it ghh;j;jy;fs;
kw;Wk; rfepiyg; gLj;jy;fisr; rhj;jpakhf;Fk;. ,J Njrpakl;lk; tiu
nry;Yk;. mLj;jLj;j> cah;thd njhFjpr; rigfSf;Fg; Nguhsh;fshfr;
nry;Yk; gpui[fs; gpujpepjpfis epakpg;gjhy; ,J gpui[fspd; Neubg;
gq;Nfw;G cWjpnra;ag;gLk; xU $l;Lr; rk\;b kd;w KiwikahFk;. Njrpa
kl;lj;jpy; gy;NtW r%f tifg;gpuptpdupd; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; cWjpnra;ag;gLk;.
,J kj;jpa / khfhz / cs;s+h; vdg;gLk; NtWgLk; mLf;Ffspyhd Ml;rp
Kiwf; fl;likg;GfisAk; ,izf;Fk; xU top Kiwia Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
gl;bd / fpuhk kl;lj;jpYs;s gpui[fs; Njrpa kl;l murpaypy; nghJ
ed;ikf;fhd jPh;f;fhNyhridfspy; mjpfupj;j mstpy; gq;Nfw;gij ,J
cWjpnra;Ak;. ,U gpujhd msT Nfhy;fs; ' jpUg;gp miof;Fk; cupik"
kw;Wk; rpwpa ,yFthf Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;af;$ba epWtdq;fs;
vd;gitahFk;.
thf;fhsh; njhFjpfs; rpwpait vd;gjhy; (Rkhh; 100) thf;fhsh; gpujpepjpiaj;
jpUg;gpaiog;gJ cWjpg; gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;thW njupT nra;ag;gLk;
rigfSk; rpwpadthf ,Ug;gjhy;> (100 mq;fj;jth;fSf;F mjpfkpy;iy)
mtw;Wf;F ,ilapy; mh;j;jKs;s ,ilj; njhlh;ghly;fSk; cWjp
nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLtJ xU %d;W mLf;F eph;thff;
fl;likg;ghFk;. tl;lhuk; vdg;gLk; mbg;gil myF Rkhh; 100 thf;fhsh;fisf;
nfhz;ljhFk;. KjyhtJ kl;lk; 100 tl;lhug; gpujpepjpfisf; nfhz;l
cs;s+uhl;rpahFk;. ,th;fs; 10>000 thf;fhsh;fisg; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
nra;fpd;wdh;. mLj;j kl;lj;jpyhd khfhz Ml;rp xU kpy;ypad;
thf;fhsh;fisg; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;Ak; Rkhh; 100 cs;s+uhl;rpr; rig
mq;fj;jpdh;fisf; nfhz;ljhf mikAk;. ,jpy; 30 Ngh; khfhzrig
mq;fj;jpdh;fsplkpUe;J (15) njupT nra;ag;gLth;. xt;nthU
khfhzj;jpypUe;Jk; 2 Ngh; (Mz; xUth;> ngz; xUth;) njupTngWth;. 30
mq;fj;jpdh;fs; Njrpa mbg;gilapy; FOf;fspd; eyd;fisg; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
nra;Ak; tifapy; njupT nra;ag;gLth;. tptrhapfs;> ifj;njhopy;
92
njhopyhsh;fs;> ngUe;Njhl;lj; njhopyhsh;fs;> kPdth;fs;> Nritf;
ifj;njhopy; njhopyhsh;fs;> gy;fiyf;fof khzth;fs;> fy;tpg;
Gyikahsh;fs;> ghlrhiy Mrpupah;fs;> itj;jpaj; njhopy; GupNthh;>
nghwpapayhsh;fs;> fl;blf; fiyQh;fs;> tpQ;Qhdpfs;> rpW ifj;njhopy;
mjpgh;fs;> eLj;juf; ifj;njhopy; mjpgh;fs;> ghupa mstpyhd ifj;njhopy;
mjpgh;fs;> th;j;jfh;fs;> tq;fpahsh;fs; Nghd;w Vida njhopy;
Kaw;rpahsh;fs; vd;NghUf;F> tifg;gpupTf;F 1 gpujpepjpnad;w tifapy; 30
mq;fj;jth;fs; njupT nra;ag;gLth;. ,t;thwhf> Njrpag; Nguit 60
mq;fj;jth;fisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ,th;fSs; mjp Fiwthf 15 NguhtJ
ngz;fshapUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. (mjp$ba vz;zpf;if 45 MFk;).
[dhjpgjpia ntspapypUe;J njupTnra;Ak; Njrpag; Nguit jd;id Rkhh; 12
cg-FOf;fshfg; gpupj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy; ntz;Lk;. ,it Ml;rp Kiwapd;
gpujhd tplag;gug;Gfisg; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;gitahFk;. ghJfhg;G kw;Wk;
ntsp tptfhuq;fs;> epjp> nrsf;fpak;> fy;tp> czT kw;Wk; tptrhak;>
nghJeph;thfk; kw;Wk; rl;l mKyhf;fk;> ifj;njhopy;fs; Nghd;wit.
xt;nthU cg-FOTk; Xh; Mrdj;; jtprhsiuj; njupTnra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
,j;jifa Mrdj; jtprhsh;fspd; FO mikr;ruitia Mf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.
mikr;ruit jk;kj;jpapypUe;J gpujkiuj; njupTnra;Ak;. cj;Njrf;
fl;likg;gpy; xt;nthU eph;thf kl;lj;jpYk; mjpfhuq;fSk;> nghWg;GfSk;
Rw;waypypUe;J kj;jpf;F khw;wk; nra;ag;gLk;. rfy kl;lq;fspYk; jpUg;gp
miof;Fk; cupik nraw;gLk;. rfy mikg;GfspdJk; gjtpf; fhyk;
eph;zapf;fg;gl;ljhf mikAk;. ehd;F tUlq;fSf;F xUKiw rfy
Njh;jy;fSk; cld;ghL fhzg;gl;l xU khjj;jp;y; elj;jg;glyhk;. ,J
Njh;jy;fs; fhuzkhf vOk; MFnryitAk;> rPh;FiyitAk; mjp
Fiwthdjhf;Fk;. Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l tifapy; vkJ murpay;; epWtdq;fis
kPs;fl;likg;Gr; nra;tJ gpujpepjpj;Jt [dehafj;jpd; Njhy;tpf;F> tpNrlkhf>
ehl;bd; murpay;tho;tpy; gpui[fs; Jbg;ghfg; gq;Nfw;gjw;fhd
tha;g;Gupikfis toq;Ftjpy; xU epthuzj;ij toq;Ftjhf mikAk;.
vt;thwhapDk;> ,j;jifa muR Kiwiknahd;iwj; ];jhgpj;jy;> jw;NghJ
,Ug;gijtpl xU jPtpu> r%f fw;gdh tsk; gpui[fspilNa mgptpUj;jp
miltijf; Nfhup epw;gjhf mikAk;. ,ij kdjpy;nfhz;L> gpd;tUk;
tpjg;Giufs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.
93
110.2 tpjg;Giufs;
ehk; gpd;tUkhW ,uz;L khw;W tpjg;Giufis Kd;itf;fpd;Nwhk;:
1. jw;NghJ eilKiwapYs;s khefurigfs;> efurigfs;; kw;Wk;
gpuNjr rigfSf;F Nkyjpfkhf> NtW tplaq;;fSld;> mgptpUj;jp
eltbf;iffisAk; fpuhk kl;lj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhf “fpuhk
,uhr;rpak;” ([d rigfs;) Vw;gLj;jg;gly;; Ntz;Lk;. ,j;jifa
fpuhkpa [d rigfs; cs;s+uhl;rp epWtdq;fspd; njhopw;ghLfs;
rk;ge;jkhf Nkw;ghh;it nra;Ak; kw;Wk; MNyhrid toq;Fk;
mjpfhuq;fisf; nfhz;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;;. ,j;jifa fpuhkpa [d
rigfs; KiwNa Fwpg;gpl;l cs;s+uhl;rp mjpfhu
gpuNjrq;fSf;Fs; nghJf; fye;jhNyhrid mikg;Gfshff;
fUjg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
ngUe;Njhl;lq;fspYs;s kdpjf; FbapUg;Gfs; fpuhkpa
Kiwikapd; xU gFjpahfg; gpufldk; nra;ag;gLjy;
Ntz;LnkdTk;> mit fpuhkpa [d rigfspYk;> gpuNjr
rigfs;> efurigfs; kw;Wk; khefurigfs; vdgdtw;wpdJk; xU
gFjpahf fl;likf;fg;gly;;; Ntz;LnkdTk; tpje;Jiug;G
nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.
fpuhkpa [d rigfs;> gpuNjr rigfs;> efurigfs; kw;Wk;
khefurigfs; vd;gd mg;gpuNjr kf;fspd; cau; eyd;fUjp>
eph;thfuPjpahf $l;bizg;Gr; nra;aTk; kw;Wk; eltbf;if
Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk; Vw;GilathW tYt+l;lg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
2. ,g;gq;fpid tfpf;fKbahjstpw;;F kpfTk; ngupjhfTs;s
jw;Nghija gpuNjr rigfSf;Fg; gjpyhf> efurigfSf;Fk;
Nkyjpfkhf> fpuhkrigfSk;> gl;bdr;rigfSk; Vw;gLj;jg;gLjy;
Ntz;Lk;. ngUe;Njhl;lq;fspYs;s kdpjf; FbapUg;GfSk;
fpuhkpa Kiwikapd; xUgFjpahfg; gpufldk; nra;agl;L
mitAk; fpuhkrig> gl;bdrig> efurig kw;Wk; khefurigapd;
xU gFjpahf fl;lilkf;fg;gly;;; Ntz;Lk;.
94
fpuhkrigfs;> gl;bdrigfs; efurigfs; kw;Wk; khefurigfs;
vd;gd mg;gpuNjr kf;fspd; cau; eyd;fUjp> eph;thfuPjpahf
$l;bizg;Gr; nra;aTk; kw;Wk; eltbf;if Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk;
Vw;GilathW tYt+l;lg;gLjy; NtzLk; vd;Wk; tpje;Jiuf;fg;
gLfpd;wJ.
95
mmj;jpahak; 11
muR nfhs;if Fwpj;j topfhl;ly; Nfhl;ghLfs;
11.1 rku;g;gzq;fs;
murpd; nfhs;if Fwpj;j topfhl;ly; Nfhl;ghLfs; gd;ikj;Jtk;> rfpg;Gj;jd;ik
kw;Wk; r%f ePjp vd;Dk; Nfhl;ghLfspd; mbg;gilapyike;j xU rKjhaj;ij
Vw;gLj;Jk; tifapy;> murpd; rfy mk;rq;fisAk; topelhj;Jjy; Ntz;Lnkd;w
nghJkf;fspd; fUj;Jr; rkh;g;gzq;fs; mike;Js;sd.
r%f nrs[d;ak;> ,aw;if kw;Wk; kdpj #oy; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd;
gpd;dpg;gpize;j njhlh;Gfs;> ePjpAk; cupikAk;> Fw;wr;nray;isj; jLj;jy;
kw;Wk; rh;tNjr cwTfs; vd;git Fwpj;j muR nfhs;if topfhl;ly;
Nfhl;ghLfs; kf;fs; fUj;Jr; rkh;g;gzq;fspy; Kf;fpa ,lj;ij gpbj;Js;sd.
khw;Wj;jpwd; Fwpj;j Nfhl;ghl;il khdpl NtWghLfspd; xU toikahd
gFjpahf murpayikg;gpy; Fwpj;Jiug;ghf itj;jikf;fg;glNtz;Lnkd;W
Nfhupf;if tplg;gl;lJ.
topfhl;ly; Nfhl;ghLfs; Fwpj;Jiug;ghf mbg;gil kdpjcupikf;
fl;likg;gpw;fhd ,yq;ifapd; mh;g;gzpg;Gzh;it mq;fPfupj;jy; Ntz;Lnkd;gJk;
kf;fshy; Kd;nkhopag;gl;bUe;jJ.
11.2 tpjg;Giufs;
FOtpd; mq;fjjth;fs; gpd;tUk; tpjg;Giufs; rk;ge;jkhd Vfkdjhd
cld;ghl;ilj; njuptpf;fpd;wdh;;:
,jdfj;J cs;slf;fk; ngw;Ws;s murnfhs;if Fwpj;j topfhl;ly;
Nfhl;ghLfs; ehl;bd; Ml;rpKiwapy; mbg;gilahdjhftpUg;gjhy;> xU ePjpAk;>
Rje;jpuKk;> [dehafKk; nfhz;l rKjhankhd;iw jhgpf;Fk; tifapy;
96
mtw;iwg; gpd;gw;WtJ murpd; flikahFk;. ,e;j topfhl;ly; Nfhl;ghLfs;
Njrpa> khfhz kw;Wk; cs;s+uhl;rp kl;lq;fspYs;s murhq;fj;jpd; rfy
mq;fq;fisAk;> rfy murhq;f cj;jpNahfj;jh;fisAk; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fspd;
NghJ rfy egh;fisAk; topelhj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.
m. ,e;j murpayikg;igg; gpuNahfpg;gJ my;yJ ciunra;tJ
M. VjhtJ rl;lj;ij Mf;Fjy;> gpuNahfpj;jy; my;yJ ciunra;jy;
my;yJ
,. nghJ nfhs;ifj; jPh;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy; my;yJ
eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.
111.2.1 topfhl;ly; Nfhl;ghLfs;
1. ,yq;ifapy; xU [dehaf> Nrh\ypr rKjhaj;ij
epiyehl;Ltjw;fhd mh;g;gzTWjpia muR nfhz;Ls;sNjhL> mjd;
Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;; gpd;tUtdtw;iwAk; cs;slf;fpajhf ,Uj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.
m. rfy egh;fspdJk; mbg;gil cupikfisAk;>
Rje;jpuq;fisAk; g+uzkhf <l;bf;nfhs;Sjy;.
M. ehl;bd; Njrpa tho;tpd; rfy epWtdq;fisAk; ePjp (r%f>
nghUshjhu kw;Wk; murpay;) topfhl;lf;$batifapyhd xU
r%f mikg;ig gaDWjpAld; epiyepWj;jpg;
ghJfhg;gjD}lhf kf;fspd; Nrkeyd;fis Cf;Ftpj;J
Kd;Ndw;Wjy;.
,. rfy gpui[fSk; jkf;fhfTk;> jkJ FLk;gq;fSf;fhfTk;
Nghjpa czT> cil> tPL> njhlh;r;rpahd epiyNgwhd
tho;f;ifepiy Nkk;ghL> Xa;TNeuj;ijg; g+uzkhf
kfpo;r;rpahf mDgtpj;jy; kw;Wk; r%f> fyhrhu tha;g;Gfs;
vd;git cs;slq;fyhf> Nghjpa tho;f;ifj;juj;ij
<l;bf;nfhs;Sjy;
<. muR midtiuAk; cs;thq;fp> xd;wpizf;fg;gl;l kw;Wk;
epiyNgwhd mgptpUj;jpia Cf;Ftpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
97
c. nghJeyDf;F kpfr; rpwe;jKiwapy; Nritnra;Ak; tifapy;
rfy Njrpa kw;Wk; nghUs; %ytsq;fisAk;> r%f
cw;gj;jpiaAk; xg;GuthdKiwapy; gfph;e;J tpepNahfpj;jy;.
C. cw;gj;jpapd; cjTfhuzpfs; tpNrlkhf> tptrhak;> fhy;eil
tsh;g;G kw;Wk; kPd;gpbj;njhopy; Jiwfspd; ghuk;gupa
czTw;gj;jp cs;spl;ltifapy; vd;gdtw;iw tpepNahfk;
kw;Wk; gupth;j;jid vd;gtw;iw muR> $l;LwT kw;Wk;
jdpahh; njhopy;Kaw;rpfspilNa gfph;e;J tpepNahfpf;fg;glf;
$ba> ePjpahd r%f mikg;nghd;iw Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
v. kf;fspd; jhu;kPf> fyhrhu juepakq;fis cah;j;jp> kdpj
MSikapd; g+uz mgptpUj;jpia cWjpnra;jy;.
V. vOj;jwptpd;ikiag; g+uzkhf xopj;J> rfy egh;fSf;Fk;>
midj;J kl;lq;fspYk;> fy;tpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd
rkcupikfisAk; cWjpg;gLj;Jjy;.
2. muR ,yq;ifapd; Rje;jpuk;> ,iwik> If;fpak; kw;Wk; Ml;Gy
xUikiag; ghJfhj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
3. muR eph;thfj;ijg; gutyhf;Ftjd; %yKk;> Njrpa tho;tpYk;>
murhq;fj;jpYk; xt;nthU kl;lj;jpYk; kf;fs; gq;Nfw;Gf;fhd ,ad;w
rfy tha;g;GfisAk; toq;Ftjd; %yKk; murhq;fj;jpd;
fl;likg;G kf;fspd; [dehaf cupikfis> tYg;gLj;jp tprhupj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.
4. gd;ikf; Fzhk;rj;ijg;Ngzp> gy;tifikiag; ghJfhf;Fk;
mNjNtisapy;> rfy ,dj;jt> kj kw;Wk; r%ff; FOf;fspilapy;
rkhjhd rftho;itAk;> nrs[d;aj;ijAk; NgZtJ murpd;
flikahftpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,d> kj> nkhop kw;Wk; Vida
FOf;fis cs;slf;Fk; tifapy;> ,yq;if kf;fspd; rfy
gpuptpdh;fspilapYk; xj;Jiog;igAk;> gu];gu ek;gpf;ifiaAk;
Kd;Ndw;Wtjd; %yk; Njrpa If;fpaj;ij muR tYg;gLj;Jjy;
Ntz;Lk;. mJ fw;gpj;jy;> fy;tp> kw;Wk; jfty; Jiwfspy;
98
ghugl;rj;ijAk;> ghFghl;ilAk; xopf;Fk; tifapyhd gaDWjpAs;s
eltbf;iffis vLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
5. muR gpui[fs; midtUf;Fk; rkkhd tha;g;Gfis
cEjpg;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.
6. ,dk;> ,dj;Jtk;> [hjp> tFg;G> kjk;> nkhop> ek;gpf;if> ghy;epiy>
ghypay; jpirkhh;f;fk; kw;Wk; milahsq;fs;> jpUkz me;j];J>
cly; my;yJ cs,ayhik> murpay; mgpg;gpuhak; my;yJ
,izTfs;> njhopy;> muR tpNuhjf; fpsh;r;rp cs;spl;l tifapyhd
fle;jfhy elj;ij vd;gtw;wpdbg;gilapy; MapDk;> ghuJ}ukhd
jtWfSf;fhf Fw;wj;jPh;g;G cs;slq;fhj tifapy;> vtUf;Fk;
vjpuhfg; ghugl;rk; fhl;lg;gLjyhfhJ. gy;tifikahd ghypay;
kw;Wk; ghy;epiyj; jpirkhh;f;fq;fs; nfhz;Nlhh; cs;spl;l
tifapyhd ,yFtpy; ghjpg;Gwf; $ba FOf;fSf;F cupa
ghJfhg;ig toq;Fjy; murpd; nghWg;ghftpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
7. mur rl;lq;fshy;> eltbf;iffshy; my;yJ nfhs;iffshy;
ghjpg;Gw;Nwhh; my;yJ Xuq;fl;lg;gl;L> kf;fl;gputhfj;jpypUe;J
jdpikg;gLj;jg;gl;NlhUf;F mth;fspd; vjph;fhy mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk;
Nkk;ghL rk;ge;jkhd tpNrl Vw;ghLfs; toq;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
8. gy;NtW [dr%fq;fspd; tof;fhw;W cupikfisg; (Customor
Rights) ghJfhj;J cWjpg;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;1.
9. Gfyplk; NfhUNthh;> mfjpfs;> ehlw;w egh;fs; kw;Wk; ntspahh;fspd;
mbg;gil cupikfis muR mq;fPfupj;J> cWjpnra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
10. rfy eghfSf;Fk;> ePjpkd;wk;> epaharig> tprhuiz Mizf;FO>
nghyp]; epiyak;> rpiwr;rhiy my;yJ mj;jifa Vida
mikg;Gfs; Kd;dpiyapYk;> ,ytr rl;lg;gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
99
fpl;Ltjw;fhd cupikiag; ghJfhg;gjw;F muR rfy epahakhd
eltbf;iffisAk; vLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
11. muR nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%f rYif epiyik kw;Wk; Vw;wj;
jho;Tfis xopg;gjw;Fk;> jdpegiuj; jdpegh; my;yJ muR
Ruz;Ltijj; jLg;gjw;Fk; eltbf;if vLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
12. muR nghJthd eyd;fSf;Fj; jPq;fpiof;Fk; Kiwapy;>
nghUshjhu Kiwikapd; nraw;ghL nry;tKk; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp
topJiwfSk; xU rpyupd; iffspy; Ftptijj; jLg;gjw;fhd
eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.
13. muR r%fg; ghJfhg;igAk;> eyNdhk;GifiaAk; cWjp nra;J>
murpay; my;yJ NtW VjhtJ ghFghlw;w topapy; Njrpa
Nritfs;> khfhz rigfs; my;yJ cs;s+uhl;rp epWtdq;fspd;
C}lhf> nghJthd Nrkeyd;fisg;Ngzp Kd;Ndw;wp> gpui[fSf;F
mtrpakhd cjtpr; NritfisAk; toq;FtNjhL> mtw;iw
eilKiwf;fpLtjw;F mtrpakhd epjpiaAk; toq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.
14. ,ytrf;fy;tp> ,ytr nrsf;fpa trjpfs;> kw;Wk; nghJkf;fs;
Nghf;Ftuj;J vd;gtw;iwr; re;ijapy; Mjpf;fk; tfpf;Fk; jdpahh;
eyd;fSf;F mbikg;gLj;j mDkjpf;fhJ> mtw;iwg; nghJkf;fs;
Nritfshfg; NgZjy; Ntz;Lk;.
15. gpui[fspd; r%f> fyhrhu> nghUshjhu kw;Wk; murpay;
cupikfis cWjpnra;J> tWikiaAk;> Xuq;fl;liyAk;
xopg;gjD}lhfr; r%f xg;Guit Kd;Ndw;wp> fhzp> ePh;> tsq;fs;>
fdpg;nghUl;fs;> tPlikg;G> fy;tp> nkhop> tptrhak;> Rfhjhuk;>
nghJkf;fs; Nghf;Ftuj;J kw;Wk; Vida jpul;Lg;nghUl;fs;
rk;ge;jkhd Kiwikahd gfpuq;ff;nfhs;iffisj; jahupg;gjD}lhf
kf;fspd; nghUshjhu cupikfis cWjpg;gLj;JtJ murpd;
flikahftpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
100
16. muR kf;fspd; fyhrhuq;fs; kw;Wk; nkhopfs; mgptpUj;jpf;F
cjTjy; Ntz;Lk;.
17. rfy kjq;fisAk; Nrh;e;j kf;fs; jkJ kjf;Nfhl;ghLfis
ajhh;j;jkhf;Fk; tifapy; mtrpakhd nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%fr;
#oiy muR Vw;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.
18. FLk;gj;ijr; r%fj;jpd; mbg;gil myfhf muR mq;fPfupj;J>
ghJfhj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
19. khw;Wj;jpwd; nfhz;Nlhh;> kdpjg; gy;tifik> kw;Wk; khdpl
[hjpapdUs; xU gFjpahf kjpf;fg;gl;L> Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLjy;
Ntz;Lk;. khw;Wj;jpwd; nfhz;NlhUf;F kdpj kw;Wk; ,aw;if
mopTfs; cs;spl;l tifapy; ,lh;tuTfs; kw;Wk; mtrufhy
epiyFwpj;J murhq;fj;jpd; rfy kl;lq;fspYk; fpilf;Fk;
njhlh;ghly; topKiwfs+lhfj; jfty;fs; toq;fg;gLtij muR
cWjpg;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. mth;fspd; ghJfhg;ig VidNahUld;
rkkhd Kiwapy; cWjpg;gLj;Jtij cj;juthjk; nra;Ak;
Fwpj;Jiug;ghd eltbf;iffis muR Nkw;nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.
20. muR rpWth;fspdJk;> ,isQh;fspdJk; eyd;fis tpNrlkhd
ftdg;guhkupg;Gld; Cf;Ftpj;J> mth;fspd; g+uz cly;> cs>
jhh;kPf> kj kw;Wk; r%f mgptpUj;jpia cWjp nra;J> mth;fisr;
Ruz;lypypUe;Jk;> ghugl;rq;fspypUe;Jk; ghJfhj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
21. rpNu\;l gpui[fspd; tpNrl ftdg; guhkupg;igAk;> ghJfhg;igAk;
muR Cf;Ftpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
22. muR Gtp %ytsq;fs; kw;Wk; nrhj;Jf;fs;> tpyq;Ffs;> jhtuq;fs;>
ePh;%ytsq;fs;> cs;spl;l #oiy> [dr%fj;jd; mD$yk; fUjp>
rh;tNjr juepakq;fs; kw;Wk; gpuaj;jdq;fSf;F ,zf;fkhd
Kiwapy;> Ngzpg; ghJfhj;J> Kd;Ndw;wp> gRik thA
ntspNaw;wq;fisf; Fiwj;J> Vw;Gila rh;tNjr juepakq;fSf;F
101
,zf;fkhd Kiwapy; Xh; mjpFiwthd fhl;Lf; ftrj;ijg;
NgZtij cWjpg;gLj;j KaYjy; Ntz;Lk;.
23. murpd; mgptpUj;jp Ntiyfs; mjpFiwthd #oy; khriljYld;>
ghJfhg;ghd Kiwapy; ,lk;ngWtijAk;> tho;thjhuj;Jf;fhd
cupik cs;spl;ltifapy;> ,r;nray;Kiwapy; ghjpg;GWk; jdpg;gl;l
gpui[fs; kw;Wk; [dr%fq;fspd; cupikfs; kw;Wk; eyd;fis
cupatifapy; ghJfhf;Fk; tpjj;jpYk; elj;jg;gLtij cWjpnra;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.
24. xU Njrpaf;nfhs;ifiaj; jahupg;gjD}lhd ngUe;njhif
cw;gj;jpg; nghUshjhuj;Jf;F Kd;Dupik toq;fp> Njrpa
ifj;njhopy;fs; Kd;Ndw;wg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
25. ney; tptrha tho;f;if KiwAld; ,izTw;w topKiwfspy;
fpuhkpa tptrhaj;ijg; ghJfhj;J> Kd;Ndw;Wjy; Ntz;Lk;.
26. kf;fspd; Ngh\hf;F kl;lj;ijAk;> tho;f;ifj; juj;ijAk;
cah;j;Jjy; kw;Wk; nghJkf;fs; Rfhjhuj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jjy;
vd;gtw;iw muR jdJ Kjdpiy flikfspd; rpythf vz;Zjy;
Ntz;Lk;.
27. ghuhSkd;wj;Jf;Fr; rkh;g;gpf;fg;gLk; xU jPh;khdj;jpD}lhfg;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; Kd;$l;ba mq;fPfhuj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lhyd;wp>
muRilikahd mikg;Gfs;> murikg;Gfspd; gq;Ffs; my;yJ
murpd; VjhtJ nrhj;J tpw;fg;gLjNyh> jdpahh; kag;gLj;jg;gLtNjh
MfhJ.
28. rk;ge;jKw;w rh;tNjr kunghOq;FfSf;F (Convansion)
,zf;fkhd Kiwapy;> rl;lj;jpd; cupa nray; Kiwapd;wp>
vtupdJk; fhzpr; nrhj;Jupik jhd;Njhd;wpj;jdkhf vLj;Jf;
nfhs;sg;glf;$lhJ. mgptpUj;jpr; nray; KiwfSf;F fhzp
102
RtPfupf;fg;gLifapy;> fhzpr; nrhe;jf;fhuh;fSf;F cupa e\;l<Lfs;
toq;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
29. re;ijg; nghUshjhuj;jpw;F khw;Wtopahf $l;LwT Kiwikia
muR mq;fPfupj;jy;; Ntz;Lk;. $l;LwT ,af;fj;Jf;F MjuT toq;fp>
$l;LwTfis eph;tfpg;gjpyhd murpay; jiyaPLfisj; jLg;gij
muR cWjpnra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
30. mbg;gil cupikfs; rk;ge;jkhd ILO cs;ika kunghOq;Ffspy;
cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sthW njhopyhsh;fspd; cupikfisAk; muR
ghJfhj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
31. nghUshjhur; Ruz;ly; cs;spl;ltifapy;> gpui[fisr; Ruz;lypd;
rfy tbtq;fspypUe;Jk; ghJfhf;Fk; eltbf;iffis muR vLj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.
32. muR> mjpFiwthd cj;juthj Ntjdj;ijAk;> Mz;fSf;Fk;>
ngz;fSf;Fk; rkkhd NtiyfSf;Fr; rkkhd Ntjdj;ijAk;
cWjpg;gLj;JtjD}lhf mjd; gpui[fs; xU Nghjpa
tho;thjhujj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;Fg; gaDWjpAld; cjTjy;
Ntz;Lk;.
33. ,yq;ifapd; Gyk;ngah; gzpahsu;;fs; NtW ehLfspy;
,Ue;jNghjpYk;> mth;fspd; cupikfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhfg; Nghjpa
eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.
34. tQ;rf Ml;flj;jypy; <LgLNthuhy; ghjpg;Gw;NwhUf;fhd Nghjpa
ghJfhg;G eltbf;iffis toq;Fk; mNjNtisapy;> Njr
vy;iyfspD}lhf ,lk;ngWk; xOq;fikthd Fw;wr;nray;fisj;
jLg;gjw;Fk; eltbf;iffis muR Nkw;nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk.
35. ,yQ;rk;> Coy; kw;Wk; Fw;wr;nray;fis muR xopj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
103
36. rfy jz;lid tbtq;fSk; rPh;jpUj;Jk; Nehf;fk; nfhz;lit
MfTk;> Fw;wj;jpd; mstpw;Nfw;wjhf ,Ug;gijAk; muR
cWjpg;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. ghuJ}khd Fw;wq;fSk;> tpNrlkhfg;
ngz;fs;> rpWth;fs; kw;Wk; cly;> cs khw;Wj;jpwdhspfSf;F
vjpuhf ,lk; ngWk; Fw;wr;nray;fSk; ,jw;F GweilahFk;.
37. rh;tNjr rkhjhdk;> ghJfhg;G> kw;Wk; xj;Jiog;igAk;> ePjpahd>
xg;Guthd rh;tNjr nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%f xOq;ifj;
jhgpg;gijAk; Kd;Ndw;WtNjhL> rh;tNjr rl;lj;Jf;fhd kupahijia
mjpfupf;Fk; gpuaj;jdq;fspYk; muR <LgLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
38. kf;fspd; ,iwikiag; gpuNahfpf;Fk; tplaj;jpy; ,yq;if rhh;gpy;
nra;ag;glTs;s rfy nghUshjhu xg;ge;jq;fs;> cld;gbf;iffs;>
nghUj;jidfSk;> Vw;gq;fPfhuj;Jf;F Kd;duhf muR ghuhSkd;wk;
rk;ge;jKWk; xU fl;lhar; nray;KiwapD}lhfr; nry;Yjy;
Ntz;Lk;.
39. muR rfy Njrq;fSlDk; fyhrhu> r%f> nghUshjhu kw;Wk;
njhopy;El;g gupth;j;jid eltbf;iffs+lhf el;GuPjpahd
cwTfisg; NgZtij cWjp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
40. muR nghUshjhu> r%f> fyhrhu> rptpy; kw;Wk; murpay;
cupikfs; tplaj;jpy; rh;tNjr xg;ge;jf; flg;ghLfis mq;fPfupj;J
tifg;nghWg;Gs;s tifapy; nraw;gLtNjhL> Fwpg;ghfg; ngz;fs;>
rpWth;fs; kw;Wk; khw;Wj;jpwdhspfspd; kdpjcupikfs; vd;gtw;iw
mq;fPfupj;Jr; nraw;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
41. rh;tNjr nghUj;jidfs;> rkthaq;fs;> kw;Wk; cld;gbf;iffspd;fPo;
murpdhy; xg;gkplg;gl;l flg;ghLfSf;F 1 tUlfhyj;jpDs;
Vw;gq;fPfhuk; toq;Ftij cWjpnra;tJ murpd; flikahFk;.
104
111.2.2 muR kw;Wk; mjpfhupfspd; mbg;gilf; flikfs;
42. murpayikg;ig ehl;bd; mjpAah;thd> mbg;gilr; rl;lkhf Vw;W>
mjd; Vw;ghLfSf;Ff; fPo;g;gbtJ murpdJk;> mur
epWtdq;fspdJk;;> kw;Wk; mur gpujpepjpfspdJk; / mjpfhupfspdJk;
Kjdpiyf; flikahFk;.
43. ehl;by; NeubahfNth> kiwKfkhfNth ve;j tifapYkhd
,dj;Jt Njrpathjj;ij Cf;Ftpf;fhjpUg;gJ murpd; mbg;gilahd
flikahFk;. ,jw;F kWjiyahf> muR NkYk; Fbkf;fs; Njrpa
thjj;ijAk;> Kd;Ndw;wfukhd kj kw;Wk; kjk; fythj mbg;gil
kdpj cupikfs; kw;Wk; ru;trhu;G thjk; (Cosmopolitanism) Mfpa
Nfhl;ghLfspd; mbg;gilapyhd jhuhs Njrg;gw;W thjj;ijAk;
Cf;Ftpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
44. nghyp]; cj;jpNahfj;jh;fs; cs;spl;ltifapy;> rfy Fbkf;fSf;Fr;
NritGupjYk;> mth;fSld; kupahijahf ele;J nfhs;SjYk;>
mjprpwg;ghd njhopy;rhh; juepakq;fisg; NgZjYk;>
rYiffisAk;> cwtpdh; rYif thjk; my;yJ VjhtJ
tifapyhd gzk; rhh;e;j my;yJ NtW jP;r;nray;fspypUe;J
tpyfpapUg;gJk; mur mjpfhupfspdJ Kjdpiyf; flikahFk;.
11.2.3 gpui[fspd; mbg;gilf; flikfs;
45. cupikfs;> Rje;jpuq;fisg; gpuNahfpg;gJk;> mDgtpg;gJk;> flikfs;>
flg;ghLfisg; GuptjpypUe;J gpupf;fg;glKbahjitahFk;. ,jd;
gpufhuk;> ,yq;ifapYs;s xt;nthU egupdJk; flikAk; gpd;tUkhW
mikjy; Ntz;Lk;:
m. murpayikg;igAk;> rl;lj;ijAk; cah;thf kjpj;J>
mtw;iwg; ghJfhj;jy;
105
M. Njrpa eyd;fisAk;> Njrpa If;fpaj;ijAk; NkYk;
Cf;Ftpj;jy;.
,. nghJr;nrhj;ijg; Ngzpg;ghJfhj;jYk;> nghJr;nrhj;J
rk;ge;jkhd gad;ghl;ilAk;> tpuaj;ijAk; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;.
<. VidNahupd; cupikfisAk;> Rje;jpuj;ijAk; kjpj;jy;.
c. ,aw;ifiag; ghJfhj;J. mjd; nry;tq;fisg;
Ngzpg;ghJfhj;jy;.
46. rfy gpui[fSk; FNuhjg; Ngr;rpypUe;J my;yJ jPr;nraYf;Fj;
J}z;Ljy; my;yJ r%f nrs[d;akpd;ikf;F ,l;Lr;nry;yf;$ba
fUj;Jfisf; $WtjpypUe;J tpyfpapUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. topfhl;ly;
Nfhl;ghLfis ePjpkd;wnkhd;wpy; tprhupj;Jj; jPh;g;gspf;fg;glf;
$badthf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lnkd;w tYthd rku;g;gzq;fSk;
,lk;ngw;wd. FO ,J Fwpj;Jg; fuprid fhl;baNghjpYk;> ,g;gpuptpy;
cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s Nfhl;ghLfspd; gpuNahfk; njhlh;gpy; ,e;jpa
murpayikg;gpy; fhzg;gLk; Nfhl;ghl;il tpje;Jiuf;fr; rk;kjpj;jJ.
47. ,e;j mj;jpahaj;jpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s Vw;ghLfspd; kPwy;fs;
Fwpj;J ve;j ePjpkd;wj;jpNyh my;yJ epaharigapNyh
eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl Kbahjit MFk;.
106
mmj;jpahak; 12
mbg;gil cupikfs;
12.1 rkh;g;gzq;fs;
midj;Jklq;fyhf> kdpj cupikfs; (murpay;> rptpy;> r%f> fyhrhu kw;Wk;
nghUshjhu cupikfs;) kw;Wk; FO cupikfs; kPjhd rkh;g;gzq;fs;>
Vfkdjhf mbg;gil cupikfs; gpupit tYg;gLj;JtijAk;> tprhypg;gijAk;>
murpayikg;G Vw;ghLfis NkYk; rpwe;j tifapy; eilKiwg;gLj;JtijAk;
NfhUgitahf mike;jd. mNdfkhf tha;%ykhfTk;> vOj;J%ykhfTk;
rkh;g;gzq;fis Nkw;nfhz;l midtUNk murpapy;uPjpapy; xOq;Fngw;w
r%fj;jpd; mjpfupj;j [dehafkag;gLj;jiyf; Nfhupdhh;fs;. FOtpd;Kd;
Njhd;;wpa gyUk; Gjpa murpayig;gpy; rh;tNjruPjpapy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s
Kd;Ndw;wq;fSf;F ,zf;fkhd Kiwapy; KOikahd Xh; cupikfs;
rhrdj;ij cs;slf;fNtz;ba mtrpaj;ij typAWj;jpdh;. NkYk;> mtw;Ws;;
1948 midj;Jyf kdpj cupikfs; gpufldj;jpy; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;bUe;j Kjy;
njhFjp cupikfspy; ,Ue;J tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;l cupikj; njhFjpfSk;>
kughrhu cld;gbf;iffSk; cs;slf;fg;gly; Ntz;LnkdTk; typAWj;jg;gl;lJ.
gy;NtW ru;tNjr murpay;> Fbapay; nghUj;jidfs; kw;Wk; cld;gbf;iffspy;>
rptpy; kw;Wk; murpay; cupikfSf;fhd rh;tNjrg; nghUj;jid> rptpy; kw;Wk;
murpay; cupikfs; Fwpj;j rh;tNjrg; nghUj;jidfSf;fhd njupT kughrhuh
Mtzk; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu> r%f> fyhrhu cupikfs; Fwpj;j rh;tNjrg;
nghUj;jid vd;;gdtw;wpy; ,yq;if ifr;rhj;jpl;Ls;sJ. vdNt> Gjpa
murpayikg;Gf;fhd cupikfs; rhrdj;jpy;> rh;tNjrg; nghUj;jidfspy;
fhzg;gLk; ,j;jifa cupikfs; gpujpgypj;jy;Ntz;Lk;.
mNefkhd fUj;Jr; rku;g;gzq;fs; tajbg;gilapyhd gpuptpdh;fs;;> ,dj;Jt>
nkhop kw;Wk; kj milahsq;fisf; nfhz;Nlhu;;> ghy;epiy kw;Wk; ghypay;
milahsq;fisf; nfhz;Nlhu;;> tpNrl Njitfs; cs;Nshu; vd; gy;NtW
FOtpduhy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;ld. ,f;FOf;fs; jkJ milahsk; fhuzkhf
mNdfkhd re;jh;g;gq;fspy; mtu;fs;kPJ Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l xLf;FKiw kw;Wk;
107
Ruz;ly; vd;gdtw;wpd; fhuzkhf tpNrlkhd ghJghg;igAk; mtu;fSf;fhd
mq;fPfhuj;ijAk; Nfhupdh;. ,e;jf; FOf;fspy; rpy gpuhe;jpa uPjpay; my;yJ
cs;s+h; kl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; cs;s+u; ngUk;ghd;ikapd cs;s+hg; ;
ngUk;ghd;ikapd; murpaypy; rpf;fpAs;s rpWghd;ikapduhtu;.
cs;s+h; kl;lq;fspy; ngUk;ghd;ik / rpWghd;ik ,d ,af;ftpay; khw;wKWtij
ftdj;jpw; nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf- cs;s+h; kl;lq;fspy; Njrpa
,dj;Jt Nru;f;iffs; (compositions) khw;wkilfpd;wd. Gjpa
rpWghd;ikapdq;fis cUthf;Fk; NtWg;gl;l ,af;ftpay; nray;gLj;jg;
gLfpd;wJ. r%fk; kw;Wk; murpay; r%fj;jpdJ gy;NtW kl;lq;fspy;
ngUk;ghd;ikapd murpay; gpujpal;rkhtNjhL> ,dj;Jt cwTfspy;
khj;jpukd;wp> kjk;> [hjp> th;f;fk; kw;Wk; Vida r%f - fyhrhu NtWghLfspYk;
,J fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ngz;fspd; FOf;fs;> [hjpf; FOf;fs;> cs;s+h;
kl;lq;fspy; Ruz;ly; kw;Wk; Mjpf;fk; Fwpj;J tpgupj;j rpwpa ,dj;Jt kw;Wk;
kjf; FOf;fs; vd;NghuplkpUe;Jk;; FO rkh;g;gzq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ.
MfNt> cs;s+h; Mjpf;f FOf;fspdhy; Xuq;fl;ly; kw;Wk; ghugl;rk;
vd;gdtw;Wf;Fl;gLk;; FOf;fspd; cupikfisAk;; ghJfhg;igAk; cWjpg;gLj;Jk;
eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtJk; mtrpakhFk;.
Mjpf;ff; FOf;fspdJk;> mth;fspd; jj;Jthh;j;jq;fspdhYk; jdpegh;
Rje;jpuq;fs; Mgj;Jf;Fs;shf;fg;gLk; mghaepiyfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,J>
mNdfkhf tw;GWj;jy; kw;Wk; mjpfhuj; jpzpg;G eltbf;iffSf;F fyhrhu
cupikfs; cl;gLk;; #o;epiyapd; fPo; kpfTk; gpuj;jpal;rkhfj;njupAk;;.
FOTf;Ff;fpilj;j rkh;g;gzq;fspy; vLj;Jiuj;jpUg;gjd;gb> ngz;fs;> rpWghd;ik
,dj;Jtf;FOf;fs; kw;Wk; RNjrf;FOf;fs; vd;Nghh; ,t;tpalk; njhlu;gpy;
gytPdkhdtu;fshtu;.
Etnuypah> gJis> fz;b> ,uj;jpdGup> Nffhiy> nkhduhfiy> tTdpah>
fpspnehr;rp> nfhOk;G Nghd;w ,lq;fspypUe;J te;jpUe;j kiyafj;jkpoh;fSk;;
kyhah;> gwq;fpah;> kl;lf;fsg;gpYs;s Nghh;j;Jf;Nfa nkhopNgRk;; gwq;fpah;
r%fk;> gJis> nkhduhfiy kw;wk; kl;lf;fsg;gpYs;s Mjpthrpfs;; njYq;;F
nkhopg; NgRk; r%jhaj;jpdu;; Gj;jsj;jpYs;s Mgpupf;f topj; Njhd;wy;fspd;
[dr%fq;fs; kw;Wk; kjr;rpWghd;ikaf; FOf;fs; vd;Nghh; FOtpd;
108
Kd;dpiyapy; rkh;g;gzq;fisr; nra;jdh;. ,ej NtWg;gl;l FOf;fs;
midj;Jk; Kd;itj;j rkh;g;gzq;fs; Fwpg;ghf jkJ fyhrhu milahsq;fs;>
nkhop> tho;thjhuq;fs;> eilKiwfs; Ngd;wdtw;Wf;fhd mq;fPfhuj;ij
Ntz;bepw;fpd;wd. mth;fs; jkf;nfjpuhf gytUlfhykhf ,lk;ngw;w
cjhrPdq;fSf;F <Lnra;Ak;tifapy; gpujpepj;Jt rigfspy; tpNrl
Vw;ghLfisAk; kw;Wk; rPh;nra; rl;l eltbf;iffisAk; NfhUfpd;wdh;.
jdpegh;fnsd;wtifapy; mth;fs; gy;NtW kl;lq;fspYk; ghugl;rk;> xJf;fy;>
Xuq;fl;ly;fSf;F cs;shFtjhy;> mth;fsJ FO milahsq;fisg;
ghJfhj;jy; mtrpak; vd;wKiwapy;> rPh;nra; rl;leltbf;iffisAk;> Fwpg;ghf>
fyhrhu milahsq;fSf;fhd mq;fPfhuj;ijAk; Nfhupepw;fpd;wdh;. ,J
ngUk;ghd;ikapdf; fyhrhu Mjpf;fj;jpd; xU tpisthf ,Uj;jy;$Lk;.
nghJj;Jiwapy; ngUk;ghd;ikapdf; FOf;fs; Mjpf;fk; tfpg;gjhYk;> jPh;khdk;
Nkw;nfhs;Sk; mNefkhd gjtpfspy; ,Ug;gjhYk;> jhk; murhq;f Nritapy;
gpuNtrpf;Fk; tplaq;fspy; ghugl;rk; epyTtjhfj; ,f;FOf;fisr; rhu;e;j gyUk;
njuptpj;jdh;. kiyafj; jkpoh;fs; Etnuypah khtl;lj;jpy; ngUk;ghd;ikNahuhf
tho;e;j NghjpYk;> ghugl;rkhd cs;s+uhl;rp rl;lq;fs;;1 kw;Wk; murpay;
kag;gLj;jg;gl;l murhq;f Nritfspd; fhuzkhf cs;s+uhl;rp rigfis mZfp
nghJr;Nritfis ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd mtu;fspd; cupikfs;
kWf;fg;gLtjhfTk;; mtu;fs; njuptpj;jdh;.
MfNt> jdpegu;fspd;; cupikfs; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; tpNrl FOf;fspd;
cupikfisg; ghJfhf;fNtz;bajd; mtrpak; Fwpj;J ftdj;jpy;nfhs;Sk;
mNjNtisapy;> ,yq;ifr; r%fj;jpYs;s gd;Kf milahsq;fSf;F
mq;fPfhuk; toq;FtNjhL> gy;NtW kl;lq;fspyhd ngUk;ghd;ikapd thjj;jpd;
mghaq;fis mwpe;J> mtw;Wf;Fk;; jPh;Tfisf; fhZjy; mtrpakhd xd;whFk;.
1 1987Mk; Mz;bd; 15Mk; ,yf;f gpuNjr rigr; rl;lk;> 1871 Mk; Mz;bd; 26Mk; ,yf;f kw;Wk;
1937 Mk; Mz;Lfspd; fpuhkf; FOf;fs; fl;lisr; rl;lk;> 1938Mk; Mz;bd; 1960Mk; ,yf;f fpuhkf; FO fl;lisr; rl;lj;Jf;fhd Nkyjpfr; rl;lthf;fk;> 1964Mk; Mz;bd; 6Mk; ,yf;f fpuhkf; FOf;fs; rl;lk;> 1889Mk; Mz;bd; 13Mk; ,yf;f Njhl;lj; njhopyhshfs;; (,e;jpah;fs;) fl;lisr;rl;lk;> Njhl;l kUj;Jt Nritfs; fl;lisr;rl;lk; vd;gd.
109
nghJkf;fspy; ngUk;ikahd vz;zpf;ifapyhNdhh; jkJ Ntiytha;g;G>
tho;thjhuk; kw;Wk; fy;tp> Rfhjhuk; Nghd;w NjitfSf;F jdpahh;Jiwapy;
jq;fptho;tjhy;> jdpahu; JiwiaAk; mbg;gil cupik / kdpj cupik
epahahjpf;fq;fshy; Msg;gLtjw;F mtrpakhd nghwpKiwfis eilKiwg;
gLj;Jtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Fwpj;Jk;;; jkJ fUj;Jf;fs; %yk; typAUj;jpdu;.
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l rkh;g;gzq;fisf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L> mbg;gil kdpj cupikfs;
kPjhd mj;jpahaj;ij> Nkyjpfkhf> gpd;tUk; fzprkhd kdpj cupikfis Xh;
cupikfs; rhrdkhfr; Nrh;j;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLtjD}lhf Nkk;gLj;jg;gLjy;
Ntz;Lnkd;W tpje;Jiuf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. jdpegh;fSk;> FOf;fSk; jhk;
Nkw;nfhz;l rkh;g;gzq;fspy; gad;gLj;jpa nkhopg; gpuNahfq;fisNa gpd;tUk;
tpje;Jiug;Gfspy; ehKk; gad;gLj;jpAs;Nshk; vd;gjid ,q;F Fwpg;gpLjy;
Ntz;Lk;.
12.2 tpjg;Giufs;
FO gpd;tUk; Vw;ghLfSld;$ba xU Gjpa ccupikfs; rhrdj;ij
tpje;Jiuf;fpd;wJ:
1. caph;tho;tjw;fhd cupik
,J 1972Mk; Mz;bd; murpayikg;gpy; ,lk;ngw;wpUe;jNghjpYk;> 1978Mk;
Mz;bd; murpayikg;gpy; ,lk;ngwhjJ tpag;gspg;gjhfTs;sJ. MapDk;>
cah;ePjpkd;wk; mbg;gil cupikkPwy; toq;Ffspyhd jdJ jPh;g;Gfspy;
caph;thOk; cupikiar; rl;luPjpahf Vw;Wf;nfhz;Ls;sJ. Rfhjhuk;>
fy;tp> tPlikg;G> ciog;G> Ntiythag;G> tho;thjhuk;> kw;Wk; #oYf;fhd
cupik Nghd;w gy;NtW mbg;gil cupikfs; ,e;j caph;tho;tjw;fhd
mbg;gil cupikfspypUe;Nj gpwf;fpd;wd. MfNt> ,J Fwpj;Jiug;ghfr;
Nrh;j;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. caph;thOk; cupik kdpjtho;tpd;
cs;ikaj;jpYs;s xd;whFk;. mJ ,yq;if ifr;rhj;jpl;l gy rh;tNjr
rkthaq;fspYk;> cld;gbf;iffspYk; cd;djkhd ,lj;ijg;
toq;fg;gl;Ls;s Xh; cupikahFk;.
110
gpd;tUk; thrfj;ij FO Kd;nkhopfpd;wJ:
'xt;nthU egUf;Fk; caph;> Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; clypd; ghJfhg;Gf;fhd
cs;shh;e;j cupikAs;sJ vd;gNjhL> vtUila capUk; vNjr;irahf
gwpf;fg;gLjyhfhJ".
22. rkj;Jtj;Jf;fhd cupik
rkj;Jtj;Jf;fhd cupiknad;gJ xU [dehaf r%fk; fl;bnaOg;gg;
glf;$ba mbj;jskhFk;. vkf;F Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l rkh;g;gzq;fspy;
rkj;Jtj;Jf;fhd cupiknad;gJ rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp vd;gij khj;jpuk;
fUJtjy;y vd;gJ typAWj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. mJ mjidtplg; gue;Jgl;l
xd;whftpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. rkj;Jtj;jf;fhd cupikiag; ghJfhf;Fk;
tifapyhd rl;lthf;fq;fs; ,lk;ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;. rkj;Jtj;Jf;fhd
cupikiag; ghJfhf;Fk tifapy; ghugl;rq;fSf;nfjpuhd
rl;lthf;fq;fSk;; ,lk;ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf - jw;;NghJs;s
tof;fhw;Wr; rl;lq;fspYk;> eilKiwfspYk; epyTk; rhjp Fwpj;j
ghugl;rq;fis kf;fs; vkf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;bdh;. ,tw;Wl;rpy kpfTk;
$Uzh;Tkpf;f tptfhuq;fshFk;. ,tw;Wf;F tpNrl ftdk; mtrpak;
vd;gNjhL> rptpy; r%fj;jpd; jiyaPl;bD}lfNt ,tw;Wf;Fj; jPh;T
fhzg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. MfNt> rkj;Jtj;ijg; ghJfhf;Fk; rl;lk; Fwpj;J
eilKiwapYs;s rl;lq;fSf;F Nkyjpfkhf> ,e;j tplaq;fisf;
ifahStjw;fhd ghugl;rq;fSf;F vjpuhd xU Mizf;FO mikf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lnkd;w MNyhridiaAk; ehk; Kd;itf;fpd;Nwhk;. cupikfs;
rhrdj;jpy; gpd;tUk; thrfq;fs; cs;slf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lnkd;W ehk;
Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwhk;:
xt;nthU gpui[f;Fk; rkj;Jtkhd cupikfs; kw;Wk;
mtw;wpd; typAWj;jYf;fhd cj;juthjk; cs;sJ.
,dk;> kjk;> rhjp> jpUkz me;j];J> jha;ik> taJ> nkhop>
cly; my;yJ cs Mw;wypd;ik> fUTw;w epiy> rptpy;
me;j];J> tpjitepiy> r%f%yk;> ghypay; ,irthf;fk;
111
my;yJ ghy;epiy kw;Wk ghy; milahsq;fs; vd;gdtw;wpd;
mbg;gilapy; ve;j egUf;Fk; vjpuhd ghugl;rq;fs;
,lk;ngWjyhfhJ.
fle;jfhy Xuq;fl;ly;fs; kw;Wk; ghFghLfisf;
ftdj;jpw;nfhs;Sk; tifapy;> ngz;fs;> khw;Wj;jpwd;
nfhz;Nlhh;> twpath;fs;> vOj;jwptw;Nwhh;> xLf;FKiwf;F
cs;shfpa rhjpf;FOf;fspd; mq;fj;jth;fs; my;yJ NtW
VjhtJ tpNrlkhf ,dq;fhzg;gl;l FOf;fs; rkj;Jtj;ij
<l;bf; nfhs;tjw;F mtrpakhd Fwpj;Jiug;ghd
eltbf;iffis muR Nkw;nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j
murpayikg;gpd; Vw;ghLfspy; ,j;jifa eltbf;iffs;
ghugl;rnkd;W Nehf;fg;gLjyhfhJ.
ngz;fspd; nfsutk;> Nrkeyd; my;yJ eyd;fSf;nfjpuhd
rl;lq;fs;> fyhrhuq;fs;> tof;fq;fs; kw;Wk; kuGfs; my;yJ
mth;fspd; me;j];ijf; juk; Fiwf;Fk; tplaq;fs; jil
nra;ag;gl;litahff; fUjg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
Mz;fSk; ngz;fSk; rkkhd cupikfis cilatu;fshf
,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpYk;>
eilKiwapYk;> kpfTk; Fwpg;ghf> FLk;gk;> fy;tp> Rfhjhuk;>
tPL> nrhj;J> ciliknfhs;sy;> tho;thjhuq;fs;>
Ntiytha;g;G> gzpaplq;fs; kw;Wk; murpay; vd;gdtw;wpy;
ngz;fspd; rkj;Jtj;ij cWjpnra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
jw;Nghija murpayikg;gpy; cs;s cWg;Giu 16>
murpayikg;Gf; Nfhl;ghLfSf;F vjpuhd rl;lq;fisj;
njhlh;e;Jk; tYTld; ,Uf;f mDkjpg;gjhy; ,e;j
cWg;Giuiaj; jpUj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. ghugl;rnkd;W
fUjg;glf;$ba> rpy toikr; rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; kuGr;
rl;lq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; rpy mk;rq;fis kPs; Nehf;Ftjw;F
/ mfw;Wtjw;F rfy [d r%fq;fSlDk; xU
112
fye;jhNyhridr; nray;Kiwapy; <LgLk; Nehf;fpy; Xh;
cah;kl;lf; FO epakpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;W FO
tpje;Jiuf;fpd;wJ2.
33. kdpj nfsutk; xt;nthU egupdJk; cs;shh;e;j kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l nfsutk;> RahjPdk;
kw;Wk; jdpegh;jd;ik vd;gdtw;iw mq;fPfupj;jy;
4. kdpj clypd; ghJfhg;Gk;> Rje;jpuKk;
jLg;Gf;fhty; kw;Wk; jLg;Gf;fhty; ifjpfis elhj;Jk;Kiw Fwpj;j gy
rkh;g;gzq;fs; ,lk;ngw;wd. jd;dpr;irahd jLg;G> rpj;jputij kw;Wk;
ePjpKiwrhh; nray;Kiwfspy; Vw;fKbahj jhkjq;fspd; tpisthf
,d;dYw;NwhuplkpUe;Jk; FO rkh;g;gzq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. ,J
,yq;ifauR cs;s+upYk;> rh;tNjr kdpj cupikg; ghJfhtyh;fs; kw;Wk;
mikg;GfspypUe;J fz;ldj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l xU tplag;gug;ghFk;.
Gjpa murpay; mikg;gpy; egHfspd; ifJ> jLg;Gf;fhty; kw;Wk;
jz;lidfs; Fwpj;j mbg;gil cupikfs; rk;ge;jkhf xU Gjpa
mj;jpahaj;ij NrHg;gjw;fhd FOtpd; mwpf;ifapy; ,J rk;ge;jkhd xU
tp];jhukhd gpupT (gpupT 13) ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.
mj;NjhL> cupikfs; rhrdj;jpy; gpd;tUk; tplag;gug;GfSk;
cs;slf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lnkd;W ehk; tpje;Jiuf;fpd;Nwhk;.
ve;j eguplkpUe;Jk; Rje;jpuk; gwpj;njLf;fg;glf;$lhJ>
vtUNk Kiwahd tprhuzifspd;wpj; jLj;Jitf;fg;gLjy;
MfhJ.
2 F\hd; b my;tp];> P.C kw;Wk; vk;.it.vk;.ghap]; jw;Nghija murpayikg;gpd; 15Mk; kw;Wk;
16Mk; cWg;Giufspy; vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s kl;Lg;ghLfSld; ,e;jg; gFjpapy; mbg;gil
cupik vd;gjd;fPo; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;s cupikfSld; cld;gLfpd;wdh;.
113
jdpahd kw;Wk; nghJ ,lq;fspy; rpj;;jputij> fPo;j;jukhd>
nfh^ukhd kw;Wk; kdpjhgpkhdk; mw;w Kiwapy;
elhj;jg;glhky; ,Ug;gjw;fhd Rje;jpuk;
Ra jPh;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd cupikAk;>
,dg;ngUf;fk; Fwpj;j jPh;khdq;fs; cs;spl;ltifapy;
cly;rhh; tpOg;gj;ij mDgtpg;gjw;fhd cupikAk;.
jLg;Gf;fhty;> ePjpKiwrhh; nray;Kiwfs;> kw;Wk;
jLg;Gf;fhtypypUe;J tpLjiy Nghd;w tplaq;fspd;NghJ
Kiwahd eltbf;if Kiwfis cWjpnra;jy;.
xUth; jdJ ehl;Lf;Fj; jpUg;gpaDg;gg;gl;lhy;> mth; mq;F
rpj;jputij nra;ag;gLk; rhj;jpaf; $Wfs; ,Ug;gpd;> mth;
mt;thW jpUg;gpaDg;gg;glhJ ,Ug;gjw;fhd cupik.
muR rpiwf;ifjpfSf;Fg; Gdh;tho;tspj;J tpLjiy
nra;tijAk;> mth;fisf; nfsutkhf elj;JtijAk;>
rPh;jpUj;jj;Jf;fhd tha;g;Gfis toq;FtijAk; cWjp
nra;jy;.
55. me;juq;fk; Ngzy; kw;Wk; FLk;g tho;f;if Fwpj;j cupik
xt;nthU egUf;Fk; me;juq;fk; NgZtjw;fhd cupikAk;> FLk;g
tho;f;ifapy; vNjr;irahd jiyaPLfspypUe;J tpLgl;bUf;Fk;
cupikAk;> ,y;yj;jpdJk;> fbjg; gupkhw;wq;fspdJk; njhlh;ghly;fspdJk;
Gdpjj;jd;ik kPwg;glhjpUf;Fk;> ,it NkYk; egupd; nfsutk; kw;Wk;
kjpg;gpd;kPjhd rl;ltpNuhjj; jhf;Fjy;fs; vd;gdtw;wpypUe;J
tpLgLtjw;fhd cupik vd;gdtw;iwAk; nfhz;bUf;Fk;
Xh; mbg;gil cupik vd;wtifapy;> me;juq;fk; NgZtjw;fhd cupik>
khw;Wj;jpwdhspfSf;fhd mjd; jhh;g;gupaq;fNshL> Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gly;
Ntz;Lk;. ,J itj;jpa kw;Wk; Vida mwpf;iffs;> fbjg; gupkhw;wk;
kw;Wk; tPL> FLk;gk;> Njh;jy; nray;Kiwfs; cs;spl;ltifapyhd
114
jdpg;gl;l njhlu;ghly; vd;gdtw;wpd; kPjhd jiyaPL kw;Wk; njhlu;
fz;fhzpg;G vd;gdtw;wpypUe;jhd ghJfhg;G Mfpatw;iwAk; cs;slf;Fk;
taJte;j rfy egh;fSf;Fk; ,dk;> Njrpaepiy> kjk;> ghy;epiy
milahsk; my;yJ ghy;epiy kw;Wk; ghypay; ,irthf;fk; vd;gdtw;wpd;
mbg;gilapyhd vt;tpj kl;Lg;ghLfSk; ,d;wp> jpUkzk; nra;J
nfhs;tjw;Fk;> xU FLk;gj;ij mikj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fkhd cupik
cs;sJ. mth;fSf;F jpUkzk;> jpUkz tho;f;if kw;Wk; tpthff;
fiyg;G Nghd;w rfy re;jh;g;gq;fspYk; rk cupikfSf;fhd cupj;J
cz;L.
66. kjk;> ek;gpf;if> kdr;rhl;rp kw;Wk; rpe;jidr; Rje;jpuk;
FO kjk; kw;Wk; tpRthrk; rk;ge;jkhd cupik Fwpj;j thrfj;ij
tYg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Njit Fwpj;j gy fUj;Jr; rkh;g;gzq;fisg; ngw;Wf;
nfhz;lJ. ,J ,uz;L tbtq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; ,lk;ngw;wjhFk;.
Kjyhtjhf> jw;Nghija murpayikg;gpd; cWg;Giu 9 khw;wkilahJ
vd;Dk; tpsf;fj;jpd; mbg;gilapYk;> ngsj;jk; jtph;e;j Vida
kjq;fspd; tYthd Rje;jpuj;ijAk;> ghJfhg;igAk;> cWjpg;-
gLj;Jtjw;fhd murpayikg;G cj;juthjq;fspd; mtrpaj;jpd;
mbg;gilapy; cWg;Giu 9 khw;wg;gl;lhy; my;yJ ePf;fg;gl;lhy;>
murpayikg;G kj Rje;jpuj;Jf;fhd tYthd ghJfhg;ig toq;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;W NfhUk; rkh;g;gzq;fSk; ,lk;ngw;wd. 1978Mk; Mz;L
murpayikg;gpy; (mj;jpahak; 3> gpupT 10) rpe;jid> kdr;rhl;rp kw;Wk;
kjk; Fwpj;j Rje;jpuj;Jf;fhd Vw;ghLfs; Vw;nfdNt cs;sd. ,ijg;
gpd;tUk; rpwpa jpUj;jq;fSlDk;> Nrh;f;iffSlDk; jf;fitj;Jf;
nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.
,e;j cWg;Giuapdhy; gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;L> mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;L
cs;s kdpj cupikg; gpuNahfjjpy; vt;tpj kl;Lg;ghLfSk;
,Uj;jyhfhJ.
kj ek;gpf;if mw;wth;fspd; cupikfSk; kjpf;fg;gLjy;
Ntz;Lk;.
115
77. fUj;J ntspg;ghl;Lr; Rje;jpuk;> $l;lk;$Lk; cupik> Mh;g;ghl;lk;> kwpay;
Nguhl;lk;> kDr;nra;jy;> rq;fk; mikj;jy;
1978Mk; Mz;bd; murpayikg;gpd;; gpupT 14(1) Ij; jf;fitj;Jf;
nfhs;Sjy;.
8. FbAupik
tpNrlkhf ,e;jpa tk;rhtsp kf;fspilNa ,g;gpur;rpid tYthf
NknyOe;jJ. gpu[hTupik rk;ge;jkhd cupikfSk;> fye;J-
iuahlg;gl;ld. cjhuzkhf> ,ul;ilg; gpu[hTupik nfhz;Nlhh; kw;Wk;
tpNrlkhf mth;fspd; fhzp> nrhj;J kw;Wk; murpay; cupikfs; Fwpj;Jg;
gy NtWghlhd fUj;Jf;fs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;ld. ehk; gpd;tUtdtw;iw
Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwhk;:
rfy gpui[fSk; FbAupik rk;ge;jkhd cupikfs;>
rYiffs; kw;Wk; mD$yq;fSf;fhf rkkhd cupj;JfisAk;>
FbAupik rk;ge;jkhd rkkhd flikfs; kw;Wk;
nghWg;GfisAk; nfhz;Nlhuhth;.
,dk;> kjk;> [hjp> nghUs; me;j];J> jha;ik> taJ> nkhop>
cly; my;yJ cs Mw;wypd;ik> fUTw;wepiy> rptpy; me;j];J>
tpjit my;yJ jGjhuh;epiy> ghypay; ,irthf;fk; my;yJ
ghypay; kw;Wk; ghy;epiy milahsq;fs; vd;gtw;wpdbg;gilapy;
gpu[hTupik me;j];jpy; ve;jtpjkhd ghugl;rq;fSk; ,y;iy.
9. elkhl;l kw;Wk; thopl Rje;jpuk;
1978Mk; murpayikg;gpd;; gpupT 14(1) Ij; jf;fitj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy;.
10. ehl;Lf;Fj; jpUk;gptUtjw;fhd cupik
Aj;jk; fhuzkhf ehl;iltpl;Lr; nry;y eph;g;ge;jpf;fg;gl;Nlhh;> ehl;Lf;Fj;
jpUk;gptUtjpy; vjph;Nehf;Fk; ,lh;fs; rk;ge;jkhf FOtpd; ftdk;
<h;f;fg;gl;lJ. 1978Mk; Mz;L murpyikg;G ,yq;iff;Fj; jpUk;gp
tUtjw;fhd cupikia mq;fPfupf;Fk; mNjNtisapy;> kf;fs; jpUk;gptu
116
Kaw;rpf;ifapy; vjph;Nehf;Fk; rpy jilfSf;Fj; jPh;Tfhz;gjd; %yk;
,e;j Vw;ghL tYg;gLj;jg;gl;L> Nkk;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;Dk;
Nfhupf;iffs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;ld. murpayikg;gpD}lhf ,j;jilfs;
midj;Jf;Fk; jPh;Tfhz;gJ fbdnkd;w NghjpYk; ehk; gpd;tUk;
tpjg;Giufisr; nra;fpd;Nwhk;:
ehl;Lf;Fj; jpUk;gptUtij ,yFgLj;Jk;tifapy;> muR
nfhs;if rk;ge;jkhd topfhl;ly; Nfhl;ghLfspy; murpd;
flik Fwpj;j xU gpupit cs;slf;Fjy;
gpd;tUk; Fwpj;Jiug;ghd thrfq;fis cs;slf;Fjy;:
xt;nthU gpui[Ak; FbauRf;Fj; jpUk;gptUtjw;fhd
cupikiaf; nfhz;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
;jd; nrhe;j ehl;Lf;Fj; jpUk;gp tUtjw;fhd vtupdJ
cupikiaAk; jd;dpr;irahf ahuhYk; gwpf;fg;gly;
MfhJ.
111. epahakhd eph;thf eltbf;iff;fhd cupik
Nritfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;> kw;Wk; epahakw;w eph;thf
eilKiwfs; rk;ge;jkhd kdf;Fiwfisg; gyh; vk;kplk; njuptpj;jdh;.
cz;ikapy;> ,JNt murJiwAldhd mjpUg;jp Vw;gl nghJthd
fhuzkhfTs;sJ. ,e;j kdf;FiwfSf;Fj; jPh;TfhZk; nghwpKiwfs;
fhzg;gltpy;iy my;yJ mit gaDWjpaw;witahAs;sd. kf;fs; jkJ
kdf;Fiwfisf; $Wtjw;F> my;yJ jPh;Tngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;Fg;
gytUlq;fs; fhj;Jf; nfhz;bUg;gjhfj; njuptpj;jdh;. ,f;$Uzh;T kpf;f
tptfhuq;fs; tplaj;jpy; ehk; nfd;ahtpd; murpayikg;gpy;
fhzg;gLtJNghd;w xU thrfj;ij tpje;Jiuf;fpd;Nwhk;:
xt;nthU egUf;Fk; tpiuthd> tpidj;jpwDs;s> rl;luPjpahd
epahakhd kw;Wk; eiltbf;if uPjpapy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;glf; $ba
eph;thf eltbf;iff;fhd cupikAs;sJ.
117
eph;thf eltbf;if%yk; xU egupd; cupik my;yJ mbg;gil
cupik gpujp$ykhd Kiwapy; kPwg;gl;Ls;sJ my;yJ
kPwg;glTs;sjhapd;> ,e;j eltbf;iff;fhd vOj;J%ykhd
fhuzq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; cupik me;egUf;F cs;sJ.
(1) MtJ thrfj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; cupikfSf;Fg; gaDWjp
toq;Fk; tifapy; ghuhSkd;wk; rl;lthf;fq;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;
Ntz;Lk;. mj;jifa rl;lthf;fk; (m) eph;thf eltbf;if xU
ePjpkd;wj;jpdhy; my;yJ nghUj;jkhapd;> xU RahjPdkhd>
gf;fr;rhh;gw;w> epaharigapdhy; kPsha;T nra;ag;gLtjw;fhd
Vw;ghl;il toq;Ftjw;F (M) tpidj;jpwDs;s eph;thfj;ij
Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;fhd Vw;ghLfis toq;Ftjw;F> KaYjy; Ntz;Lk;.
112. Rfhjhuj;Jf;fhd cupik
,yq;ifapy; Rfhjhug; ghJghg;gf;fhd cupik mbg;gilAupikfSs;
cs;slf;fg;gltpy;iyahapDk; mJ 29MtJ cWg;Giuapd;fPohd
topfhl;ly; Nfhl;ghLfs; mj;jpahaj;jd;fPo; cWg;Giu 27(2)(C) apd;fPo;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. mJ ePjpkd;wj;jpy; ePjpfhzg;glNth ghJfhf;fg;glNth
Kbahjnjhd;whFk;. Rfhjhuj;Jf;fhd cupikFwpj;J> topfhl;ly;
Nfhl;ghLfs; mj;jpahaj;jpy; Xh; cld;nry;Yk; gpupT> ,yq;ifapd; ePz;l
ehs; ,ytr Rfhjhug; ghJfhg;Gf;fhd mh;g;gzTzh;Tld; ,zf;fkhd
Kiwapy;> Rfhjhuj;Jf;fhd topfhl;ly;fis toq;Fk; nghUj;jkhd
gpupnthd;whfr; Nrh;j;Jf; nfhs;sg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. Rfhjhug;; ghJfhg;ig
ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjpy; ,lh;fs;> Rfhjhug;ghJfhg;gpd; juk;> kUj;Jtr;
rpfpr;irapd; juk;> jdpahh; kUj;Jtg;ghJfhg;G njhlu;ghf epyTk;
mjpAah;thd MFnryTfs; kw;Wk; ,j;Jiwapy; gpukhzg;gLj;jy;fs;
,y;yhik rk;ge;jkhf KiwapLk; rkh;g;gzq;fs; vkf;Ff;fpl;bd. MfNt>
Rfhjhug; ghJfhg;Gf;fhd cupik mbg;gil cupikfs;/ kdpjTupikfspd;
fPo; gpd;tUkhW cs;slf;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;W ehk; fUJfpd;Nwhk;.
gpui[fSf;fhd mjpAah; mstpy; <l;bf;nfhs;sg;glf;$ba ju
epakq;fspyhd cly;> cs> r%f Rfhjhug; ghJfhg;ig
118
murpayikg;G cj;juthjk; nra;fpd;wJ. xt;nthU
gpui[f;Fk; Rfhjhug; ghJfhg;G> Neha;j;jLg;Gr; Nritfs;
kw;Wk; Fbjz;zPh; vd;gtw;iwg; ngWtJ cs;spl;ltifapy;>
nrsf;fpak; kw;Wk; Nrkeyd;fSf;Fg; Nghjpa mstpyhd
tho;f;ifj;juj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd cupik cs;sJ.
ve;j egUf;FNk mtrufhy kUj;Jtr; rpfpr;ir kWf;fg;gly;
MfhJ.
113. czT> ePh;> tPlikg;G kw;Wk; r%fg; ghJfhg;G
czTg; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; cz TFwpj;j ,iwikf;fhd
ghJfhg;G
Nghjpa czT> ePh;> cil kw;Wk; tPplikg;G cs;slq;fyhfg;
Nghjpa tho;f;ifj;juk;
grp> gl;bdpapypUe;J tpLgLk; cupik
r%fg; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; r%ff; fhg;GWjpf;fhd cupik
14. fy;tpf;fhd cupik
Rfhjhug;ghJfhg;gpw;fhd cupikiag;NghyNt> fy;tpf;fhd cupikAk;
jw;Nghija murpayikg;gpy; Xh; mbg;gil cupikahf mq;fPfupf;fg;
gltpy;iy. fy;tpf;fhd cupik mbg;gilahd kdpj cupikapd;fPo;
cs;slf;fg;gl;L> ,ytrf; fy;tp Fwpj;j ,yq;ifapd; kuig mq;fPfupf;f
Ntz;Lnkd;W ehk; fUJfpd;Nwhk;. vkf;Ff; fpilj;j gy rkh;g;gzq;fs;
,yq;ifapd; ,ytrf; fy;tpiag; ghJfhg;gjw;Fk;> jdpahh; fy;tp
epWtdq;fspd; cjtpapy; mjpfupj;jtifapy; jq;fpepw;Fk; Nghf;Ffs;;
fhuzkhfTk; fy;tpr;Nritfspy; gpukhzg;gLj;jy; vJTkpd;wp jdpahh;
njhopy; Kaw;rpfspd; tsh;r;rp fhuzkhfTk;> ,f;nfhs;iffSf;F
Vw;gl;Ls;s rthy;fis vjph;f;fTk;> eltbf;iffs; mtrpankd;W
njuptpj;jd. fy;tpia toq;Fjy; kw;Wk; fy;tpapd; juk; vd;gtw;wpy;
mjpfupf;Fk; rkj;Jtkw;w epiyfs;Fwpj;j fuprid tplaq;fSk;
Kd;itff;g;gl;ld. fy;tpf;fhf mjpfupj;JtUk; Nfs;tpfSf;F vjph;tpid
fhz;gpg;gjw;F muRf;Fs;s ,lh;fis mwpe;Js;s NtisapYk;>
119
gpujhdkhf cah;fy;tpapy; epyTk; ,lh;fs; Fwpj;J mwpe;Js;s
NtsapYk;> ehL KOtjpYkpUe;J Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l rkh;g;gzq;fspy;
muR fy;tpapy; njhlh;e;Jk; tYthd ghj;jpuj;ij tfpf;fNtz;Lnkd;Wk;>
,ytrf; fy;tpf; nfhs;ifiag; Ngzp> tYg;gLj;j Ntz;Lnkd;Wk;> jdp
egh;fsplkpUe;Jk;> FOf;fsplkpUe;Jk; tYthd Nfhupf;iffs;
Kd;itf;fg;gl;ld.
ehk; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwhk;:
xt;nthU egUf;Fk; kdpj MSikiag; g+uzkhf mgptpUj;jp
nra;Ak; tifapy; top elhj;JtJk;> tpOg;g czh;it
toq;ff;$baJk;> [dehafk;> kdpjTupikfs; kw;Wk; mbg;gilr;
Rje;jpuq;fs; Fwpj;j czh;Tfis Vw;gLj;j cjTtJkhd
fy;tpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; cupikAz;L.
murpd; nrytpy; Kjdpiy> ,uz;lhk; epiy kw;Wk; %d;whk;
epiyf; fy;tpiag; ngw;wf; nfhs;Sk; cupik
115. fhzp cupik
murpay; rl;l%yj;jpd; ,t;tj;jpahaj;jpd;fPo; gpd;tUk; cWg;Giufs;
cs;slf;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;W ehk; Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwhk;:
m. ngz;fs; fhzpia kuGupikahfg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd
cupik
M. ngUe;Njhl;lj;Jiwapy; thOk; kf;fs; jhq;fs; FbapUf;Fk;
fhzpfisr; nrhe;jkhf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd cupik
,. fhzp toq;fypy; ,dj;Jtf; FOf;fhd cupikia
ghugl;rg;gLj;jYf;F cs;shf;fhjpUj;jy;
<. 'mgptpUj;jp" vd;Dk; ngaupy; vLf;fg;gLk;;;;; ; fhzpfisg;
ghJfhg;gjw;fhd gpui[fspd; cupik
120
c. FbNaw;wk; kw;Wk; tho;thjhu Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf
Xuq;fl;lg;gl;l kw;Wk; twpa [dr%fq;fs; fhzpfisg;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd cupik
C. kdpj nraw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; ,aw;if%yk; ,lk;ngWk;
mdh;j;jq;fSf;F ,l;Lr;nry;yf;$ba #oypay;; $Uzh;T
kpf;f epyg; gpuNjrq;fisg; ghJfhf;Fk; cupik
v. tpidj;jpwdw;w kw;Wk;; epiyNgww;w Kiwapyhd
epyg;gad;ghl;il jLj;JepWj;Jk; cupik
V. fhLfs; kw;Wk; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l epyg;guNjrq;fis
ghJfhf;fTk;> mf;fhzpfspy; ,lk;;ngWk; rl;ltpNuhj
FbNaq;qfis jLj;jYf;Fkhd cupik
116. #oy; ghJfhg;G
xt;nthU egUf;Fk; xU Rj;jkhd> MNuhf;fpakhd #oiyg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;tjw;fhd cupikAs;sNjhL> ,J rl;lthf;f kw;Wk; Vida
eltbf;iffs;%yk; epfo;fhy re;jjpapdu; vjph;fhyj;
jiyKiwapdupd; ed;ik fUjp #oiy ghJghg;gjw;fhd
cupikiia cs;slf;Fk;3.
murpayikg;GuPjpahf mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;L> ghJfhf;fg;gl;Ls;s
Rj;jkhd kw;Wk; MNuhf;fpakhd #oYf;fhd cupik
kWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ> kPwg;gl;Ls;sJ> mr;RWj;jYf;F cs;shf;fg;
gl;Ls;sJ> my;yJ cs;shf;fg; glTs;sJ> my;yJ cs;shf;fg;
gLtjw;fhd thag;;Gs;sJ vd;wnjhU #o;epiy cs;snjd;W xU
egh; fUJthuhapd;;> ,t;tplak; njhlu;ghf epahak; Ntz;b xU
ePjpkd;wj;Jf;Nfh> Nkyjpfkhf> NtW VjhtJ rl;luPjpahd
jPu;TfSf;Nfh tpz;zg;gpf;fyhk;
3 nfd;ahtpd; murpayikg;gpd; 42Mk; gpupT
121
tpz;zg;gk; kPJ ePjpkd;wk; nghUj;jkhdnjd;W fUJk; vj;jifa
fl;lisiaAk; ,lKbAk;> my;yJ> VjhtJ topfhl;ly;fis
toq;fyhk;:
m. #oYf;Fj; jPq;Ftpistpf;Fk; VjhtJ nraiy
my;yJ nraypd;ikiaj; jLj;jy;;> epWj;Jjy;;
my;yJ njhlh;e;J epfohky; jLf;Fk; Vw;ghLfis
Nkw;nfhs;sy;
M. #oYf;Fj; jPq;F tpistpf;Fk; VjhtJ nraiy
my;yJ nraypd;ikiaj; jLf;Fk; my;yJ epWj;Jk;
eltbf;iffis Kd;ndLf;FkhW ve;jnthU
nghJr;Nrit cj;jpNahfj;jiuAk; fl;lhag;gLj;jy;;.
,. xU Rj;jkhd kw;Wk; MNuhf;fpakhd #oYf;fhd
cupikkPwypdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ve;jnthU
egUf;Fk; el;l<L toq;Fjy;.
117. Ntiy> njhopy;tha;g;G kw;Wk; tho;thjhuj;Jf;fhd cupik
tho;thjhu %yq;fs; kw;Wk; njhopy;tha;g;igg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ Fwpj;j
kf;fspd; fupridfis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk; gy rkh;g;gzq;fs; FOtpw;F
vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,J Fwpg;ghf> ,stajpdiu ikag;gLj;jp
vLj;Jiuf;fg; gl;litfshFk;. mNjNtisapy;> rl;ltpNuhjkhd
Ntiyfspy; <LgLk; rpWth;fspdJk;> Vida ,yFtpy; ghjpg;Gwf;$ba
FOf;fspdJk; Ruz;ly;fs; Fwpj;j fupridfSk; Kd;itf;fg;gl;ld.
jw;NghJ gy mr;RWj;jy;fis vjph;Nehf;Fk; tptrha kw;Wk;
kPd;gpbj;njhopy; rhu;e;j [dr%fq;fs; vd;gd Fwpj;Jk;> Nkw;gb FOf;fspd;
tho;thjhuq;fisg; ghJfhg;gJ Fwpj;j gy;NtW tplaq;fSk;;;
njuptpf;fg;gl;ld. ,t;tplak; njhlu;ghf vOg;gg;gl;Ls;s rpy
tptfhuq;fSf;F murpayikg;G cUthf;fr; nray;Kiwf;F ntspapyhd
Kd;Kaw;rpfspdhy; jPh;Tfs; fhzg;gLjy;Ntz;Lk;. ,Ue;j NghjpYk;>
Ntiy> tho;thjhuk; kw;Wk; njhopy;tha;g;G vd;gdit cupikfshf
122
mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;L> mbg;gil cupikfs; mj;jpahaj;jpy; cs;slf;fg;gLjy;
Ntz;Lk;.
,J njhlu;ghf ehk; gpd;tUk; thrfq;fis/cWg;Giufis
Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwhk;:
Ranjhopy; Kaw;rpfs; cs;spl;ltifapy;> Rje;jpukhfj; njupTnra;j
xU njhopypy; rl;;lj;jpd; gpufhuk; <LgLtjw;fhd cupik
Xt;nthU egUk; jkJ Ntiytha;g;gpy; xU nghUj;jkhd> cah;thd
kl;lj;Jf;F> NtW vj;jifa tplaq;fisAk; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;shJ>
jdJ rpNu\;lepiy kw;Wk; Njh;r;rp vd;gdtw;w;pd; mbg;gilapy;
gjtpAau;it ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd rkkhd cupikiaf;
nfhz;ltuhth;
118. njhopw;rq;f cupikfs;
njhopyhsh; kw;Wk; njhopw;rq;f cupikf;fhd mr;RWj;jy;> tpNlkhf> Gjpa
mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; ntspehl;L KjyPl;L Kd;Kaw;rpfs; rk;ge;jkhf
Vw;gl;Ls;s mr;RWj;jy;fs; Fwpj;j rkh;g;gzq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
cs;s+h; kf;fSf;Fr; rpy cupikfis ,y;yhky; nra;Ak; tifapy;
ifr;rhj;jplg;gLk; rh;tNjr th;j;jf cld;gbf;iffs; Fwpj;j gPjpfSk;
Kd;itf;fg;gl;ld. jkJ njhopyhsh; cupikfs; Fwpj;J
Ngr;Rthh;j;ijfspy; kw;Wk; ,tw;iw cah;thf epiy epWj;Jtjpy; Rje;jpu
th;j;jf tyaj;jpYs;Nshh; Kfq;nfhLf;Fk; gpur;rpidfSk;> ntspehl;lhh;
cs;s+h; rl;lq;fSf;F fl;Lg;glhjthwhd 'tpNrl' cld;gbf;iffis
ntspehl;L KjyPl;lhsh;fSld; nra;tJf;nfhs;tjd; fhuzkhfj; njhopw;
rq;fq;fis ];jhgpj;Jf; nfhs;tjpYs;s kl;Lg;ghLfSk;> njhopyhsh;
kw;Wk; njhopw;rq;f cupikfis kPWk; epfo;Tfspd; cjhuzq;fshf
vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;ld. vkf;F Kd;dpiyapy; rkh;g;gzq;fis
Nkw;nfhz;Nlhh; ,e;j cupikfs; tYg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;Wk;>
njhopyhsh; kw;Wk; njhop;w;rq;f cupikfspy; kl;Lg;ghLfs; vJTk;
,Uf;ff;$lhnjd;Wk; typAWj;jpdh;.
123
mNjNtsapy;> tpNrlkhf> Nghf;Ftuj;J kw;Wk; Rfhjhuj;Jiwfspy;
,lk;ngWk; NtiyepWj;j ebtbf;iffspdhy;; nghJkf;fis
NkhrkhdKiwapy; ghjpf;Fk; tifapyhd njhopw; rq;fq;fspd; rpy
mgupkpjkhd mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; nry;thf;F Fwpj;j rkh;g;gzq;fSk;
Kd;ikf;fg;gl;ld. NtiyepWj;j eltbf;iffshy; md;whl tho;f;if
eilKiwfs; rPh;FiytJk;> rpyupd; Nfhgj;Jf;Ff; fhuzkhftpUe;jJ.
njhopw;rq;f cupikfs; kjpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; tplaj;jpy; nghJthd
fUj;njhUik fhzg;gl;lNghjpYk;> mit njhopw;rq;f eltbf;iffs;
fhuzkhf ghuJ}ukhfg; ghjpg;GWk; epiyapYs;Nshupd; cupikfisg;
ghJfhf;Fk; tplaj;NjhL rkepiyg;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk; vd;w tifapYk;
MNyhridfs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;ld.
,J njhlu;ghf ehk; gpd;tUk; Kd;nkhopTfis Nkw;nfhs;fpd;Nwhk;"
xt;nthU egUk; jdJ njuptpd; mbg;gilapy; njhopw;rq;fj;ij
mikf;fTk; mjpy; Nrh;e;J nfhs;tjw;Fkhd Rje;jpuj;Jf;fhd
cupj;ijAk;> mj;jifa njhopw;rq;fk; Njitaw;w jiyaPLfspd;wp
njhopw;gLtjw;fhd cupj;ijAk; nfhz;bUg;ghh;.
xt;nthU egUk; rl;lj;jpd; gpufhuk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;s cupikfSf;F
cl;gl;l tifapy;> Ntiy epWj;jk; cs;spl;l tifapy; njhopw;rq;f
eltbf;iffspy; gq;Nfw;gjw;fhd Rje;jpuj;Jf;F cupj;Js;stuhthh;.
xU [dehaf r%fj;jpy; ,dj;Jt my;yJ kj nrs[d;aj;ijg;
ghJfhf;Fk; tifapy; my;yJ VidNahupd; cupikfs; kw;Wk;
Rje;jpuq;fSf;F cupa mq;fPfhuj;ijAk;> kjpg;igAk; toq;Fk;
Nehf;fpy;> rl;lj;jpdhy; Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gLk; mj;jifa kl;Lg;ghLfs;
jtph;e;j tifapy;> ,e;j cWg;Giuapy; mqfPfupf;fg;gl;L> gpufldg;
gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s ,e;j cupikfs; gpuNahfj;jpy; vt;tpj
kl;Lg;ghLfSk; ,lk;ngwyhfhJ.
124
119. ghJfhg;ghd> ePjpahd Ntiy epiyikfSf;fhd cupik
gzpnra;Akplq;fspyhd ghJfhg;gw;w epiyikfs; kw;Wk;
njhopyhsh;fisg; ghJfhf;Fk; tplaj;jpy; murpd; Njhy;tpAw;Ws;s
epiyikfs; njhlu;ghd tplaq;fSk; vkJ ftdj;Jf;Ff;
nfhz;Ltug;gl;ld. njhopy; jpizf;fsk; Nghd;w jw;NghJs;s jdp
ajhh;j;j mikg;Gfs; (entities) njhopyhsh;fspd; cupikfisg;
ghJfhfhf;f Ntz;ba jkJ nghWg;GfspypUe;Jk; Njhy;tp fz;Ls;sd vd;w
thjKk; Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ. njhopw;rhiyfs; fl;lisr;rl;lk; Nghd;w
rl;lq;fSk; nraypoe;Js;sd. ,ij Xh; mbg;gil kdpj cupikahf
cs;slf;FtjD}lhf njhopyhsh;fspd; ghJfhg;ig tYg;gLj;JtJ
mtrpakhFk;.
vdNt ehk;> gpd;tUk; cWg;Giufs; mbg;gil kdpj cupikfshf
Nru;j;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lnkd tpjg;Giu nra;fpd;Nwhk;:
xt;nthU egUf;Fk; ghJfhg;ghd> ePjpahd> MNuhf;fpakhd>
epahakhd Ntiy epiyikfSf;fhd cupikAs;sJ.
xt;nthU egUf;Fk; Xa;T> Ntiy Neuq;fs; rk;ge;jkhd
epahakhd kl;Lg;ghLfs;> rk;gsj;Jld; $ba tpLKiw jpdq;fs;>
tpLKiwg; gbfs; kw;Wk; nghJtpLKiwfSf;fhd Cjpak;
Nghd;w cupikfSs;sd.
20. nrhj;J kw;Wk; fhzp cupik
nrhj;Jf;fis itj;jpUg;gjw;fhd cupik jw;NghJs;s murpayikg;gpdhy;
ghJfhf;fg;gltpy;iy. fhzp Fwpj;j Njrpaf; nfhs;ifnahd;W
,y;yhikAk;> gy gpur;rpidfis Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ (fhzp rk;ge;jkhd
gpupitg;ghh;f;fTk;). rkPgfhyq;fspy;> mgptpUj;jpahy; J}z;lg;gl;l ,lk;
ngah;j;jy;fspd; fhuzkhf muR nraw;ghl;lhsh;fshy; kf;fs; jkJ
fhzpfspypUe;Jk; jd;dpr;irahf ntspNaw;wg;gLjYk;> ,e;epiyikfspd;
fPo; kf;fs; ePjpkd;wq;fisNah> rl;lj;ijNah ehlKbahikAk;
125
nrhj;Jf;fhd cupik Fwpj;J murpayikg;gpy; Vw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;s
Ntz;bajid mtrpag;gLj;jpAs;sd. fhzp tptfhukhdJ kPspz
Kaw;rpfSf;Fk; ikatplakhFk;. vk;Kd; Njhd;;wpa RNjr kf;fSk; fhzp
kw;Wk; nrhj;Jf;fhd cupikkFwpj;j rku;g;;gzq;fis Kd;itj;jdh;.
ehk; gpd;tUk; cWg;Giufis Kd;itf;fpd;Nwhk;:
xt;nthU egUf;Fk; jdpg;gl;lKiwapy; my;yJ VidNahUld;
,ize;J nrhj;Jf;fis cilikahf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd cupik
,Uj;jy;Ntz;Lk;.
xt;nthU gpui[f;Fk; nrhj;Jf;fspd; cgNahfk;> cupj;Jkhw;wk;>
eph;thfk;> fl;Lg;ghL> ciliknfhs;sy;> Kfhikj;Jtk;>
eph;zak;> mDgtpj;jy;> Mjdtspg;G> kuGupikahf
tupj;Jf;nfhs;Sjy; (inheritance) kPjhd xNutpjkhd cupikfs;
,Uj;jy;Ntz;Lk;.
,iaGs;s #o;epiyfis Ma;Tnra;j ePjpkd;wj;jpd;
fl;lisapd; gpufhukhd rl;lj;jpd; mDkjpapd;wp> ve;j egUk;
mtuJ ,y;yj;jpypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;gLjyhfhJ vd;gNjhL>
vtuJ ,y;yKk; mopf;fg;gLjyhfhJ. ve;jr; rl;lthf;fKk;
jd;dpr;irahf kdpjh;fs; ntspNaw;wg;gLtij mDkjpf;fyhfhJ.
rfy ,iaGs;s #o;epiyiaAk; fUj;jpw;nfhz;l ePjpkd;wk;
xd;wpd; fl;lisapd;Ngupy;> cupafhyj;jpy;> ePjpahd> epiyahd
el;l <nlhd;W ,y;yhky;> ve;j eguplkpUe;Jk; mtuJ nrhj;Jfs;
gwpf;fg;glyhfhJ.
221. nghJj;Jiw Ntiytha;g;gpy; xg;GuT kw;Wk; rkj;Jtk;
rfy khtl;lq;fspYk; murpay;rhh;G> ,dj;Jtepiy kw;Wk; [hjp
vd;gdtw;wpdbg;gilapy; nghJr;Nritapy; ghugl;rk; epyTtjhf vk;kplk;
126
vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;lJ. nghJj;Jiw murpay;k ag;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sjhf
mjpfkhNdhuhy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;lNjhL> nghJj;Jiw RahjPdkhf ,aq;fr;
nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lnkd;w Ntz;L Nfhs;fSk; ,lk;ngw;wd. murhq;fg;
gjtpfSf;F Ml;Nrh;g;gpd;NghJ epyTk; ghFghLfs; ehl;bd;
nghUshjhuj;jpy; gpujp $ykhd tpisTfis Vw;gLj;jpAs;sd. ,e;jr;
#o;epiyiaj; jpUj;jpaikg;gNjhL> xU kl;Lg;gl;l fhyg;gFjpf;fhtJ
rPh;nra; eltbf;if ,lk;ngw Ntz;Lnkd;W vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;lJ.
MfNt ehk;> mbg;gil cupikfs; mj;jpahaj;jpw;Fs; xU tpNrl
Vw;ghl;ilr; Nrh;f;f Ntz;Lnkd;W MNyhrid Kd;itf;fpd;Nwhk;.
murpd;fPo; tUk; ve;jg; gjtpf;Fkhd Ntiytha;g;G kw;Wk;
epakdk; rk;ge;jkhd tplaq;fSf;F tha;g;gspj;jypd; NghJ rfy
gpui[fSf;Fk; xg;Guthd> rkj;Jtepiy ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
222. Ml;fs; ffzhky;Nghfhky; ,Ug;gjw;fhd cupik4
tYf;fl;lhakhf Ml;fisf; fhzhkw;Nghfr; nra;jYf;nfjpuhd ghJfhg;G
mtrpankd;W vk;kplk; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;lJ. tpNrlkhf> ,J ngz;fspd;
FOf;fshy; typAWj;jg;gl;lJ. egh;fs; tYf;fl;lhakhff; fhzhkw;Nghfr;
nra;ag;gLjYfF vjpuhf rfy egh;fisAk; ghJfhf;Fk; rh;tNjr
rkthaj;jpy; ,yq;if rkPgj;jpy; ifr;rhj;jpl;Ls;sJ.
gpd;tUk; cWg;Giufs; cupikfs; gl;laj;jpy; (Bill of Rights)
Nru;j;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLtjw;F tpjg;Giu nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ:
4 F\hd; b my;tp]; P.C; vd;Dk; Xh; mq;fj;jth; ,e;j cupik fle;j fhyj;ijAk; cs;slf;Fk;
tifapy;> cs;slf;fg;glf; $lhnjd;W njuptpj;jhh;. NkYk;> cupikfs; rhrdk; caph;thOk; cupik> Rje;jpuk;Nghd;w Vida rfy MNyhridfisAk; cs;slf;Ftjhapd; ,g;gpuj;jpNafkhd thrfk; mtrpag;glhnjd;W njuptpj;jhh;.
127
vtiuAk; tYf;fl;lhakhff; fhzhkw;Nghfr; nra;jy; MfhJ5445. fPo;fhZk;
,t;tplaq;fspy; rfy egh;fSf;Fk; Fbaurpd; cj;juthjk;
toq;fg;gLfpdwJ:
tYf;fl;lhakhff; fhzhkw; Nghfr;nra;Ak; nray;fSf;fhd
tprhuiz eltbf;iffis ePjpapd;Kd; epWj;Jjy;>
tYf;fl;lhakhff; fhzhkw; Nghfr;nra;jiy Fw;wtpay;
rl;lj;jpd;fPohd Fw;wkhf cWjpnra;jy;>
rhh;j;Jjy; nra;ag;gLk; jtwhsp xU gpui[ my;yJ tjpthsh;
my;yhj NghjpYk;> mth; Ml;Gyj;jpDs; cs;sNtisapy;
mtUf;nfjpuhd epahahjpf;fj;ij epiyehl;Ljy;>
jtwhspfs; kPJ tof;Fj; njhlug;gLtJ my;yJ mth;fis
ehLflj;jp xg;gilf;fg;gLtij cWjp nra;Ak;tifapy; Vida
muRfNshL xj;Jioj;jYk;> tYf;fl;lhakhff; fhzhkw;Nghfr;
nra;ag;gl;NlhUf;F cjTjy;> mth;fspd; ,Ug;gplq;fisf;
fz;Lgpbj;J> tPLjpUk;g cjTjYk;> rpiwj;jz;lid xU
ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kd;dpiyapy; Nfs;tpf;Fl;gLj;jg;gLtJ
cs;spl;ltifapy;> Rje;jpuk; ghjpf;fg;gLtJ rk;ge;jkhf
mjpFiwthd rl;lj;ju epakq;fis kjpj;jy;.
jw;NghJ rpiwapYs;Nshh; rk;ge;jkhd ,lhg;nghd;iw
Vw;gLj;JjYk;> mij cwtpdh;fSk; rl;lTiuQh;fSk;;
gupNrhjpf;f mDkjpaspj;jYk;>
5 ,e;j cWg;Giuapd; Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf 'fhzhkw;Nghfr; nra;ag;gLjy;" vd;gJ murpd; my;yJ
my;yJ Xh; murpayikg;gpd; mjpfhu mq;fPfhu> MjuT my;yJ xj;jpirTld; nraw;gLk; Kfth;fs;> egh;fs; my;yJ egh;fspd; FOf;fspdhy; ,lk;ngWk; ifJ> jLj;Jitj;jy;> flj;jy; my;yJ NtW tbtj;jpy; Rje;jpuj;ijg; gwpj;jYk;> xU egiu xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyg;gFjpf;Fr; rl;lj;jpd; ghJfhg;gpypUe;J mfw;Wk; csf;fUj;Jld;> mj;jifa egh; rl;lj;jpd; ghJfhg;gpypUe;J mfw;Wk; tifapYk; gpd;dh; ,t;thW me;j egupd; Rje;jpuk; ghjpf;fg;gl;likia kWj;jYk;> mtupd; jiytpjp my;yJ ,Ug;gplj;ij kiwj;JitjjpUg;gJk; vd;W nghUs;gLk;.
128
tYf;fl;lhakhff; fhzhkw;Nghfr; nra;ag;gl;Nlhh; my;yJ
mjdhy; Neubahfg; ghjpg;Gw;NwhUf;F <Lnra;jy; kw;Wk;
e\;l<Lfis cWjpnra;jy;>
<Lnra;jiyg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy; vd;gJ nghUspay; kw;Wk;
jhh;kPf Nrjq;fSf;F epthuzq;fs;> kw;Wk; nghUj;jkhdtplj;J:
(m) kPsspg;G (M) Gdh;tho;T (,) nfsutk; cs;spl;l tifapy;
<Lnra;jy; (<) Fw;wr;nray; kPz;Lk; ,lk;ngwhj tifapyhd
cj;juthjk; vd;git toq;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
223. jfty; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;
FO ngw;Wf;nfhz;l rkh;g;gzq;fs; jfty; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ rk;ge;jkhd
tpopg;Gzh;T kw;Wk; Nfhupf;ifiag; gpujpgypj;jJ. vt;thwhapDk;> kf;fs;
jfty; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; cupik muR> jdpahh; kw;Wk; muR my;yhj
Kfth; epiyaq;fSf;Fg; nghUe;Jjy; NtzLnkd;W fuprid
ntspapl;ldh;. ehk; gpd;tUk; thrfq;fis Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwhk;:
xt;nthU gpui[f;Fk; jdf;F my;yJ nghJkf;fSf;F Kf;fpakhd
ve;j tpalk; rk;ge;jkhfTk; jfty;fisf; NfhuTk;> ngw;Wf;
nfhs;tjw;Fkhd cupik ,Uj;jy;Ntz;Lk;.
khw;Wj;jpwdhspfs; Vw;nfdNt nghJj;JiwapYs;s jfty;fisg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjpy; jilfis vjph;Nehf;Ffpd;wdh;. mj;jifa
tplak; nghJkf;fs; ghh;itapypUe;J kiwf;fg;gLk; re;jh;g;gq;fspy;
,e;j ,lh; NkYk; mjpfupf;fpd;wJ. khw;Wj;jpwdhspfs; jkJ
Ntl;ghsh;fspd; jifikfs; kw;Wk; rhjidfs; Fwpj;J
Neufhyj;NjhL rkkhd Kiwapy;> jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;sKbahtpby;> mth;fs; Njh;jypy; thf;fspg;gJ rk;ge;jkhf
ve;j KbitAk; vLf;fKbahJ. Mw;wypd;ik rk;ge;jkhd epfo;r;rpj;
jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; Nritfis toq;Ftjw;Fg; gzpg;ghiz
gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;l r%f eyNdhk;Giff; nfhLg;gdTfs;>
gpukhzq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;> itj;jpag; gjpNtLfs;> rl;l
129
cjtp kw;Wk; fy;tp vd;gtw;Wf;Fg; nghWg;ghd epWtdq;fis>
mtw;wpd; jPh;khdq;fs;> xspTkiwtw;w tifapy; ,lk;ngwhtpby;
mth;fis tifg;nghWg;Gf; $witf;fKbahJ.
224. ePjpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;
muR rfy egh;fSk;> ePjpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tij cWjpnra;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. VjhtJ fl;lzk;; mtrpakhapd;> mJ epahakhdjhf
,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. mJ ePjpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjpy;
jilahftpUj;jyhfhJ.
khw;Wj;jpwdhsp> xU Fw;wr;nray; Fwpj;J mwptpg;gjw;Fg; nghyp];
Kiwikaig; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> tof;Ffis ePjpkd;wjJf;Ff;
nfhz;LtUtjw;Fk;> xU rhl;rpahfr; Nritahw;Wjw;Fk;> kw;Wk;
rl;l tprhuizfspy; NtW VjhtJ tifapy; gq;Nfw;gjw;Fk;
mtUf;F xU gaDWjpAs;s topKiw ,Uj;jy; Ntz;;Lk;.
rl;l cjtpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; cupik mq;fPfupf;fg;gLjy;
Ntz;Lk;.
rl;luPpjpahd gpujpepjpj;Jtj;Jf;fhd cupik - Fwpg;ghf rpWth;fspd;
,e;j cupik mq;fPfupf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
25. rpNu\;l gpui[fspd; cupikfs;
rpNu\;l gpui[fspd; cupikfs; njhlh;gpy; tajhNdhh; [dj;njhif
fzprkhf mjpfupj;J tUtjhf Rl;bf;fhz;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,tHfspd;
cupikfs; murpayikg;gpdhy; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;gJ
vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;lJ.
130
ehk; gpd;tUk; tplag;gug;Gfs; cupikfs; rhrdj;jpYs;s rpNu\;l
gpui[fspd; cupikfs; vd;w gpuptpd;fPo; cs;slf;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;W
Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwhk;:
i. nghUshjhu cupikfs;
ii. r%fg; ghJfhg;ig cWjpnra;jy;
m. Xa;t+jpa cupikfs;: (1972Mk; Mz;bd;
murpayikg;gpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;bUe;j Xa;t+jpa
Vw;ghLfs; 1978Mk; Mz;bd; murpayikg;gpy;
ePf;fg;gl;ld. mtw;iw kPz;Lk; cs;slf;Fjy;
Ntz;Lk;)
M. Rfhjhuk;> Ngh\hf;F kw;Wk; kUj;Jt
mD$yq;fs;
,. Nghf;Ftuj;J khdpaq;fs;
iii. ftdg;guhkupg;G kw;Wk; ghJfhg;ig cWjpnra;jy;
m. cjhrPdk;> Ruz;ly; kw;Wk; J\;gpuNahfj;jpy;
,Ue;jhd ghJfhg;G
M. ghypay; td;Kiw cs;sl midj;J
td;KiwfspypUe;jhd ghJfhg;G
,. FLk;g mq;fj;jth;fshy; / ghJfhtyh;fshy;
ftdpg;Gg;ngwhj rpNu\;l gpui[fSf;F
ftdg;guhkupg;ig toq;Fk; nghwpKiwfs;
131
iv. epWtdg; nghwpKiwfs; rpNu\;l gpui[fspd; NjitfSfs;
njhlu;ghf $Uzh;Tkpf;fjhAs;sJ vd;gjid cWjp
nra;jy; (,J Fwpg;ghf rpNu\;l gpui[fspd; Njitfs;
njhlu;ghf cah; mjpfhuj;Jtthj Kiwikfs;
$Uzu;tw;wjhapUg;gJ Fwpj;Nj vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;lJ).
226. Efh;Nthh; cupikfs;
,yq;ifapy; Efh;Nthh; cupikfs; kpfTk; gytPdkhd epiyapy;
,Ug;gjhf> kf;fs; Kiwapl;ldh;. mth;fs; Efh;Nthupd; eyd;fs;
(nghUl;fspdJk; NritfspdJk; juk;> jfty;> nrsf;fpag; ghJfhg;G>
FiwghLfpd;; fhuzkhf vOk; ,og;G my;yJ fhak;/CW> cz;ik
epiwe;j tpsk;guq;fs;) ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;W njuptpj;jdh;.
27. epiyNgwhd mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; Nrkeyd;fSf;fhd cupik
mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; mur %ytsq;fisAk; rkkw;w Kiwapy; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;Sjy;> ,yq;ifapy; Xh; mbg;gilahd gpur;rpidnad;W kf;fs;
njuptpj;jdh;. mNjNtisapy;> nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpapy; khj;jpuk; ftdk;
nrYj;Jk; rkkw;w mgptpUj;jp rpy Ntisapy; twpath;fspdJk;>
FOf;fspdJk; Nkyjpf Xuq; fl;liyAk;> ntsp mfw;wiyAk;
Nkhrkhf;FtJk; xU tptfhukhf Nehf;fg;gl;lJ.
,t;thwhf> epiyNgwhd mgptpUj;jpf;fhd cupik kw;Wk; jdpegh;fspdJk;>
FOf;fspdJk; Nrkeyd; murpayikg;G uPjpahf mq;fPfupf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; Kd;nkhopag;gLfpd;wJ.
28. gy;tifikahd ghypay; kw;Wk; ghy;epiy milahsq;fisf; nfhz;l
kf;fspd; cupikfs;
gy;tifahd ghypay; kw;Wk; ghy;epiy tifkhuf;fq;fisAk;>
milahsq;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sth;fs; jk;ik ngz;fSldhd ghypaypy;
<h;g;GWk; ngz;fs;> Mz;fSldhd ghypapypy;; <h;g;GWk; Mz;fs;>
132
,Ughypay;> ghy; khw;w czh;Tnfhz;Nlhh;> ,ilg;ghypay;> kw;Wk;
ghypay; jdpg;Nghf;F [dr%fq;fs; (LGBTIQ) vd;W jk;ik mioj;Jf;
nfhs;Sfpd;wdh;. LGBTIQ r%fj;jpdupd; eyd;fisg; ghJfhf;Fk;
rkh;g;gzq;fs; gy %yq;fspypUe;Jk; fpilf;fg;ngw;wd. ,J XusT Gjpa
tptfhukhapUg;gjhy;> ,e;j [dr%fj;jpd; cupikfisg; ghJfhf;Fk;
tifapyhd Xh; ciuahliy Kd;ndLf;Fk; tifapyhd cs;sPLfis
toq;FtJk;> murpayikg;G uPjpahd rpy ghJfhg;Gfis tpje;Jiug;gJk;
mtrpankd;W vz;Zfpd;Nwhk;.
LGBTIQ ,d; tiutpyf;fzk; vjph;g;ghyPh;g;gpd; ,aw;ifj;jd;ik> jLf;f
Kbahik kw;Wk; Mh;t<h;g;G vd;gdtw;iwf; Nfs;tpg;gLj;Jk; xU tPr;rhd
milahsq;fs; kw;Wk; tpUg;G epiyfis cs;slf;Ftjhff; $wyhk;.
,g;gjk; xU ghyPh;g;G kw;Wk; vjph;g;ghyPh;g;gpd; <upizfSf;Fk;
mg;ghw;nry;Yk; ghy;epiy kw;Wk; ghypay; milahsq;fs; Fwpj;j kuGrhuh
tpsf;fq;fis cs;slf;Fk; tifapYk; tp];jupf;fg;glyhk;. LGBTIQ
r%fj;jpdupd; kdpj cupikfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd muRfspd;
rl;lepiyf;flg;ghL midj;Jyf kdpjcupikfs; gpufldk; kw;Wk;
mjd;gpd;duhf Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l rh;tNjr kdpj cupik
cld;gbf;iffspd; mbg;gilapy; rh;tNjr kdpj cupikfs; rl;lj;jpy;
epiyehl;lg;gl;ljhFk;.
MfNt> 'ghy;> ghypay; jpirkhh;f;fk;> my;yJ ghy;epiy milahsk;
vJthftpUe;j NghjpYk;> caph;thOk; cupik> kdpj clYf;Fk; kw;Wk;
me;juq;fk; NgZjYf;Fkhd ghJfhg;G> rpj;jputij> jd;dpr;irahd ifJ>
jLj;Jitj;jy; vd;gtw;wpypUe;J tpLgLk; cupik> ghugl;rj;jpypUe;J
tpLgLk; cupik> fUj;J ntspg;ghL> rq;fk; mikj;jy; kw;Wk;
rkhjhdkhff; $Ljy; vd;gtw;Wf;fhd Rje;jpuk; vd;git cs;slq;fyhf
rh;tNjr kdpj cupikfs; rl;lk; toq;Fk; Vw;ghLfspd; rkkhd ghJfhg;G
cupikia mDgtpg;gij" cWjpnra;Ak; flg;ghl;il mq;fPfupj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. LGBTIQ r%fj;jpdupd; rhh;gpy; rkh;g;gzq;fis Nkw;nfhz;Nlhh;
thjpl;lJNghd;W> thjk; tpNrl ghJfhg;G xd;W Fwpj;jjy;y> khwhf mJ
133
rl;lj;jpd;fPo; rkkhd ghJfhg;G cupik kw;Wk; ghugl;rj;jpypUe;J tpLgLk;
cupik vd;gdtw;iw Kd;dpWj;jtjhFk;.
LGBTIQ r%fj;jpd; rkj;Jtk;> nfsutk; kw;Wk;
ghugl;rkpiof;fg;glhik Fwpj;j cupikfSf;fhd Vw;ghLfs;
Gjpa murpayikg;gpy; cs;slf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. rkj;Jtk;
kw;Wk; ghugl;rkpd;ik Fwpj;j thrfq;fspy; ghy;-ghypay;
kw;Wk; ghy; epiyj; jpirkhh;f;fk; vd;git cs;slf;fg;gLjy;
Ntz;Lk;. 'ghypay; kw;Wk; ghy;epiyj; jpirkhh;f;fk;" vd;gJ
Fwpj;Jiug;ghf cs;slf;fg;gLtJ> ,e;jr; r%fj;jpdiur;
rkkhf elhj;JtJ> kw;Wk; ghugl;rq;fspypUe;J tpLtpg;gJ
Fwpj;j VjhtJ fUj;J kaf;fq;fis mfw;w cjTk;.
ghFghLfs;> vjph;kiwahd mirah epakq;fs; fUj;Jfs;
kw;Wk; ghugl;rk; vd;git vkJ tpOkpa KiwikfspYk;>
elj;ijg; ghq;FfspYk; Mokhfg; nghjpe;Js;sd.
mNjNtisapy;> ghypay; jpirkhh;f;fk; vd;gJ kdpj
cupikfs; rl;lj;jpYk;> eilKiwapYk; xg;gPl;L uPjpapy; kpfr;
rkPgj;jpa vz;zg;ghlhfTs;sJ.
Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;ltw;wpd; tpisthf> mNdfkhd re;jh;g;gq;fspy;
mbg;gil rptpy;> murpay;> r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhu
cupikfs; rl;lj;jpdhy; my;yJ eilKiwapdhy;
kWf;fg;gLtjdhy;> mtw;Wf;Fg; Gjpa murpayikg;gpy;
cj;juthjk; toq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.
ghugl;rq;fSf;F vjpuhd rl;lq;fspYk;> murpayikg;G
Vw;ghLfspYk;> my;yJ mtw;iw tYg;gLj;jp eilKiwg;
gLj;JtjpYk;> ghypay; jpirkhh;f;fk; vd;gijj;
jtph;g;gjw;fhf tof;fkhf ghugl;rj;jpypUe;J tpLgLjy;>
td;nray; kw;Wk; njhy;iyfspypUe;J tpLgLjy;
vd;gdtw;Wf;fhd cupik gad;gLj;jg; gLfpd;wJ.
134
nghyp]; tprhuizfs; kw;Wk; jLg;Gf;fhty;
vd;gdtw;wpdhy; rpj;jputij> nfh^ukhd> kdpjhgpkhdkw;w
kw;Wk; fPo;j;jukhd Kiwapy; elj;jg;gLtjpypUe;J tpLgLk;
cupik vd;git kPwg;gLfpd;wd.
mNdfkhd re;jh;g;gq;fspy; ePjpKiwrhh; kw;Wk; rl;lj;ij
eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; cj;jpNahfj;jh;fspd; ghFghLfs;
fhuzkhf xU epahakhd tprhuizf;fhd cupik
kWf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
Mz;fspilapyhd ghYwT Fwpj;j rl;lq;fs; ,Ug;gjd;
fhuzkhf cwT rk;kj mbg;gilapy;> tsh;e;jth;fsp-
dpilNa me;juq;fkhf ,lk;ngw;w NghjpYk;> me;juq;fk;
Fwpj;j cupik kWf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
fUj;J ntspg;ghl;L Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; $l;lk; $Ltjw;fhd
Rje;jpuk; rl;lj;jpdhy; ntspg;gilahfNt kWf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
Cfj;jpdbg;gilapyhd my;yJ cz;ikahd ghypay;
jpirkhh;f;fk; fhuzkhf epahakw;w Ntiy ePf;fq;fs;
fhuzkhfTk;> ghugl;rk; epiwe;j Ntiy tha;g;Gf;
nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; eilKiwfs; fhuzkhfTk;
nghUshjhu cupikfSs;> Ntiyf;fhd cupiknad;gJ
kpfNkhrkhf ghjpg;GWfpd;wJ.
tho;f;ifapd; juj;jpy; jhf;fQ; nrYj;Jk; r%fg; ghJfhg;G>
cjtpfs; kw;Wk; mD$yq;fSf;fhd cupik.
cjhuzkhf. r%fg; ghJfhg;Gf;fhd jifikiag; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;tjw;F tho;f;ifj; Jizapd; milahsj;ijf;
Nfl;gJ.
135
Rfhjhuf; ftdg;guhkupg;G Kiwikapy; fhzg;gLk;
ghugl;rkhd nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; eilKiwfs; fhuzkhf
cly; kw;Wk; cs MNuhf;fpaj;Jf;fhd cupik.
fy;tpf;fhd cupik> LGBTIQ khzth;fs; fy;tpa+l;LNthh;
kw;Wk; Nehf;fh;fspd; (peers) mr;RWj;jy;fis
vjph;Nehf;Ffpd;wdh;.
jz;lidr; rl;lf;Nfhitapd; 363Mk; kw;Wk; 365A Mk;
gpupTfs; ePf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk; my;yJ rptpy;kw;Wk;
murpay; cupikfs; Fwpj;j rHtNj nghUj;jidapd; (ICCPR)
cWg;Giu 2Mk; kw;Wk; 26Mk; cld; g+uzkhf
,zq;Ftij cWjpg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; jpUj;jg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
LGBTIQ egh;fSf;Fj; njhlh; njhy;iyfis tpistpf;Fk;
tifapy; njupT uPjpapYk;> nghJthfTk;> Jizf;
fiof;fg;gLk; njUr;Rw;wpfs; fl;lisr; rl;lk; jpUj;jg;gLjy;
Ntz;Lk;.
,yq;if ifr;rhj;jpl;l UDHR kw;Wk; Vida
rkthaq;fspd; fPo; tUk; midj;J kdpj cupikfisAk;
cs;slf;Fk; tifapy; kdpj cupikfs; Mizf;FOtpd;
gzpg;ghiz tpupTgLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
229. ngz;fspd; cupikfs;
nghJkf;fs; rkh;g;gzr; nray;Kiwapd; xU Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mk;rk;>
xt;nthU khtl;lj;jpYk; ngUk; vz;zpf;ifapyhd ngz;fspd; mikg;Gfs;
rkh;g;gzq;fisr; nra;jjhFk;. ,r;nray;Kiw Fwpj;j nghJkf;fspd;
tpopg;Gzh;T mjpfupj;j Ntisapy;> ngz;fspd; FOf;fs; rkh;g;gzq;fis
Nkw;nfhs;Sk; tifapyhd xOq;Ffs; kw;Wk; mzp jpul;ly;fis
136
Nkw;nfhz;lik gpuj;jpal;rkhapw;W (khtl;lr; rkh;g;gzq;fspdbg;gilapy;).
Rpy kfspH FOf;fs; gy;NtW FOf;fSld; ,lk;ngw;w
fye;jhNyhridfspd;gpd;dh;> jpul;baikj;j vOj;J%yr; rkh;g;gzq;fis
Nkw;nfhz;ldH.
ngz;fspd; rkh;g;gzq;fs; murpayikg;gpd; rfy tplag; gug;GfisAk;
jOTgitahf mike;jd. cupikfs; mbg;gilapyhd murpayikg;G
xd;wpd; mjpAAh; Nkd;ikia cWjpg;gLj;Jtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtjij mth;fs;
mtjhdpj;jUe;jdu;. ,j;jifa Xh; murpayikg;G ngz;fspd; cupikiag;
ghJfhg;gNjhL> VjhtJ ghugl;rq;fs; ,lk;ngWk; gl;rj;jpy;> rl;l eltb-
f;iffspd; mbg;giliaAk; toq;Fk;. Xl;Lnkhj;jkhfg; ngz;fs;
murpanyhOq;Fgl;l rKjhaj;jpd; [dehafkag;gLj;jy;> rkhjhdk;>
kPspzf;fk;> ghugl;rkpd;ik> rkj;Jtk; kw;Wk; rkkhd re;jh;g;gq;fs;
vz;gtw;iw typAWj;jpdh;. rfy tbtq;fspYkhd td;nray;fSk;
(murpay; kw;Wk; tPl;by; ,lk;ngWgit) Kuz;ghl;L Nkhjy;fSk;
ngz;fisg; gd;Kf topfspy; ghjpg;gjhf mth;fs; Rl;bf;fhl;bdh;.
ngz;fs; jiyikapyhd FLk;gq;fs;> tpjitfs;> td;nray;fshy;
ghjpg;Gw;wth;fs;> fhzhkw; Nghdth;fs; / rpj;jputij nra;ag;gl;lth;fspd;
cwtpdh;fs; vd;Nghh; FOtpd; Kd;dpiyapy; jkJ mDgtq;fis
vLj;Jiuj;jNjhL> ,j;jifa epfo;Tfs; kPz;Lk;; Vw;glhky; jLg;gjw;fhd
kw;Wk; jkJ fupridfSf;Fj; jPh;TfhZk; tifapy; eltbf;iffis
Nkw;nfhs;Sk; murpayikg;nghd;iw tFj;jikg;gjw;fhd nghwpKiw
Fwpj;Jk; fUj;jf;fis Kd;itj;jdh;.
nghJthf> ehl;bd; rfy gFjpfisAk; Nrh;e;j ngz;fs; ,yq;if xU
gd;ikj;Jt> gy;fyhrhu kw;Wk; gy;kj ehlhf mq;fPfupf;fg;gLjy;
Ntz;Lnkd;W typAWj;jpdh;. mjpfhug; Nguspg;G> murpd;jd;ik Fwpj;j
vz;zpwe;j fUj;Jfs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l NghjpYk;> rkj;Jtk; kw;Wk;
ghugl;rkpd;ikNa rfy rkh;g;gzq;fspYk; mNefkhd njhdpg; nghUshf
mike;jpUe;jd. murpay; epWtdq;fspYk;> Vida rfy jPh;khdk;
Nkw;nfhs;Sk; mikg;GfspYk; mjpfupj;j ngz;fspd; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij
137
cWjpg;gLj;Jk; tpNrl eltbf;iffisAk; mth;fs; ngUkstpy;
typAWj;jpdh;6.
ngz;fspd; FOf;fs; murpayikg;gpd; nkhop> ghy;epiyf; $Uzh;T
nfhz;ljhftpUj;jy; Ntz;Lnkd;Wk;> rkkhd tha;g;Gfs; vd;Dk; nkhop;
murpayikg;gpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; Nfhupf;iftpLj;jd.
murpayikg;ig tiuAk; FOf;fs; murpayikg;gpd; nkhopapd; gad;ghL
rk;ge;jkhf kjpAiuiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;tifapy; ghy;epiy
epGzh;fis miof;fNtz;Lnkd;Wk; MNyhrid Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ.
gpd;tUk; gFjp vz;zpwe;j ngz;fs; mikg;Gfshy; nra;ag;gl;litAk;>
Fwpj;Jiug;ghfg; ngz;fspd; mbg;gilAupikfs; Fwpj;j fuprid
tplaq;fs; rk;ge;jkhditAkhFk;. Vida tplaq;fs; Fwpj;j ngz;fs;
FOf;fspd; rkh;g;gzq;fs; ,iaGs;s gpupTfspy; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
midj;Jklq;Fk; tifapy;> ngz;fs; FOf;fspd; rkh;g;gzq;fs;
murpayikg;G ghugl;rkpd;ik> Fbkf;fis td;nraypypUe;J ghJfhj;jy;
(tPLfspYk;> gue;j rKjhaj;jpYk;) kw;Wk; mth;fspd; r%f nghUshjh
Nrkeyd;fisf; ifahsntz;Lk;; vd;gijr;Rl;bf; fhz;gpj;jd. ngz;fs;
milahsk; kw;Wk; mq;fPfhuk; Nghd;w tplaq;fspYk; fupridfis
fhz;gpj;jpUe;jdu; vd;gJk;> tpNrlkhf> FLk;gj;Jf;Fk;> r%fj;Jf;Fkhd
ngz;fspd; nghUshjhug; gq;fspg;Gf;fSf;fhd mq;fPfhutplaj;jpYk;
fuprid nfhz;bUe;jdu; vd;gijf; ftdj;jpw;; nfhs;sy;Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j
tptfhuq;fs; rk;ge;jkhf murpd; ghj;jpuk; kw;Wk; rl;lj;jpd; ghj;jpuk;
(murpayikg;Ng ehl;bd; mbg;gilr; rl;lkhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ) Fwpj;Nj
ngz;fspd; fuprid cs;snjd;gij mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
6 Mz;fSk;> ngz;fSk; rhl;bd; rfy kl;lq;fspYKs;s gpujpepjpj;Jt kw;Wk; jPh;khdk;
Nkw;nfhs;Sk; mikg;Gfspy; mjpfupj;j ngz;fspd; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; Ntz;Lnkd;W
njuptpj;jdh;. gy rkh;g;gzq;fs; ngz;fspd; gq;Nfw;ig cWjpnra;Ak; tifapy; 25% Kjy;
50% tiuapyhd Nfhl;lhf;fs; Nghd;w tpNrl eltbf;iffs; mtrpankd;W njuptpj;jdh;.
138
ngz;fspd; rpy Nfhupf;iffNshL kj kw;Wk; fyhrhuf; FOf;fspd;
fupridfis ,zf;fg;gLj;JtJ (cjhuzkhf - Ms;rhh; rl;lq;fisr;
rPh;jpUj;Jtjw;fhd Nfhupf;iffs;) fbdkhftpUf;ff;$Lk;. ehl;by;
xNurPuhd rl;lq;fs; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd;w Ntz;LNfhspUe;j
mNjNtisapy;> ngz;fspd; FOf;fs; ghugl;rkpd;ik kw;Wk;
ngz;fSf;fhd rkj;Jtk; vd;gtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; ,e;j
khw;wq;fSf;fhf thjpl;ldh;. Vida FOf;fSk; xNurPuhd rl;lq;fSk;>
rfy Ms;rhh; rl;lq;fspdJ ePf;fKk; ,lk;ngwNtz;Lnkd;Wk;
njuptpj;jdh;. ,jw;fhd fhuzk; rpy Ms;rhh; rl;lq;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l ,d
kw;Wk; kjf;FOf;fSf;F Kiwaw;w mD$yq;fis toq;Ffpd;wd
vd;gjhFk;. ,e;j epiyg;ghL Ms;rhh; rl;lq;fspd; gpuNahfk; rk;ge;jkhd
tpopg;Gzh;tpd;ikiaAk;> kw;Wk; mit rk;ge;jkhd jtwhd
jfty;fisAk; vLj;Jf;fhz;gpg;gjhftpUe;jd. cjhuzkhf-
Njrtoikr;rl;lk; fhuzkhfj; jkpouy;yhNjhh; tlf;fpy; fhzpfis
thq;fKbahJ vd;gjhFk;. ,J epfo;Tz;ikuPjpapy; jtwhdjhFk;.
tpNrlkhf kjf;FOf;fs;> Ms;rhh; rl;lq;fisj; jpUj;Jtjw;F
vjph;g;Gj;njuptpj;jd. mit mt;thNw ,Uj;jy;Ntz;Lnkd;W mit
tYthf thjk;nra;jd.
Ms;rhh; rl;lq;fspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;Lk; rPh;jpUj;jk; xU $Uzh;Tkpf;f
tptfhukhf KbAnkd;gjhy;> mJ rk;ge;jkhd gd;Kf epiyg;ghLfis
itj;J Nehf;Fk;NghJ gy;NtW Fof;fNshL fye;jhNyhridfspy;
<Lgl;L> Ms;rhh; rl;lq;fspy; jpUj;jq;fis tpje;Jiuff;$ba Xh;
Mizf;FO epWtg;gLtij ehk;; Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwhk;. vt;thwhapDk;> ehk;
,e;j tptfhuj;ij kPz;Lk; typAWj;JtNjhL ,iaGs;s tifapy;
rPh;jpUj;jq;fis Vw;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fpy; fye;jhNyhridfis
Kd;ndLf;FkhW ,iaGs;s mikg;Gfis typAWj;Jfpd;Nwhk;.
mj;NjhL> cupikfs; rhrdk; ngz;fs; Fwpj;j xU tpNrl gpupit
cs;slf;FtNjhL> gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis cs;slf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.
139
ngz;fspd; mbg;gil cupikfs;:
ngz;fSf;nfjpuhfg; ghugl;rk; Vw;gLj;Jk; ve;jr; rl;lq;fSk;
/Vw;ghLfSk; ntw;Wk;> twpJkhFk;.
Mz;fSf;Fk; ngz;fSf;Fk; rkkhd cupikfs; ,Uj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. rl;lk; mth;fspd; rkj;Jtj;ijr; rl;lj;jpYk;>
eilKiwapYk; cWjpnra;J> mjpYk; Fwpg;ghf FLk;gj;jpd;
jdpahs; mk;rq;fspYk;> nghJ tho;tpYk;; rl;lk; mth;fspd;
rkj;Jtj;ij cWjpnra;Ak;;;.
ngz;fSf;F rkkhd ngWkjpAs;s Ntiyf;Fr; rkkhd
nfhLg;gdTfSf;fhd cupikAs;sJ.
ngz;fSf;Fr; RahjPdj;ijg; gpuNahfpg;gjw;Fk;> cly;
rk;ge;jkhd tpOg;gj;ij mDgtpg;gjw;Fkhd cupikAs;sJ.
ngz;fs; td;nray; kw;Wk; mnfsutj;jypUe;J tpLgl;L
thOk; cupikiaf; nfhz;lth;fshth;.
ngz;fSf;Fj; jhk; tpUk;Gk; Ntiytha;g;igj; NjLtjw;Fk;>
tho;thjhuq;fSf;Fk;> tho;f;iff;Fkhd $ypiag; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;tjw;Fkhd cupik ,Uj;jy;Ntz;Lk;.
ngz;fSf;F czTg;ghJfhg;G kwWk; czT ,iwikf;Fkhd
cupik ,Uj;jy;;Ntz;Lk;.
ngz;fSf;F r%fg; ghJfhg;G> tPlikg;G> fy;tp kw;Wk;
Rfhjhuj;Jf;fhd cupik cs;sJ.
ngz;fSf;Fr; rkkhd jPh;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; cupik
,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
ngz;fSf;F jdpaplj;jpy; my;yJ nghJtplj;jpy; td;nray;>
rpj;jputij kw;Wk; mtkhdg;gLj;Jk;> nfh^ukhd kw;Wk;
kdpjhgpkhdkw;w Kiwapy; elj;jg;gLtjpypUe;J
tpLgLtjw;fhd cupik ,Uj;jy;Ntz;Lk;.
NkNy nrhy;yg;gl;l Fwpj;Jiug;ghd tpjg;GiufSf;F Nkyjpfkhf>
ngz;fs; FOf;fsplkpUe;J ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l rkh;g;gzq;fspd;
mbg;gilapy; ehk; gpd;tUk; tplaj;ijAk; Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwhk;:
140
murpayikg;gpd; nkhopg;gpuNahfk; ghy;epiyg; gf;fr;rhh;gw;w
xd;whf tpUj;jy;Ntz;Lk;. murpayikg;ig tiuAk; FO
murpayikg;gpd; nkhop; njhlh;gpyhd kjpAiuiag; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;Sk; tifapy; xU ghy;epiy epGzupd; Nritfisg;
ngw;W;f; nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.
tiuGf;FOTf;F kjpAiutoq;Fk; ghy;epiy epGzh;fis
epakdk; nra;jy;. murpayikg;Gg; Nguitapy; fhzg;gLk;
Fiwthd ngz;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; kw;Wk; cg-FOf;fspy;
ve;jg; ghuhSkd;wg; ngz; gpujpepjpfSNk ,y;yhj epiy
vd;gdtw;iw itj;J Nehf;Fifapy ,J kpfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
tha;e;j xU tplakhfpd;wJ.
ngz;fSf;fhd xU RahjPdf; FO Fwpj;J mj;jpahak; 18,y;
tpguq;fs; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
330. rpWth;fs; kw;Wk; ,staJ egh;fspd; cupikfs;
rpWth;fs; kw;Wk; ,staJ egh;fs; rk;ge;jkhd gy rkh;g;gzq;fs;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. Fwpj;Jiug;ghf> taJ rk;ge;jkhd tptfhuq;fSlDk;>
gue;j mstpy; Rfhjhuk;> fy;tp kw;Wk; ,e;j tplaq;fs; Fwpj;j muRf;
nfhs;if Fwpj;Jk; rpy rkh;g;gzq;fs; nra;ag;gl;ld. nfhs;iffs;
,y;yhik> fy;tpapd; juj;jpy; epyTk; Vw;wj;jho;Tfs;> fy;tpapy; rkkhd
tha;g;Gfs; vd;Dk; ,yl;rpaj;jpy; rPuopT kw;Wk; kPspzf;fk; kw;Wk;
rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gk; gpuaj;jdq;fSld; Kuz;gLk; ghltpjhdKk;>
fy;tpf; fl;likg;Gk; Nghd;w fy;tpj; JiwapYs;s gpur;rpidfs;
typAWj;jg;gl;ld7.
7 rKjhaj;jpd gd;ikj;Jtj;jd;ik> midtiuAk; cs;slf;Fk; tpOkpaq;fs; kw;Wk; ghugl;r
kpd;ikia Kd;Ndw;Wtij cWjpnra;Ak; tifapy; ghltpjhdk; kPsha;T nra;ag;gLjy;> kjg;gpuptpid jOtpa ghy; NtWghl;L epiynfhz;l ghlrhiyfSf;F Cf;fkspf;fhik> ghltpjhdj;jpy; cyf kjq;fs; kw;Wk; Fbapay; fy;tpiar; Nrh;j;Jf;nfhs;Sjy; Nghd;w Fwpj;Jiug;ghd tpjg;Giufs;
141
rpWth;fSf;nfjpuhd ghypay; kw;Wk; Vida tbtq;fspyhd td;nraiyj;
jLg;gjw;fhd NjitNghd;w tYthd fUj;Jf;fis kf;fs;
vLj;Jiuj;jNjhL> ,j;jifa tof;Ffisr; nrad;Kiwg;gLj;Jtjpy;
epyTk; Njitaw;w jhkjq;fs; kw;Wk; rpWth;fisf; ifahStjpy; ePjprhh;
nray;Kiwapy; fhzg;gLk; $Uzh;tw;w jd;ikNghd;w tplaq;fSf;fhf
ePjpkd;wq;fs; tYthf tpkh;rpf;fg;gl;ld. rpWth; J\;gpuNahfk; kw;Wk;
td;nray;fspy; Fw;wthspahff;f fhzg;gl;NlhUf;F kuzjz;lid
my;yJ tYthd jz;lidfshtJ toq;fNtz;Lnkd Kd;nkhopag;gl;lJ.
taJFiwe;j egh;fs; jha;ikailAk; tptfhuq;fSf;Fj; jPh;thf>
jpUkzj;Jf;fhd rk;kjk; njuptpf;Fk; rl;luPjpahd tanjy;iyia
16Mff;Fiwg;gJ Fwpj;j rkh;g;gzq;fSk; ,lk;ngw;wd.
epajpr;rl;lg; ghypay; ty;YwTFwpj;j taJk;> jpUkz taJk;
xd;whftpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;W Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Kd;nkhopTfs;
njhlh;gpy; rpy gpzf;Ffs; vOe;jd. vt;thwhapDk;> ,e;j Kd;nkhopT
jpUkznkd;gJ td;nray; my;yJ Ruz;lyw;w xU kpfr;rpwg;ghd
epiynad;Wk;> ghypay; cwTfs; jpUkz cwTfspDs;NsNa ,lk;ngw
Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; Kd;nkhopT nra;fpd;wJ. ,J cupa fhyj;Jf;FKd;dh;
,lk;ngWk; jpUzkq;fspd; nrsf;fpa tpisTfs;> kw;Wk; ,sk;ngz;fs;
cupa fhyj;Jf;FKd;dh; fUj;jupj;jy; Nghd;w tplaq;fis cjhrPdQ;
nra;fpd;wJ. mjpfupf;Fk; vz;zpf;ifapyhd rpWth;fs; ghypay;
njhlh;gpyhd Fw;wr;nray;fs; rk;gejkhfr; rl;lj;Jld; Kuz;gLk;
epiyf;Fj; jPh;thfNt ,e;j Kd;nkhopT ,lk;ngw;wJ. MapDk;>
jpUkztaijf; Fiwg;gJ my;yJ epajpr;rl;lg; ghypay; ty;YwT
taij mjpfupg;gJ ,g;gpur;rpidf;Fj; jPh;thf mikAkh vd;gJ ftdkhfr;
rPh;J}f;fpg; ghh;f;fg;gl Ntz;ba xU tplakhFk;.
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; cs;slq;Fk; tifapy; cupikfs; rhrdj;jpy;
rpWth;fs; kw;Wk; ,staJ egh;fspd; cupikfs; njhlh;gpyhd gpupnthd;W
Nrh;f;fg;glNtz;Lnkd;W ehk; tpjg;Giu nra;fpd;Nwhk;:
i. rpWth;fs; kw;Wk; ,staJ egh;fspd; cupikfs;:
142
m. rkj;JtKk;> ghugl;rq;fspypUe;J tpLgLk; Rje;jpuKk; (jkJ
taJf;Ff;Nfw;w tifapy; rpWth;fSk; ,staJ egh;fSk; ,e;j
ehl;by; Fbkf;fSf;Ff; fpl;Lk; rfy cupikfisAk; mDgtpj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;)
M. milahsKk;> NjrpaKk; - jpUkzj;jpd; %yk; gpwf;fhj rfy
Foe;ijfSf;Fk; rkj;Jtkhd cupikfis cWjpnra;jy;.
,. J\;gpuNahfk;> cjhrPdk;> tdnray;> nfh^ukhf elhj;jg;gLjy;
kw;Wk; Nftykhd Kiwapy; elhj;jg;;gLjy; vd;gtw;wpypUe;J
ghJfhg;G.
<. FLk;gj;jpy; ftdg; guhkupg;Gf;fhd cupikAk;> FLk;gr; #oypypUe;J
mfw;wg;gLk; NghJ khw;Wf; ftdg;guhkupg;G Vw;ghLfSk;.
c. mbg;gilj; Njitfis epiwNtw;Wjy;: Ngh\hf;F> ,Ug;gplk;>
nrsf;fpak; kw;Wk; r%fNritfs;.
C. rpWth; el;Gzh;T nfhz;l rl;l cjtpfSk;> ePjpiag; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;SjYk;.
v. MAjNkhjy;fspy; gad; gLj;jg;glhjpUj;jYk;> MAjNkhjy;
Ntisfspy; tpNrl ghJfhg;Gk;.
V. rpWtupd; MNuhf;fpaj;Jf;Fj; jPq;Ftpistpf;Fk;> mbikg;gof;fj;Jf;F
,l;Lr;nry;Yk; nghUl;fspypUe;J ghJfhg;G.
I. taJf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd ,dg;ngUf;f kw;Wk; ghypay; Rfhjhuf;fy;tp
cs;spl;ltifapy; murpdhy; toq;fg;gLk; ,ytrf;fy;tp.
x. <l;lg;glf;$ba> kpfTah;thd cly;> cs MNuhf;fpaj; ju
epakq;fisAk;> murpdhy; toq;fg;gLk; ,ytr jLg;G kw;Wk;
rpfpr;irr; Rfhjhuf; ftdg;guhkupg;G NritfisAk; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;Sjy;> mtrufhy kUj;Jtf;ftdg; guhkupg;G> ,dg;ngUf;f
Rfhjhur; Nritfs; vd;gtw;iwg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; cupik.
X. Ie;J taJf;Fk; gjpndl;L taJf;Fkpilg;gl;l rfyUf;Fk;
murpdhy; toq;fg;gLk; ,ytrf; fy;tpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;SjYk;>
143
Ie;J taJf;Fk; gjpndhl;L taJf;Fkpilapy; fy;tp rfyUf;Fk;
fl;lhakhdjhftpUj;jYk;.
Xs. jPq;Ftpistpf;Fk; nraw;ghLfspyhd Ntiytha;g;G> ciog;igr;
Ruz;Lk; eilKiwfs;> tQ;rff;flj;jy;> mbikj;jsk; my;yJ
eph;g;ge;j ciog;G vd;gtw;wpypUe;J ghJfhg;G.
f. khw;Wj;jpwd;nfhz;l rpWth;fs;> eypit Vw;gLj;Jk; / ehl;gl;l
tpahjpfshy; gPbf;fg;gl;l rpWth;fs; tplaj;jpy; tpNrl ghJfhg;G
q. ngw;NwhUs; xUth; my;yJ ,UtUNk ifJnra;ag;gLk;NghJ tpNrl
ghJfhg;G
r. mdh;j;j kw;Wk; Aj;jfhyg;gFjpapy; Kd;Dupikf; ftdg;guhkupg;G
Q. td;nray;> ,d kw;Wk; / my;yJ ghy;epiy td;nraiyj;J}z;Lk;
nra;jpfspypUe;J ghJfhg;G.
ii. rpWth;fs; kw;Wk; ,isQh; Atjpfspd; tpNrl eyd;fis Kd;Ndw;wpg;
ghJfhg;gjw;fhd murpd; flik
m.. Ruz;ly;> J\;gpuNahfk; kw;Wk; cjhrPdj;jpypUe;J ghJfhg;G
M. rpWth;fSf;F> tpNrlkhf ,yFtpy; ghjpg;Gwf;$batw;Wf;F>
ngw;Nwhh; my;yJ ghJfhtyh; ftdg;guhkupg;gpd;wp tplg;gLNthUf;F>
td;nray; kw;Wk; Aj;jj;jpdhy; ghjpg;Gw;NwhUf;F Mjutspf;Fk; r%f
kw;Wk; rl;l epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs;
iii. Njrj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy;> kPspzf;fk; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpapy; ,isQh;
Atjpfspd; ghj;jpuj;ij mq;fPfupj;J mth;fspd; epiyNgw;Wf;fhd cjtp
toq;Fjy;
m. nghJ kw;Wk; Fbapay; tptfhuq;fspy; ,isQh; AtjpfSk;>
rpWth;fSk; gq;Nfw;f cjTjy;.
144
iv. FLk;gj;ijr; r%fj;jpy; xU Kf;fpakhd myfhfTk;> rKjhaj;jpdJk;>
murpdJk;> ghJfhg;Gf;F cupj;Js;snjd;Wk; mq;fPfupj;jy;.
m. rfy Mz;fSk;> ngz;fSk; jpUkzk; nra;J (my;yJ jpUkzk;
nra;ahjpUf;Fk;)> xU FLk;gj;ijj; jhgpf;Fk; cupj;ijf;
nfhz;lth;fs;. FLk;gj;jpYs;s Mz;fSf;Fk;> ngz;fSf;Fk;
cupikfs; rkkhditahFk;.
M. tho;f;ifj;Jizth;fshf tpUk;GNthupd; g+uzkhd> Rje;jpukhd
rk;kjj;jpd; NgupNyNa jpUkzq;fs; ,lk;ngwyhk;.
,. jpUkzj;jpd;NghJk;> mjpypUe;J tpLgLk;NghJk; tho;f;ifj;
Jizth;fspd; cupikfSk;> nghWg;GfSk; rkkhditahFk;.
,j;jia jpUkzq;fs; %yk; gpwe;j Foe;ijfSf;F mtrpakhd
ghJfhg;ig toq;Fjy;
V. rfy re;jh;g;gq;fspYk; gps;isapd; kpfr;rpwg;ghd eyd;fSf;fhd
Nfhl;ghl;ilg; gpd;gw;Wjy;.
331. khw;Wj;jpwd; gilj;Njhupd; cupikfs;
gy FOf;fs; khw;Wj;jpwd; gilj;Njhupd; tpNrl Njitfs; Fwpj;Jr;
rkh;g;gzq;fis Nkw;nfhz;ld. kpfTk; mbg;gilapyhd xU fuprid
tplak; murpayikg;G rfy kf;fspd; tplaj;jpYk; mf;fiw nfhs;tij
cWjpnra;tjhFk;. kdpjg; gy;tifikapy; xUgFjpahd Vw;Wf;
nfhs;sg;gl;l NtWghLfisf; nfhz;l rfy kf;fisAk; cs;slf;Ftij
murpayikg;G cWjpnra;a Ntz;Lnkd;W thjplg;gl;lJ. murpayikg;G>
tpNrlkhf NtWgLk; Mw;wy;fisf; nfhz;Nlhh;fspd; cupikfs; cWjp
nra;ag;gl;L mth;fSf;F mjpfhutYtspg;gJ rk;ge;jkhd ,yl;rpa
Nehf;fpd; mbg;gilapy; mikjy; Ntz;Lk;.
murpayikg;Gf;fhd mwpKf thrfk; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis
vLj;Jiuf;fNtz;Lnkd;W Kd;nkhopag;gl;lJ:
145
khw;Wj;jpwd;nfhz;Nlhh; kdpjg; gy;tifikapdJk;> kdpj
Fyj;jpdJk; xU gFjpahf kjpf;fg;gl;L> Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLjy;
Ntz;Lk;.
cupikfs; rhrdj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk; xU tpNrl gpuptpy;> khw;Wj; jpwd;fisf;
nfhz;NlhUk; ,izj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lnkd ehk;
Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwhk;.
i. khw;Wj;jpwd; nfhz;lth;fspd;> Fwpg;ghfg; gd;Kfg;
ghugl;rq;fSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;Fk; ngz;fs; kw;Wk; Atjpfspd;
cs;sgbahd rkj;Jtj;ij <l;bf;nfhs;tjw;F mtrpakhd>
Fwpj;j> eltbf;iffSld; $ba rPh;nra; rl;l eltbf;if.
,j;jia eltbf;iffs; murpayikg;gpd; Vw;ghLfspy;
ghugl;rkhff; fUjg;glyhfhJ.
ii. nghUshjhu> r%f> Fbapay; kw;Wk; murpay; cupikfis
khw;Wj;jpwd; nfhz;Nlhupd; Fwpj;j #o;epiyAld; ,izf;Fk;
tifapy;> xU jPh;khdfukhd vz;zf;fUj; njhlh;ig toq;Fk;
tifapy; mbg;gil cupikfs; mj;jpahaj;jpd; ,iaGs;s
cWg;Giuapy; <l;bf;nfhs;Sk; rl;lfj;jpy; ,e;jf; Nfhl;ghNl
gpupf;fKbahj Xh; mk;rkhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
iii. rl;lj;jpd;Kd; xU egnud;wtifapy; rkkhd mq;fPfhuk;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; cupikAld; ,ize;jtifapy;> jdJ
nrhe;jj; njupTfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Rje;jpuk; cs;spl;ltifapy;>
cs;shh;e;j jdpegh; nfsutk;> RahjPdk; kw;Wk; xU
egnud;wepiy vd;git Fwpj;Jiug;ghf mq;fPfupf;fg;gLjy;
Ntz;Lk;. ,jd;fUj;J Mw;wypd;ik> mbg;gilapy;
khw;Wj;jpwd;nfhz;NlhuplkpUe;J Njh;jy; nray;Kiwfs;
cs;spl;ltifapy; ,yq;ifapd; rkj;Jtkhd gpui[fnsd;w
mbg;gilapy;> murpay; kw;Wk; nghJtho;tpy; nry;thf;Fr;
nrYj;Jk; mth;fspd; Mw;wiy vtUk; gwpj;Jf;nfhs;Sjy;
MfhJ. NkYk;> gjpyPL nra;ag;gLk; jPh;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fg;
146
gjpyhf> Mjutspf;Fk; nghwpKiwAld; ,iae;jtifapy;>
egupd; rl;luPjpahd Mw;wiy mq;fPfupg;gJld;> me;egupd; ngsjPf
kw;Wk; kdepiy rhue;j XUikg;ghl;bw;F kjpg;gspg;gJ murpd;
flikahFk;.
iv. ve;jr; re;jh;g;gj;jpYk;> Xh; Mw;wypd;ik mth;fspd; Rje;jpuj;ijg;
gwpg;gjw;fhd epahatpsf;fkhf mikjy;$lhJ.
v. khw;Wj;jpwd;nfhz;Nlhupd; caph;thOk; cupik Fwpj;Jiug;ghf
mq;fPfupf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. khw;Wj;jpwd;nfhz;Nlhh; kpfTk;
,yFtpy; ghjpf;fg;glf;$ba #o;epiyfspy; ,e;j tplaj;Jf;Ff;
$ba ftdk; nrYj;jg;gly;Ntz;Lk;.
vi. Ruz;lypypUe;J ghJfhg;G: ,yq;ifapy; khw;Wj;jpwd;nfhz;;Nlhh;
mjpAah;thd mstpy; epWtdkag;gLtJ fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j
,lq;fspy;> tpNrlkhfg; ngz;fs; kw;Wk; Atjpfs; tplaj;jpy;
cah;thd Ruz;ly kw;Wk; ,lh;tuT fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
vii. muR khw;Wj;jpwd; nfhz;Nlhiu rfy tbtq;fspYkhd Ruz;ly;
kw;Wk; J\;gpuNahfq;fspypUe;J ghJfhj;jy;Ntz;Lk;. ,jpy;
mth;fspd; tPl;bDs;Sk;> ntspapYk;> nghJ kw;Wk; jdpahh;
epWtdg; gpd;dzpfspYk; mth;fspd; ghy;epiy mbg;gilapyhd
mk;rq;fSk; cs;slq;Fjy;; Ntz;Lk;.
viii. nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%f cupikfs;: nghUj;jidfs+lhf
,yq;if Vw;gq;fPfhuk; toq;fpAs;s nghUshjhu> r%f> kw;Wk;
fyhrhu cupikfNshL> mbg;gil cupikfs; mj;jpahaj;jpy;
cUtiuf;Fwpg;ghf ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s cupikfSld;
,izthf> fy;tp> Rfhjhuk;> Ntiytha;g;G> r%fg; ghJfhg;G
kw;Wk; tPlikg;Gf;fhd cupikfs;. ,it Fwpj;Jiug;ghf
khw;Wj;jpwd;nfhz;NlhUf;F mq;fPfhuk; toq;Fjy;Ntz;Lk;.
147
ix. khw;Wj;jpwd;nfhz;Nlhh; cupikfs; Mizf;FOnthd;iw
mikj;jy; (tpguq;fs; mj;jpahak; 18 ,y; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd)
x. Njh;jy; rPh;jpUj;jk; - Njh;jy; nray;Kiwapy; gq;Nfw;G.
khw;Wj;jpwd;nfhz;Nlhh; thf;fspf;Fk; cupikAk;> tha;g;Gk;>
njupTnra;ag;gLtjw;fhd cupikAk;> kj;japYk; mjpfhug;gfph;T
murhq;f kl;lq;fspYk; Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. tpguq;fs;
mj;jpahak; 15,y; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
332. tpyq;Ffs; cuppikAk;> ghJfhg;Gk;
tpyq;FfSf;fhd cupikfs; Xh; murpayikg;G cupikahf
cs;slf;fg;gLtjw;fhd Njitia typAWj;Jk; tifapy; gy FOf;fs;
FOtpd; Kd;dpiyapy; Njhd;wp> rkh;g;gzq;fis Nkw;nfhz;ld.
tpyq;Ffs; GydwpTtha;e;j caph;fnsd;gjhy; mitAk;
kdpjh;fisg;NghyNt caph;thOk; cupik nfhz;litnad;W
,e;jf;FOf;fs; thjpl;ld. mth;fs; epa+rpyhe;J> gpuhd;]; kw;Wk;
mT];jpupah Nghd;w> epajpr;rl;luPjpahf kpUfq;fisg; GydwpTs;s
caph;fnsd;W mq;fPfupj;Js;;s ehLfis cjhuzkhff; fhl;bdh;.
jw;Nghija murpayikg;gpd; cWg;Giu '[dr%fj;jpd; ed;ikfUjp
#oiyg; ghJfhj;J> Ngzp> Nkk;gLj;Jk;" nghWg;ig muRf;F toq;fp
cs;s mNj Ntisapy;> tpyq;Ffspd; cupikfSf;fhd FOf;fspd;
topfhl;ly; Nfhl;ghLfs; Fwpj;J ve;j ePjpkd;wj;jpNyh> epaharigapNyh
ePjp fhz;gJ ,ayhnjd;gjhy;> eilKiwg;gLj;jypy; Xh; ,ilntsp
fhzg;gLtijr; Rl;bf;fhz;gpj;jdh;.
kpUfq;fSf;fhd> ePjpkd;wj;jpy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;glf;$ba> tpyq;Ffs;
ghJfhg;G> mtw;Wf;Ff; nfh^uk; ,iog;gijj; jLj;J> mtw;wpd;
Nrkeyd;fis Kd;Ndw;Wk; tifapy; cupikfs; rhrdj;jpy;
148
cs;slf;fg;gLtJ Fwpj;Jr; rpe;jpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,J kpUfq;fisg; gupTlDk;
fUizAlDk; elhj;Jij cWjpnra;jy;Ntz;Lk;.
112.3 mbg;gil cupikfs;kPwYf;F epthuzk; kw;Wk; <Lnra;jy;
12.3.1 rkHg;gzq;fs;
Kd;G Fwpg;gpl;lJNghd;W> vkf;F Kd;dpiyapy; rkh;g;gzq;fis Nkw;nfhz;Nlhh;
mbg;gil cupikfis tpupTgLj;JtijAk;> murpay; r%fj;jpd;
[dehafkag;gLj;jiyAk; jkJ Kf;fpa fuprid tplaq;fshf ntspg;gLj;jpdh;.
kf;fs; jkJ kdf;Fiwfs; nrtpkLf;fg;gLtjw;F jhk; Nkw;nfhz;l
Kaw;rpfspYk;> epthuzq;fs; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; nray;KiwapYk;> vjph;Nehf;Fk;
,lh;fs; Fwpj;J tpgupj;jdh;. xU ghupa ngUk;ghd;ikapduhd gpui[fSf;F
murayikg;gpdhy; cj;juthjk; nra;ag;gl;l mbg;gil cupikfSk;>
ghJfhg;GfSk;> vl;lhf;fdpahf my;yJ mh;j;jkw;witahfNt cs;sjhf kf;fs;
njuptpj;jdh;. ehL KOtJKs;s Fbkf;fs; cupikfs;> ghJfhg;Gfis
eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy; epyTk; gpur;rpidfis vk;Kd; vLj;Jiuj;jdh;.
12.3.2 tpjg;Giufs;
MfNt> ehk; tiuTr; nray;KiwapYk;> mbg;gil cupikfis
eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd nghwpKiwfs; rk;ge;jkhfTk; ftdj;jpy;
nfhs;tjw;fhd tpjg;Giufis Nkw;nfhs;Sfpd;Nwhk;.
1. kf;fspd; khwptUk; fupridfs; kw;Wk; NjitfSf;F ,zf;fkhf
mikAk; tifapy;> cupikfs; rhrdk; tiuag;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
‘cupikfs;’ gupzhk tsh;r;rpailAk; r%fr; rhjdK; vd;w fUj;Jf;F
,lkspf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. NtW thh;j;ijfspy; $Wtjhapd;>
fhyhe;ju kPs;ghh;itfSf;F Vw;ghLfs; nra;ag;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
149
2. cupikfSf;fpilapyhd Kuz;ghLfis vt;thW eLepiyj;
jPh;g;Gf;F cl;gLj;JtJ vd;gJ Fwpj;Jk;; cupikfs; rhrdk;
rpe;jpf;fNtz;Lk;.
m. Nghl;bapLk; my;yJ Kuz;gLk; cupikfs; tplaj;jpy;>
cld;ghbd;ikfs; Njhd;Wk;NghJ> [dehaff; Nfhl;ghLfis
tpl;Lf; nfhLf;fhj Kiwapy;> jPh;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sk;
nray; Kiwfs; Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
3. vjph;kiwahd cupikfSf;Fk; (muR toq;Fk; ghJfhg;G)>
Mf;fg+h;tkhd cupikfSf;Fk; (murhq;f ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; czT>
,Ug;gplk;> fy;tp> nrsf;fpak;> Ntiytha;g;G) ,ilapyhd xU
rkepiyia cWjpnra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,J muR nfhs;ifapd;
topelj;jw; Nfhl;ghLfs; vt;thW tFj;jikf;fg;gLfpd;wd vd;Dk;
tplaj;NjhLk; cwtpizg;Gfis Vw;gLj;jyhk;. kuGuPjpahf
cupikfs; vd;git murpd; vy;iykPwpa eltbf;iffspypUe;J
ghJfhg;G vd;gjhfNt Nehf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. MapDk;> ,e;j ehl;fspy;>
gy re;jh;g;gq;fspy;> muirtpl jdpahh; %yjdk;> kw;Wk; ahf;fq;fs;
$Ljyhd nry;thf;iff; nfhz;Ls;sNghJ mury;yhj
epWtdq;fSk;> tifg;nghWg;Gf; $Wjy;Ntz;Lk;.
4. cupikfs; kPjhd typAWj;Jjy;> muRldhd r%f xg;ge;jj;jpypUe;J
tpyfpf;nfhs;tij rl;lepiyg;gLj;Jtjhf mikahjpUg;gij
cWjpnra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,J mbg;gilahd mur fUkq;fis
epiwNtw;wj;jtWk; Njh;r;rpaw;w> mjp fPo;epiyapyhd jd;ikf;Fk;
Fiwthd Xh; muirNa ajhh;j;jkhf;Ffpd;wJ. ,jd; fUj;J muR
nfhs;ifapd; topfhl;ly; Nfhl;ghLfs; kw;Wk; murpayikg;gpd;
Vida gpupTfSk; cupikfs; rhrdj;;NjhL ,zq;FtjhfTk;> mjw;F
Mjutspg;gitahfTk; ,Uj;jy;Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;.
5. FO mbg;gilapyhd mlf;F Kiwfis vjph;j;Jg; NghuhLtjw;fhd
cupikfspd; kjpg;ig mq;fPfupj;jy; (ngz;fs;> ,dj;Jtf; FOf;fs;>
RNjr FOf;fs;) mtrpankd;W njuptpf;fpd;wJ.
150
6. ghugl;r vjph;g;G Mizf;FOnthd;iw my;yJ rktha;g;Gfs;
Mizf;FOnthd;iw epWTjy;.
7. jPaNehf;NfhL ePjpKiwrhh; eltbf;ifapdhy; mbg;gil cupikfs;
kPwg;gLtJk;> mbg;gil cupikfs; epahahjpf;fj;jpd; fPo;
tUjy;Ntz;Lk;.
8. jdpahh; mikg;Gfshy; ,lk;ngWk;; mbg;gil cupikkPwy;fSk;
mbg;gil cupikfspd;; epahahjpf;fj;jpd; fPo; nfhz;L
tUjy;Ntz;Lk;.
9. xU kPwy; Fwpj;J KiwapLk; jdpahh; my;yJ FOtpd; rhh;gpy; nghJ
eyd;tof;Fj; njhluy; my;yJ ve;jf; FOtpdhYk; mj;jifa
tof;Fj; njhluy;fs; rhj;jpakhf;fg;gLk; tifapyhd Vw;ghLfs;.
10. r%fj;jpy; rkj;Jtkw;w epiyfSf;Fj; jPh;TfhZk; tifapy;>
Fwpj;jnjhU fhyg;gFjpf;F rPh;nra; rl;l eltbf;if my;yJ
vjph;j;jpirg;ghugl;r nraw;ghLfis nraw;gLj;jy;;.
11. mbg;gil cupikfs; gpupTk;> cupikr; rhrdKk; ,yq;ifahy;
Vw;wq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l rkthaq;fSld; Kuz;glhjpUg;gij
cWjpnra;jy;.
12. FOtpd; Kd;dpiyapy; Njhw;wpa gyh; mtrufhyepiyg;
gpukhzq;fs; / nghJkf;fs; / Njrpa ghJfhg;G vd;Dk; ngaupy;
mbg;gil cupikfis xLf;Fk; Mgj;Jf; Fwpj;J vLj;Jiuj;jdh;.
MfNt> mbg;gil cupikfs; Fwpj;J> ,lk;ngWk; kl;Lg;ghLfs;
,ad;wsTf;F mjp Fiwthdjhf;fg; gLjy;Ntz;Lk;.
151
1978Mk; Mz;bd; murpayikg;gpd; cWg;Giu 126MdJ murpayikg;gpy;
vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;s cupik epiwNtw;W my;yJ eph;thf eltbf;if%yk;
kPwg;gl;l epiy my;yJ cldbahf kPwg;gLk; epiy Fwpj;j tof;Ffis
tprhuiznra;J> jPh;g;G toqFk; jdpahd> gpuj;jpNaf epahahjpf;fj;ij
toq;Ffpd;wJ.
126Mk; cWg;GiuapdfPo; mbg;gil cupiknahd;W epiwNtw;W my;yJ eph;thf
eltbf;if%yk; kPwg;gl;Ls;sJ my;yJ cldbahf kPwg;glTs;sjhfr;
nra;ag;gLk; VjhtJ rhh;j;Jjy;> mj;jifa rhh;j;Jjiyr; nra;Ak; egupdhy;
cupik kPwy; ,lk;ngw;w jpfjpapypUe;J xUkhj fhyj;jpDs;
cah;ePjpkd;wj;Jf;Fr; rkh;g;gpf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
12.4.1 rkHg;gzq;fs;
mbg;gil cupik kPwYf;F epthuzk; NjLk;tifapy; cWg;Giu 126,y;
vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;s eltbf;if KiwahdJ gpd;tUk; fhuzq;fspdbg;gilapy;
rhjhuz egh;fs; epthuzk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tij jLg;gjhfTs;sJ.
cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpy; xU tpz;zg;gj;ijf; Nfhg;gpLk;tifapy;
mtrpakhd ,iaGs;s Mtzq;fis xU egh; jpul;bj;
jahuhtjw;F xUkhj fhyg;gFjp NghjhjjhFk;.
nfhOk;gpy; mkh;Tfis elj;Jk; cah;ePjpkd;wj;Jf;Fr; nrd;W>
tpz;zg;gnkhd;iwf; Nfhg;gpLtJ mjpf nrythdnjd;Wk;>
,lh;fs; epiwe;jnjd;Wk; kf;fs; vz;Zfpd;wdh;;
,e;j Vw;ghL epahakhdjy;y.
2.4 1978 Mk; Mz;bd; murpayikg;gpd; cWg;Giu 126 1
152
cah;ePjpkd;wNk cr;r ePjpkd;wkhftpUg;gjhy> mjd;
jPh;g;GfSf;nfjpuhf Nkd;KiwaPL nra;Ak; cupik ,y;yhJ
Nghjy;.
112.4.2 tpjg;Giufs;
1. mbg;gil cupikfs; tpz;zg;gnkhd;iwf; Nfhg;gpLk; fhyk; Fiwe;jJ
3 khjq;fSf;fhfthtJ mjpfupf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
2. Kjy;epiyapy; mbg;gil cupik> epahahjpf;fk; khfhzq;fspy;
mkh;Tfis elhj;Jk; Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wq;fspd; nghWg;gpy;
tplg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. xU Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wj;jpd;
fl;lisf;nfjpuhf cah;ePjpkd;wj;Jf;F Nkd;KiwaPL nra;Ak; cupik
,Uj;jy;Ntz;Lk;.
3. ePjpkd;w tpjpKiwfspd;fPo;> nghUj;jkhd tof;Ffspy; mbg;gilAupik
kPwy; ,lk;ngw;wnjd;why; tpjpKiwaw;w tpz;zg;gg;gj;jpu tplaj;jpYk;
ePjpkd;wk; mij Vw;W eltbf;if Nkw;nfhs;Sk;tifapy; Vw;ghLfisr;
nra;jy;.
4. xU FOtpd; mq;fj;jtUf;nfjpuhf mbg;gil cupikkPwy;
,lk;ngWk;Ntisapy; FO mbg;gil cupik tpz;zg;gj;ijr; nra;tJ
gpuNahfkhdjhf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
153
mmj;jpahak; 13
nkhop cupikfs;
13.1 rkh;g;gzq;fs;
nkhopAupikfs; rk;ge;jkhd rkh;g;gzq;fspy; Kf;fpakhd tplak;
gpui[fspd; tpUg;Gj; njupT nkhopapy; gfpuq;f Nrit toq;fiyg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; cupikkPwyhFk;. mj;NjhL rpwpa> rpWghd;ikapdq;fspy;
nkhopfisg; ghJfhj;Jg; NgZtjw;F mtrpakhd eltbf;iffs;
njhlHghfTk; mJ mike;J ,Ue;jJ.
murpDs; ,Uf;Fk; rfy epWtdq;fspYk; Mq;fpyj;ij
,izg;GnkhopahfTk;> rpq;fsj;ijAk;> jkpioAk; murfUk
nkhopfshfTk;> Njrpa nkhopfshfTk; kw;Wk; eph;thf nkhopfshfTk;
gpufldg;gLj;JtJ rk;ge;jkhd tpj;jpahrkhd fUj;Jf;fs;
Kd;itf;fg;gl;ld. ,jw;F khw;Wepiyapy;> rfy %d;W (03) nkhopfSNk
murpd; murfUk / eph;thf nkhopfshf ,Uj;jy;Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; murfUk
nkhopfis tYg;gLj;Jjy; xU gpuNjr mbg;gilapy;
,lk;ngwNtz;Lnkd;Wk;> xU Fwpg;gpl;l gpuNjrj;jpy; thOk;
ngUk;ghd;ikahd kf;fspd; nkhop; Kjy;nkhopahf ,Uf;fNtz;Lnkd;Wk;
xU Nkyjpf Kd;nkhopT ,lk;ngw;wJ. ,g;gpuNjrk; xU khfhzkhf>
my;yJ khtl;lkhf my;yJ khtl;lj;jpYs;s xU rpwpa
gpuNjrkhftpUf;fyhk;. ,jd;gpufhuk;> murpdhy; Nritfs; toq;fg;gLjy;
kw;Wk; muRlDk;> jdpahh; epWtdq;fSlDkhd njhlh;ghly;fs; vd;git
xU gpui[apd; tpUg;gj;njupT nkhopapy; ,lk;ngwNtz;Lk; vd;gJk; Xh;
mbg;gil cupikahf murpayikg;gpy; ,lk;ngwNtz;Lk; vd;Wk;. ,e;j
cupik kPwg;gLk;NghJ rl;l epthuzq;fs; fpilf;fNtzLnkd;Wk;>
vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;ld. Nkw;$wpa Kd;nkhopTfspypUe;J> murhq;f Nritf;F
Ml;Nrh;g;Gr; nra;ag;gLk; rfyUk; mjpFiwthf ,Unkhop / Kk;nkhopj;
jpwd;fs; nfhz;lth;fshf ,Uf;fNtz;baJ mtrpankd;W Nfhug;gLjy;
Ntz;Lk;. Mq;fpyk; xU gzpahw;Wk; / ,izg;G nkhopahf tpsq;Fjy;
Ntz;Lk;.
154
nghJkf;fs;> rfy gpui[fs; kj;jpapYk; ,Unkhopj; jpwd;fs;
Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLtij tuNtw;Fk; mNjNtisapy;> mth;fs; gps;isfSf;F
Kk;nkhopfSk;(03) Nghjpf;fg;gLtij tpUk;Gfpd;wdh;. ,J Mz;L 01
,ypUe;J f.ngh.j cah;juk; tiuapy; ,lk;ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;. vt;thwhapDk;>
rfy gpui[fSf;Fk; jkJ njupTnkhopapy; fy;tp ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; cupik
,Uf;Fk;.
murfUk nkhopfs; Mizf;FO (m.nkh.M.) Njrpa nkhopfs;
nfhs;iffisg; g+uzkhf eilKiwg;gLj;jf;$ba Kiwapy;
tYg;gLj;jg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; tifapy;>
Njh;r;rpkpf;f nkhopngah;g;ghsh;fs;> ciungah;g;ghsh;fs;> RUf;nfOj;jhsh;fs;
vd;Nghh; mtrpag;gLth;. mwptpj;jy;fs;> ,izaj;jsq;fs;> tpsk;gug;
gyiffs; kw;Wk; jpir milahsq;fs; vd;git cs;slf;Fk;tifapy;
nghJkf;fSf;F mtrpakhd rfy mur jfty;fSk; rpq;fsk;> jkpo;>
Mq;fpyk; vd;Dk; Kk;nkhopfspYk; ,Uj;jy;Ntz;Lk;. kf;fspd;
nkhopAupikfs; kPwg;gLk;NghJ> my;yJ eilKiwapypy;yhjNghJ mJ
ePjpkd;wj;jpy; tprhuiz nra;ag;glf;$bajhftpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;;. kyhah;>
kw;Wk; Mjpthrpfs;> njYq;F> kiyahs> [pg;rp rpWghd;ikf; FOf;fs;>
Mgpupf;f tk;rhtsp [dr%fq;fs;> Nghuh> rpe;jp Nghd;w rpwpa rpWghd;ikf;
FOf;fspd; nkhopfisg; ghJfhj;J> NgZtjw;fhd eltbf;iffs;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtJ mtrpakhFk;. ,j;jifa 21 nkhopfs; ,Ug;gjhf
$wg;gLfpd;wJ.
nkhop cupikfs; Fwpj;j rkh;g;gzq;fs; nghJthfNt> jdJ jha;
nkhopahfpa tpUg;Gnkhopapy muRld; njhlh;Gfis Nkw;nfhs;sTk;>
Nritfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sTkhd tpUg;G epiyapypUe;J vOgitahFk;.
,J> nrhe;jnkhop Fwpj;j nkhopg;gad;ghL njhlh;gpy; murpdhy; rkj;Jtkhf
elhj;jg;gLtjw;fhd xU tpUg;gpypUe;J gpwg;gjhFk;. ,J rpwpa
rpWghd;ikapdf; FOf;fs; jkJ nkhopfisAk;> mj;NjhL ,izg;Gw;w jkJ
fyhrhu eilKiwfisAk; mope;Jtplhky; fhg;ghw;Wtjw;fhf
Ntz;bepw;Fk; muR mq;fPfhuk; kw;Wk; cjtpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;
tpUg;GepiyahFk;.
155
13.2 tpjg;Giufs;
,yq;if ehl;bd; rkkhd gpui[fshf> murplkpUe;J Nrit toq;fiyg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy; kw;Wk; njhlh;ghly;fSf;fhf rpWghd;ikapdq;fisr;
Nrh;e;j kf;fs; kj;jpapy; epyTk; czug;gl;l tpUg;igAk;> muRld; jkJ
nrhe;jnkhopapy; njhlh;ghly; nra;Ak; mth;fspd; tpUg;igAk;>
ftdj;jpw;nfhz;L> ,yq;if kf;fspd; nkhopAupikfs; rk;ge;jkhf ehk;
gpd;tUk; tpjg;Giufis Nkw;nfhs;s tpUk;Gfpd;Nwhk;:
1. Mq;fpyk; Xh; ,izg;Gnkhopahf tpsq;Fk;epiyapy;> rpq;fsKk;>
jkpOk; murfUk> Njrpa kw;Wk; eph;thf nkhopfshfg; gpufldk;
nra;ag;gLjy;Ntz;Lk;.
2. gfpuq;f Nrit tpepNahfk; kw;Wk; gpui[apd; tpUg;Gj;njupT
nkhopapy; muRld; njhlh;ghly; tplaq;fspy;> Fwpg;ghfg;
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fspy; mbg;gil cupikfis cWjpnra;jy;:
i. VjhtJ Njrpa nkhopapy; fy;tp ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;
cupik
ii. eph;thfnkhop kw;Wk; ePjpkd;wq;fspd; nkhop; vd;git
fLikahfg; gpd;gw;wg;gl;L> mij Xh; mbg;gil
cupikahf Mf;Fk;tifapy; Vw;ghLfis
cs;slf;Fjy;
VjhtJ xU Njrpa nkhopapy; VjhtJ
jpizf;fsj;Jld;> my;yJ murhq;f epWtdj;Jld;
njhlh;G nfhs;tJ Xh; mbg;gil cupikahfg;
gpufldg;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
VjhtJ khfhz rig my;yJ khfhz rigapd;
fPOs;s VjhtJ epWtdj;Jld; rpq;fs nkhopapNyh
my;yJ jkpo; nkhopapNyh njhlh;ghly; nra;tJ
xU mbg;gil cupikahfg; gpufldg;gLj;jg;gly;
Ntz;Lk;.
156
iii. rfy murhq;f kw;Wk; khfhz tpsk;guq;fs;>
gbtq;fs; kw;Wk; mj;jpahtrpa rfy gfpuq;f
Mtzq;fisAk;> rpq;fs kw;Wk; jkpo; nkhopfspy;
itj;jpUg;gij Xh; mbg;gil cupikahf
mq;fPfupj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,j;jifa tpsk;guq;fs;>
gbtq;fs; Nghd;wtw;Wf;F ve;jj; jug;gpdUk;
rpq;fsj;jpy; my;yJ jkpopy; njhlh;ghly; nra;Ak;
cupikAk; mq;fPfupf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
iv. nkhop mbg;gilapy; ,lk;ngWk; ghugl;rk;> mbg;gil
cupik kPwyhff; fUjg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
3. rfy gpui[fSf;Fk; jkJ njupT nkhopapy; fy;tp ngw;Wf;
nfhs;Sk; cupik ,Uj;jy;Ntz;Lk;. juk; 1 ,ypUe;J rpq;fsk;>
jkpo; kw;Wk; Mq;fpyj;ijf; fw;gJ fl;lhag;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
4. Njrpa nkhopf; nfhs;ifiag; g+uzkhf eilKiwg;gLj;Jk;
tifapy; murfUk nkhopfs; Mizf;FOTf;F mjpfhutY
toq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.
5. rpwpa rpWghd;ik FOf;fSf;F cupa nkhopfisg; ghJfhj;J>
NgZtjw;F mur cjtp toq;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. murpay;
mikg;G ,j;jifa nkhopfs; rk;ge;jkhd ml;ltiznahd;iw
cs;slf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.
6. rfy gpui[fSk; jkJ nkhop; kw;Wk; fyhrhuj;ijf;
fhj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;fhd cupik ,Uj;jy;Ntz;Lk; vd;gNjhL>
murfUk nkhopfs; Mizf;FO tuyhw;W tho;tplk;nfhz;l
kf;fspd; nkhopfisAk;> fyhrhuj;ijAk; ghJfhj;J>
Kd;Ndw;Wk; tifapy;> Nkk;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. jkJ
nkhopiaAk;> fyhrhuj;ijAk; fw;gjpy;> gpui[fSf;Fr; rkkhd
tha;g;Gfis toq;FtJ murpd; flikahftpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
7. khw;Wj;jpwd; nfhz;Nlhupd; nkhopfs;> irif nkhop> kw;Wk;
gpnuapy; vd;gitAk; Nfhug;gLk;NghJ cj;jpNahfg+h;t
157
njhlh;ghlYf;fhd nkhopfshftpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j
nkhopfspy; jfty;fs; Njitg;gLNthUf;F murpd; nrytpy;
mtw;iw toq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.
158
mmj;jpahak; 14
ePjpj;Jiw
ePjpj;Jiw kw;Wk; mjd; gzpfs; rk;ge;jkhff; FOTf;Ff; fUj;Jr;
rkh;g;gzq;fis Nkw;nfhz;l mNdfkhNdhupd; gpujhd fuprid %d;W
Kf;fpa tptfhuq;fs; gw;wpajhf tpUe;jd. 'rl;lj; jhkjq;fs;" kpfthfTs;sik>
'ePjp; ngWtjw;fhd mjPjnryT" kw;Wk; Nfs;tpf;fplkhfTs;s 'ePjpj;Jiwapd;
Rje;jpuk;' vd;gitNa mitahFk;.
nghJkf;fs; rpyh; ePjp eph;thfj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;> tpidj;jpwdpd;ik kw;Wk;
Coy; kw;Wk; fpuhk kl;lq;;fspyhd rpwpa gpzf;Ffisj; jPh;g;gjpy;
ePjpkd;wq;fspd; Mw;wypd;ik vd;git Fwpj;Jk; Nfs;tpnaOg;gpdh;. fpuhk
kl;lj;jpy; ePjpKiwrhh; nghwpKiw ,y;yhikAk;> mjPj nryTk; jhkjq;fSq;
nfhz;l ePjp KiwikAk; gyh;> Fwpg;ghf twpa kf;fSk;>
Xuq;fl;lg;gl;NlhUk;> ePjpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd jkJ mbg;gil
cupikiaf; iftpLksTf;F ,l;Lr;nrd;Ws;sd. cupikia
eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd nryT ruhrupg; gpui[ xUtupd; nghUshjhu
Mw;wYf;F mg;ghw;gl;lnjd;gjhy;> ePjpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; cupik vd;gJ
ntWk; khia vd;W gyUk; fUj;J ntspapl;ldh;. tof;Fj;njhlUtjw;fhd
fl;lzq;fs; jkJ ,aYikia kPwpaitnad;Wk;> ,jd;tpisthf> mth;fs;
ePjpkd;wq;fs+lhf ePjpiaj;NjLk; vjph;ghh;g;igf; iftpLtjhfTk; njuptpj;jdh;.
xUtifapy;> rl;lj;jpd; jhkjq;fSk; ePjpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjpyhd mjPj
nryTk; rpy Ml;fisj; jkJ gpur;rpidfisj; jPh;j;Jf;nfhs;tjw;Fr;
rl;lKiwaw;w my;yJ ePjpKiwrhuh toptiffisg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fj;
js;spAs;sd. ,r;nray;Kiwapy; ehl;by; rl;l Ml;rpAk; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ehl;bd; ePjpkd;wf; fl;likg;ig my;yJ ePjpkd;w Kiwikia G+uzkhf
khw;wpaikg;gJ rk;ge;jkhf jPtpu Nahridfisf; FO ngw;Wf;
nfhs;stpy;iy. ePjp toq;fiyAk; NfhUjiyAk; kf;fSf;F
mz;kpj;jhf;Ftij jw;Nghija ePjpkd;wf; fl;likg;G kw;Wk; epahahjpf;fk;
159
Fwpj;j rpy kPnshOq;FgLj;jy;fs+lhfj; njhluyhnkd;gjpy; nghJthd
,zf;fg;ghL fhzg;gl;lJ.
vt;thwhapDk;> ,Jtplaj;jpy;> gpujhdkhf murpayikg;igg;
nghUs;Nfhly;nra;jy; kw;Wk; rl;lthf;frigfs; ,aw;;Wk; rl;lq;fspd;
ePjpKiw kPsha;T nra;tjw;fhf murpayikg;G ePjpkd;wnkhd;W
cUthf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lnkd;w Nahridfs; ,lk; ngw;wd.
114.1 ePjpkd;wf; fl;likg;G
,e;j mwpf;ifapy; jdpNtwhf ifahsg;gl;Ls;s> jdpNtwhd murpayikg;G
ePjpkd;wnkhd;iwj; jhgpf;fNtz;Lnkd;w rkh;g;gzj;Jf;F mikthf>
cah;ePjpkd;wk;> Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wk;> Nky; ePjpkd;wk;> khfhz Nky;
ePjpkd;wq;fs;> khtl;l ePjpkd;wq;fs; kw;Wk; ePjpthd; ePjpkd;wq;fs; ehl;by;
njhlh;e;Jk; nraw;glNtz;Lnkd;gJk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. cah;epiy
ePjpkd;wq;fs; kf;fspdJ ePjpKiwrhh; mjpfhuj;ij murpayikg;gpypUe;J
Neubahf ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;LNkad;wp> ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; Clhf
murpayikg;gpypUe;J ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$lhnjd;Wk; fUj;J Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ.
cah;epiy ePjpkd;wq;fs; kf;fspdJ ePjpKiwrhh; mjpfhuj;ij
murpayikg;gpypUe;J NeubahfNt ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lnkd;gJk;> ,e;j
ePjpkd;wq;fspd; gy;NtW epahahjpf;fq;fs; murpayikg;gpy; njspthff;
Fwpg;gplg;glNtz;Lnkd;gJk; tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;ld. ,J> murhq;fj;jpd; Vida
fUtpfspypUe;J ePjpj;Jiwapd; RahjPdj;ij> Nfhl;ghl;bYk; Njhw;wg;ghl;bYk;>
cWjpnra;tjhy; ,f;FO ,r;rkh;g;gzj;NjhL cld;gLfpd;wJ.
vt;thwhapDk;> mbg;gil kdpj cupikfs; kw;Wk; nkhopAupikfs; Fwpj;j
tof;Ffis tprhupj;J> ePjpfhz;gjw;fhd epahahjpf;fk; Nkd;KiwaPl;L
ePjpkd;wj;Jf;F toq;fg;glNtz;L nkd;Wk;> mJ nfhOk;Gf;F khj;jpuk; jdJ
nraw;ghl;il kl;Lg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sf;$lh njd;Wk;> mjw;F ehl;bd; xt;nthU
khfhzj;jpYk; epue;jukhd ePjpkd;wq;fs; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; gyuhy;
Kd;nkhopTfs; rkh;g;gpf; fg;gl;ld. ,ijr; rhj;jpakhf;Ftjw;F Nkd;KiwaPl;L
ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfspd; vz;zpf;if 35 Kjy; 45 tiuahf
mjpfupf;fg;glNtz;Lnkd;gJk;> khfhz kl;lj;jpy; mkh;Tfis elhj;Jtjw;F
160
Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs; %tuhtJ epue;jukhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;
vd;gJk; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;ld. ,t;thNw ,e;j ePjpkd;wq;fs; vOj;jhiz
epahahjpf;fj;ijj; njhlh;e;Jk; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lnkd;Wk;> ,J Njrpa
rl;lq;fs; njhlh;gpy; khfhz kl;lj;jpy; gpuNahfpf;fg;gLnkd;Wk;
njuptpf;fg;gl;lJ. khfhzj;jpDs; fhzg;gLk; Nky; ePjpkd;wj;jpypUe;Jk;>
khfhz Nky; ePjpkd;wq;fspypUe;J mjd; Kjdpiy epahahjpf;fj;jpd; NghJ
toq;fg;gl;l jPh;g;Gf;fs; fhuzkhf vOk; Nkd;KiwaPLfs; khfhzj;jpYs;s
Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wj;jpdhy;; tprhupf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
Fbaurpd; Nky; ePjpkd;wk; njhlh;e;Jk; ghupa Fw;wtpay; jtWfs; njhlh;gpy;
Fw;wtpay; epahahjpf;fj;ij ehl;bd; jw;NghJs;s rl;lq;fspd;fPo;
gpuNahfpf;Fk;. khfhz Nky; ePjpkd;wq;fs; murpayikg;Gf;fhd 13 MtJ
jpUj;j Vw;ghLfspd; fPOk; mjd;gpd;dh; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l rl;lq;fshYk;
toq;fg;gl;l mNj epahahjpf;fq;fis njhlh;e;Jk; gpuNahfpf;Fk;. khfhz
Nky; ePjpkd;wq;fshdit> ePjpthd; ePjpkd;wq;fs; kw;Wk; khtl;l ePjpkd;wq;fs;
toq;fpa jPh;g;Gfs; kw;Wk; fl;lisfs; kPjhd Nkd;KiwaPl;L kw;Wk;
kPs;Nehf;F epahahjpf;fq;fisj; njhlh;e;Jk; gpuNahfpf;Fk;1..
ehl;by; khtl;l ePjpkd;wq;fs; kw;Wk; ePjpthd; ePjpkd;wq;fs; njhlUtij
mq;fPfupf;Fk; mNjNtisapy;> ngw;Nwhh;fs;> kw;Wk; gps;isfs; kj;jpapy;
Fbapay; kw;Wk; kUtpa Fbapay; tplaq;fisf; ifahSk; tifapy; FLk;g
ePjpkd;wq;fs; jhgpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; kf;fs; fUj;Jj; njhptpj; Js;sdh;.
jhgupg;Gf; fl;lisr;rl;lk;> tPl;L td;nray; jLg;Gr;rl;lk; vd;gtw;wpd;fPo; tUk;
tplaq;fs;;> rpWth;fs; ghJfhty;> kw;Wk; fl;Lf;fhty; Fwpj;j tptfhuq;fs;
Nghd;wtw;iwf; FLk;g ePjpkd;wq;fs; ifahsyhnkd;gJk;> nghUj;jkhd
re;jh;g;gq;fspy; ghypah; ePjpkd;wq;fshy; ifahsg;glyhnkd;gJk;
tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. FLk;gk; kw;Wk; FLk;g rk;ge;jg;gl;l tptfhuq;fisf;
1khfhz ePjpkd;wq;fspd; Nkd;KiwaPl;L kw;Wk; kPs;Nehf;F epahahjpf;fq;fs; ePjthd;
ePjpkd;wq;fspd; fl;lisfs; kw;Wk; jPh;khdq;fSf;F kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLnkd;Wk;> khtl;l
ePjpkd;wq;fs;> njhopy; / fkey epaharigfspd; fl;lisfs;> jPh;khdq;fSf;F
tp];jupf;fg;glkhl;lhnjd;Wk; fUj;Jf;fs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;ld. mit khfhz Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wq;fspdhy; gpuNahfpf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
161
ifahStjw;F khtl;l kl;lj;jpy; FLk;g ePjpkd;wq;fs; Nghd;w Nkyjpf
ePjpkd;wq;fs; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
cah;ePjpkd;w ePjpaurh;fspd; vz;zpf;if 15 MfTk;> Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;w
ePjpgjpfspd; vz;zpf;if 35 ,w;Fk; 40 f;Fk; ,ilg;gl;ljhfTk;
mjpfupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;Wk;> tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. xt;nthU
ePjpkd;wj;jpYk; tof;F xOq;FgLj;J ePjpgjp xUth; (Master of Rolls)
,Uf;fNtz;Lnkd;Wk; rkh;g;gzk;nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,g;gjtpahdJ
cah;ePjpkd;wk;> Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wk;> Nky; / khfhz Nky; ePjpkd;wk;>
khtl;l ePjpkd;wk; kw;Wk; ePjpthd; ePjpkd;wk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;;. tof;F
xOq;FgLj;J ePjpgjp ,iaGs;s ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ePjpgjpfSs; xUtuhf
,Uj;jy;Ntz;Lnkd;gNjhL> mth; gpujk ePjpauruhy; xU jlitapy; 6
khjq;fSf;Ff;Fiwahj fhyg;gFjpf;F> fhyj;Jf;Ff;fhyk; ngah;Fwpj;J
epakpf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. mth; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; Vida ePjpgjpfNshL my;yJ
ePjpgjpapd; jdpaiwapy; mkuyhk;. ,e;j ePjpgjpapd; gpujhd flikfs;
fUkq;fs;: (i) thjj;Jf;F Ke;jpa kw;Wk; gpd;duhd nray;Kiwiaf;
ftdpj;jy; (ii) ,zf;fq;fis Vw;ghLnra;jy; (iii) thjq;fSf;fhd jpfjpfis
eph;zak; nra;jy; (iv) ePjpkd;wj;ijAk;> ePjpkd;w Neuj;ijAk; xJf;fpaspj;jy;
kw;Wk; (v) gpujk ePjpaurUld; fye;jhNyhrpj;J> ePjpgjpfs; Fohq;fis
Mf;fpaikj;jy;. khfhz Nky; ePjpkd;wq;fs; kw;Wk; khfhzj;jpy;
mkh;itelhj;Jk; Nky; ePjpkd;wq;fs; tplaj;jpy; tof;Ffs; xOq;FgLj;J
ePjpgjp xUth; Nkw;gb fUkq;fisg; Gupayhk;. mt;thNw> xU khtl;lj;jpYs;s
khtl;l ePjpkd;wj;Jf;nfhUth; kw;Wk; xU khtl;lj;jpYs;s ePjpthd;
ePjpkd;wj;Jf;nfhUth; vd;w uPjpapy; fUkkhw;wyhk;. Nky; ePjpkd;wk;> khtl;l
ePjpkd;wk; kw;Wk; ePjpthd; ePjpkd;wq;fspd; tof;F xOq;FgLj;J ePjpgjp
ePjpr;Nritfs; Mizf;FOtpdhy; epakdk; nra;ag;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
Muk;g ePjpkd;wq;fis ,y;yhkw; nra;jik ePjpthd; ePjpkd;wq;fspy; tof;Ffs;
Ftpe;J mjd; nraw;ghLfs; jilg;gLk; epiyf;F ,l;Lr; nrd;Ws;s njd;Wk;>
mJTk; rl;lj;jpd; jhkjq;fSf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Js;snjd;Wk;> kf;fs;
njuptpj;jdh;. rpwpa gpzf;Ffs; kw;Wk; mikjpf;Fg; gq;fk; Fwpj;j
162
epahahjpf;fq;fSld; Muk;g ePjpkd;wq;fs; kPz;Lk; jhgpf;fg;gLtij mth;fs;
tpje;Jiuj;jdh;. Muk;g ePjpkd;wq;fs; xopf;fg;gl;lNtisapy; ePjpj;Jiwr; rl;lk;
jpUj;jg;gl;L> rpW cupikf;Nfhupf;if ePjpkd;wq;fs; ehl;by; jhgpg;gjw;F
Vw;ghLnra;jij ,f;FO mwpe;Js;sJ. vt;thwhapDk;> me;j Vw;ghLfSf;F
mikr;rh; xUtupd; fl;lis %ykhfg; gaDWjp toq;fg;gltpy;iy. ,e;j
epajpr;rl;l Vw;ghLfs; ePf;fg;glhky; ,d;dKk; epajpr;rl;lg; Gj;jfj;jpy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
,zf;f rigfspd; fUkg;ghLfs; njhlh;gpy; jw;NghJs;s rl;lj;ijj;
jpUj;JkhWk;> xU Kd;nkhopT ,lk;ngw;wJ. jw;Nghija rl;lj;jpy; mtrpakhd
khw;wq;fspD}lhf> ,zf;fr; nray;Kiw%yk; jug;gpdupilNa vl;lg;gLk;
,zf;fk; tYTf;F cl;gLj;jg;glf;$ba epiy Vw;gLk; tifapy; jw;Nghija
rl;lj;jpy; jpUj;jq;fs; nra;ag;glNtz;Lnkd;w fUj;Jj; njuptpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
FO ,e;j Kd;nkhopTfspy; rpy nkr;rf;$ba mk;rq;fisf; fhZfpd;wJ. ,J
jPtpukhf ftdj;jpw;nfhs;sg;gl;L> eilKiwg;gLj;jg;glNtz;Lnkd;W FO
tpje;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.
114..2 murpayikg;G ePjpkd;wk; / cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpd;
murpayikg;Gf; Fohk;
14.2.1 rkh;g;gzq;fs;
ePjpj;Jiw tplak; Fwpj;Jf; fye;Jiuahba gyh; murpayikg;G ePjpkd;wnkhd;W
jhgpf;fg;gLtij Kd;nkhope;jdh;. murpayikg;G ePjpkd;wnkhd;Wf;fhd Njit
ghuhSkd;wr; rl;l%yq;fs; murpayikg;Gld; ,iaghfTs;sdth vd;gijAk;
rl;lthf;fq;fspd; ePjpKiw kPsha;T nra;tijAk; kw;Wk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpdhYk;
khfhz rigfspdhYk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l rl;lq;fs; murpayikg;Gld;
,iaghfTs;sdth vd;gijAk; gpujhdkhf jPh;khdpg;gjw;fhf vOe;jjhFk;.
NkYk;> ePjpr;Nrit Mizf;FOtpd; KbTfis kPsha;Tnra;tjw;fhd
epahahjpf;fk;> cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPh;g;Gf;fSf;nfjpuhd Nkd;KiwaPLfis
tprhupg;gjw;fhd epahahjpf;fk; vd;gtw;Wf;Fk; murpayikg;G ePjpkd;wk;
163
,d;wpaikahjjhFnkd kf;fs; njhptpj;jdh;. NkYk;> ,J murpd; rfy
fUtpfSf;Fk; fl;Lg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; rkepiyg;gLj;jYf;fhd Vw;ghLfis
toq;Fk; [dehafr; nray;Kiwia Nkk;gLj;JtjhFnkd;gJk; rpyupd;
fUj;jhftpUe;jJ.
114.2.2 tpjg;Giufs;
FOtpd; mq;fj;jpdh;fs; ,JFwpj;J jPh;f;fhNyhridfis
Nkw;nfhz;lNghjpYk;> mgpg;gpuhaq;fspy; jPtpu NtWghLfs; fhzg;gl;ld.
murpayikg;G kf;fsitapd; ftdj;Jf;nfd ehk; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis
Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwhk;:
1. rpy mqfj;jpdh;fs;2 gpd;tUk; epahahjpf;fq;fSld; $ba
murpayikg;G ePjpkd;wnkhd;W jhgpf;fg;gLtij tpje;Jiuf;fpd;wdh;.
m. murpayikg;Gf;fhd cj;Njr jpUj;jq;fspd;
murpayikg;Gldhd ,iaghe;jd;ikiaj; jPh;khdpj;jy;.
M. ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; rl;l%yq;fspd; murpayikg;Gldhd
,iaghe;jd;ikiaj; jPh;khdpj;jy;.
,. ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; rl;l%yq;fs; mur nfhs;if topfhl;lw;;
Nfhl;ghLfSldhd ,iaghe;jd;ikiaj; jPh;khdpj;jy;.
<. ghuhSkd;j;jpdhYk; khfhzrigfspdhYk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l
rl;lq;fspd; murpayikg;Gldhd ,iaghe;jd;ikFwpj;j
ePjpKiw kPsha;T
c. murpayikg;Gg; nghUs;Nfhly; tplaq;fs; Fwpj;j
ntspg;gLj;Jjy;
2 `upzp mku#upa@ vk;.Nf.ejPf;fh jkae;jp@ rpwpkrpwp `g;GMur;rp@ tpd;];ld; gj;jpuh[h@ vd;.
nry;tf;Fkhud; @ v];.jtuh[h@ v];. tpN[re;jpud; @ yhy; tpN[ehaf;f
164
C. ePjpr;Nrit Mizf;FOtpd; VjhtJ KbT rk;ge;jkhd
ePjpKiw kPsha;T
v. murayikg;G ePjpkd;wkhdJ> Njrpa kw;Wk;
murpayikg;Grhh; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j tplankhd;W
,Ug;gjhf mgpg;gpuhag;gLifapy; cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpd;
jPh;g;GfSf;nfjpuhd Nkd;KiwaPLfis tprhupj;jy;.
V. mbg;gil cupikfs;> kdpjcupikfis kPWfpwJ vDk;
mbg;gilapy; ePjpKiwrhh; eltbf;iffs;> fl;lisfs; kw;Wk;
jPh;g;Gfisf; Nfs;tpf;Fl;gLj;Jk; tifapyhd kDf;fis
tprhuiznra;jy;.
I. murpayikg;G Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j ve;j tplaj;jpYk;
[dhjpgjp> gpujkh; kw;Wk; rghehafh; mgpg;gpuhaj;ij
ehbg;ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; tifapyhd fye;jhNyhrid
epahahjpf;fk;
2. murpayikg;G ePjpkd;wk; ,yq;ifapy; cr;repiy ePjpkd;wkhfTk;>
gjpNtl;L ePjpkd;wkhfTk; tpsq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.
m. murpayikg;G ePjpkd;wk; jiytupdhYk;> Vida 6
ePjpaurh;fshYk; Mf;fpaikf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
M. murpayikg;G ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jiytUk;> ePjpaurh;fSk;
murpayikg;G Nguitapd; tpjg;Giuapd;Ngupy;
[dhjpgjpapdhy; epakpf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
,. murpayikg;G ePjpkd;wk; xU g+uz ePjpkd;wkhf my;yJ 5
ePjpaurh;fisf;nfhz;l xU Fohkhff; fUkg;gLjy;Ntz;Lk;.
165
3. murpayikg;G ePjpkd;wk; Xa;Tngw;w cah;ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs;> rl;lk;
my;yJ mJrhh;e;j tplaq;fspy; fy;tpg;Gyikrhh; jifikfs; gilj;j
fPh;j;jpngw;w egh;fs;> cj;jpNahfg+h;t my;yJ cj;jpNahfg+h;tkw;w
,isg;ghwpa toq;fwpQh;fspilapypUe;J tUk; Gfo;tha;e;j
gpuKfh;fisf; nfhz;ljhf mikjy;Ntz;Lk;.
4. murpaypy; Neubahf <LgLNthh; my;yJ jw;NghJ my;yJ
fle;jfhyj;jpy; VjhtJ murpay; fl;rpapy; VjhtJ gjtptfpj;Njhh;
murpayikg;G ePjpkd;wj;Jf;F epakpf;fg;gLjy; MfhJ.
FOtpd; rpy mq;fj;jpdh;fs;3 Nkw;$wpatifapy; murpayikg;G ePjpkd;wk;
jhgpf;fg;gLtjw;F cld;ghL njuptpf;ftpy;iy. ,J murhq;fj;jpd;
epiwNtw;W kw;Wk; rl;lthf;ff; fpisfs; ePjpj;Jiwapd; Rje;jpuj;jpy;
jiyaPL nra;tjw;F ,l;Lr;nry;Ynkd;W ,th;fs; fUjpdh;. NkYk;>
cah;ePjpkd;wj;Jf;F Nkyhd Xh; mikg;G ,Uj;jyhfhnjd;Wk; ,th;fs;
fUjpdh;. rl;lty;Yeh;fs; my;yhNjhUk; cah;ePjpkd;wj;Jf;F epakdk;
ngWtjpy; jw;NghJ vt;tpj jilAkpy;iy nad;gijAk; ,th;fs; Rl;bf;
fhz;gpf;fpd;wdh;. jdpNtwhd mikg;ghff; fUjg;gLk; Xh; murpayikg;G
ePjpkd;wj;Jf;F vjph;g;Gj; njuptpf;Fk; ,th;fs; mjw;Fg;gjpyhf ePjprhh;
fl;likg;gpDs; cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; murpayikg;G ePjpf; Fohk; xd;iw
Mjupf;fpd;wdh;.
NtnwhU tpjg;Giu4 ePjpkd;wf; fl;likg;gpDs; Xh; murpayikg;G ePjpf;
Fohj;ij mikg;gJ Fwpj;jjhftpUg;gpDk;> mjpy; cah;ePjpkd;w
ePjpaurh;fs; khj;jpukd;wp> Xa;Tngw;w cah;ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs;> rl;lk;
my;yJ mJrhh;e;j tplaq;fspy; fy;tpg;Gyikrhh; jifikfs; gilj;j
fPh;j;jpngw;w egh;fs;> cj;jpNahfg+h;t my;yJ cj;jpNahfg+h;tkw;w
,isg;ghwpa tof;fwpQh;fs; kj;jpapypUe;J Gfo;tha;e;;j gpuKfh;fs;
vd;NghiuAk; csslf;Fk;tifapy; mike;jjhFk;.
3 F\hd; b my;tp]; r.t@ vk;.it.vk;.ghap];@ Rdpy; [auj;d@ FKJ FRk; Fkhu@ fhe;jp uzrpq;f@ 4 V.vk;.etuj;d gz;lhu@ v];.rp.rp.,sq;Nfhtd;@
166
114.3 ePjpKiw kPsha;T
murpayikg;G ePjpkd;wnkhd;iw epWtNtz;Lnkd;w nghJkf;fs; gyupd;
fUj;Jf;fs; rl;lthf;fj;jpd; ePjpKiw kPsha;itAk; cs;slf;fpapUe;jd.
murpayikg;gpd; kPAah;jd;ik vDk; vz;zf;fU rl;lthf;fr;rigfshy;
epiwNtw;wg;gLk; rl;lq;fspd; kPsha;T nra;ag;glf;$ba re;jh;g;gk; epyTk;NghJ
khj;jpuNk cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl KbAnkd;gJ ,th;fspd; fUj;jhFk;. MfNt>
,th;fs; ePjpkd;wk;> tpNrlkhf murpayikg;G ePjpkd;wk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpdJk;
Vida rl;lthf;fr;rigfspdJk; rl;l%yq;fs; kw;Wk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l
rl;lq;fis kPsha;T nra;tjw;fhd epahahjpf;fj;ijf; nfhz;bUj;jy;
Ntz;Lnkd;Dk; fUj;Jf;F mNdfkhf Vfkdkhd mq;fPfhuj;ij
toq;fpAs;shh;fs;.
14.4 ePjpj;Jiwapd; Rje;jpuk;
epahakhd> xUepiyahd> kw;Wk; gf;fr;rhh;gw;w ePjpeph;thfj;Jf;F ed;F
gzpahw;Wk;> tpidj;jpwd;kpf;f> RahjPdkhd ePjpj;Jiwnahd;W mtrpa
Njitg;ghlhFk;. ,jd;tpisthf> ePjpKiwr; Rje;jpunkd;gJ cupa
rl;lr;nray;Kiw> rl;l thl;rp kw;Wk; [dehafj;Jf;F jtph;f;fKbahj
mk;rnkhd;whFk;. ePjpj;Jiwapd; Rje;jpuj;ij cWjpg;gLj;Jk;
mbg;gilf;Nfhl;ghLfs; murpayikg;gpy; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
ePjpgjpfs; rl;lj;Jf;F khj;jpuk; cl;gl;lth;fshth;. mj;Jld; mth;fspd;
KbTfs; Nkd;KiwaPl;L eltbf;iffSf;Fg; Gwk;ghf khw;wQ; nra;ag;glyhfh.
ePjpgjpfspd; epakdk; kw;Wk; njhopy;rhh; tho;f;ifg;gzp vd;git
jFjpapdbg;gilapYk;> Gwtakhd msTNfhy;fspd; mbg;gilapYk;
,lk;ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;. ePjpgjpfspd; kjpg;gPL mth;fspd; KbTfspd;
cs;slf;fj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; ,lk;ngwf;$lhJ. Fwpg;ghf> mth;fs;
toq;fg;gLk; tpLjiyj; jPh;g;Gfs; vt;tpjj;jpYk; Njhy;tpapd; milahskhff;
fUjg;glyhfhJ. ePjpgjpfspd; tif$Wk;nghWg;G kw;Wk; mth;fspd; ePjpfhZk;
Rje;jpuk; vd;gtw;Wf;fpilapy; Kiwahd rkepiynahd;W Ngzg;gLjy;
Ntz;Lk;. ePjpgjpfs;Fwpj;j xOf;fhw;Wg; nghWg;Gilik mth;fsJ jPh;g;Gfspd;
167
cs;slf;fj;Jf;Nfh my;yJ mth;fspd; ePjpKiwrhh; jtWfSf;Nfh
tp];jupf;fg;glyhfhJ.
ePjpKiwrhh; xOf;fhw;W eltbf;iffis Kd;ndLf;Fk; mikg;G> mtw;wpd;kPJ
jPh;khdk; vLf;Fk; mikg;ghfTk; ,Uj;jyhfhJ. ,e;j mikg;GfSf;F
Kfq;nfhLf;Fk; ePjpgjpfs; eltbf;if njhlh;ghd ghJfhg;Gf;fis
mDgtpf;fNtz;Lk; vd;gJld;> xOf;fhw;W tprhuizfs; g+uzkhf
xspTkiwtw;witahf ,Uj;jYk; Ntz;Lk;. xU tof;F rk;ge;jkhd
jPh;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; ePjpgjpnahUth; ePjpj;Jiwapd; cs;spUe;J my;yJ
ntspapypUe;jhd %d;whe;jpwj;jthpd; fl;lisapd; gb my;yJ mwpTWj;jypd;
gb nraw;gLtjhf ,Uj;jyhfhJ vd;gJ Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l cz;ikahFk;.
ntspaf nry;thf;fpypUe;J Rje;jpuj;ij cWjpnra;tjw;F> ePjpgjpfs;kPJ
vt;tifapYk; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jKaYk; ntspafr; nraw;ghl;lhsh;fSf;
nfjpuhd cWj;jq;fis Rkj;Jk; rl;l Vw;ghLfs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
114.4.1 cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpdJk;> Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wj;jpdJk;
ePjpgjpfspd; epakdk;
14.4.1.1 rkh;g;gzq;fs;
cah;epiy ePjpkd;w ePjpaurh;fspd; epakdk; murpayikg;G Nguitapd;
mq;fPfhuj;JlDk;> gpujk ePjpaurh;> rl;l kh mjpgh; kw;Wk; rl;lj;njhopy;rhh;
mgpg;gpuhak; vd;gtw;iwg;ngw;Wf; nfhz;L ftdj;jpw;nfhz;ljd; gpd;dh;
khj;jpuNk> [dhjpgjpapdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. cah;
ePjpkd;wj;jpdJk;> Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wj;jpdJk; ePjpgjpfs; [dhjpgjp
Kd;dpiyapy; rj;jpag;gpukhzk; nra;tjw;Fg;gjpyhf> cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; xU
itgtuPjpahd mkh;tpNyNa ,ijr;nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
168
114.4.1.2 tpjg;Giufs;
,jd;gpufhuk;> gpd;tUk; tpjg;Giufs; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
cah;ePjpkd;w kw;Wk; Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfspd; epakdk;>
[dhjpgjpapdhy; mtuJ ifnahg;gj;Jld;$ba vOj;jhiz%yk;
toq;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
[dhjpgjpahdth; cah;ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfisAk;> Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;w
ePjpgjpfisAk; epakdk; nra;tjw;fhd mjpfhuj;ij> cj;Njr epakdj;ij
murpayikg;Gg; Nguit mq;fPfupj;jjd; gpd;du; khj;jpuNk nraw;gLj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.
cah;ePjpkd;wj;Jf;F my;yJ Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wj;Jf;F
epakdk;ngWk; xU ePjpgjp jdJ cj;jpNahfg+h;t flikfis
Mw;wj;njhlq;Ftjw;F Kd;duhf cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; itgtuPjpapyhd
mkh;tpy; gjtpFwpj;j rj;jpag;gpukhzj;ijr; nra;AkhW
Nfl;fg;gLjy;Ntz;Lk;.
cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpy; my;yJ Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wj;jpy;
gjtpntw;wplnkhd;W Vw;gLk;NghJ> epakpf;fg;glNtz;ba xU egupd;
ngaiu tpje;Jiuf;FkhW gpujk ePjpaurh;> rl;l kh mjpgh; kw;Wk;
,yq;ifr; rl;lj;juzpfs; rq;fj;jplk; [dhjpgjp Ntz;LNfhs;
tpLj;jy;Ntz;Lk;.
mjd;gpd;duhf> gpujk ePjpaurh;> rl;l kh mjpgh; kw;Wk; ,yq;ifr;
rl;lj;juzpfs; rq;fj;jpdhy; toq;fg;gl;l ,j;jifa egh;fspd;
ngah;fspypUe;J> [dhjpgjpahdth;> jhd; tpje;Jiuf;Fk; egupd; ngaiuj;
njupTnra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
mjd;gpd;dh; rdhjpgjp epakpf;fg;glNtz;Lnkd tpje;Jiuf;Fk; Mspd;
ngaiu gpujk ePjpaurh;> rl;lkh mjpgh; kw;Wk; ,yq;if rl;lj;juzpfs;
169
rq;fk; MfpNahhpdhy; tpje;Jiuf;fg;gLk; Ml;fspd; ngah;fNshL Nrh;j;J
murpayikg;Gg; Nguitf;Fr; rkh;g;gpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;;
rdhjpgjp tpje;Jiuf;Fk; Mspd; epakdj;ij murpayikg;Gg; Nguit
mq;fPfhpf;Fk;gl;rj;jpy; mj;jifa Ms; rdhjpgjpapdhy;
epakpf;fg;glNtz;Lk;;;
rdhjpgjpapdhy; tpje;Jiuf;fg;gLk; Mspd; epakdj;ij murpayikg;Gg;
Nguit mq;fPfhpf;fhjtplj;J> jkJ jPh;khdj;jpw;fhd fhuzq;fis
murpayikg;Gg; Nguit tpsf;f Ntz;Lnkd;gNjhL> gpujk ePjpaurh;>
rl;lkhmjpgh; kw;Wk; rl;lj;juzpfs; rq;fk; MfpNahuhy;
tpje;Jiuf;fg;gLk; Ml;fspd; ngah;fspypUe;J NtnwhU Mis
epakpg;gjw;F murpayikg;Gg; Nguit tpje;Jiuf;fNtz;Lk;;;
mj;jifa re;jh;g;gj;jpy;> murpayikg;Gg; Nguitapdhy;
tpje;Jiuf;fg;gLk; NtW mj;jifa Mis rdhjpgjp epakpf;fNtz;Lk;;;
caH ePjpkd;wk; kw;Wk; Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wk; Mfpatw;wpy; epyTk;
ntw;wplq;fis epug;Gtjw;fhf epakdq;fis toq;Ftjpy; Njitaw;w
jhkjk; Vw;glhjpUg;gij cWjpg;gLj;JkhW rdhjpgjpAk;> murpayikg;Gg;
NguitAk; Njitg;gLj;jg; glNtz;Lk;.
114.4.2 ccah; ePjpkd;w kw;Wk; Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfspd;
Xa;T
14.4.2.1 rkh;g;gzq;fs;
cah; ePjpkd;w ePjpaurh;fs; kw;Wk; Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjkd;w ePjpgjpfs; Mfpa
,U rhuhUf;Fk; XNu Xa;TngWk; taJ nghUe;Jtjhf Ntz;Lk; vd;gNjhL>
gpujk ePjpaurh; kw;Wk; Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wj; jiytH MfpNahhpd;
gjtpf;fhyj;jpd;kPJ cr;rtuk;nghd;W tpjpf;fg;gLtNjhL> cah; ePjpkd;w
ePjpaurh;fs; Xa;Tngw;wjd; gpd;dh; njhopYf;F mkh;j;jg;gLtjd;kPJ $Ljyhd
kl;Lg;ghLfs; tpjpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
170
114.4.2.2 ttpjg;Giufs;
mjw;fika> gpd;tUtd tpje;Jiuf;fg;gLfpd;wd:
caH ePjpkd;w ePjpaurh;fs; kw;Wk; Nkd;KiwaPl;;L ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs;
MfpNahhpd; Xa;TngWk; taJ 65 tUlq;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
gpujk ePjpaurh; kw;Wk; Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;w jiyth; MfpNahh;
mjpfgl;rk; MW Mz;Lfs; kl;LNk mj;jifa gjtpfis tfpf;fNtz;Lk;
vd;gNjhL> 65 taij miltjw;FKd;duhf gpujk ePjpaurh; my;yJ
Nkd;KiwaPl;;L ePjpkd;wj; jiytH jdJ MW Mz;L gjtpf;fhyj;ijg;
g+h;j;jpnra;thuhapd;> jdJ MW Mz;L gjtpf;fhyj;jpd; ,Wjpapy; KO
Xa;t+jpag; gad;fSld; Xa;TngWjy; my;yJ 65 taij milAk;tiu
njhlh;e;J ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpahf gzpahw;Wjy; vd;gjpy; VjhtJ xd;iwj;
njupTnra;tjw;F mth; mDkjpf;fg;glNtz;Lk;.
xa;Tngw;wjd;Nky;> cah; ePjpkd;w kw;Wk; Nkd;KiwaPl;;L ePjpkd;w
ePjpaurh;fs; ePjpkd;wq;fs; my;yJ epaharigfs; Kd; Njhd;Wtjd; %yk;
my;yJ cah;njhopy;rhh; eilKiwfspy; <LgLtjd; %yk;
ve;jtbtj;jpYk; rl;lj;njhopy; <LglyhfhJ.
Xa;Tngw;wjd;gpd;dh;> cah; ePjpkd;w kw;Wk; Nkd;KiwaPl;;L ePjpkd;w
ePjpaurh; Xa;Tngw;w jpdj;jpypUe;J Fiwe;jJ %d;W tUlfhyj;;jpw;F
gy;fiyf;fof khdpaq;fs; Mizf;FOtpdhy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l xU
epWtdj;jpy; my;yJ ,yq;ifr; rl;lf;fy;Y}hpappy; fw;gpg;gJjtpu>
murJiwapy; ve;jnthU rk;gsj;Jldhd my;yJ rk;gskpy;yhj
gjtpiaAk; Vw;fyhfhJ.
171
114.4.3 ccaH ePjpkd;w kw;Wk; Nkd;KiwaPl;;L ePjpkd;w ePjpaurh;fspd;
rk;gsq;fs;
14.4.3.1 rkh;g;gzq;fs;
cah; ePjpkd;w kw;Wk; Nkd;KiwaPl;;L ePjpkd;w ePjpaurh;fSf;F mth;fsJ
gjtpf;fhyj;jpYk;> Xa;Tngw;w gpd;dUk; nrYj;jg;glNtz;ba my;yJ
mth;fSf;Ff; fpilf;fNtz;ba rk;gsq;fs;> Xa;t+jpa chpj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk;
Vida midj;J ed;ikfisAk; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd Fwpj;j Vw;ghLfs;
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
14.4.3.2 ttpjg;Giufs;
mjw;fika> gpd;tUtd tpje;Jiuf;fg;gLfpd;wd:
caH ePjpkd;w kw;Wk; Nkd;KiwaPl;;L ePjpkd;w ePjpaurh;fspd; rk;gsq;fs;
kw;Wk; Xa;t+jpa chpj;Jf;fs; ghuhSkd;wj;jpdhy; eph;zapf;fg;gly;
Ntz;Lk; vd;gNjhL> mit jpul;ba epjpaj;jpd;kPJ
nghWg;ghf;fg;glNtz;Lk;.
caH ePjpkd;w kw;Wk; Nkd;KiwaPl;;L ePjpkd;w ePjpaurh;fSf;F
nrYj;jg;glNtz;ba my;yJ mth;fSf;Ff; fpilf;fNtz;ba
rk;gsq;fs;> Xa;t+jpa cupj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; Vida midj;J ed;ikfs;
Mfpad epakdj;jpd;gpd;dh; Fiwf;fg;glyhfhJ.
caH ePjpkd;w kw;Wk; Nkd;KiwaPl;;L ePjpkd;w ePjpaurh;fs;
Xa;Tngw;wgpd;dh;> mth;fsJ Xa;t+jpa chpj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk;
mth;fSf;Fr; nrYj;jg;glNtz;ba my;yJ mth;fSf;F
fpilf;fNtz;ba NtW midj;J ed;ikfSk; Xa;Tngw;w ePjpaurh;fspd;
tho;Tf;fhyj;jpy; Fiwf;fg;glyhfhJ.
172
114.4.4 caH ePjpkd;w kw;Wk; Nkd;KiwaPl;;L ePjpkd;w
ePjpaurh;fisg; gjtpapypUe;J ePf;Fjy;;
14.4.4.1 rkh;g;gzq;fs;
caH ePjpkd;w kw;Wk; Nkd;KiwaPl;;L ePjpkd;w ePjpaurh; xUth; cah; ePjpkd;w
kw;Wk; Nkd;KiwaPl;;L ePjpkd;w ePjpauruhf njhlh;e;J gjtp tfpg;gjw;F
mtiug; nghUj;jkw;wtuhf;Fk; ep&gpf;fg;gl;l Jh;elj;ij my;yJ KiwNfL
fhuzkhf my;yJ Xh; caH ePjpkd;w my;yJ Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;w
ePjpauruhf gzpahw;Wtjw;fhd ep&gpf;fg;gl;l cs my;yJ cly;
jifikaPdk; fhuzq;fSf;fhf kl;LNk gjtpapypUe;J mfw;wg;glNtz;Lk;.
cah;epiy ePjpkd;wq;fspd; ePjpgjpfisg; gjtpapypUe;J mfw;Wjy; njhlh;ghfj;
jw;NghJ ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F toq;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; mjpfhuk;
,y;yhnjhopf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. Xh; cah; ePjpkd;w my;yJ Nkd;KiwaPl;;L
ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpia me; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; xU ePjpgjpahfj; njhlh;e;J gzpahw;wg;
nghUj;jkw;wtuhf;Fk; ep&gpf;fg;gl;l Jh;elj;ij my;yJ KiwNfL vd;w
fhuzj;jpd;Nghpy; my;yJ cah; ePjpkd;w my;yJ Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;w
ePjpgjpahfj; njhlh;e;J gzpahw;Wtjw;F ep&gpf;fg;gl;l cs my;yJ cly;
jifikaPdk; vDk; fhuzj;jpd;Nghpy; gjtpapypUe;J mfw;wg;glNtz;Lk; vd;w
murpayikg;Gg; Nguitapd; jPh;khdk; fpilf;fg; ngw;wjd;gpd; khj;jpuk; caH
ePjpkd;w my;yJ Nkd;KiwaPl;;L ePjpkd;w ePjpgjp xUtiug; gjtpapypUe;J
ePf;Ftjw;Fr; rdhjpgjpf;F mjpfhukspf;fg;glNtz;Lk;.
xU ePjpgjp Jh;elj;ij> KiwNfL vd;gtw;Wf;Ff; Fw;wthspahthh; my;yJ
cly; my;yJ cs jifikaPdk; xd;Wf;F me;j ePjpgjp cs;shfpAs;shh; vd;W
cah;epiy ePjpkd;wq;fSf;fhd ePjpj;Jiw Mizf;FO fz;lwpe;J
rkh;g;gpf;fg;gl;l mwpf;ifnahd;iwg; ghprPyid nra;jjd;gpd; khj;jpuk;
mj;jifa jPh;khdnkhd;iw Nkw;nfhs;s murpayikg;Gg; Nguitf;F
mjpfhukspf;fg;glNtz;Lk;.
173
114.4.4.2 ttpjg;Giufs ;
mjw;fika> gpd;tUtd tpje;Jiuf;fg;gLfpd;wd:
caH ePjpkd;w my;yJ Nkd;KiwaPl;;L ePjpkd;w ePjpgjp xUtiu
mj;jifa ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ePjpgjpahf njhlhe;;J ,Uf;f
nghUj;jkw;wtuhf;Fk; ep&gpf;fg;gl;l Jh;elj;ij my;yJ jftpd;ik
my;yJ caH ePjpkd;w my;yJ Nkd;KiwaPl;;L ePjpauruhf
gzpahw;Wtjw;fhd cs my;yJ cly; jifikaPdk; fhuzkhf
rdhjpgjpapdhy; gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;l fl;lisnahd;wpdhyd;wp> ve;jnthU
caH ePjpkd;w my;yJ Nkd;KiwaPl;;L ePjpkd;w ePjpaurUk; gjtpapypUe;J
ePf;fg;glyhfhJ.
caH ePjpkd;w my;yJ Nkd;KiwaPl;;L ePjpkd;w ePjpaurh; xUtiu
mj;jifa ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ePjpauruhf njhlh;e;J ,Uf;f
nghUj;jkw;wtuhf;Fk; ep&gpf;fg;gl;l Jh;elj;ij my;yJ KiwNfL
my;yJ xU caH ePjpkd;w my;yJ Nkd;KiwaPl;;L ePjpkd;w
ePjpgjpahfg; gzpahw;Wtjw;fhd cs my;yJ cly; jifikaPdk;
fhuzkhf me;ePjpgjp gjtpapypUe;J ePf;fg;glNtz;Lnkd murpayikg;Gg;
Nguitapdhy; ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gl;lhnyhopa> rdhjpgjp caH ePjpkd;w
my;yJ Nkd;KiwaPl;;L ePjpkd;w ePjpgjp xUtiug; gjtpapypUe;J
ePf;Ftjw;fhd mj;jifa fl;lis vjidAk; gpwg;gpj;jyhfhJ.
cah;epiy ePjpkd;wq;fSf;fhd ePjpj;Jiw Mizf;FOtpd;
tprhuizf;FOnthd;W Jh;elj;ij my;yJ KiwNfhl;Lf;;fhf caH
ePjpkd;w my;yJ Nkd;KiwaPl;;L ePjpkd;w ePjpgjp xUtiuf;
Fw;wthspahf fz;lwpe;jjd;gpd; cah;epiy ePjpkd;wq;fSf;fhd
ePjpj;Jiw Mizf;FOtpdhy; ,j;jifa ePjpgjpapd; gjtp ePf;fj;ijg;
tpje;Jiuj;J rkh;g;gpf;fg;gLk; Xh; mwpf;ifia my;yJ ep&gpf;fg;gl;l
cs my;yJ cly; jifikaPdnkhd;W mj;jifa ePjpgjpia caH
ePjpkd;w my;yJ Nkd;KiwaPl;;L ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpahfg;
gzpahw;wKbahjthW jLf;fpd;wnjd;W cah;epiy ePjpkd;wq;fSf;fhd
174
ePjpj;Jiw Mizf;FOtpdhy; murpayikg;Gg; Nguitf;Fr;
rkh;g;gpf;fg;gLk; Xh; mwpf;ifia chpa Kiwapy; ghprPyid
nra;jjd;Nghpyd;wp> murpayikg;Gg; Nguit caH ePjpkd;w my;yJ
Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;w ePjpgjp xUthpd; gjtp ePf;fj;jpw;fhd mj;jifa
ve;jnthU ghpe;JiuiaAk; Nkw;nfhs;sf;$lhJ.
Jh;elj;ijf;F xU ePjpgjpnahUtiu tprhuizf;FOnthd;W
Fw;wthspnadf; fz;lwpe;Js;snjd;W cah;epiy ePjpkd;wq;fSf;fhd
ePjpj;Jiw Mizf;FOtpdhy; murpayikg;Gg; Nguitf;Fr;
rkh;g;gpf;fg;gl;l Xh; mwpf;ifia chpaKiwapy; ghprPyid nra;jgpd;dh;
mj;jifa Jh;elj;ij my;yJ KiwNfL me;ePjpgjpia Xh; caH
ePjpkd;w my;yJ Nkd;KiwaPl;;L ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpahfj; njhlh;e;J gjtp
tfpf;f nghUj;jkw;wtuhf;Fk; Jh;elj;ijahf my;yJ KiwNflhf
mikatpy;iynad;W jPh;khdpf;Fk; gl;rj;jpy;> me;ePjpgjpf;nfjpuhfg; gjtp
ePf;fk; jtph;e;j NtW cupa xOf;fhw;W eltbf;if Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhf
murpayikg;Gg; Nguit mt;twpf;ifia cah;epiy
ePjpkd;wq;fSf;fhd ePjpj;Jiw Mizf;FOtpw;F jpUg;gp mDg;gp itj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.
114.4.5 ccaH ePjpkd;w kw;Wk; Nkd;KiwaPl;;L ePjpkd;w
ePjpaurh;fSf;fhd tpLif
14.4.5.1 rkh;g;gzq;fs;
ePjpgjpfSf;F tpLif toq;Fk; mjpfhuk; gpujk ePjpaurh; kw;Wk;
Nkd;KiwaPl;;L ePjpkd;w jiyik ePjpgjp MfpNahUf;F kl;LNk
toq;fg;glNtz;Lk; vd;gNjhL> caH ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Fk; Nkd;KiwaPl;;L
ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Fk; mtw;wpd; cld;fPo; ePjpkd;wq;fspypUe;J tpNrl
re;jh;g;gq;fSf;fhd ePjpgjpfis epakpf;f gpujk ePjpaurh; jj;Jtk; nfhz;Ltuhf
,Uj;jy;Ntz;Lk;.
175
114.4.5.2 tpjg;Giufs;
mjw;fika> gpd;tUtd tpje;Jiuf;fg;gLfpd;wd:
gpujk ePjpauruhdth; caH ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfspd; tpLifia mq;fPfhpj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. kw;Wk; Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfspd; tpLifia
Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;w jiyik ePjpgjp mq;fPfhpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;;.
caH ePjpkd;w kw;Wk; Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfSs; xU jw;fhypf
$l;lelg;ngz; ,d;ik epYTfpd;w re;jh;g;gq;fspy;> kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l xU
fhyg;gFjpf;F tpNrl re;jh;g;gj;jpw;fhd xU ePjpgjpahf caH
ePjpkd;w mkh;TfSf;F rKfkspf;FkhW Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;w
ePjpgjp xUtiu NfhUtjw;Fk;> Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;w ePjpaurh;fspd;
jw;fhypf $l;l elg;ngz; ,d;ik epyTfpd;w re;jh;g;gq;fspy;
kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l xU fhyg;gFjpf;F tpNrl re;jh;g;gj;jpw;fhd xU
ePjpgjpahf Nkd;KiwaPl;;L ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F rKfkspf;FkhW KJepiy
Nky; ePjpkd;w ePjpgjp xUtiuf; NfhUtjw;Fk; gpujk ePjpaurUf;F
mjpfhukspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;;.
14.5 ccah;epiy ePjpkd;wq;fSf;fhd ePjpj;Jiw
Mizf;FO
14.5.1 rkh;g;gzq;fs;
gpd;tUk; mjpfhuq;fisAk; flikaiAk; nfhz;l cah;epiy
ePjpkd;wq;fSf;fhd ePjpj;Jiw Mizf;FO xd;W ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;:
caH ePjpkd;w kw;Wk; Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfSf;F vjpuhf
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Jh;elj;ij my;yJ KiwNfL gw;wpa Kiwg;ghLfs;
njhlh;ghf tprhuiz nra;J KbGfis Kd;itg;gjw;Fk;: caH
ePjpkd;w my;yJ Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpgjpnahUtiu cs my;yJ cly;
FiwghL fhuzkhf gzpahw;w Kbahjtuhf cs;shuh vd;gJ gw;wpa
176
mwptpj;jy; xd;iw tpLf;fTk;: Jh;elj;ijahd my;yJ KiwNflhd
nray;fisg; GhpAk; kw;Wk; mth;fsJ cj;jpNahfg+h;t flikfis
epiwNtw;Wtjpy; cupa ftdKk; jfTilikiaAk; gpuNahfpf;fj; jtWk;
caH ePjpkd;w my;yJ Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfSf;F vjpuhf>
gjtp ePf;fy; jtph;e;j> xOf;fhw;W mjpfhuq;fisg; gpuNahfpf;fTk;.
caH ePjpkd;w> Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;w ePjpgjp xUtUf;F vjpuhf
Jh;elj;ij my;yJ KiwNfL gw;wpa Kiwg;ghL xd;W nra;ag;gLkplj;J>
mt;TaH; ePjpkd;w my;yJ Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpahdth;
VNjDk; Jh;elj;ijf;fhf tif $wNtz;bath;fshf Mf;fg;gLk;
mNjNtis> ePjpj;Jiwapd; RahjPdKk; nfsutKk; ghJfhf;fg;gLk;
tz;zk; gpd;gw;wg;gLtjw;Fj; njspthf tpjpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l eilKiw
,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.
114.5.2 tpjg;Giufs;
me;jtifapy;> gpd;tUtd tpje;Jiuf;fg;gLfpd;wd:
gpd;tUNthiu cWg;gpdh;fshff; nfhz;l cah;epiy ePjpkd;wq;fSf;fhd
ePjpj;Jiw Mizf;FOnthd;W ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;:
gpujk ePjpaurNu> mjd; jiytuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
caH ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ,uz;L rpNu\;l ePjpgjpfs;
,yq;ifr; rl;lj;juzpfs; rq;fj;jpdhy; ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gl;ljd;Nghpy; gpujk
ePjpaurhpdhy; ngah; Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gLk; ew;fPh;j;jpAk;> ehzaKk; kpf;f
xU rpNu\;l rl;lj;juzp. mj;jifa Ms; Ie;J tUlq;fSf;Fg; gjtp
tfpf;fNtz;Lk; vd;gNjhL mth; gjtp tfpf;Fk; fhyj;jpy; ve;jnthU
ePjpkd;wj;jpNyh> epaha rigapNyh Njhw;WtjpypUe;J jil nra;ag;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
177
gpujk ePjpaurh;> rl;lkhmjpgh; kw;Wk; rl;lj;juzpfs; rq;fk; MfpNahhpdhy;
$l;lhf ngah; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; %d;W Xa;Tngw;w caH ePjpkd;w
ePjpaurh;fs;.
cah;epiy ePjpkd;wq;fSf;fhd ePjp Mizf;FONt gpd;tUk;
jj;Jtj;ijAk; flikiaAk; nfhz;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;:
caH ePjpkd;w kw;Wk; Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfSf;nfjpuhf
nra;ag;gLk; Jh;elj;ij my;yJ KiwNfL gw;wpa Kiwg;ghLfs;
njhlh;ghf tprhuiz nra;J KbGfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk;
Jh;elj;ijahd my;yJ KiwNflhd nray;fisg; GhpAk; kw;Wk;
mth;fsJ cj;jpNahfg+h;t flikfis epiwNtw;Wtjpy; cupa ftdKk;
jfTilikiaAk; gpuNahfpf;fj; jtWk; caH ePjpkd;w my;yJ
Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfSf;F vjpuhf> gjtp ePf;fy; jtph;e;j>
xOf;fhw;W eltbf;if Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk;
caH ePjpkd;w my;yJ Nky;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;w ePjpgjp xUth; cs
my;yJ cly; jifikaPdk; fhuzkhf gzpahw;w Kbahjtuhf
,Uf;fpwhuh vd;gJ njhlh;ghf tprhuiz nra;J KbGfis
Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk;.
caH ePjpkd;w my;yJ Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfshy;
Ghpag;gl;ljhff; $wg;gLk; Jh;elj;ij my;yJ KiwNfLf;;nfjpuhf
cah;epiy ePjpkd;wq;fSf;fhd ePjpj;Jiw Mizf;FOtplk;
Kiwg;ghnlhd;iw nra;tjw;F ,yq;ifg; gpui[fs; chpj;Jilath;fshf
,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
mj;jifa KiwghLfs; vJTk; xU rj;jpaf; fljhrpapd;
thapyhdjhfTk; Mjhukhd rhd;WfSldhjhfTk; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;
vd;gNjhL> Kiwg;ghl;lhsH njhpe;Nj xU ngha;ahd Kiwg;ghl;il
my;yJ xU td;kkhd Kiwg;ghl;il Nkw;nfhz;likf;fhff;
Fw;wthspahff; fhzg;gLk;gl;rj;jpy;> ePjpkd;wj;ij mtJhWgLj;jpaik
178
kw;Wk; ePjpkd;wj;j;py; ngha; $wpaik Mfpatw;Wf;fhd jz;lidf;F
MshjYk; Ntz;Lk;.
mj;jijfa VNjDk; Kiwg;ghL fpilf;fg;gngw;wjd; gpd;> cah;epiy
ePjpkd;wq;fSf;fhd ePjpj;Jiw Mizf;FO ve;j ePjpgjpf;nfjpuhf
mk;Kiwg;ghL nra;ag;gl;Ls;sNjh> me;j ePjpgjpapd; thf;F%ynkhd;iw
ngw;Wf; nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.
Kiwg;ghl;ilAk; ePjpgjpapd; thf;F%yj;ijAk; ghprPypj;j gpd;dH> me;j
Kiwg;ghl;by; ve;jtpj fhzj;jf;f cz;ikAk; ,y;iy my;yJ mJ
mw;gkhdJ> mHj;jkw;wJ my;yJ td;kkhdJ vd;w fUj;ij cah;epiy
ePjpkd;wq;fSf;fhd ePjpj;Jiw Mizf;FO nfhz;bUf;Fkhapd;>
Mizf;FO mk;Kiwg;ghl;ilj; js;Sgb nra;aNtz;Lk; vd;gNjhL>
nghUj;jkhdJ vd;W mJ fUJkhapd;> Kiwg;ghl;lhsH ePjpkd;wj;ij
mtJhW gLj;jpaikf;fhf mj;Jld; /my;yJ ePjp kd;wj;jpy; ngha;
$wpaikf;fhff; Fw;wQ;rhl;lg;glNtz;Lkh vd;gijg; ghprPypf;f
mt;tplaj;ij rl;lkh mjpgUf;F Mw;Wg;gLj;jNtz;Lk;.
Kiwg;ghl;ilAk; ePjpgjpapd; thf;F%yj;ijAk; ghprPypj;j gpd;dH>
mk;Kiwg;ghl;il NkYk; tprhuiz nra;ag;gLjiyg;
nghUj;jkhdjhf;Fk; fzprkhd Fiwghl;nlhd;iwf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ
vd;w fUj;ij cah;epiy ePjpkd;wq;fSf;fhd ePjpj;Jiw Mizf;FO
fUJkhapd;> mk;Kiwg;ghL njhlHghf Muk;g tprhuiznahd;iw
Mizf;FO Nkw;nfhs;sNtz;Lk; vd;gNjhL> jkJ epiyg;ghLfSf;F
Mjuthf NkYk; rhd;Wfisr; rkHg;pg;gjw;F Kiwg;ghl;lhsUf;Fk;>
ePjpgjpf;Fk; xU tha;g;ig toq;fNtz;Lk;.
me;j Muk;g tprhuizia mLj;J> mk;Kiwg;ghL me;j ePjpgjpf;F
vjpuhf JHelj;ij my;yJ KiwNfL gw;wpa Fw;wr;rhl;Lfisj;
jahhpg;gij nghUj;jkhdjhf;FfpwJ vd;W cah;epiy ePjpkd;wq;fSf;F
Md ePjp Mizf;FO jpUg;jpAWkhapd;> Mizf;FO JHelj;ij
my;yJ KiwNfhL njhlHghd Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;fisj; jahhpj;J ve;j
ePjpgjpf;nfjpuhf Kiwg;ghL Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sNjh> me;j ePjpgjpUf;F
179
JHelj;ij njhlHghd Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;fSf;Fg; gjpyspf;f KOikahdJk;
epahakhdJkhd tha;g;nghd;iw toq;fNtz;Lk;.
mjd; gpd;dh;> cah;epiy ePjpkd;wq;fSf;fhd ePjp Mizf;FO
Jh;elj;ij njhlh;ghd Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;fis tprhupg;gjw;F tprhuizf;FO
nthd;iw epakpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; my;yJ Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wj;jpd; vtNuDk;
ePjpgjpf;F vjpuhd Jh;elj;ij my;yJ KiwNfL njhlh;ghd
Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;fs;kPjhd tprhuiz tplaj;jpy;> tprhuizf;FO cah;
ePjpkd;wj;jpd; %d;W Xa;Tngw;w ePjpaurh;fis cWg;gpdh;fshff;
nfhz;bUf;fNtz;Lnkd;gNjhL> mth;fSs; xUth; Xa;T ngw;w gpujk
ePjpauruhftpUj;jYk; Ntz;Lk;. mtNu FOtpd; jiytuhfTk; ,Ug;ghh;.
xU gpujk ePjpaurUf;F vjpuhd Jh;elj;ij my;yJ KiwNfL
njhlh;ghd Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;fs; kPjhd tprhuiz tplaj;jpy;>
tprhuizf;FO cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ,uz;L Xa;T ngw;w ePjpaurh;fis
cWg;gpdh;fshff; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lnkd;gNjhL> tprhuizf;FOtpd;
jiyth; nghJeythaj;jpd; Xh; cWg;gpduhftpUf;Fk; xU ehl;bd;
Xa;Tngw;w gpujk ePjpauru; xUtuhjy; Ntz;Lk;.
tprhuizapd; Kbtpy;> tprhiuizf;FO me;j ePjpgjp JHelj;ij
my;yJ KiwNfL njhlHghd Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;Ff; Fw;wthspah ,y;iyah
vd;gijj; jPHkhdpj;J> mjd; KbGfisAk; jPHkhdj;ijAk; Xh;
mwpf;if %ykhf cah;epiy ePjpkd;wq;fSf;fhd ePjp Mizf;FOtpw;Fr;
rkh;g;gpg;gjw;fhf> mjid murpaikg;Gg; Nguitf;Fr;
rkHg;gpf;fNtz;bajhfTk; cs;sJ.
tprhuizf;FO mjd; mwpf;ifapy; mJ Njhjhdnjdf; fUJk;
mj;jifia tpjg;Giufis nra;a mjpfhukspf;fg;glNtz;Lk;.
180
cah;epiy ePjpkd;wq;fSf;fhd ePjpj;Jiw Mizf;FO tprhuizf;
FOtpd; mwpf;ifia murpayikg;Gg; Nguitf;Fr; rkHg;gpf;fNtz;Lk;.
murpayikg;Gg; Nguitf;F tprhuizf;FOtpd; mwpf;ifiar; rkHg;gpj;j
gpd;dH> murpaikg;Gg; NguitahdJ> gjtpapypUe;J mfw;Wjy; jtpHe;j>
me;j ePjpgjpf;nfjpuhf vLf;fNtz;ba NtW Njhjhd xOf;fhw;W
eltbf;if gw;wp jPHkhdpg;gjw;fhf mt;twpf;ifia cah;epiy
ePjpkd;wq;fSf;fhd ePjpj;Jiw Mizf;FOTf;Fj; jpUg;gp mDg;Gkhapd;>
me;j ePjpgjpf;F vjpuhfg; gjtpapypUe;J mfw;Wjy; jtpHe;j> mJ
nghUj;jkhdnjdf; fUJk; NtW xOf;fhw;W eltbf;ifia Mizf;FO
Nkw;nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.
cs my;yJ cly; jifikaPdk; fhuzkhf cah; ePjpkd;w my;yJ
Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;w ePjpgjp xUtH ePjpgjpahf jdJ flikfis
epiwNtw;w KbahjpUf;fpwhH vd ek;Gtjw;F epahakhd fhuzq;fs;;
,Uf;Fk; re;jHg;gq;fspy;> cah;epiy ePjpkd;wq;fSf;fhd ePjpj;Jiw
Mizf;FO mJ Njhjhdnjdf; fUJk; mj;jifa tprhuiziaAk;
Gydha;itAk; Nkw;nfhz;L> ep&gpf;fg;gl;l cs my;yJ cly;
jifikaPdk; me;j ePjpgjp cah; ePjpkd;w my;yJ Nkd;KiwaPl;L
ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpahfg; gzpahw;wj; jifikaPdkhjYf;Ff; fhuzkhfpwjh
vd;gJ njhlHghd mjdJ mwpf;ifia murpaikg;Gg; Nguitf;Fr;
rkHg;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
cah;epiy ePjpkd;wq;fSf;fhd ePjpj;Jiw Mizf;FO cWg;gpdHfspd;
gjtpf; fhyj;jpd; ghJfhg;G mtHfsJ gjtpf; fhyj;jpd;NghJ
ghJfhf;fg;glNtz;Lk;.
cah;epiy ePjpkd;wq;fSf;fhd ePjpj;Jiw Mizf;FOtpd; nrahyhsH
Nkd; KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Xa;T ngw;w ePjpgjpahjy; Ntz;Lk;.
181
114.6 ePjpr; Nrit Mizf;FO
14.6.1 rkh;g;gzq;fs;
gpujk ePjpaurH kw;Wk; cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ,uz;L Xa;T ngw;w rpNu\;l
ePjpgjp;fSf;F Nkyjpfkhf> Nkd; KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;w jiytH kw;Wk;
rl;lj; njhopypd; xU gpujpepjp MfpNahUk; ePjpr;Nrit Mizf;FOtpy;
gzpahw;w Ntz;Lk;552.
14.6.2 tpjg;Giufs;
mjw;fika> gpd;tUtd tpje;Jiuf;fg;gLfpd;wd:
ePjpr; Nrit Mizf; FO (jw;NghJ gpujk ePjpaurH kw;Wk; cah;
ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ,uz;L ePjpgjpfis cWg;gpdHfshff; nfhz;l)
gpd;tUNthiu cWg;gpdHfshff; nfhz;bUf;fNtz;Lk;:
gpujk ePjpaurH> mtNu mjd; jiytuhjy; Ntz;Lk;.
cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ,uz;L rpNu\;l ePjpgjpfs;.
,yq;ifr; rl;lj; juzpfs; rq;fj;jpdhy; tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;ljd;Nghpy;
gpujk ePjpaurhpdhy; ngaH Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gLk; ew;fPh;j;j;pAk;>
ehzaKk; nfhz;l xU rpNu\;l rl;lj;juzp. mj;jifa Ms; 05
tUlq;fSf;Fg; gjtptfpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gNjhL> mtH gjtp
5 rkHg;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;s xU nghJ fUj;Jiu ePjpr; Nrit Mizf;FOtpd; cWg;gpdH
Mf;fmikT cah epjpkd;w ePjpaurHfsSf;F kl;Lg;gLj;jg;glhjpUf;Fk; njdhgphpf;f Kiwik Nghd;w xU Kiw gpd;gw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;. njdhgphpf;f ePjpr; Nritfs; Mizf;FO rl;lj;juzpfs;> murhq;f cj;jpNahfj;jHfs;>
fy;tpapayhsHfs; kw;Wk; mwpQHfs; MfpNahiu nfhz;like;Js;sJ [njdhgphpf;f murpayikg;gpd; cWg;Giu 178(1)].
182
tfpf;Fk; fhyj;jpy; ve;jnthU ePjpkd;wj;jpNyh epaha rigapNyh
Njhw;WtjpypUe;J jilnra;ag;glNtz;Lk;.
ePjpr;Nrit Mizf;FOthdJ> Nky; ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs; cs;spl;l
midj;J Kjdpiy ePjpgjpfs; kw;Wk; Nky; ePjpkd;wq;fs; cs;spl;l
Kjdpiy ePjpkd;wq;fspd; midj;J cj;jpNahfj;jHfs; MfpNahhpd;
epakdk;> gjtp caHT> ,lkhw;wk;> gjtp ePf;fk; kw;Wk; mtHfs; kPjhd
eph;thf mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; xOf;fhw;W mjpfhuk; Mfpad njhlHghd
mjpfhuq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;fNtz;Lk;.
ePjpr; Nrit Mizf;FO cWg;gpdHfspd; gjtpf; fhyg;; ghJfhg;G
mtHfsJ gjtpf; fhyj;jpd;NghJ cj;juthjQ; nra;ag;glNtz;Lk;.
ePjpr; Nrit Mizf;FOtpd; nrahyhsH Nky; ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpahjy;
Ntz;Lk;.
14.7 kdpj chpikfs; Mizf;FO
14.7.1 rkh;g;gzq;fs;
kdpj chpikfs; Mizf;FOtpd; nraw;ghL njhlHghf ,f;FOtpw;Fg; gy
Nahridfs; fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;sd. nghJ kf;fSf;F ePjpkd;w Kiwikia
ehlhJ> jkJ gpur;rpidfis jPHj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;F kdpj chpikfs;
Mizf;FO xU Kf;fpakhd nghwpKiwahf cs;snjd;gJ njspthfpaJ.
kdpj chpikfs; Mizf;FOtpd; jPHg;GfSf;F vjpHthjpfs; ,zq;fp xOfhik
fhuzkhf kdpj chpikfs; Mizf;FOtpd; gaDWjpj;jd;ik njhlHghfg;
nghJthf nghJkf;fs; Vkhw;wkile;Js;sdH. kdpj chpikfs; Mizf;FO
jkJ Kiwg;ghLfis tprhupj;j gpd;dH jPHkhdq;fis Nkw;nfhz;lNghjpYk;>
Mizf;FOtpd; KbGfSf;fika toq;fg;gLk; gzpg;GiufSf;Fg; ngUk;ghYk;
vy;yh mur mjpfhhpfSk; ,zq;fp xOfhjjpdhy;> mj;jPhkhdq;fs;
183
epiyehl;lg;;glKbahjdthfNt cs;sd vd;W nghJkf;fs; Kiwg;ghL
nra;Js;sdH.
mjd; jPhkhdq;fs; mky;gLj;jg;gLtij cWjpg; gLj;j ,t;thizf;FOtpw;F
,d;Dk; $ba mjpfhuq;fs; toq;fg;glNtz;Lk; vd;W gyH thjpl;ldH. khtl;l
kl;lj;jpy; Mizf;FOtpd; nraw;ghl;il Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd MNyhridfSk;
Kd;itf;fg;gl;ld.
FOtpd; miog;gpd;Nghpy; kdpj chpikfs; Mizf;FO jdJ Mizia
epiwNtw;Wtjpy; jhd; vjpHNehf;Fk; jlq;fy;fs; rpytw;iw tpghpj;Jr;
rkHg;gzk; nra;jJ6. kdpj kw;Wk; NtW tsq;fs; Nghjhik xU Kf;fpa
fhpridahFk;. jdJ rkHg;gzj;jpy; rl;l Ml;rpia CjhrPdk; nra;Ak; kw;Wk;
jPh;khdq;fis kjpj;J elf;fhky; tpLk; xU fyhrhuk; ,Ug;gijAk;
Mizf;FO Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ.
114.7.2 tpjg;Giufs;
Nkw;Nghe;jtw;iw mbg;ilahff; nfhz;L ehq;fs; gpd;tUtdtw;iw
Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwhk;:
1 kdpj chpikfs; Mizf;FOthdJ> murpayikg;gpw;fhd 19 tJ
jpUj;jpy; cs;sthwhd mjd; MizahsH epakdj;NjhL>
murpayikg;pd; fPo; jhgpf;fg;glNtz;Lk;. Mizf;FOtpd; mjpfhuq;fs;>
gzpfs; kw;Wk; flikfs; Mfpatw;iw murpayikg;G
tpjpj;Jiuf;fNtz;Lk; vd;gNjhL> NkYk; tpguq;fs; rl;lj;jpd;%yk;
toq;fg;glyhk;.
6 Mizf;FO NtW tplaq;fs;> Fwpg;ghf chpa gFjpapy; vLj;jhsg;gl;Ls;s chpikfs;
gl;lak; tphpthf;fg;gLjy; njhlHghfTk; tpjg;Giufs; nra;Js;sJ.
184
2 khfhz MizahsHfshf nraw;gLtjw;F topnra;Ak; tpjkhfg;
Nghjpa vz;zpf;ifapyhdtHfs; ,Uf;Fk; tz;zk; kdpj chikfs;
Mizf;FOtpd; cWg;Gupik tphpthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
3 kdpj chpikfs; Mizf;FOtpd; tpjg;Giufs; mkyhf;fg;glhtpby;>
Fwpg;gpl;l fhyg; gFjpf;Fs; vOj;J%yk; mjw;fhd fhuzq;fis kdpj
chpikfs; Mizf;FOtpw;F rk;ge;jg;gl;l vjpHthjp toq;FtJ
fl;lhakhFk;.
4 vjpHthjp tpjg;GiufSf;F ,ize;njhOfhtpby; my;yJ
,ize;njhOfhikf;fhf toq;fg;gl;l tpsf;fj;jpy; kdpj chpikfs;
Mzf;FO jpUg;jpAwhjtplj;J> kdpj chpikfs; Mizf;FO my;yJ
kDjhuh; mj;jPHkhdj;ij epiyehlLtjw;fhf mt;tplaj;ij
Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjp kd;wj;jpw;F Mw;Wg;gLj;jyhk;.
5 kdpj chpik Mizf;FOtpd; ve;jnthU nraYf;Fk; my;yJ
jPHkhdj;jpw;Fk; vjpuhf jwNghija murpayikg;gpd; 126 Mk; my;yJ
141 Mk; cWg;Giuf;fikthftpd;wp> tof;Fj;njhluKbahJ.
6 kdpj chpikfs; Mizf;FOtpd; nraw;ghl;bw;Fg; NghJkhd epjp
jpul;Lepjpaj;jpd; %yk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpdhy; toq;fg;lntz;Lk;.
14.8 FiwNfs; mjpfhup
14.8.1 rkh;g;gzq;fs;
eph;thfj;jpw;fhd ghuhSkd;w Mzizahsh; (xk;Gl;];Ms;) gjtp njhlh;ghf
FOtpw;Ff; fUj;Jr; rkh;g;gzq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd. murhq;f
mjpfhhpfs;> mur $l;Lj;jhgdq;fs; cs;s+ujpfhhu rigfs; kw;Wk; gpw
epWtdq;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; mjpfhhpfs; MfpNahhpdhy; mbg;gil chpikfs;
kPwy; my;yJ kPwf;$ba mghak; my;yJ Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; NtW jPq;Ffs;
185
Mfpatw;wpy; ghjpf;fg;gLNthUf;F Kiwahd ePjpkd;wq;fis ehlhJ>
epthuzq;fis ehLk; xU khh;f;fkhf FiwNfs; mjpfhhp gjtpia
gyg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; NkYk; gaDWjpkpf;fjhf Mf;Ftjw;Fkhd Njitapd;
mbg;gilapy; ,r;rkh;g;gzq;fs; mike;jpUe;jd. ,t;thwhf> NkYk;
JhpjkhfTk; mjpf nrytpd;wpAk; epthuzk; ehLtJ rhj;jpakhfpwJ. vkf;F
Kd; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l rkh;g;gzq;fs; FiwNfs; mjpfhhpf;fhd kDf;fs;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; kDf;fs; FOtpdhy; Mw;Wg;gLj;jg;gLk; kDf;fSf;F
kl;Lg;gLj;jyhfhJ vd;Wk; khwhf> mbg;gil chpikfs;/ ; kdpj chpikfs;;
kPwypdhy;; my;yJ NtW VNjDk; mePjpapdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;NlhUf;F gue;jstpy;
tphpthf;fg;gl;ljhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd;Wk; MNyhrid toq;fpd.
chpa tprhuizfs; elj;Jtjw;fhd tsq;fs; ,y;yhikAk;> Kiwg;ghLfis
tprhhpg;gjw;F gaDWjpkpf;f nghwpKiw ,y;yhikAk; jw;Nghija
Kiwikapd; FiwghLfshff; Fwpg;gplg;gl;ld. ,d;ndhU Kiwg;ghL FiwNfs;
mjpfhhp ,Uf;Fk; njhiyT kw;Wk; FiwNfs; mjpfhhpapdhy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; jPH;khdq;fis mky;gLj;jj; jtWjy; vd;gjhFk;. FiwNfs;
mjpfhhp gjtp xU ePjpkd;wky;y vd;gjhy; mjd; jPh;khdq;fis epiyehl;lf;
$bajhf Mf;FtJ rhj;jpakhdjy;y vd;gJ vkJ fUj;jhFk;. vdpDk;> mJ
mky;gLj;jg;glhtpby;> ve;j MSf;nfjpuhf jPh;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sNjh>
me;j Ml;fs; xU Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l fhyg;gFjpapDs; 2tJ rigapd; cg
jiytuhy;/jiytuhy; gpd;njhlh;e;J mtjhdpf;fg;glyhk; vd;w Vw;ghLfis
Nrh;j;Jf;nfhs;tJ rhj;jpakhdjhFk;.
114.8.2 tpjg;Giufs;
Nkw;Nghe;jtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L FO gpd;tUtdtw;iw
tpje;Jiuf;fpd;wJ:
1. Muk;g epiyg; gpur;rpidfis/ rpW gpur;rpidfis tprhhpg;gjw;F xt;nthU
khtl;lj;jpYk; gpujpf; FiwNfs; mjpfhupfs; epakpf;fg;glNtz;Lk;.
186
2. gpujp FiwNfs; mjpfhupAk;> FiwNfs; mjpfhhpAk; murpayikg;G
ePjpkd;wj;pd; tpjpg;Giuapd;Nghpy; rdhjpgjpapdhy; epakpf;fg;glNtz;Lk;.
3. FiwNfs; mjpfhup kw;Wk; gpujp FiwNfs; mjpfhup gjtpfSf;Fg;
ghuhSkd;wj;j;pd; Clhf jpul;L epjpaj;jpdhy; epjpaspf;fg;lNtz;Lk;.
4. epHthfj;jpw;fhd ghuhSkd;w MizahsH gjtp “FiwNfs; mjpfhhp” vd;W vspikahff; Fwpg;gplg;glNtz;Lk;. ,d;Nwy;> FiwNfs; mjpfhup
ghuhSkd;w fl;Lg;ghl;bw;F MshFgtH vd;W kf;fs; jtwhf
vz;Ztjw;F ,l;Lr; nry;yg;glyhk;.
114.9 ePjpf;fhd mZfy; (Access to Justice) – rl;lj;juzpfs; fl;lzk;
kw;Wk; ePjpapd; mjPj tpiy (Lawyers’ Fees & Expensive Justice)
14.9.1 rkh;g;gzq;fs;
twpa> Xuq;fl;lg;gl;l kw;Wk; fpuhkpa kf;fspd; NtW fhpridfs; fhzp
tplaq;fs; kw;Wk; NtW gy nrhj;Jg; gpzf;Ffs;kPjhd jkJ tof;Ffspy;
ePz;l fhyj;j;pw;F ngUe;njifg; gzj;ijr; nrytplKbahjpUg;gij ikak;
nfhz;bUe;jd. ePjpj;Jiw eilKiw kpfTk; nryT epiwe;jhfTk;>
rpf;fy;kpf;fjhfTk;> njhy;iykpf;fjhfTk; cs;sJ. ePjpkd;W Kidg;ghfr;
nraw;gLk; Kiw my;yJ ePjpkd;wj;jpd; cjtpNahL eilngWk; kj;jpa];j
eilKiw Mfpatw;iw tpLj;J> vjph;g;G Kiw jd;ikj;jhd elgbKiw
gpd;gw;wg;gLtjhdJ> tof;Fj; njhLeHfs; nghUksT gzr; nryit
khj;jpukd;wp> ,Ufl;rpf;fhuUk; “jkf;Fj; jkf;F ntw;wp” vd;wthW ntspapy;
nry;yhJ “ntd;wtNu rfyijAk; ngw;whh;” vd;w ghjfkhd Kiwf;F ,l;Lr;
nry;fpwJ.
ePjpia ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F mtHfSf;Fj; jilahftpUf;Fk; ngUk; nryT
Fwpj;J mtHfs; jkJ ftiyiaAk;> Nfhgj;ijAk; ntspg;gLj;jpdH. vdNt>
,J mtHfSs; gyUf;F xU nryTkpf;f ePjpahf khwpapUf;fpwJ. ePjpgjpfspd;
jftpd;ik> rl;lj;juzpfspd; caHthd fl;lzk; kw;Wk; Coy;kpf;f tof;fq;fs;
kw;Wk; rptpy; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; ePjpkd;wq;fspy; Vw;gLk; mjpf tof;Fj;njhluy;
187
nryTfs; Mfpad ,jw;Ff; fhuzkhFk;. Fw;wtpay; tof;Ffspy; Coy;kpf;f
mur cj;jpNahfj;jH kj;jpapy; gfpHe;J nfhs;sg;gLk; kpf mjpfkhd
rl;lj;juzpfSf;fhd fllzq;fisr; nrYj;j mtHfis epHg;ge;jpf;Fk; ;
nghyP];> rpiwr;rhiy kw;Wk; ePjpkd;wq;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; cj;jpNahfj;jHfs;
kj;jpapYk; mtHfSf;fpilapYk; ,lk;ngWk; fl;likf;fg;gl;l CoiyAk;
mtHfs; tpkHrpj;jdH.
,J njhlHghf> murpdhy; toq;fg;gLk; rl;l cjtp xOq;fikf;fg;gl;L>
Nkyjpf kdpj kw;Wk; epjp tsq;fs; toq;fg;gl;L NkYk; $Ljy;
tpidjp;wd;kpf;fjhfTk; gaDWjpkpf;fjhfTk; Mf;fg;glNtz;Lk; vd;gJk;
FOtpd; ftdj;jpw;Ff; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. rl;l cjtp Mizf;FO>
ghuhSkd;wj;jpdhy; Neubahf mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;L jpul;L epjpaj;jpd;kPJ
nghWg;ghf;fg;gLk; epjp tsq;fs; nfhz;l xU RahjPd Mizf;FOthf
murpayikg;Gg; Nguitapd; fPo; nfhz;Ltug;glNtz;Lk; vd;W fUj;Jiufs;
nra;ag;;gl;ld. twpatHfSf;Fk; Xuq;fl;lg;gl;ltHfSf;Fk; rl;l cjtp
toq;Fk; jpl;lj;ij eilKiw mHj;jj;jpy; cz;ikahd rl;l cjtpahf
nraw;glr; nraAKfkhf mJ fhyj;jpw;Ff; fhyk; kPsha;T nra;ag;glNtz;Lk;.
14.9.2 tpjg;Giufs;
rl;l cjtp Mizf;FOthdJ> jdJ Mizahsiu murpayikg;G
Nguitapd;%yk; epakpg;gjw;fhd Vw;ghLfSld; murpayikg;gpd;fPo;
jhgpf;fg;gLk; xU RahjPd epWtdkhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd;W FO
tpje;Jiuf;fpwJ. ,jw;fhd epjp xJf;fPL jpul;L epjpaj;jpypUe;J
ghuhSkd;wj;jpdhy; Neubahf Nkw;nfhs;sg;glNtz;Lk; vd;Wk;
tpje;Jiuf;fg;gLfpwJ.
jhkjkpd;wpAk; chpa fhyj;jpYk; ePjp toq;FtJ ePjpj;Jiwapd; Nkyhd
flikAk; gzpAkhjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;W murpayikg;G Vw;ghL nra;aNtz;Lk;
vd;Wk; tpje;Jiuf;fg;gLfpwJ. rl;lJiwr; rNfhju r%fj;jpd; xj;Jiog;NghL
mtHfd; tof;Ffis fhj;jpuG+Htkhf KbTWj;jNtz;Lk;.
188
114.10 rl;lj; jhkjq;fs;
ePjp epHthfk; njhlHghf fUj;Jiufs; rkHg;gpj;j gyH ePjpkd;wq;fspypUe;J
ePjpia ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjpy; jhq;fs; mDgtpf;Fk; jhkjk; gw;wp fLk; tpkHrdk;
nra;jdH. “ePjp jhkjpf;fgLtJ> ePjp kWf;fg;gl;ljw;Fr; rkk;” vd;W mbf;fb
$wg;gLk; $w;iw mtHfs; Fwpg;g;pl;ldH.
mtHfspd; ,e;j tpkHrdj;jpy; ngUksT cz;ik cz;L vd;gJk;> nghJthf
murhq;fKk; rpwg;ghf ePjpj;JiwAk; jPtpuj;NjhLk;> mtruj;NjhLk; mjidj;
jPHf;fNtz;Lk; vd;gJk; FO cWg;gpdHfspd; fUj;jhFk;. Tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;l
MNyhridfSs; rpy ePjpkd;wf; fl;blq;fspdJk;;> ePjpgjpfspdJk;
vz;zpfifia mjpfhpg;gJ> rpWNfhhpf;if ePjpkd;wq;fis/ Muk;g
ePjpkd;wq;fis epWTtJ> ,zf;fk;> rkurk; kw;Wk; Vida tbtpyhd
gpzf;Fj; jPHj;jy; Mfpatw;iw Cf;Ftpg;gJ> tplaq;fs; kw;Wk; eltbf;iffs;
Mfpatw;iw vspikahf;FKfkhf ePjpkd;w eilKiwfs; njhlHghd tpjpfis
kWrPuikg;gJ KjypadthFk;.
189
mmj;jpahak; 15
NjHjy; KiwikAk; eilKiwAk;
15.1 rkHg;gzq;fs;
Njh;jy; Kiw kWrPuikg;G njhlHghf tpsf;fkhdJk; rpe;jidkpf;fJk;
Gj;jhf;fkpf;Jkhd gy Kd;nkopTfs; vkf;Ff; fpilf;fg;ngw;wd. ,g;gphptpy;
NjHjy; eilKiwfs; gw;wp kf;fs; vOg;gpa fhpridfis ehk; Muha;fpd;Nwhk;.
NjHjy; Kiiwik kw;Wk; eilKiw njhlHghf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l gy;NtW
rkHg;gzq;fs; fPNo jug;gl;Lfpd;wd..
15.1.1 thf;Fhpikapd; nghUSk; NjHjy;fSf;fhd ngUk; nryTk;
FOtpw;F rkHg;gpf;fg;gl;l mjpf vz;zpifapyhd fUj;Jiufs; mtHfsJ
njhpT nra;ag;gl;l gpujpepjpfs; kw;Wk; murhq;fj;jpd; gy;NtW
mLf;fFepiyfspYk; gpd;gw;wg;gLk; gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiw njhlHghd
Kd;nkhopTfis cs;slf;fpapUe;jd.
rpy ghuhSkd;w> khfhzrig kw;Wk; cs;Sujpfhurig gpujpepjpfs;
kf;fSf;Fr; Nritahw;Wtijtpl> jkJ murpay; mjpfhuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp
gzk; rk;ghjpg;gjpNyNa mjpf mf;fiw nfhz;bUf;fpwhHfs; vd;w fUj;ij
kf;fs; nfhz;bUf;fpwhHfs;. Njhjy; gpurhuk; nryTepiwe;jhftpUg;gjdhy;>
jw;Nghija mNgl;rfu;fSf;fhd ngaH epakdk; kw;Wk; NjHjy;fs; Mfpad
nry;te;j mNgl;rfHfSf;F kl;LNk rhjfkhf mikfpwJ vd;Wk;> kpy;ypad;
fzf;fhd gzj;ij jpul;lf;$batHfs; kl;LNk NjHe;njhLf;fg;gLk; tha;g;gpid
nfhz;bUf;fpwhHfs; vd;Wk; rpyh; jkJ fUj;Jf;fis ntspapl;ldH.
NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l gpujpepjpfs; jkJ gpurhu nryTfSf;F gzk;
toq;fpatHfSf;F rYiffisfs; %yk; mtw;iwj jpUg;gpj;
juNtz;bAs;sjhy;> ,J kf;fspd; ‘thf;Fhpik’ vDk; vz;zf;fUit
KOikahf rpijf;fpwJ.
190
Fotpw;F Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l fUj;Jiufs;> njhpT nra;ag;gl;l jkJ
gpujpepjpfspd; Kiwaw;w elj;ijfs;njhlu;ghd kf;fspd; mjpHg;jpia
typAWj;JtdthapUe;jd. rpf;fy;epiwe;j jw;fhy murpay;> r%ff;fyhrhu
kw;Wk; njhopy;El;gkakhd #o;epiyapd; fPo;njhpT nra;ag;gLk; gpujpepjpfSs;
gyH> kf;fs; gpujpepjpfshtjw;Fhpa fy;tp kw;Wk; njhopy;rhH jifikfisf;
nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy vd;w fUj;JisAilatHfshf cs;sdH.
gy;NtW kl;lj;jpyhd murhq;fq;fSf;F njupT nra;ag;gLk; kf;fs;
gpujpepjpfSf;Fk; xU fy;tpj; jifik jpl;lj;ij Kd;nkhoptjd;%yk; ,e;j
Fiwg;ghl;il rPu;nra;tjw;fhd MNyhridfis nghJ kf;fs; ntspapl;ldH.
xU gpujpepjpj;Jt mikg;gpw;;F mtd;/mts; njhpT nra;ag;gl;l XH
cWg;gpduhtjw;F Kd;djhfNt>tpjpj;Jiuf;fg;gLk; fy;tpj; jifikia
ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj mtu;fsJ tpUg;gkhFk;;.
njhpT nra;ag;gl;l gpujpepjpfspy;; ngUk;ghyhdtHfspd; juk; Fwpj;J jhk;
mjpu;g;jpAw;wpUg;gjhf njuptpj;j ngUk;ghyhdtHfspd; fUj;Jf;fis FO
ftdj;jpnyLj;Js;sJ.
vdpDk;>xU gpui[ njhpT nra;ag;gl;l xU gpujpepjpahtjw;F fy;tpj;
jifikfis epHzapg;gJ [dehafj;jpw;F vjpuhdJ vd;Wk; mJ mbgl;gil
chpikfis kPWfpwJ vd;Wk; FO fUJfpwJ. vkJ Nehf;fpd;gb>kpfTk;
jifiktha;e;jtHfis njhpT nra;tjw;fhd nghWg;G nghJ kf;fSf;Fk;
cz;L. NkYk;> fy;tpj; jifikfs; khj;jpuk; tpidj;jpwd;kpf;f
gpujpepjpahtjw;F xUegiu jifikailatuhf;fhJ.
115.1.2 FLk;g kw;Wk; gpujpepjpj;Jt [dehafk;
r%fj;jpd; gy;NtW kl;lq;fisAk;; rhHe;j kf;fs; ,yq;if murpaypy;
FLk;gq;fspd; tfpghfk;Fwpj;Jftiyia ntspapl;ldH. je;ijkhH> kfd;
kfs;khH> tho;f;ifj;Jizfs; kw;Wk; gy;NtW nrhe;j ge;jq;fs; MfpNahH
mz;ikf;fhy murpay; muq;fpy;> Fwpg;ghf> tpfpjhrhu gpujpepjpj;Jt
Kiwapd;fPo; tpUk;gj;jfhjkl;lj;jpy;Kd;ndg;NghJkpy;yhjstpy; mjpfk;
njd;glf;$batHfshfAs;sdu;. kf;fs; ,jw;F gykhd vjpHg;G
191
njhptpj;jNjhL> cwtpdHfs; xd;W$b murpaypy; Njhd;Wtjd;kPJ rpy
fl;Lg;ghLfs; ,Uf;fNtz;Lnkd;w MNyhridiaAk; Kd;itj;jdu;.
“FLk;g murpay;” Fwpj;J kf;fs; Vd;mjpUg;jpAw;Ws;sdH vd;gij FO
Ghpe;Jnfhz;l mNjNtis> FLk;g cWg;gpdu;fs; murpaypy; gpuNtrpg;gijj;
jLg;gjw;fhd xOq;Ftpjpfis nfhz;LtUtJ [dehaff; Nfhl;ghLfspdJk;
kdpj chpikfsJk; xU kPwyhf mikAk; vd;w fUj;ij ehq;fs;
nfhz;bUf;fpNwhk;.
115.1.3 Fiwthd gzKila mNgl;rfHfSf;F epahakpd;ik
tpUg;gj;njhpTf; nfhhz;lthf;fspg;Gldhdtpfpjhrhu gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiwikapy;
XH mNgl;rfnuhUtu; Vw;fNtz;bapUf;Fk; nryTfs; Fwpj;J kf;fs;
fLikahd fUj;Jf;fis ntspapl;ldH. mNgl;rfnuhUtu; ngUk;nkhd;wpy;
gpurhuk; nra;aNtz;bapUg;gJld;> Njh;jypy; ntw;wp ngWk;tifapy; jkJ
ngaiu gpuguy;agLj;Jtjw;F mjpf nryTgpbf;Fk; gpurhu eltbf;iffis
Nkw;nfhs;stz;bs;sJ.
,J> ngUk; epjp tsq;fs; ,y;yhj mNgl;rfHfs; murpaypy; gq;Nfw;gij
mijhpag;gLj;JtNjhL> CoiyAk; Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ.
15.1.4 njhpT nra;ag;gl;l gpujpepjpfspd; nghUj;jkw;w elj;ij
jk;khy; njhpT nra;ag;gl;l gpujpepjpfs; Fwpj;jkf;fs; kpfTk; fhurhukhd
fUj;Jiffis nfhz;bUe;jdu;. mz;ikf;fhy NjHjy;fspy; Fz;lHfs;>
ghjhs cyfk; Nfh\;bfs; kw;Wk; tHj;jf eyd;fsy; Mu;tKs;stu;fspd;
nry;thf;F vd;gdtw;wpd; tfpghfk; Kw;wpYk; ntspg;gilahdnjhd;whf
khwpAs;sJ. ,e;epiy>xNu fl;rpapDs;Sk; %l> murpay; mr;RWj;jy;;
td;Kiw kw;Wk; Nkhjy;Nghf;fpyhd murpaYf;Fk; ,l;Lr;nrd;Ws;sJ.
vdNt gy Kd;nkhopTfs;>njhpT nra;ag;gl;l gpujpepjpfSf;fhd elj;ijf;
Nfhitnahd;iwAk;>Njh;jy; gpurhuk; kw;Wk; gug;Giufis elj;Jjy; kPJ
fz;bg;ghd xOq;FtpjpfisAk; NfhUk; tifapy; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;ld.
192
njhpT nra;ag;gl;l gpujpepjpj;Jt mikg;Gfspd; cWg;gpdHfs;
nghJkf;fSf;fhd jkJ flikfspy; ftdk; nrYj;Jtijtpl> mjhtJ
nghJj; jPHkhdq;fspYk; fye;Jiuahly;fspYk; gq;Fgw;Wtijtpl> jkJ
nrhe;j eyd;fspy; msTf;fjpfkhf mf;fiw nfhz;Ls;sdH vd;W vk;Kd;
Njhd;wpNahu; fUj;Jf;fis njhptpj;jdH. mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; gjtp
Mfpatw;iwj; J\;gpuNahfk; nra;J jkJ nrhe;j nrhj;Jf;fis
fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy; mtu;fs; $Ljy; MHtq;nfhz;bUg;gjhf njhpT nra;ag;gl;l
gpujpepjpfs; Fwpj;J kf;fs; Fw;wQ;rhl;bdH. njhpT nra;ag;gl;l gpujpepjpfspshy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Coy; kw;Wk; mjpfhuj;J\;gpuNahfk; Mfpadtw;iwf;
Fiwg;gjw;Nfw;w XOq;Ftpjpfs; nfhz;Ltug;gly; Ntz;Lnkd;W kf;fs;
tpUk;gpdH. murpay; gjtpf;Fg; Nghl;bapLNthH jkJ nrhj;Jf;fisg;
nghJkf;fSf;F gpuflzg;gLj;Jtij kf;fs; cWjpahf Mjhpf;fpd;wdH.
mj;jifa nrhj;Jg; gpuflzj;jpy; mtHfsJ FLk;g cWg;gpdHfspd;
nrhj;Jf;fSk; cs;slf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; mtHfs; MNyhrid
njhptpj;jdH>
15.1.5 nnjhpT nra;ag;gl;l gpujpepjpfis jpUg;gp mioj;jy;
elj;ijf;Nfhit nghwpKiwia mwpKfk; nra;tNjhL njhlh;Ggl;ltifapy;>
njhpTnra;ag;gl;l gpujpepjpfs; kf;fshy; toq;fg;gl;l Mizia my;yJ
mtu;fSf;Fupa elj;ijf;Nfhitia kPWthh;fshapd;> mth;fisj; jpUg;gp
miof;Fk; Kiwiknahd;iw mwpKfk; nra;tijAk; kf;fs; Kd;
nkhope;jhh;fs;. jdpg;gl;l Mjhaq;fs;> rYiffs; kw;Wk; nfhLg;gdTfs;
Mfpatw;Wf;fhf mz;ikf;fhyq;fspy; ,lk;ngw;w fl;rpj;jhty;fs; kf;fs;
ve;j Mizapd;Nghpy; jkJ gpujpepjpfis njhpT nra;jhh;fNsh> me;j
Mizia kPWtjhf mike;jJ vd;w fUj;ijAk; kf;fs; nfhz;bUe;jdh;.
jk;khy; njhpTnra;ag;gl;l gpujpepjpnahUtu; tpidj;jpwdw;wth;> elj;ijf;
Nfhitia kPwpAs;shh; my;yJ Neh;ikaw;wth; vd xU Njh;jy; njhFjpapd;
ngUk;ghyhd thf;fhsh;fshy; fUjg;gl;lhy;> mg;gpujpepjpia jpUg;gp
miof;ff;$ba tprhuiz eilKiwnahd;iwj; rj;jpaf;fljhrpAldhd
kDnthd;wpy; mtu;fs; ifnahg;gkpLtjD}lhf njhlq;fKbAnkd;Wk;
Kd;nkhopag;gl;lJ. mjd;gpd;du;> mg;gpujpepjp Fw;wthspahff; fhzg;gLkplj;J>
193
mthpd;/mtspd; njhpT ,uj;J nra;ag;gl;L ,ilj;Njh;jnyhd;W elhj;jg;gly;
Ntz;Lk; vdTk; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;lJ.
115.1.6 kjKk; gpujpepjpj;Jt [dehafKk;
kjKk; murpaYk; ,UNtWgl;l Jiwfisr; rhh;e;jitnad;Wk;> rfy
kjq;fspdJk; rkaj;jyq;fSk; rkaf;FUkhu;fSk; murpaypd; kjr;rhh;gw;w
tptfhuq;fspy; <LtjpypUe;J jLf;fg;gly; Ntz;LnkdTk; rpy kf;fshy;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ. rkaf;FUkhu;fs;; murpaypy; <Lgl;ljdhYk;> murpaYf;Fk;
kjj;jpw;Fkpilapy; epyTk; neUf;fkhd njhlh;gpdhYk;> kjk;
mgfPh;j;jpf;Fs;shf;fg;gl;l gy cjhuzq;fis kf;fs; vLj;Jiuj;jdh;.
mj;jifa epiyikfs; kj Kuz;ghLfSf;F ,l;Lr; nrd;wnjd;Wk; mth;fs;
thjpl;ldh;.
xU [dehafj;jpy; kjFUthu;fs; murpaypy; <Lglf;$lhnjd;W rl;lkpaw;WtJ
rpukkhdjhftpUf;Fk; vd;w fUj;ijf; FO nfhz;bUe;jJ. mJ rpyNtis kj
epWtdq;fshy; jPh;khdpf;fg;glNtz;ba xU tplakhFk;. gpui[fs;
tpUk;gpdhy;> kjj;ijAk; murpaiyAk; ,izf;f Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Kaw;rpfis
epuhfhpg;gJ mth;fsJ flikahFk;.
15.1.7 njhpT nra;ag;gl;l gpujpepjpfspd; taJk; ngWk; rYiffSk;
NjHjy; rPHjpUj;jq;fs; njhlHghf fUj;Jiu rkHg;gpj;jtHfSs;
ngUk;ghyhdtHfs>; murpay; kl;Lk;;jhd; cly; kw;Wk; cs nghUj;jg;ghL
Njitg;glhj xNu njhopyhFk; vd;W Rl;bf;fhl;bdH. RfaPdk; fhuzkhf jkJ
murpay; gzpapy; Kidg;ghf gq;Fgw;w KbahjtHfs;$l rYiffs;
toq;fg;gLtjw;fhf nghWg;ghd gjtpfspy; epakpf;fg;gLfpd;wdu; vd;gij
mtHfs; Rl;bf;fhl;bdH. murpay; mNgl;rfHfSf;F XH cr;r tanjy;iy
tpjpj;Jiuf;fg;glNtz;Lnkd;Wk; me;j taJ Vwj;jho 70 Mf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; mtHfs; Rl;bf;fhl;bdH. Xt;nthU kl;lj;jpYkhd
murpay;thjpfSf;Fk; mtu;fsJ gjtpf;fhyk; klLg;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;LnkdTk;
mtHfs; tpje;Jiuj;jdH.
194
115.1.8 Njh;jy; Kiwikfs ;
FOtpw;F Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l gy rkHg;gzq;fs; jw;Nghija tpfpjhrhu
gpujpepj;Jtj;jpd; FiwghLfisf; Nfhbl;Lf;fhl;bd.
tpfpjhrhu gpujpepj;JtKiw ajhu;j;jj;jpy; ajhu;j;jj;jpy; Njh;jypy; ntw;wpngUk;
fl;rpf;F xU nraw;ifahd ngUk;ghd;ikia Vw;gLj;JfpwJ vd;W kf;fs;
thjpl;ldH. NkYk;> Kd;dH Muhag;gl;lthW mJ ehl;by; jPHkhdk;
Nkw;nfhs;Sk; eilKiwapypUe;J kf;fis Jhu tpyf;fp itf;Fk; xU
nryTkpf;f KiwikahFk;.
Nkw;$wg;gl;lJld; njhlHGgl;ltifapy;>,J murpay; Nkl;Lf;FbapdH
Kiwiknahd;iw murhq;fj;jpd; xt;nthU kl;lj;ijAk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;
murpay; FLk;gq;fspypUe;J Njhw;wk; ngwr;nra;tNjhL> NjHjy;fspy; Vw;gLk;
ngUk; nryTfs; fhuzkhf rl;ltpNuhjkhf epjpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; xU
r%fg;giliaAk; mJ Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ vd;w cz;ikia ntspg;gLj;JfpdwJ.
NkYk;> mJ cl;fl;rpg;Nghl;bia Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ vd;w fUj;ijAk; mth;fs;
nfhz;bUe;jdH.
vdpDk;> gpd;tUtdtw;iw cs;slf;fpapUf;Fk; tpfpjhrhu gpujpepj;JtKiwapd;
Neu;epiy ghpkhzq;fisAk; fUj;Jr; rkHg;gzq;fs; ntspf;nfhzHe;jd:
NjHjy; njhFjp Kiwikapd; (FPP) fPo; Vw;glf;$ba mjPj
ngUk;ghd;ikia jtpHj;jy;.
nghJj; jPhkhdk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; mikg;Gfspy; murpay;hPjpahf fzprkhd
khw;Wf; fUj;Jf;fs; nrtpkLf;fg;gLtjw;F ,lkspj;jy;.
Xuq;fl;lg;gl;l rpWghd;ikapdH kw;Wk; FOf;fs; nghJj; jPHkhdk;
Nkw;nfhs;Sk; mikg;Gfspy; gpujpepjpj;jt gLj;jg;gLtjw;F ,lkspj;jy;.
fUj;njhUikkpf;f [dehaf eilKiwfis Cf;Ftpf;Fk; xU #oiy
Vw;gLj;Jjy;
195
gy;NtWgl;l fUj;Jf;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jtg; gLj;jg;gLtjw;F ,lkspf;Fk;
mNjNtis>jPHkhdk; Nkw;nfhs;tjpyhd fye;Jiuahly;fspy; jkJ
gpujpepjpfshy;jkJ fUj;Jf;fSk; Kd;itf;f Ntz;Lnkd kf;fs;
vjpHg;ghHf;fpd;wdH. cz;ikapy;> Kjypy; ntw;wpf; fk;gj;ijj; jhz;Ljy;
(Nju;jy; njhFjp Kiw) kw;Wk; tpfpjhrhu gpujpepjpj;Jtk; Mfpa ,uz;L
KiwfSk; fye;j xU fyg;G NjHjy; Kiwf;F ngUk;ghyhd kf;fs; rhHghf
cs;sdH. xU fyg;G Kiwikapy;>,ud;L thf;Fr; rPl;L Kiw[Nju;jy;
njhFjpapy; Nghl;lapLk; mNghl;rfu; njupTf;F (FPP) xd;Wk; tpfpjhrhu
Kiwapyhd njupTf; (PR) xd;Wk; vd;w tifapy;] Fwpj;Jk; MNyhrid
njhptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
115.1.9 ,d-kj flrpfs; gpur;rpid
xU Fwpg;gpl;l ,dk; my;yJ kjk; Fwpj;j jdpj;Jtj;Jld; jq;fis
,dq;fhl;bf;nfhs;Sk; murpay; fl;rpfs; Fwpj;J nghJ kf;fspy; rpyH
fLikahd tpkHrdq;fis ntspapl;ldH. mj;jifa fl;rpfs; jil
nra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lnkd;w fUj;ij mtHfs; nfhz;bUe;jdH.
mj;jifa fl;rpfis jil nra;tJ ,j;jUzj;jpy; rhj;jpakhdjy;y
vd;gNjhL mJ Njitaw;w Kuz;ghLfSf;F ,l;Lr;nry;yf;$Lk; vd;gJ
,f;FOtpduhy;; ed;F rpe;jpj;J Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l epiyg;ghlhFk;.
15.1.10 thf;fhsHfspd; chpikfs;
ntspehLfspYs;s vkJ Jhjufq;fspd; cjtpNahL (Fwpg;gpl;l ,lq;fspy;)
thf;Fr; rhtbfis epWTtjd;thapyhf FbngaHe;j ,yq;if
njhopyhsHfsJk; ntspehLfspy; thOk; ,yq;ifaHfsJk; chpikfs;
ghJfhf;fg;glNtz;Lk; vd;w gykhd ghpe;Jiufs; tpLf;fg;gl;ld. ,J
njhlHghf> ,yj;jpudpay;uPjpapy;> gpwg;gpd;NghNj Ml;fisg; gjpT nra;tjw;Fk;
,wg;gpd;NghJ mtHfsp;d; gjpTfis mfw;Wtjw;Fkhd xU juTj; jsKk;
eilKiwAk; Muk;gpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; nghJkf;fs; MNyhridfis
njhptpj;jdH. NtW Nritj; NjitfSf;fhd - c.k;. milahs ml;ilfs;>
thpfs;> thfd chpj;jhz;ik> tptrhaf; fld;fisAk; kPs;nrYj;JifiaAk;
Njbf;fz;lwpjy; Kjypadtw;iw Nkw;nfhs;sTk;– gpui[fspd; tpguq;fis
196
gjptpLtjw;Fk; ,g;gjpTfs; gad; gLj;jpf;nfhs;sKbAk;. NkYk;>
fzdpfs;/ifalf;fj;njhiyNgrpfs; %yk; ,izaj;ij milAk; tha;g;G
ngUk;ghyhd Ml;fSf;F ,Ug;gjdhy;> cz;ik Neu ,yj;jpudpay;
thf;fspg;GKiw(real time electronic voting system) mwpKfQ; nra;ag;gly;
Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; MNyhrid Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ.
ehnlq;fpYKs;s KjyPl;L Cf;Ftpg;G tyaq;fspy; njhopYf;fkHj;jg;gl;Ls;s
njhopyhsHfs; jkJ thf;Ffis mspf;f tPLfSf;Fr; nry;y KbahjpU;f;Fk;
tplak; njhlu;ghf mku;Tfspd;NghJ Ngrg;gl;lJ. fs;s thf;Fg;gjp;T> Coy;
kw;Wk; thf;Ffis “gzk; nfhLj;J thq;F” tjw;F nghJ epjpiag;
gad;gLj;Jjy; Nghd;w tplaq;fs; XH cWjpahd rl;ltiur;rl;lfk; kw;Wk;;
gf;fr;rhu;gw;w jz;lizf;fhd Vw;ghL vd;gdWf;$lhf jPtpukhf ifahsg;gly;
Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; njhptp;f;fg;gl;lJ.
Mj njhlu;ghfFO tpupthf fye;JiuahbaJ. FbngaHe;j njhopyhsu;fspd;
thf;fspf;Fk; chpik vd;w tplaj;jpw;F Mjuthf ,Uf;Fk; mNjNtis>
ntspehLfspy; cs;s vy;yh ,yq;ifaHfSf;Fk; thf;fspf;Fk; chpikia
tp];jhpf;Fk;NghJ ftdkhf ,Ug;gJ mtrpakhFk; vd;Wk; FO czHe;jJ.
,yj;jpudpay; thf;fspg;G Kiwik epr;rak; Muhag;glNtz;ba xU tplakhf
,Uf;Fk; mNjNtis> juTj;jsk; kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;ltu;fspd; me;juq;f
tplaq;fs;; kPjhd murpd; fz;fhzpg;gpw;Fk; mJ ,l;Lr;nry;yf; $Lkhifahy;>
,t;tplak; kpff; ftdkhff; ifahsg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
115.1.11 [dhjpgjpj; Njh;jy;
FO Kd; Njhd;wpatufs;; ,t;tplaj;jpy; ntt;NtWgl;l fUj;Jf;fisf;
nfhz;bUe;jdH:
epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk; nfhz;l [dhjpgjp Kiw KOikahf
,y;yhnjhopf;fgLkhapd;> [dhjpgjpnahUtiu NjHe;njLg;gjw;F xU
Neub thf;fspg;G Kiw Njitg;glhJ.
19tJ jpUj;jj;pd; gpd;dH [dhjpgjp Kiw ,g;gbNa ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.
197
NjHjy; njhFjp xd;wpd; %yk; [dhjpgjp njhpT nra;ag;gLthuhapd;>
mJ ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U rigfspdJk; (,U rigfs; Kiw
ghprPypf;fg;gLkhapd;) cWg;ggpdHfs;> khfhz rig cWg;gpdHfs;>
cs;Sujpfhu rigfspd; efu gpjhf;fs; kw;Wk; jiytHfs; MfpNahiu
cs;slf;fapUf;fNtz;Lk;.
[dhjpgjp ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdHfshy; njhpT nra;ag;gLtjhdhy;>
Fwpg;gpl;l Njh;jy; gpujk ePjpaurH> Nkd; KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wj; jiytH
kw;Wk; nrayhsh ehafk; MfpNahhpd Nkw;ghHitaspd;fPo; NjHjy;;
Mizf;FOtpdhy; elhjj;jgly; Ntz;Lk;.
[dhjpgjpf;F tiuaWf;fg;l;l mjpfhuq;fis nfhzbUg;ghuhapd;> mtH
nghJ kf;fshy; njhpT nra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
115.1.12 NjHjy;fis Fiwe;j nrytpyhdjhf Mf;Fjy;
[dehafg; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij NkYk; fhj;jpuG+htkhdjhf;Fk; gpd;tUtd
gy;NtW MNyhridfs; mlq;fpa fUj;Jf;fis kf;fs; rkHg;gpj;jpUe;jdH:
kpff;fPo; kl;lj;jpy; Neub gpujpepjpj;JtKk; khfhz kw;Wk; Njrpa
kl;q;fspy; Neubay;yj gpujpepjpj;JtKk;
NjHjy; fyz;lH xd;wpd; mwpKfk;
vy;yh kl;lq;fspdJk; gpujpepjpj;Jt mikg;GfSf;fhd NjHjy;fSk; xNu
jpdj;j;py; elhj;jg;gLjy;
[dhjpgjpj; NjHjy; kw;Wk; ghuhSkd;wj; Njh;jYk; vd;gd xNu
jpdj;jpYk;> khfhzrig kw;Wk; cs;Suhl;rprigfs; Mfpatw;Wf;fhd
NjHjy;fs; gpupnjhU jpdj;jpYk; elj;jg;glyhk;.
Njh;jy; fyz;lH
khfhzrig kw;Wk; cs;Suhl;rprigj; NjHjy;fs; ntt;NtW gFjpfspy;
ntt;NtW jpdq;fspy; fl;lk; fl;lkhd Kiwapy; elj;jg;gLtjhy;
Njh;jYf;fhd fhy ml;ltiz (fyz;lH) xd;W ,y;yhjpUg;gjd; fhuzkhfNt
198
Njh;jy;fis elj;Jtjpy; epyTk; gy gpur;rpidfs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd vd;W FO
Kd; Njhd;wpa nghJkf;fs; Rl;bf;fhl;bdH. ,jd; tpisthf>
murhq;fk;ngUe;njhifg gzj;ij nrytpLtNjhL> ehl;bd; eydpw;fhfg; gad;
gad;gLj;jg; gl;bUf;ff;$ba NtW tsq;fisAk; Njitaw;w tpjj;jpy;
tPz;tpuakhf;Ffpd;wJ. fl;lk; fl;lkhd NjHjy;fs; elhj;jg;gLjyhdJ ehl;bd;
cz;ikahd Ml;rp tplaq;fspypUe;Jk; tpLgl;L Njitaw;wtpjj;j;py;
ftdj;ij jpUg;Gtjhf mike;Js;snjd;Wk; kf;fs; fUj;J nfhz;Ls;sdH.
,;t;thNyhridfs;> thf;fhsHfs; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; mnrsfhpaq;fs;>
nghUshjhuj;jpd;kPjhd ghjfkhd jhf;fk; Mfpatw;iwf; Fiwg;gJ>
NjHjy;fspy; nrytplg;Lk; ngUe;njhifg; gzj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;JtJ kw;Wk;
ngUk; vz;zpf;ifapyhd murhq;f cj;jpNahfj;jHfis jpUk;gj; jpUk;g
NritapyPlgLj;Jtij Fiwg;gJ Mfpatw;iw Nehf;fhff; nfhz;litahFk;.
vdpDk;> xU ghuhSkd;w Ml;rp Kiwapy; ntt;NtW fhyq;fspy;
,ilj;NjHjy;fSf;fhd tha;g;G vOkhifahy; NjHjy; fyz;lH xd;iwf;
nfhz;bUg;gJ rpukkhdjhf ,Uf;Fk;. vdpDk;> fl;lk; fl;lkhf NjHjy;fis
elj;JtJ njhlHgpyhd kf;fsJ ftiy ftdj;jpw;nfhz;Lkhw;WKiwnahd;W
mq;fPfhpf;g;gly; Ntz;Lnkd;w fUj;J NfhlYf;Fk; ,lkspf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;;.
115.1.13 Njrpag;gll;bay;
FO Kd; jkJ fUjJf;fisr; rkHg;g;pj;jtu;fs>; ghuhSkd;wj;jjpw;Fj;
Nju;jypy; thf;fspg;G %yk; njhpT nra;ag;glhj mNgl;rHfis>Njrpag;
gl;bay;%yk; epakpf;fg;gLtjhdJ [dehaf eilKiwf;F Fe;jfk;
tpistpg;gNjhL> thf;fhsHfspd; chpikiaAk; kPWk; nrayhFnkdf;
Fiwf;$wpdH. NkYk;> mwpQHfs;> njhopy;thz;ikahsHfs;> fPHj;jpkpF
NguhsHfs; MfpNahH ghuhSkd;wj;jw;$lhf ehl;bw;Fr; Nritahw;wtjid
mDkjpg;gjw;nfd nfhz;Ltug;gl;l Njrpa gl;baypd; Nehf;fj;ij
mj;jifa epakdq;fs; Njho;tpailar; nra;Js;sd vd;Wk; mtHfs; fUj;J
njhptpj;jdH. gyhpd; fUj;Jg;gb> Njrpag; gl;baypd; %yNehf;fk;
KOikahf ,Ul;lbg;gGr; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ vdf;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
199
115.1.14 Njh;jy; njhFjpfSf;fhd vy;iy kPs;epHzak;
,J njhlHghf> fUj;Jr; rkHg;gpj;j kf;fspy;ngUk;gFjpapdu;>rpWghd;ikapdH
my;yJ Xuq;fl;lg;l;ltHfisg; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;JKfkhfTk; cs;Sujpfhu
rigfspypUe;J NkYk; rpwe;j Nritfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; tifapYk;
jw;NghJs;s Nju;jy’ njhFjpfspd; vy;iyfs; kPsepHzak; nra;ag;gly;
Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; Nfl;Lf;nfhz;ldH. cjhuzkhf> tl khfhzj;jpy;
jpUNfhzkiyiaAk; kw;Wk; gjtpa- rpwpGuitAk; cs;slf;fp ntspXah
vd;w Gjpa xU khtl;lj;ijAk; nja;aj;jfz;ba> kfpaq;fid kw;Wk;
upjpkhypaj;j Mfpa gpuNjr nrayfg; gpupTfis cs;slf;fp kfpaq;fid vd;w
,d;ndhU khtl;lj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;JkhW MNyhrid njhptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
NkYk;> nkhduhfiy khtl;lj;pd; gyH mk;khtl;j;jpw;F ,uz;L Gjpa NjHjy;
njhFjpfis cUthf;FkhW Nfl;Lf;nfhz;ldH. mjpy; KjyhyJ njhFjp
Gj;jy> fjpHfhkk;> kw;Wk; gjy;Fk;Gu Mfpa gpuNjr nrayf gphpTfis
cs;slf;Ftjw;Fk; ,uz;lhtJ nty;ytha> jdky;tpy> kw;Wk; nrtdfy
Mfpa gpuNjr nrayfg; gphpTfis csl;slf;Ftjw;FkhFk;.
nghpanjhU njhFjp ,Uf;Fk;NghJ> mgptUj;jp epjp kw;Wk;
gd;Kfg;gLj;jg;gl;l tuT nryTj; jpl;lk; Mfpatw;wpd; epjpfs; epahkw;w
Kiwapy; gfpug;ggLfpd;wd vd;w mk; kf;fspd; fUj;Jf;fis FO
fye;JiuahbaJ. vkJ fUj;jpy;>vy;iy kPs;epHza tplaq;fs; njhlHghf
jPh;khdnkLf;Fk;NghJ> jw;Nghij vy;iyepHza Kiwia
khfhzq;fspDs;Sk; khtkl;lq;fspDs;Sk; cs;s ngUk; Vw;wj;jho;TfisAk;
rkdpd;ikiaAk; gpujpgypf;ftpy;iy vd;w thjj;jpw;F jPtpu rpe;jid
nrYj;jg;glNtz;Lk;.
15.1.15 Fiwthf gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jg;gLk; FOf;fs ;
FOKd; fUj;Jf;fisr; rkHg;gpj;jtHfs; NghJkhdsT gpujpepjpj;Jtg;
gLj;jg;glhj FOf;fspd; gpujpepjpj;Jtq;fs; gpujpjpepj;Jt mikg;Gfspy;
epahakhdKiwapy; nfhz;bUg;gjid cWjpg;gLj;Jtjpd; Njitia
typAWj;jpdH. mj;Jld;> Njh;jy; eilKiwapy; khw;Wj; NjitAilatHfspd;
200
gq;Nfw;gpw;F trjpNaw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf tpNrl eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly;
Ntz;Lk vdTk; vLj;Jiuj;jdu;;.
gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij cWjpg;gLj;jy;: Njrpag; gl;baypy; ,lnthJf;fPL>
my;yJ ghuhSkd;wk;> khfhzrigfs; kw;Wk; cs;Sujpfhu rigfs;
Mfpatw;wpw;;fhd epakd Mrdq;fis Vw;gLj;Jjy; Mfpatw;wpd;
thapyhf ,f; FOf;fSf;F cj;juthjkspf;fg;l;ll gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
toq;Ftij ,J Njitg;gLj;Jk;.
mj;jifa midj;Jf; FOf;fspdJk; murpay; gq;Nfw;ig mjpfhpf;Fk;
tifapy>; eilKiwapy;>mf;FOf;fis gpujpepjpj;JgLj;Jk; murpay;
fl;rpfs; gq;fhsu;fshf cs;slf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;F> rpWghd;ikf;
FOf;fisAk; NghJkhd gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij nfhz;buhj FOf;fisAk;
murpay; fl;rpfs; ,d;Dk; mjpfkhfg; gpujpepjpj;Jtg; gLj;Jtij
cWjpg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; rl;lq;fs;
Mfpatw;wpd;%yk; XH ,ayg;gLj;Jk; #oiy Nju;jy;fs;
MizahUf;$lhf cUthf;Ftjw;fhd murpd; <LghL Njit.
cjhuzkhf> xU Fwp;g;gpl;l tPjj;jpyhd ngz;fs;> khw;Wj; jpwdhspfs;>
rpW r%fq;fs; MfpNahiu Njh;jy;fspy; mNgl;rfHfshf fskpwf;Fjy;.
Njitahdtplj;J Nghf;Ftuj;J cjtp kw;Wk; ,yj;jpudpay; kw;Wk;
jghy;%y thf;fspg;G Nghd;w khw;Wtopfs; cs;spl;l thf;fspg;G
eilKiwfs;> trjpfs; kw;Wk; nghUl;fs; Mfpad rfy gpui[fSf;Fk;
fpilf;fj;jf;fjhftpUg;gij muR cWjpg;gLj;jNtz;Lk; vd;w gykhd
fUj;Jf;fs; njhptpf;fg;gl;ld.
,Wjpahf> midj;J kf;fSk;> mtHfsJ tjptplq;fs; vq;fpUg;gpDk;>
ehl;bd; NjHjy; eilKiwapy; gq;Nfw;gjw;fhd tha;g;gpid
nfhz;bUg;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jjy;.
115.1.16 ngz;fspd; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
vkJ ehl;bd; kf;fs; njhifapy; ngz;fs; mirthrpf;F Nky; cs;sdH.
vdpDk;> midj;J kl;l Ml;rpf; fl;likg;GfspYk; mtHfs; kpf
kl;Lg;ggLj;jg;gl;l gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ijNa nfhz;bUf;fpd;wdH. ehl;bd; midj;Jg;
201
gFjpfspYk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l rkHg;gzq;fspy; ngz;fspd; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij
mjpfhpg;gjw;fhd Njit Fwpj;Jk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ. ,f;fl;likg;GfSf;Fg; ngz;
gpujpepjpfisj; njhpT nra;tjw;F NghJkhd vz;zpf;ifia ngz;fs;
nfhz;bUg;gpDk; fle;j 65 Mz;LfSf;F Nkyhf ngz;fs; njhpT
nra;ag;gLtJ kpfkpff; FiwthfNt ,Ue;J te;Js;sJ.
115.1.17 khw;Wj;jpwdhspfs;
khw;Wj;jpwdhspfs; gy topfspYk; gy kl;lq;fspYk; trjptha;g;gw;wtHfshf
cs;sdnud;Wk;> vdNt>mtu;fs; mNgl;rfHfs; my;yJ thf;fshHfs; vd;w
tifapy; NjHjy; eilKiwapd; ,U nraw;ghLfspYk;; KOikahfg; gq;Nfw;f
KbahjtHfshf cs;sdH vd;Wk; kf;fs; thjpl;ldH. mj;Jld;> xU Fwpg;gpl;l
vz;zpf;ifapyhd khw;Wj;jpwdhspfis mNgl;rfHfshff; fskpwf;fTk;
murpay; fl;rpfs; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lnkd;;W $wg;gl;lJ.
15.1.18 rpwpa r%ff; FOf;fs;
Mjpthrpfs;> kNyaHfs;> njYq;F kw;Wk; kiyahsk; NgRk; kf;fs;>
NghHj;JfPa gwq;fpaH> Mgphpf;f tk;rhtspapdH kw;Wk; mj;jifa Vida
midj;Jf; FOf;fs; rhHghf rpwg;Gr; rYiffs;Vw;ghl;bd;%yk; my;yJ
murhq;ff; fl;likg;Gfspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; tpNrl epakdk; thapyhf
mtHfspd; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij cWjpg;gLj;JtJ njhlHghfTk; fUj;Jr;
rkHg;gzq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
,tw;wpypUe;J njspthfpaJ ahnjdpy;>eilKiwapy; mjpfsthd
gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij ngw;wf;nfhs;Stij cWjpg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; Nju;jy;
Kiwik kWrPuikf;fg;gLtij kf;fs; gykhf Mjupf;Fk; mNjNtis>
Neh;ikAk; XOf;fkhd elj;ijAk; nfhz;l mNgl;rfHfs; ,j;Nju;jy;
eilKiwfspy;; gq;Fgw;w Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLtij cWjpg;gLj;JtJkhFk;;.
vkJ fUj;jpd;gb> Njh;jy; KiiwikAk; kw;Wk; eilKiwAk; NkYk;
NkhrkilAk; NghJ> mJ [dehaKiwiikapd; kpf Kf;fpakhd Jhz;fspy;
xd;whfpa “kf;fs;” jkJ thf;Fhpikiag; gpuNahfpg;gjpypUe;Jk;mtHfis
me;epag;gLj;jptpLkhifahy;> ,J njhlHghd kf;fspd; fUj;Jf;fs;
kpfj;jPtpukhf ftdj;jpy; vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. vdNt>
202
[dehafjKiwikapy; kf;fspd; gq;Nfw;ig Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhd mtruj;
Njitnahd;Ws;sJ.
115.2 tpjg;Giufs;
NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l midj;ijAk; guprPypj;jjd; gpd;dH> FO gpd;tUtdtw;iw
Kd;nkhopa tpUk;GfpwJ.
15.2.1 NjHjy; Kiwik
i. cj;Njr 20tJ jpUj;jr; rl;l%yj;ij vt;tpj khw;wq;fSkpd;wp xU
cWg;gpdH Mjhpj;jhH. mjidj; jtpu;e;j ve;jnthU ghuhSkd;wj;
NjHjy;fs; njhlHghd tpjg;GiufSf;Fk; mtH ,zq;ftpy;iy154.
ii. Vida cWg;gpdHfs; gpd;tUtdtw;wpw;F ,zq;fpdH:
m. rdhjpgjpj; NjHjy;
rdhjpgjp xU ngausT murj; jiytuhftpUg;ghuhapd;> mtH
ghuhSkd;W cWg;gpdHfs;> khfhzrig cWg;gpdHfs;> cs;@ujpfhu
rigfspd; efu gpjhf;fs;> gpujp efu gpjhf;fs;> jiytH kw;Wk; cg-
jiytHfs; MfpNahH cs;slq;fyhd Nju;jy; njhFjp Fohk; (electoral
college) xd;wpd; %yk; njhpTnra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lk;;.
rdhjpgjpf;F kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l mjpfhuq;fs; ,Ug;g;pd;> mtH Neubahf
nghJ kf;fspd; thf;Ffspdhy; njhpT nra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
M. ghuhSkd;wj; NjHjy;
fyg;G Nju;jy; njhFjp (FPP) Kiw((,l;il mq;fj;jtu; Nju;jy; njhFjp
kw;Wk; khfhz kl;lj;jpyhd tpfpjhrhuKiw (epuy; Kiw)
FPP (60%) kw;Wk;; khtl;l kl;lj;jpyhd PPR (40%)
1 Frhd; b my;tp]; P C
203
FPP ,w;F xd;Wk; PR ,w;F xd;Wkhf ,U thf;Fr; rPl;Lfs;
FPP – Mz;fSf;F xd;Wk; ngz; mNgl;rfu;fSf;F xd;Wkhf ,uz;L
thf;Fr; rPl;Lfs;
PPR – xt;ntU thf;Fr; rPl;bYk; Mz;fspdJk; ngz;fspdJk;
ngau;fis khw;whf Fwpj;njhJf;Fk; gl;bay;. xU Fwpg;gpl;l tPjj;jjpyhd
,sk; mNgl;rfHfisAk; ,J cs;slf;fNtz;Lk;
,e;jwpf;ifapy; Fwpg;glg;gl;Ls;sthW khfhzrigfs; kw;Wk;
cs;@ujpfhurig Kiwik Mfpatw;Wf;fhd cj;Njr khw;wq;fiisf;
fUj;j;pw; nfhs;Skplj;J> rl;lthf;fr; rigahdJ 225 cWg;gpdHfis
tpQ;rf;$lhnjd;w fUj;ijf; FO cWg;gpdHfSs; ngUk;ghyhNdhH
nfhz;bUe;jdH.
,. khfhz rigj; NjHjy;
fyg;G Nju;jy; njhFjp (FPP) Kiw ((,l;il mq;fj;jtu; Nju;jy; njhFjp
kw;Wk; khfhz kl;lj;jpyhd tpfpjhrhuKiw (epuy; Kiw)
FPP (60%) kw;Wk;; khtl;l kl;lj;jpyhdPR (40%)
FPP,w;F xd;Wk; PR ,w;F xd;Wkhf ,U thf;Fr; rPl;Lfs;
FPP – Mz;fSf;F xd;Wk; ngz; mNgl;rfu;fSf;F xd;Wkhf ,uz;L
thf;Fr; rPl;Lfs;
PR – xt;ntU thf;Fr; rPl;bYk; Mz;fspdJk; ngz;fspdJk; ngau;fis
khw;whf Fwpj;njhJf;Fk; gl;bay;. xU Fwpg;gpl;l tPjj;jjpyhd ,sk;
mNgl;rfHfisAk; ,J cs;slf;fNtz;Lk;
<. cs;s+ujpfhu rigfs; NjHjy;
khfhzrigj; NjHjy; Nghd;wNj.. Mdhy; PR cs;Sujpfhu rig
gFjpfspd; mbg;gilapy; mike;jpUf;Fk;
204
cc. gy;mq;fj;jtu; njhFjp
gy;ypdj;jd;iknfhz;l njhFjpfSf;F FO mq;fj;jtu; njhFjp
Kiwia (ghuhSkd;w kw;Wk; khfhz rigj; NjHjy;fSf;F)
tpje;Jiuf;fpwJ.
C. RNal;ir mNgl;rfHfs;
jdp mq;fj;jtu; njhFjpfSf;F jdpeguhd gpui[fs;
RNal;irf;Fof;fis mikf;fhJ RNal;ir mNgl;rfHfshfg; Nghl;bapl
trjpfs; toq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
v. Njrpag; gl;bay;
fyg;Gj; Njh;jy; Kiwf;Fs;Sk; mj;Jld; xH ,uz;ltJ rig
Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; gl;rj;jpYk; Njrpag;gl;banyhd;W Njitaw;wJ vd;W
fUj;ij rfy cWg;gpdHfSk; nfhz;bUe;jdH2.
Njrpag; gl;bay; gpd;tUk; epge;jidfSld; njhlHe;Jk;
,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd;w fUj;ij Vida cWg;gpdHfs; ;nfhz;bUe;jdH3:
Njrpag; gl;baypy; cs;s ngaHfspd; vz;zpf;ifia Fiwj;jy;
Nj.g cWg;gpdHfs; mg;gl;baypypUe;J kl;LNk epakpf;fg;gly;
Ntz;Lk; vd;gNjhL> NtW gl;baypypUg;gtHfSf;F ,jpy;
,lkspf;fyhfhJ. Nj.g. Mz;fs; kw;Wk; ngz;fis
xUtUf;fLj;J epakdg;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.
2 cg;Gy; mNguj;d> `hpdp mku#hpa> FRd; B my;tp]; gp.rP> ejPf;fh jkae;jp> v];.rP.rP
,sq;Nfhtd;> FKJ FRk; Fkhu> fhe;jp uzrpq;f> vd;. nry;tf;Fkhud;> yhy; tpN[ehaf;f> V.vk;. etuj;d gz;lhu.
3 rpwpkrpwP `GMuhr;r;p>; tpd;];ld;l; gjpuh[;;> Rdpy; [auj;d
205
115.2.2 Nju;jy; eilKiw
i. Njh;jy; nryTfs; kPjhd cr;r tuk;G
mNgl;rfu;fspdhy; my;yJ mtuJ rhHgpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Njh;jy;
njhlHghd nryTfs;kPJ XH cr;r tuk;G fhzg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. epjp
ed;nfhilfspd; %yq;fSk; njhifAk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
mNgl;rfHfisg; nghWg;Gf;$w itg;gjw;Nfw;wthW fLikahd
eilKiwnahd;W rl;lj;jpw;$lhf mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
ii. nrhj;Jf;fisAk; nghWg;GfisAk; ntspg;gLj;jy;
mNgl;rfuhff;$banuhUtu;jkJ nrhj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gfs;
njhlu;ghd gpufldk; xd;iw NjHjnyhd;Wf;F Kd;djhfTk;> njhpT
nra;ag;gbd; mtHfSila gjtpf;fhyk; KbTWk;tiuAk; xt;nthU
tUlKk; gpufldk; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ntspg;ggLj;jgl;lJ rhpahdjy;y
vd;wwpAk;gl;rj;jpy;> nghJkf;fspy; vtUk; Nfs;tp vOg;gf;$batz;zk;
,J gfpuq;fg;gLj;jgly; Ntz;Lk;.
iii. fhge;J epHthfk;
ghuhSkd;w kw;Wk; khfhzrig NjHjy;fspd;NghJ> mikr;ruitAk;
mikr;ru; rigAk; tof;fk;Nghy; nray;glyhfhJ. NjHjy;fs;
Mizahshpdhy; Nkw;ghHit nra;ag;gLk; xU fhge;J epHthfk; ,Uj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;;.
iv. elj;ijf; Nfhit
njhpT nra;ag;gl;l gpujpepjpfSf;fhd elj;ijf; Nfhitnahd;bUj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. Nfhitia kPWgtHfSf;nfjpuhf ePjpkd;wj;jhy; Fw;wQ;
rhl;lg;glf; $bajhapUj;jy; Ntz;Lk; my;yJ jpUg;gpaioj;jYf;F
Mshf;fg;glf;$bajhapUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
206
v. ffl;rpj; jhty;fs;
kdr;rhl;rpf;Nfw;;g thf;fspj;jy; mDkjpf;fg;Lk;.
ve;j epiyapYk; fl;rpj; jhTjy; mDkjpf;fg;glf;$lhJ4.
gpd;tUk; epge;jidfSf;F cl;gl;L fl;rpj; jhty;fs;
mDkjpf;fg;glyhk;:
o fl;rpj; jhTfpd;wtHfs; ve;j ed;ikfisak;
rpwg;GhpikfisAk; ngwyhfhJ
o VjhtJ ed;ikfis mtHfs; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lhy;> mtHfs;
,ilj;Njh;jy; xd;wpw;fhf kf;fs;Kd; nry;yNtz;Lk;
murhq;fj;ij ];jpukw;wjhf;fhtpby; cWg;gpdHfs; kdl;rhl;rpiag;
gpuNahfpf;f mDkjpf;fg;glNtz;Lk;. mjid cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F
Mf;fG+Htkhd ek;gpf;ifapy;yh nghwpKiwia mwpKfg;gLj;JtJ
mtrpakhFk;5;.
vi. ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fis jpUg;gpaioj;jy;
jpUg;gpaioj;jy; Kiwiknahd;iw FO mq;fPfhpj;J tpje;Jiuf;fpwJ.
,J njhlHghf ,e;fpyhe;J kw;Wk; Nty;rpd; 2015Mk; Mz;L jpUg;gp
mioj;jy; rl;lk; xU topfhl;Lk; newpahf vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;glyhk;.
vii. Njh;jy; fyz;lH
rdhjpgjp> ghuhSkd;w> khfhzrigfs; kw;Wk; cs;s+ujpfhu rigfs;
vdgdtw;wf;fhd NjHjy;fSf;fhf epHzapf;fg;gl;l jpl;ltl;lkhd
jpfjpfisf; nfhz;l fhy ml;ltiznahd;W mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gly;
Ntz;Lk;6.
4 Frhd; B my;tp];>PC> rpwpkhrpwp `g;GMur;rp 5 cg;Gy; mNguj;d
6 FO cWg;gpdH cGy; mgauj;d NjHjy; fyz;lH fUj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;stpy;iy.
207
NjHjy; fyz;lH> ,ilj;NjHjy;fis elhj;Jjy; my;yJ ek;gpf;ifapy;yh
gpNuuizfSf;F ,lkspf;f$ba Njitfspd; fhuzkhf
vOk;epiyikfis rkhspf;f ,lkspf;f$bajhapUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;;.
viii. nngz;fs; kw;Wk; ,isQHfspd; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
ngUk;ghd;ikahNdhu; Kiwikapd;;fPohd FPP Mrdq;fSf;Fg;
Nghl;bapLtjw;fhf xt;nthU fl;rpapypUe;Jk; ngah; Fwpg;gplg;gLk;
nkhj;j mNgl;rfHfSs; Fiwe;jJ %d;wpnyhU gq;fpdH
ngz;fshftpUj;jy;Ntz;Lk;7.
tpfpjhrhug; gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiiwikapd;fPo;> Mz; kw;Wk; ngz;
mNgl;rfHfs; xd;Wtpl;L xd;whf tUf;$ba xU kpfTk; ,Wf;fkhd
gl;bay;Kiw fhzg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
,isQH gq;Nfw;ig cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F ,NjNghd;wnjhU
Kiwiik xt;nthU fl;rpapYk; fhzg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
ix. thf;fspg;G
murhq;fj;py; gjpT nra;Jnfhz;l FbngaHe;j njhopyhsHfs;
thf;fspf;f mDkjpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gNjhL> mjw;Fg;
nghUj;jkhjd nghwpKiwnahd;Wk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
chpa ghJfhg;Gld;$ba XH ,yj;jpudpay; thf;fspg;G Kiwik
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
njhopw;rhiy njhopyhsHfs;>Rje;jp tu;j;jf tyaj;jpy; njhopy;
GupAk;; njhopyhsHfs;> khw;Wj;jpwdhspfs; kw;Wk; rpNu\;l
gpui[fs; MfpNahu; thf;fspg;gjw;F Vw;wthwhd trjpfis
7 `updp mku#upa> vk;.Nf. ejPfh jkae;jp> FKJ FRk; Fkhu> fhe;jp uzrpq;f kw;Wk; vd;.
nry;tFkhud; MfpNahH FPP Kiwapy; thf;fhsH gl;baypy; Fiwe;jJ miuthrpapdH ngz;fshf
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W Kd;nkhopfps;wdH.
208
Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd tpNrl thf;Fr; rhtbfs; my;yJ NtW
Vw;ghLfs; (Nghf;Ftuj;J trjpfs; mlq;fyhf) Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly;
Ntz;Lk;.
thf;fspg;G eilKiwfs;> trjpfs; kw;Wk; nghUl;fs; vd;gd
khw;Wj;jpwdhspfs; kw;Wk; rpNu\;lg; gpui[fs; MfpNahu;
cs;slq;fyhf midj;Jg; gpui[fSf;Fk; fpilf;ff;
$bajhftpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
x. NNjh;jy; gpurhuk;
Njh;jy;fspd;NghJ gpurhuj;jpw;fhd xOq;Ftpjpfs; fz;bg;ghf
epiyehll;lg;gly; Ntz;Lk;;;;. Clfq;fspy; Fwpg;ghf kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l
tsq;fisf; nfhz;l mNgl;rfHfSf;F muR rkkhd Neuk; toq;f
Ntz;Lk;. #oy;Nea Njh;jy; gpurhu nraw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; nghJkf;fspd;
ehshe;j tho;fifapy; jiyaplhj NjHjy; gpurhu nraw;ghLfs;
Cf;Ftpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
xi. Fiwthfg; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jg;gLk; / gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jg;glhj
FOf;fs;
Fiwthfg; gpujpepjpj;Jtg; gLj;jg;gLk; / gpujpepjpj;Jtg; gLj;jg;glhj
FOf;fspd; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd nghwpKiwfs;
(epakpf;;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdHfs;> gy; mq;fj;jtu; njhFjpfs;> XJf;fg;gl;l
njhFjpfs; Nghd;wd) mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. njYq;F kw;Wk;
kiyahsk; NgRk; kf;fs;> kyhaH> NgfH> Mgphpf;f tk;rhtsp kf;fs;
KjypNahiu ,J cs;slf;Fk;. khw;Wj;jpwdhspfSf;F gpnuapy;;(Braille)
nkhopapy; Njh;jy; njhlHghd Mtzq;fs; fpilg;gjhftpUj;jy;
cs;slq;fyhf> mtHfSk; NjHjypy; Nghl;bapLtjw;Nfw;w #o;epiyia
cWjpg;gLj;Jjy; mtrpakhFk;.
209
xii. mmNgl;rfHfspd; rj;jpaf; fljhrp
rj;jpak; nra;tjd Clhf KOikahfTk; cz;ikahfTk;
gpd;tUtdtw;iw ntspg;gLj;j xt;nthU mNgl;rfUk; jdJ
epakdg;gj;jpuj;Jld; xU rj;jpaf; fljhrpia ,izg;gij
cWjpg;gLj;jJk; tifapy; NjHjy; rl;lk; jpUj;jg;gl Ntz;Lnkd rpy
cWg;gp;dHfs; MNyhridia njhptpj;jdH8661.
mNgl;rfhpd; fy;tpj; jifikAk; mj;jifa jifikfs;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l jpfjpAk;.
mNgl;rfH ePjpkd;wnkhd;wpy; VNjDk; Fw;wj;jpw;fhf Fw;wthspahf
fhzg;gl;Ls;shuh? vd;gJk; mj;jifa Fw;wj;jpd; jd;ik kw;Wk;
Fw;wtpay; Fw;wr;rhl;bd; KbT vd;gdTk;.
8 rpy cWg;gpdu;fs; ,t;tpje;Jiug;ig Vw;Wf;nfhs;stpy;iy
210
mmj;jpahak; 16
gfpuq;f Nrit> mur epjp kw;Wk; fzf;fha;T
16.1 rkHg;gzq;fs;;
ehl;bd; midj;Jj; JiwfisAk; Clwj;J njhlHr;rpahf NknyOk;gpa xU
tplak;;> murJiwapd; epiyik gw;wpa nghJ kf;fspd; Mo;e;j mjpHg;jpahFk;.
fPNo fhzg;gLk; rkHg;gzj;jpypUe;J njspthtJ Nghy> nghJthf mur Nrit
gw;wp nghJkf;fs; kpf jho;thd mgpg;gpuhaNk nfhz;Ls;sdH. murhq;fj;
Jiwia jkJ MjuthsHfSf;F njhopy; toq;Ftjw;fhd jkJ nrhe;j
nrhj;jhfTk; jkJ nrhe;jge;jq;fSf;F nfhLg;gdTfisAk; rYiffisAk;
toq;Ftjw;Fk; gad;gLj;Jk; murpay; thjpfs; kf;fsJ gpur;rpidfSf;fhd
fhuznkd kpfTk; fLikahff; Fw;wk; Rkj;jg;gl;ldH.
Kiwg;ghLfSk; FiwghLfSk; vz;zw;wit. mtw;iwg; gpd;tUkhW RUf;fpf;
$wyhk;:
murhq;fj; Jiwapd; murpay; kag;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; mur Jiwapd;
Rje;jpuk; ,of;fg;gl;lik
Ml;NrHg;G> ,lkhw;wk; kw;Wk; gjtp caHT Mfpad njhlHghd
gpur;rpidfSk; gpur;rpidfSf;Fg; gjpw;nraw;ghlhw;w gad;kpf;fg;
nghwpKiwfspd;ikAk;
Nritfspd; Nkhrkhd juk;> tpidj;jpwdpd;ik kw;Wk; mjpfhhpfspd;
mrke;ejg;Nghf;F
nghJkf;fSld; njhlHG nfhs;tjpy; murJiw cj;jpNahfj;jHfspd;
kpfTk; ghugl;rkhd> gf;fr;rhHghd kw;Wk; mfq;fhukhd Nghf;F.
nra;j Nritfs; kPz;Lk; ,Ujlit nra;gg;gLjy;> njsptw;w
Kiwikfs; kw;Wk; mur Jiwapy;> kf;fs; Nritfisg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;tjw;F kpfTk; Fog;gfukhdjhf;Fk;> xU Jiwf;Fg; gy
epWtdq;fspUg;gjhFk;.
211
tsq;fspd; tPz;tpuaKk; CoYk;
mur Kiwikapy; mDruidahshpd;wp kf;fs; Nritfisg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;;tij kpfTk; rpukkhdjhf;Fk; mDruiz Kiwik.
kf;fs; jhk; tpUk;Gk; nkhopapy; Nritiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tij
kpfTk; rpukkhdjhf my;yJ rhj;jpakw;wjhff; $l Mf;Fk; nkhopf;
nfhs;ifapd; mKyhf;fkpd;ik.
Ml;NrHg;gpYk; mur Nritfs; toq;FtjpYk; r%ff; FOf;fs; xJf;fp
itf;fg;gLtJk; Xuq;fl;lg;gLtJk;.
mur JiwapDs; Kuz;ghLfs; kw;wk; murpay; gopthq;fy;fs; njhlHghf
murJiw cj;jpNahfj;jHfspdhNyNa ntspg;gLj;jg;ggl;l gy gpur;rpidfSk;
,Ue;jd. jk;ik jPHitj; Njb mq;Fkpq;Fk; miyaitj;j murpay;
gopthq;fy; rk;gtq;fis rpyH rkHg;gpj;jdH. epahkw;w Ml;NrHg;G nfhs;iffs;
my;yJ Ml;NrHg;G njhlHghf jw;NghJ epyTk; nfhs;iffis Gwf;fzpj;jy;
gutyhf epyTtjhfj; Njhd;WfpwJ. mNjNghd;W> gjtp caHT jpl;lq;fSk;
jhk; tpUk;gpathW khw;wg;gLtjw;F cs;shtjhfj; Njd;Wfpd;wd.
epr;rakhf> murJiwf;F kWrPuikg;Gj; Njit. ,k; kWrPuikg;G Kaw;rpfs;
ntWkNd murJiwia Fiwg;gij kl;Lk; ,yf;fhfhf; nfhs;syhfhJ.
khwhf> mjd; RahjPdk;> juk; kw;Wk; Nrit toq;fy; Mfpatw;iw
tYg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd xU Kiwikia Vw;gLj;Jtij Nehf;fhff; nfhz;bUf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
Kd;dH murhq;fj; jpizf;fsq;fspdhy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l gy NritfSk;
nraw;ghLfSk; jw;NghJ epajpr;rl;lf; $l;lhz;ik mikg;Gfshy; my;yJ NtW
mikg;Gfshy;; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtJ mtjhdpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e; epWtdq;fs;
murhq;f jpizf;fsq;fs; vd;w fz;bg;ghd tiaiwf;Fs; tUtjpy;iy.
mjdhy;> CopaHfspd; Ml;NrHg;G> gjtp caHT> rk;gsk;> xOf;fhw;W>
fl;Lg;ghL kw;Wk; gjtp ePf;fk; Mfpatw;wpy; rkj;Jtk;> tpidj;jpwd;>
ghugl;rkpd;ik> murpay; gopthq;fypd;ik Kjypatw;iw cWjpg;gLj;Jk;
murpayikg;G Vw;ghLfspd; gpbf;Fs; mit mfg;gLtjpy;iy. ,t; tplaq;fis
Vidatw;Wld; ifahs;tjw;fhd mjpfhuq;;fSldhd gfpuq;fr;Nrit
212
Mizf;FOnthd;wpw;F murpayikg;G Vw;ghL nra;Js;sJ. epakdk; kw;Wk;
mikr;Rr; nrayhsHfs; kw;Wk; jpizf;fsj; jiytHfs; MfpNahhpd;
epakdq;fs; kw;Wk; mjd; eilKiw Mfpad njhlHghfTk; FO tpNrl
Vw;ghLfis tpje;Jiuj;Js;sJ.
16.2 tpjg;Giufs;
16.2.1 murpaYf;Fk;> epUthfk; / murhq;f Nritapd;
Kfhikj;Jtj; jpwd;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd cwT ,izg;G
FO mjd; tpjg;Giufspy; Vfkdjhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy. vdNt> mJ gpd;tUtd
tFf;fg;gLtij Kd;nkhopfpwJ:
gpd;tUk; tpjg;Giufs; FOtpd; rpy cWg;gpdHfshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd1:
m) gpd;tUk; ge;jpapdhy; cWg;Giu 54(1) (jw;Nghija murpayikg;gpd;)
gpujpaPL nra;ag;gLjy;;:
“murhq;f cj;jpNahfj;jHfspd; epakdk;> gjtp caHT> ,lkhw;wk;>
gjtp ePf;fk;> xOf;fhw;W fl;Lg;ghL kw;Wk; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpwd;
Nkk;ghL Mfpad murpayikg;Gg; Nguitapd; tpjg;Giuapd; Nghpy;
rdhjpgjpapdhy; epakf;fg;gLk; gjpndhU cWg;gpdHfisf; nfhz;l
gfpuq;fNritfs; Mizf;FOtplk; (g.Nr.M) toq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;
vd;gNjhL> mt;TWg;gpdHfSs; %d;Wf;Ff; FiwahjtHfs; murhq;f
cj;jpNahfj;jHfshfTk; gjpide;J tUlj;jpw;F Nkw;gl;l mDgtk;
nfhz;ltHfshfTk; ,Uf;fk; Ntz;Lk;. g.NrM ,d; Vida
cWg;gpdHfs; epHthfr; rl;lk;> nghJ epjp kw;Wk; kdpj tsq;fs;>
tpahghu kw;Wk; nghJ Kfhikj;Jtk; Mfpatw;wpy; mwpTk;
mDgtKk; nfhz;ltHfshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;” ;. 1 cg;Gs; mNguj;d> `hpd mku#hpa> V.vk; etuj;jd gz;lh> vk;.Nf ejPf;;fh jkae;jp> v];.rP.rP ,sq;Nfhtd; vk;.it.vk; ghap];> rpwpkrpwp `g;G Muhr;rp> Rdpy; [auj;d> FKJ FRk; Fkhu> tpd;rld; gj;jpuh[h> Njkpa vy;.gP `_Us;Ns> fhe;jp wdrpq;f> vd;.nry;tFkhud;> v];.jtuh[h> v];.tpN[are;jpud;> yhy; tpN[ehaf;f
213
M) murpayikg;gpd; 54(2) Kjy; 54(11) tiuapyhd cWg;Giufis
(mt;thNw) njhlHjy;.
,) g.Nr.M Neubahf ghuhSkd;wj;jpype;J epjpiaAk; MszpiaAk;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;s cjTk; tz;zk; ghuhSkd;wk; rl;lj;jpd; thapyhf
Njitahd rl;l ty;yikfis mjw;F toq;f Ntz;Lk;.
<) g.Nr.M ,w;F toq;fg;gl;l “mur Nritapd; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpwid
Nkk;gLj;jiy” Nkw;nfhs;SKfkhf g.Nr.M ,d; fPo; Kfhikj;Jt
gzpkidnahd;W (OM) ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. rHtNjr uPjpahf Vw;Wf;
nfhs;sg;gl;l nghJKfhikjJt tof;fq;fs; kw;Wk; murpayikg;gpy;
cj;juthjkspf;fg;gl;l mbg;gil chpikfs; Mfpatw;wpw;F ,izthf
murNritapd; nrayhw;Wifia itj;jpUg;gjw;fhd rpwe;j
Kfhikj;Jt tof;fq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd nfhs;iffis
tFg;gjw;F ,k; Kfhikj;Jtg; gzpkid nghWg;ghf ,Uj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.
c) murpyikg;G Nguit rdhjpgjpapdhy; ngaH Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gLk;
rdhjpgjp> mikr;ruit kw;Wk; mikr;Rf;fs; Mfpatw;wpw;fhd
nrayhsHfspd; epakdj;ij mq;fPfhpf;f Ntz;Lk;. rdhjpgjpapdhy;
ngaH Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gLk; Ml;fis epakpg;gjw;F Kd;dH>
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; caH gjtpfSf;fhd FOtpy; Clfj;Jiw kw;Wk;
rptpy; r%f mikg;Gfs; Mfpatw;wpd; gq;Nfw;;NghL gfpuq;f ghprPyid
nra;Ak; eilKiwnahd;W ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
C) jw;Ngija murpayikg;gpd; 52(2) Mk; cWg;Giu g.Nr.M ,w;F
toq;fg;gl;Ls;s mjpfhuq;fis epuhfupg;gNjhL> epHthf Kiwikapy;
njhopy;thz;ikj;Jt juhjuq;fisg; NgZfpd;w mNjNtis> rpwe;j
njhopyhw;Wk; cwTfis tpUj;jp nra;atplhJ mikr;rHfisAk;
nrayhsHfisAk; jLf;fpd;wikahy; ,t;tpjg;Giuia ePf;Fjy;
Ntz;Lk; (xU cWg;gpdH ,t;tpjg;Giuf;F ,zq;ftpy;iy)2.
2 v];. jtuh[h
214
v) mur jpizf;fsq;fspd; G+Nfhs vy;iyfs; rl;luPjpahf epWtg;gl;Ls;s
kpff; fPo; kl;l epHthf myfhfpa fpuhk cj;jpNahfj;jH (fp.c)
gphpTfspd; mbg;gilapy; mike;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. jdJ G+Nfhs
Nritg; gpuNjrq;fis tiuaWg;gjpYk; Fwpj;Jiug;gjpYk; ve;jnthU
murhq;f epWtdKk; fp.c gphpTfis Clwj;Jr; nry;Yk;
mjpfhuj;ijf; nfhz;bUj;jyhfhJ. gpuNjrrig vy;iyfs; gpuNjr
nrayhsH gphpTfspd; vy;iyfSf;F xg;ghdjhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
gpd;tUk; tpjg;Giu xU cWg;gpduhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ3:
jw;Nghija murpayikg;gpd; 9 Mk; kw;Wk; 17 Mk; cWg;Giufs; jw;Nghija
tbtpNyNa jf;fitj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;. tpjg;Giufs; rk\;b vd;w
gjj;jijg; gad;gLj;jhJ xU rk\;b muir cUthf;Ftjw;fhd xU
Kaw;rpahFk; vd;gNjL> mur Nrit kw;Wk; nghJ epjp Mfpad njhlHghf
mj;jifaNjhH mjpfhug;gfpHit xUNghJk; NfhuhjtHfSk; ehlhjtHfSkhd
tlkhfhzj;jpw;F ntspNa thOk; kf;fpspd;kPJ rk\;b vz;zf;fUit
gyte;jkhfj; jpzpg;gjw;Fr; rkkhdjhfTk; mikfpd;wd.
116.2.2 mur Nritapd; RahjPdk;
m. mur Nritapd; Ml;NrH;g;G> gjtp caHT kw;Wk; ,ju kdpj
chpikfs; tplaq;fs; Mfpatw;wpYk; epHthf jPh;khdk;
Nkw;nfhs;Sk; eilKiwapYk; jpwik mbg;gilapyhd Kiwik
fz;bg;ghf tpjpf;fg;glNtz;Lk;. ngz;fs;> rpWghd;ikr; r%fq;fs;
kw;Wk; Nghhpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l r%fq;fs; Kjypa ,dq;fhzg;gl;l>
trjptha;g;Gfs; ,y;yhj FOf;fSf;F tYT+l;LKfkhf Ml;NrHg;Gj;
jpl;lq;fspy; NghJkhd ,lk; toq;Fk; rpwg;Gr; rYif nraw;ghl;il
kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l xU fhyg;gFjpf;F mKy;gLj;Jk; epu;thf
nraw;ghl;bid ,J jLf;fhJ.
3 Frhd; B my;tp];> PC.
215
M. jpwik mbg;gilapyhd Ml;NrHg;G Kiwapy; jiyapLtijAk;
mjidj; jLg;gijAk; xU jz;lizf;Fhpa Fw;wkhf;Ftjw;fhd
rl;lj;ij ghuhSkd;wk; mwpKfg;gLj;j Ntz;Lnkd;gNjhL>
mj;jifa eltbf;iffSf;nfjpuhf ePjpkd;wq;fspy; tof;Fj;
njhlHtjw;F rk;ge;jg;gl;l gpui[fSf;F rl;l trjpfs; toq;fTk;
Ntz;Lk;.
,. ghuhSkd;wk; mNj rl;lj;jpd; %yk; mur cj;jpNahfj;jHfs; Njrpa
kw;Wk; cs;SH murpaypy; <LgLtij jil nra;a Ntz;Lk;
vd;gNjhL mj;jifa eltbf;iffis jz;lizf;Fhpa
Fw;wq;fshf;fTk; Ntz;Lk;.
< rl;lj;jpw;fika jkJ gjtpf;Fhpa flikfis Mw;wpaikf;fhf
mur cj;jpNahfj;jHfs; gopthq;fg;glhJ ,Ug;gjw;fhd my;yJ
ghugl;rk; fhl;lg;glhJ ,Ug;gjw;fhd my;yJ cupa rl;l
eilKiwapd;wp gzp ePf;fk; nra;ag;glhJ ,Ug;gw;fhd my;yJ
gjtpapypUe;J ePf;fg;glhJ ,Ug;gjw;fhd> gjptpapwf;fk; nra;ag;glhJ
,Ug;gjw;fhd my;yJ NtW tifapy; xOf;fhw;W eltbf;iffSf;F
cl;gLj;jg;glhjpUg;gjw;fhd Vw;ghLfis murpayikg;G nfhz;bUf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
c. jhNk njhpT nra;Ak; murpay; MNyhrfHfis mikr;rHfs; epakf;f
Nfhhpdhy;> me; epakdq;fs; gfpuq;f guprPyid Kiwiknahd;wpd;
%yk; caH gjtpfs; gw;wpa FOtpdhy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;glNtz;Lk;.
v. murhq;f cj;jpNahfj;jHfspd; Xa;T+jpa chpikia murpay;
mikg;gpy; cs;slf;Fjy; (1972 Mk; Mz;L murpayikg;gpd; 109
Mk; ,yf;f thrfj;ijg; Nghd;wJ).
216
116.2.3 jw;WzpG epHthf mjpfhuq;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy; / mur
Nrit> gFjp murhq;f epWtdq;fspd; cWg;gpdHfSf;F
vjpuhd Kiwg;ghLfs;.
m. 59 Mk; cWg;Giuf;fika ePjpr;Nrit Mizf;FOtpdhy;
epakpf;fg;gl;l epHthf Nkd;KiwaPl;L epaharig njhlHe;J
,Uf;fyhk;. vdpDk;>
i. jw;Nghija murpayikg;gpw;Nfw;g g.NrM ,dhy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l jPhkhdq;fSf;F vjpuhd Nkd;
KiwaPLfis murhq;f cj;jpNahfj;jHfsplkpUe;j ngw;Wf;
nfhs;tjw;Fk;>
ii. rl;lq;fs; / mikr;ruit my;yJ mikr;rHfsJ jPh;khdq;fs;
Mfpatw;Wf;F vjpuhd epHthf Rw;W epUgq;fs; kw;Wk;
xOq;Ftpjpfs; Mfpatw;iw kPsha;T nra;tjw;Fk;>
mj;Jld;>
iii. epHthfpfspd; jhd;Njhd;wpj;jdkhd nray;fspypUe;j kf;fs;
epthuzk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf; $ba tifapYk; mjd;
Mizia tphpthf;Ftjw;F MNyhrid toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
M. gpd;tUkhW 55(1) Mk; ,yf;f cWg;Giuia kPs tFj;jikj;jy;;:
“gfpuq;f Nrit Mizf;FOthdJ> epakdq;fs;> gjtp caHTfs;>
,lkhw;wq;fs;> xOf;fhw;W fl;Lg;ghLfs; kw;Wk; gzpePf;fk;
Mfpad njhlHghd nfhs;if cs;spl;l mur cj;jpNahfj;jHfs;
njhlHghd vy;yh nfhs;if tplaq;fSf;Fk; Vw;ghL nra;aTk;
mtw;iwj; jPhkhdpf;fTk; Ntz;Lk;.”
,. 55(2) Mk; ,yf;f cWg;Giuia ePf;fptpLjy;. 55(3) njhlf;fk;
55(5) tiuapyhd cWg;Giufis jf;fitjJf; nfhs;tJ.
217
<. g.Nr.M ,w;F guhSkd;w kDf;fs; FO> murhq;ff; fzf;Ffs;;
FO (PAC)> murhq;f njhopy; Kaw;rpfs; gw;wpa FO (COPE) Mfpatw;wpdhy; murhq;f cj;jpNahfj;jHfSf;F toq;fg;gLk;
mwpTWj;jy;fspd; mKyhf;fj;jpd; kPJ gpd;njhlH mtjhdpg;Gfis
Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk; mKyhf;fj;jpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij
ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F mwpf;ifapLtjw;Fkhd nghWg;G toq;fg;gly;
Ntz;Lk;.
c. murhq;f cj;jpNahfj;jHf;Sf;F fpilf;Fk; mNj trjpfs;>
kfg;Ngw;W tpLKiw> kpifA+jpak;; Mfpad gFjp murhq;f
epWtdq;fspd; CopaHfSf;Fk; toq;Fk; mur kw;Wk; gFjp
murhq;f epWtdq;fspd; CopaHfSf;fhd xU nghJthd kdpjts
nfhs;ifiaf; nfhz;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
C. $l;Lj;jhgdq;fs;> epajpr; rl;l mikg;Gfs;> epajpr;rl;l
mjpfhurigfs; Nghd;w gFjp murhq;f epWtdq;fspd
jiytHfSk; gzpg;ghsH rigfSk; epakpf;fg;ggLifapy;
rkj;Jtk;> tpidj;jpwd;> ghugl;rkpd;ik> murpay;
kag;gLj;jypd;iik Kjypatw;iwf; ftdj;jpw;nfhz;L elj;jg;gLk;
xU guprPyid eilKiwnahd;wpd; thapyhf jpwik mbg;gilapy;
epakpf;fg;gLtij cWjpg;gLj;Jk; Kfkhf> ,e;j epWtdq;fspd;
jiytHfs; kw;Wk; gzpg;ghsH rigfs; Mfpatw;wpd; epakdq;fs;
njhlHghf NkNy gphpT 16.2.2(m)tpy; Kd;nkhopag;gl;Ls;sijg;
Nghd;w xU Kiwik gpd;gw;wg;glNtz;Lnkd;gJ ,f;FOtpd;
mgpg;gpuhakhFk;. ,J njhlHghf> ,e;j tplaq;fis
ifahStjw;F RahjPdkhd XH Mizf;FO ,Uf;fNtz;Lnkd;W
,f;FO tpje;Jiuf;fpd;wJ. ,jw;F murpayikg;gpy; Vw;ghL
nra;ag;glNtz;Lk; vd;gNjhL> mJ Vwj;jho murNrit
Mizf;FOtpw;fhdijg; Nghd;w Vw;ghLfisf; nfhz;bUf;fyhk;.
218
116.2.4 murNritis ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd tha;g;G top
njhlHghd tpNrl gpur;rpidfs;
m. ngUe;Njhl;lf; FbapUg;Gfs; nghJ epHthfj;j;pd; mjpfhu tuk;gpd;
fPo; KOikahff; nfhz;Ltug;glhjjd; fhuzkhf> ngUe;Njhl;l
kf;fs; murNritfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tijj; jLf;Fk; jw;Nghija
jilfisAk;> murhq;fj;jpd; Nrit toq;fiyg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjpd;
kPJ fl;Lg;ghLfis tpjpj;J> ngUe;Njhl;l kf;fspd; xt;nthU
nraw;ghl;ilAk; jPhkhdpg;gjw;F Njhl;l KfhikahsHfSf;F ngUe;
Njhl;lf; fk;gdpfs; mjpfhuk; toq;fpapUg;gjid ePf;Ftjw;Fk;>
M. ngUe;Njhl;l kdpjf; FbapUg;Gfis murhq;f epWtdq;fspdhy;
Neubahf Nrit toq;fg;gLtjw;fhd fpuhk Kiwikapd; XH
mq;fkhf mwptpg;gjw;Fk;>
,. Aj;jj;jpdhy; ghhjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; mlq;fyhd Xuq;fl;lg;gl;l
kf;fSf;F tpNrl Ml;NrHg;Gj; jpl;lq;fspd; %yk; ,lkspf;FKfkhf
rpwg;Gr; rYif nraw;ghl;il mwpKfk; nra;tjw;Fk;>
<. jkpo; r%fj;jpw;Fg; gad;kpf;f tifapy; ehshe;jg; gzpfis
epiwNtw;Wtjw;F murhq;f mYtyfq;fspy; jkpo; nkhopapy; Nju;r;rp
ngw;w Ml;fis epakpg;gjw;F ghuhSkd;wj;ij rl;lkpaw;w
epge;jidg;gLj;Jk; Vw;ghLfs; murpayikg;gpy; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
rpq;fs r%fq;fs; rpWghd;ikapduhf ,Uf;Fk; gFjpfspy; ,Nj
Nghd;w Vw;ghLfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
16.2.5 khfhz mur Nrit kw;Wk; epjp
m. khfhz mur Nrit Mizf;FO (kh.m.Nr.M) khfhz caH
gjtpfs; FOtpdhy; tpje;Jiuf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk; vd;gNjhL>
mtHfspd; epakdq;fs; MSehpdhy; toq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
kh.m.Nr.M cWg;gpdHfs; khfhz murNritapd; xOf;fhw;W kw;Wk;
219
kdpj ts tplaq;fisf; ifahs;tjw;Fj; Njitahd mwpTld;
kpfTk; NeHikahdth;fshf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. xU kh.m.NrM
cWg;gpdhpd; gjtpf; fhyk; kw;Wk; gjtpia tpl;L ePq;Fjy;
nray;Kiwia jahhpf;Fk; NghJ jw;Nghija murpayikg;gpd; 54(4)
Mk; cWg;Giu gpd;gw;wg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
M. khfhz mur Nritapd; epakdk;> gjtp caHT> gzpePf;fk;>
xOf;fhw;W fl;Lg;ghL kw;Wk; Kfhikj;Jt nrayhw;Wifapd;
Nkk;ghL Mfpad kh.m.NrM ,w;F toq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
kh.m.NrM MdJ> kj;jpa kw;Wk; khfhz mur Nritapd;
nghJthd njhopy;rhH juhjuq;fis cWjpg;gLj;JKfkhf m.Nr.M
kw;Wk; Vida khfhzq;fspd; kh.m.Nr.M Mfpatw;Wld;
xUq;fpzg;igf; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,. murpayikg;gpy; mlq;fpAs;s Vw;ghLfSf;F mikthf epajpr;
rl;lq;fis jahhpg;gjpy; khfhz rigfSf;F MNyhriz
toq;Ftjw;F xU rahjPd rl;lj;juzpfs; ehafk; my;yJ
rl;lkh mjpgH jpizf;fsj;jpy; xU $W ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
<. khfhz mur Nritapd; cWg;gpdHfs; kh.m.Nr.M ,d;
jPHkhdq;fSf;F vjpuhf epHthf Nkd;KiwaPl;L epaharigf;F
Nkd;KiwaPL nra;aKbAk; vd;gNjhL> kh.m.Nr.M ,d;
jPHkhdq;fspdhy; jkJ chpikfs; kPwg;gl;likf;F vjpuhf kf;fs;
jPHT ehb tpz;zg;gpf;f KbAk;. khfhz mur Nrit
cWg;gpdHfspdhy; tpLf;fg;gLk; epHthf Rw;W epUgq;fs; khfhz
rl;lj;juzp ehafj;jpdhy; khfhz rigapdhy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l
epajpr; rl;lq;fSld; xg;gpl;L EZfp Muhag;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
c. khfhz epHthfj;ijf; ifahs;tjw;F jpwe;j tpsk;guj;jpdhy;
tpsk;gug;gLj;jg;gl;L jpwikapd; mbg;gilapy; njhpT nra;tjpd;
%yk; Ml;NrHg;Gr; nra;ag;gLk; khfhz Kfhikj;Jt Nrit
(kh.K.Nr) xd;W ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gNjhL> kh.K.Nr ,d;
cWg;gpdHfs; khfhzq;fSf;fpilapy; ,lkhw;wglf; $batHfshfTk;
220
,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. kh.K.Nr ,d; epge;jidfis tpjpj;Jiuf;Fk;
Nritf; ifEhy; m.Nr.M kw;Wk; kh.m.Nr.M fs; Mfpatw;wpd;
gpujpepjpfs; mlq;fpa xU $l;Lf; Fotpdhy; jahupf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
mfpy ,yq;if Nritfspd; cWg;gpdHfs; kh.K.Nr ,f;F khw;Wf;
flikf;F tpLtpf;fg;glyhk;.
C. khfhzq;fSf;fpilapyhd mur Nritfs; kj;jpapy; Fwpg;ghf
khfhz Kfhikj;Jt Nritapy; nghJj; juhjunkhd;iwg; NgZk;
Kfkhf kh.m.Nr.M fs; caH epiyf; FOnthd;iwf; nfhz;bUf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
116.2.6 ,uh[je;jpu Nrit
m. ,uh[je;jpu gjtpfSf;F Ml;fis epakpg;gjpy; epyTk; mDruiz
Kiwikia epWj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.
M. ntspehl;Lr; Nritf;fhd Ml;NrHg;G epge;jidfisj;
jPHkhdpg;gjw;Fk; ,uh[je;jpu gjtpfSf;fhd njhopy;rhuh
,uh[je;jpupfspd; ngaH Kd;nkhopTfis kjpg;gpLtjw;Fk;
,uh[je;jpu Nrit Mizf;FO (,.Nr.M) xd;W ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
,e;j ,.Nr.M ,uh[je;jpu gjtpfspy; njhopy;rhH kw;Wk; njhopy;rhuh
cj;jpNahfj;jHfSf;fpilapyhd tpfpjhruj;ijAk; njhopy;rhuh
,uh[je;jphpfspdhy; epug;gg;glf;$ba ,uh[je;jpu gjtpfis
,dq;fhz;gijAk; mj;jifa epakdjhhpfis gapw;Wtpg;gjw;fhd
jpl;lj;ijAk; jPHkhdpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
16.2.7 mur epjpAk; fzf;fha;Tk;
m. mur epjp njhlHghd jw;Nghija murpayikg;gpd; 148 Kjy; 151
tiuapyhd cWg;Giufis mt;thNw jf;fitj;Jf; nfhs;sy;
Ntz;Lk;.
221
M. murpayikg;gGg; Nguitapd; tpjg;Giuapd; Nghpy; rdhjpgjpapdhy;
epjp Mizf;FO epakpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. mJ jpiwNrupapDs;
,Uj;jyhfhJ. murhq;fj;jpd; nkhj;j tUkhdj;jpypUe;jhd
xJf;fPl;bd; tPjk; kw;Wk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpdhy; khfhz rigfSf;F
toq;fg;gLk; epjpfspd; xJf;fPl;bw;fhd tpfpjhrhuk; Mfpad epjp
Mizf; FOtpdhy; jahhpf;fg;gl;L ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;Fr;
rkHg;gpf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
,. khfhz rigfs; kw;Wk; cs;s+ujpfhu rigfs; Mfpatw;Wf;fhd
Fiwe;jgl;r xJf;fPL thpfs; my;yJ fld;fs; %yk; jpul;lg;gl;l
mur tUkhdj;jpd; 25% khjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gNjhL> mJ epjp
Mizf;FOtpdhy; khfhz rigfs; kw;Wk; cs;s+ujpfhu rigfs;
kj;jpapy; xJf;fPL nra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lk; (Kd;nkhopag;gLk; tpfpjk;
khfhz rigfSf;F 18% Kk;> cs;Sujpfhu rigfSf;F 7% Kk;
MFk;). mjpfhug;gfpHT mHj;jKs;sjhf miktjw;F khfhz
rigfSf;fhd Fiwe;j gl;r xJf;fPL mur tUkhdj;jpd; 40% khf
(30% khfhz rigfSf;Fk; 10% cs;Sujpfhu rigfSf;Fkhf)
,Uf;fNtz;Lnkd XH cWg;gpdH MNyhrid Kd;itj;jhH4.
<. khfhz rigfs; MSeHpd; my;yJ khfhz gpujk nrayhshpd;
jiyaPLfspd;wp khfhz rigfspdhy; epakpf;fg;gLk; cs;sf
fzf;fha;T gpupTfis nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
c. RfaPdk; my;yJ cly; my;yJ cs jifikaPdk; fhuzkhf
fzf;fha;thsH ehafj;ij gjtpapypUe;J mfw;w rdhjpgjpf;F
mjpfhukspf;Fk; murpayikg;gpd; 153(<) gphpit mfw;Wjy;.
C. RahjPd fzf;fha;T Mizf;FO Vw;gLj;jg;gLtNjhL> mJ
murpayikg;Gg; Nguitapd; tpjg;Giuapd;Nghpy; rdhjpgjpapdhy;
epakpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
4 v];. jtuh[h
222
v. mikr;Rr; nrayhsHfs;> jpizf;fsj; jiytHfs; kw;Wk;
$l;Lj;jhgzq;fspd; jitHfs; MfpNahhpdhy; epjpfs; gq;fPL
nra;ag;gLtijf; fz;fhzpg;gjw;F fzf;fha;tha;thsH ehafk;
kw;Wk; ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdHfs; MfpNahH mlq;fpa FOnthd;iwj;
jhgpg;gjw;fhd murpayikg;G Vw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.
V. murhq;f epjp J\;gpuNahfj;j;py; rk;ge;jg;gl;l murhq;f
cj;jpNahfj;jHfSf;F vjpuhf kpiff;fl;lzk; tpjpg;gJ my;yJ
mtHfSf;nfjpuhf tof;Fj; njhlHtw;fhf rl;lkh mjpgUf;F
mwpt;pg;gJ Kjypa mjpfhuq;fs; fzf;fha;thsH ehafj;j;pw;F
toq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
I. fzf;fha;thsH ehafg; gjtpf;F rdhjpgjp gjpw; flikahw;Wk; XH
Mis epakpg;gijj; jtpHf;FKfkhf murpayikg;Gg;Nguit
Kd;$l;bNa Gjpa XH Mis epakpg;gjw;fhd eilKiwia
Muk;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
x. mur epjpiag; gad;gLj;jp Nkw;nfhs;g;gLk; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs;
njhlHghf mikr;rHfs; nts;is mwpf;ifnahd;iw fzf;fha;thsH
ehafj;j;pw;F rkHg;gpg;gij fl;lhakhf;Fjy; Ntz;Lnkd;gNjhL> mJ
nghJkf;fspd; kjpg;gPl;bw;fhf ntspg;gilahdjhfTk; ,Uj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.
X. ,yQ;rk; kw;Wk; Coiy xopg;gjw;F jw;NghJs;s nghwpKiwia
gyg;gLj;Jjy;. ,yQ;rk; my;yJ Coy; njhlHghd
Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;fis tprhhpg;gjw;fhd Mizf;FO xJf;fPl;L
epfo;r;rpj;jpl;l eilKiwfis fz;fhzpg;gjw;F VJthf mtw;wpd;
tpguq;fis murhq;f cj;jpNahfj;jHfs; mt;thizf; FOtpw;F
mDg;gp itg;gijf; fl;lhakhf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.
Xs. CopaH Nrkyhg epjpak; kw;Wk; ek;gpf;if epjpak; Mfpatw;wpd;
gzq;fis gq;Fr; re;ijapy; gpuNtrpg;gjw;fhf KjyPL nra;Js;s
223
fk;gdpfSf;F miog;ghiz mDg;Gtjw;Fk;> mtw;iwf; fz;fhzpg;G
nra;tjw;Fk; murhq;f njhopy; Kaw;rpfs; FOTf;F cjTk; (COPE) rl;lq;fis Mf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.
224
mmj;jpahak; 17
nghJkf;fs; ghJghg;Gk; kdpj ghJfhg;Gk;
17.1 rkHg;gzq;fs;
nghJkf;fs; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; kdpj ghJfhg;G njhlHghd MNyhridfs;
rpWghd;ikapdH vd;w fz;Nzhl;lj;jpYk; Njrpag; ghJfhg;G vd;w ngahpy;
gpui[fspd; Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; chpifs; Mfpatw;wpd; kPwy; vd;w
fz;Nzhl;lj;jpYk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. kdpj chpikfs; Mizf;FOtpdhy;
Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;lthW> ,yq;if ICCPR ,y; ifr;rhj;jpl;Ls;s xU ehL vd;gjhy;>
nghJ kf;fs; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lq;fs; ,yq;ifapd; rHtNjrf; flg;ghLfSf;F
mikthdjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
jdp kdpj Rje;jpuk;> fUj;J ntspg;gLj;Jk; Rje;jpuk;> njhopy; Rje;jpuk;
(njhopy; chpikffs; cs;spl;l) Kjypad mlq;fyhd mbg;gilr;
Rje;jpuq;fspd; kPjhd fl;Lg;ghLfis ,ad;wtiu Fiwf;FKfkhf gaq;futhj
jLg;Gr; rl;lk; (g.j.r) kPsha;T nra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lk; vd;W fUj;Jr;
rkHg;gzq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. epahakhd Gydha;T kw;Wk;
tprhuizf;fhd Fw;wtpay; eilKiwf;Nfhitapy; tpjpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l
eilKiwfSf;F vjpuhd Vw;ghLfis mJ cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.
murhq;fj;jpdhy; mtrufhyepiyNaJk; gpufldg;gLj;jg;glhkNy gpui[fspd;
chpikfis ,ilepWj;Jk; mjd; fLikahd jd;ikiag; ghHf;Fk; NghJ
g.j.r KOikahf khw;wPL nra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
Vida Kd;nkhopTfs; gpuhe;jpaq;fspy; rpWghd;ikapduJ ghJfhg;G cWjp
nra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lk;> nghyP]; kw;Wk; MAjg;gilfSf;fhd Ml;NrHg;G ,d
tpfpjhrhuj;jpd; mbg;gila;gilapy; mike;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;> Njrpa ,uhZtk;
xU Fwpg;gpl;l gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; gzpahw;Wk; NghJ mg;gpuhe;jpaj;jjpw;fhd
rPUilia mzpjy; Ntz;Lk;> ghJfhg;Gg;gil jhgdq;fs; kdpj
225
FbapUg;GfspypUe;J xU Fwpg;gpl;l njhiytpw;fg;ghy; mike;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;
vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;fpapUe;jd.
kf;fspd; mbg;gil chpikfs; mr;RWj;jg;gl> fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl> jLf;fg;gl
my;yJ kPwg;glyhfhJ. mj;jifa ve;jf; fl;Lg;ghLk; murpayikg;gpy;
njspthf tiuaWj;Jiuf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. chpa rl;l eilKiwnahd;wpw;F
mikatd;wp ve;jnthU MSk; ifJ nra;ag;glyhfhJ.
nghJ kf;fs; ghJfhg;G ,yq;ifapd; rh;tNjr kdpj chpikfs;
flg;ghLfSf;F (ICCPR ,d; 4 Mk; cWg;Giu) mikthf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;W kdpj chpikfs; Mizf;FO fUj;Jiuj;jpUg;gJ ftdj;jpy;
nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. “ehl;bd; tho;f;if mr;RWj;jYf;Fs;shFk; NghJ
kl;Lk;” mtrufhy epiynahd;W gpwg;gpf;fg;gl KbAk;. mtrufhy
epiyg;gpufldk; kw;Wk; fl;lisfs; kPjhd ePjpj;Jiw kPsha;T
cj;juthjg;gLj;jg;gLtNjhL> mjw;fhd Vw;ghLfSk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly;
Ntz;Lk;. mtrufhy epiynahd;W MW khjq;fSf;F Nky; njhlUkhapd;>
ghuhSkd;wk; xU tpNrlg; ngUk;ghd;ik thf;FfNshL mJ NkYk;
ePbf;fg;gLtij mq;fPfhpf;f Ntz;Lk;. Fwpg;ghf XH mtrufhy epiyapd; NghJ
chpikfs; cjhrPdk; nra;ag;gLtJ njlHghd> ,yq;if kdpj chpikfs;
Mizf;FOtpdhy; mq;fPfhpf;g;gl;Ls;s efy; gpufldj;j;py; mlq;fpAs;s
Vw;ghLfs; gpd;gw;wg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
kkdpjg; ghJfhg;G
kdpjg; ghJfhg;ghdJ> J}a ePh;> J}a fhw;W kw;Wk; tho;tjw;fhd chpikapd;
mj;jpahtrpaq;fs; vd;w tbtpy; kf;fSf;F #oy; ghJfhg;gpd; %yk;
cj;juthjg;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. tpz;ntsp> Mfha kw;Wk; fly; ghJfhg;G>
g+kp ntg;gkiljy;> #oy; NguopT> fly; khRgLjy; kw;Wk; Ruz;ly;>
nghUshjhu Ruz;ly; Kjypatw;iw ,y;yhJ xopg;gjd; %yk;
cWjpg;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. mZthAjg; guty;> ifj;njhopy; khRgLj;jy;>
kugZ nghwpapay;> ,urhadq;fspd; ghtid Kjypatw;wpd; fhuzkhf kdpj
tho;f;iff;Fk; r%fj;jpw;Fkhd mr;RWj;jy; jLf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
226
kdpjg; ghJfhg;G vdg;gLtJ murpdhy; Njrpa ghJfhg;G vd;w ngahpy;
jd;dpr;irahf tpl;Lf;nfhLf;fg;glyhfhJ. ghjpf;fg;gl;Nlhhpd; chpikfs; murpd;
Kftuhz;ikfspdhYk; murrhh;gw;w nraw;ghl;lhsh;fspdhYk; kPwg;gLk; NghJ
mit ghJfhf;fg;glTk; fhg;ghw;wg;glTk; Ntz;Lk;.
nghJkf;fs; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; kdpjg; ghJfhg;G njhlh;ghd nghJkf;fs;
fUj;Jr;rkh;g;gzq;fs;> ePz;lfhykhf ,Ogl;Lr;nrd;w Aj;jj;jpd;NghJ ve;jr;
rpWghd;ikapduJ kdpj chpikfs; kpfTk; fLikahfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;ldNth>
me;jr; rpWghd;ikr; r%fq;fspd; cWg;gpdh;fspdJk;> Aj;jk; fhuzkhfTk;>
Aj;jj;Jf;Fg; gpe;jpa fhyg;gFjpapy; Aj;jj;jpd; guty; gpd;tpisTfspdhy;;
ehl;by; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l Njrpag;ghJfhg;G kNdhepiy muR vd;gjhy;
ghjpg;Gw;w Vida gpui[fspdJk; tpUg;gj;ij vLj;Jf; fhz;gpf;fpd;wd. ,jpy;
Njrpa ghJfhg;G muR Fwpj;j kNdhepiy ,d;Wtiu XusTf;F
njhlUtjhfNt Njhd;Wfpd;wJ.
117.2 tpjg;Giufs;
1. mtrufhyepiyg; gpufldj;jpd; ePjpj;Jiw kPsha;T cj;juthjg;gLj;jg;gly;
Ntz;Lk;. mtufhy xOq;F tpjpfs; kw;Wk; fl;lisfs; njhlHghd
ePjpj;Jiw kPsha;tpw;F Vw;ghL nra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
2. gpd;tUk; Vw;ghLfs; murpayikg;gpy; cs;slf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;:
i. Njrj;jpd; capH tho;f;if nraw;ghL mr;RWj;jg;gLk; NghJ my;yJ
XH ,aw;if mdHj;jk; Vw;gLk; NghJ kl;LNk jw;NghjpUf;Fk;
rl;lq;fspy; cs;stw;wpw;F Nkyjpfkhf mtrufhy epiynahd;W
nghJ kf;fs; ghJfhg;G rl;lj;jpd; fPo; gpufldg;gLj;jg;glyhk;. ii. caH ePjpkd;wk; jhdhfNth my;yJ ePjpkd;wj;jpw;fhd
tpz;zg;gnkd;wpd; NghpNyh XH mtrufhy epiy mtrpakhdjh
vd;gij kPsha;T nra;ayhk;.
227
iii. nghJkf;fs; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lq;fspd;fPo; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; mtrufhy
xOq;F tpjpfs; capH tho;tjw;fhd mbg;gil chpik> rpe;jidr;
Rje;jpuk;> kdr;rhl;rp kw;Wk; kj Rje;jpuk;> rpj;jputij>
kdpjhgpkhdkw;w my;yJ ,opthf elj;jg;gLjy; my;yJ jz;lid
Mfpatw;wpypUe;J ghJfhf;fg;gLk; Rje;jpuj;Jf;fhd mbg;gil
chpik> jhd;Njhd;wpj;jdkhd jLj;Jitg;G kw;Wk; jz;lid
Mfpatw;wpypUe;J Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; fhzhky; NghfhkypUg;gjw;fhd
chpik Mfpatw;iw kPwyhfhJ. iv. mtrufhyepiyg; gpufldk; njhlHe;J MW khjq;fSf;F Nky;
ePbf;fg;gLtjhapd;;> mtrufhy epiyiag; gpufldg;gLj;Jk; jPHkhdk;
2/3 ngUk;ghd;ikapdhy; ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdHfshy;
mq;fPfhpf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
3. nghyP]; kw;Wk; my;yJ ghJfhg;Gg; gilfspdhy; jdp kdpjHfs; kw;Wk;
jdp kdpjH Fof;fs; MfpNahUf;nfjpuhfg; gyj;ijg; gpuNahfpf;ifapy; mJ
nghJ kf;fs; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; rl;lk; xOq;F Mfpatw;Wf;fhd
mr;RWj;jypd; jd;ikapd; mbg;gilapNyNa mikaNtz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhd
kdpjg; ghJfhg;G Vw;ghLfs; murpayikg;gpy; cs;slf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
4. ehl;by; gaq;futhjj;ijj; jLj;jy; njhlHghd fhpridfSf;Fj; jPHT
fhZk; tiuapy; jw;Nghija nghJkf;fs; ghJfhg;Gf; fl;lisr;rl;lk;
jpUj;jg;glKbAk; vd;gjhy;> gaq;futhjj; jilr;rl;lk; ePf;fg;gLjy;
Ntz;Lk;1.
5. ghjpf;fg;gl;Nlhhpd; chpikfs; murpd; KftHfspdhYk;> mur-rhHgw;w
nraw;ghl;lhsHfspdhYk;; kPwg;gLk;NghJ> mt;Tupikfs; ghJfhf;fg;glTk;>
fhg;ghw;wg;glTk; Ntz;Lk;.
1 Frhd; B mytp]; PC> kw;Wk; ejPf;fh jkae;jp MfpNahH nrhy;yg;gl;l tpjg;GiufSf;F
,zq;ftpy;iy.
228
mmj;jpahak; 18
murpayikg;Gg; NguitAk; RahjPd
Mizf;FOf;fSk;
18.1 murpayikg;G Nguit njhlh;ghd fUj;Jr; rkh;g;gzk;
18.1.1 rku;g;gzq;fs;
vkf;F Kd; Njhd;wpa gy rptpy; r%f epWtdq;fSk; jdpegh;fSk; jw;Nghija
murpayikg;Gg; Nguitapd; cWg;gpdh; mikT Fwpj;J jkJ rkh;g;gzq;fspy;
fLikahf tpkh;rpj;jdh;. 19tJ jpUj;jj;jpd; fPo; ,d;W mike;Js;sthwhd
murpayikg;Gg; Nguit gj;J cWg;gpdh;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. mth;fSs; VO
Ngh; ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;fshf ,Ug;gjw;F vt;tpj jilAk; mw;w
Vw;ghLs;sJ. murpayikg;Gg; Nguitf;F mikr;rh;fs; epakpf;fg;gLtJ eyd;
Kuz;ghl;ilf; nfhz;L tuyhk; vd;W kf;fshy; Rl;bf; fhl;lg;gl;lJ. RahjPd
Mizf;FOf;fSf;Fk; cr;r ePjpkd;wq;fSf;Fkhd cWg;gpdh;fis
tpje;Jiuf;Fk; mjpfhuk; murpayikg;Gg; Nguitf;Nf toq;fg;gl;Ls;sikahy;>
mjd; Neh;ikAk; RahjPdKk; ghJfhf;fg;gly;; Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; mJ murpay;
kag;gLj;jYf;Fg; ghjpg;GWjd;ikajha; ,Uj;jyhfhJ vd;W fUj;J
rkh;g;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. murpayikg;Gg; Nguitapd; cWg;gpdh; mikthdJ> 2015
khh;r; 16 Mk; jpfjp ntspaplg;gl;l murhq;f th;j;jkhdpapy; gpuRhpf;fg;gl;l 19tJ
jpUj;jr; rl;l%yj;jpy; Kd;nkhopag;gl;lthW ,Ug;gij gyh; tpUk;gpdh;.
murhq;f tu;j;jkhdpapy; tpjpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdh; Mf;ftikT gpd;tUkhW:
(m) gpujk ke;jphp.
(M) rghehafh;.
(,) vjph;f;fl;rpj; jiyth;.
(<) rdhjpgjpapdhy; epakpf;fg;gLk; xUth;.
(c) gpujk ke;jphp kw;Wk; vjph;f;fl;rpj; jiyth; Mfpa ,UthpdhYk; ngah;
Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;ljd; Nghpy; rdhjpgjpapdhy; epakpf;fg;gLk; Ie;J
Ngh;.
229
(C) gpujk ke;jphp kw;Wk; vjph;f;fl;rpj; jiyth; rhh;e;Js;s murpay;
fl;rpfs; my;yJ RNar;irf; FOf;fs; jtph;e;j murpay; fl;rpfs;
my;yJ RNar;irf; FOf;fisr; Nrh;e;j ghuhSkd;w
cWg;gpdh;fSs; ngUk;ghd;ikapduJ ,zf;fg;ghl;Lld; ngah;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;L rdhjpgjpapdhy; epakpf;fg;gLk; xUth;.
118.1.2 tpjg;Giufs;
1. murpayikg;Gg; Nguitapd; cWg;gpdH mikT Nkw;Nghe;jthW
mike;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Vnddpy;> murpyikg;Gg; Nguitaspdhy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; epakdq;fs; njhlHghf nghJ kf;fspd; ek;gpf;ifia
ntd;nwLg;gjw;F mJ xU Kf;fpakhd eltbf;ifahf mikAk;.
2. 19 tJ jpUj;jr; rl;l%yj;jpy; mlq;fpapUe;j gpd;tUk; Kf;fpa Vw;ghl;bd;
mwpKfk; cs;slf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;:
m). NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;ljw;F Ie;J Ml;fis ngaH Fwpg;gpLtjpy;
gp;ujk ke;jphpAk; vjpHf;fl;rpj; jiytUk; gd;ikj;Jtk; kw;Wk; r%f
gy;tifj;Jtk; mlq;fyhf ,yq;ifr; r%fj;jpd; gd;ikj;Jtj;
jd;ikia murpayikg;G gpujpgypg;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jk; tifapy;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jg;gLk; murpay; fl;rpfs; kw;Wk;
RNar;irf;FOf;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; jiytHfis fye;jhNyhrpf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
M). epakpf;fg;glTs;s my;yJ ngaH Fwpj;Jiuf;fglTs;s egh;fs;
jk;ik nghJ tho;tpy; my;yJ jdpgl;l tho;tpy; Nghw;Wjw;F
chpath;fshf Mf;fpf; nfhz;ltHfSk; ve;j murpay; fl;rpiaAk;
rhuhjtHfSk; ew;fPHj;jpAk; ehzaKk; nfhz;ltHfSkhd
egh;fshjy; Ntz;Lk;.
230
118.2 RahjPd Mizf;FOf;fs;
18.2.1 rku;g;gzq;fs’
ehl;bd; midj;jg; gFjpfspdJk; kf;fs; ehk; fPNo gl;;baypl;Ls;s gy;NtW
Mizf;FOf;fs; jhgpf;fg;gLtij Nfhhp fUj;Jr; rkHg;gzq;fs; Nkw;
nfhz;ldH. jhk; nfLgb kpf;fitahf> murpay; kag;gLj;jg;gl;litahf> Coy;
kpf;fitahf kw;Wk; kf;fspd; gpur;rpidfis czuhjitahff; fUJk;
rl;lthf;fj;Jiw> epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw kw;Wk; ePjpj;Jiw Mfpa murhq;fj;jpd;
%d;W Jhz;fs; njhlHghd nghJkf;fspd; mjpUg;jpapypUe;Nj ,f;Nfhhpf;iffs;
Njhd;wpd. ,t;thizf;FOf;fs; $Ljy; RNar;irahditahfTk;; nghJ kf;fs;
XusT epthuzk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F nrd;wilaf;$ba epWtdq;fshfTk;
,Uf;Fnkd;Wk; fUJfpd;wdH.
vdpDk;> ,J murhq;f mq;fq;fspd; Njhy;tpia vLj;Jf; fhl;Ltjhy;
,t;tplak; fhpridf;FupajhFk;. vdNt> mur epWtdq;fis tYg;gLj;JjYk;
NkYk; [dehafkag;gLj;JjYk; vt;thW cWjpg;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk; vd;gij
kPl;Lg; ghHf;f Ntz;Lk;. vdNt jhd;> mur epWtdq;fSk; KiwikfSk;
rPHjpUj;jg;gLk; tiu xU jw;fhypf fhyg;gFjpf;F xU rpy Mizf;FOf;fis
jhgpg;gij ghprPypf;f Ntz;ba Njitnahd;W vOfpwJ.
,e;j mk;rj;jpw;Fk;; jw;NghjpUf;Fk; Mizf;FOf;fspd; rpy mk;rq;fis
NrHj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; chpa ftdk; nrYj;jg;gly; Ntd;Lk; vd;W ,f;FO
Kd;nkhopfpd;wJ.
19tJ jpUj;jj;j;py; Vw;fdNt Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;Ls;stw;iwj; jtpHe;j gpd;tUk;
epWtdq;fs; murpayikg;gpdhy; jhgpf;fg;glNtz;Lnkd kf;fs; fUj;Jr;
rkHg;gpj;jdH:
gfpuq;f Nrit kdf;Fiwfs; Mizf;FO
gFjp murhq;f gfpuq;f Nrit Mizf;FO
Clf Mizf;FO
231
ngz;fs; njhlHghd Mizf;FO
rpWtHfs; njhlHghd Mizf;FO
rl;l cjtp Mizf;FO
fy;;tp Mizf;FO
Rfhjhu Mizf;FO
Rw;Whly; Mizf;FO
nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp kdf;Fiwfs; Mizf;FO
khw;Wj;jpwdhspfspd; chpikfs; Mizf;FO
cr;r ePjpkd;wq;fSf;fhd ePjp Mizf;FO
kiyafj; jkpoH mgptpUj;jp Mizf;FO
,uh[je;jpu/ntspehl;Lr; Nrit Mizf;FO
kj;jp – Rw;way; cwTfs; Mizf;FO
Njrpa fhzp Mizf;FO
gy;fiyf;fof khdpaq;fs; Mizf;FO
murfUk nkhopfs; Mizf;FO
czT kw;Wk; tptrha Mizf;FO
RNjr itj;j;pa Mizf;FO
rPH nra;AK; rl;l eltbf;if Mizf;FO
118.2.2 tpjg;Giufs;
jw;NghjpUf;Fk; Mizf;FOf;fSf;F Nkyjpfkhf FO Vw;fdNt xU rpy
Mizf;FOf;fis tpje;Jiuj;Js;sJ. NkYk; Mizf;FOf;fis NfhUk;
NghJ nghJ kf;fspdhy; vOg;gg;gl;l fupridfisj; jPHf;ff;$ba xU rpy
murpayikg;G Vw;ghLfisAk; FO tpje;Jiuj;Js;sJ. RahjPd Mizf;
FOf;fspd; rhpahd vz;zpf;if> Nehf;nfy;iy kw;Wk; cWg;gpdH mikT
Mfpatw;iw ,Wjpahfj; jPHkhdpdf;Fk; NghJ murpayikg;Gr;rig mur
epWtdq;fspd; RahjPdk;> rl;lj;j;pd; Ml;rp kw;Wk; mur Nritapd; tpidj;jpwd;
Mfpa gue;j tplaq;fis Muhe;J jPHf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ vkJ fUj;jhFk;.
232
mmj;jpahak; 19
fhzp;> #oy; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp
19.1 fUj;Jr; rkHg;gzk;
KOikahf Nehf;Fkplj;J> fhzp;> #oy; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp vd;w
vz;zf;fUf;fspd; kPjhd kpfTk; gue;j Ghpe;JzHtpd; mbg;ilapy; kf;fs;
fhzp> #oy; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp vd;gd njhlHghd rkHg;gzq;fis
Nkw;nfhz;ldH. fpilf;ff;$batop>> epahak;> rkj;Jtk; kw;Wk; Ngz;jFepiy
vd;gd njhlHghf Kf;fpa fhpridfs; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;ld. FOtplk;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l fUj;Jr; rkHg;gzq;fspy; vOg;gg;gl;l tplaq;fis
ehq;fs; ,jd; fPo; RUf;fkhfj; jUfpd;Nwhk;.
19.1.1 fhzp
fhzp; njhlu;ghd tifapy;> fhzpg;ghtid> fhzpKfhikj;Jtk;>
fhzpAhpikfs;> tho;thjhuk; kw;Wk; FbapUg;G Mfpa NjitfSf;fhf
fhzpia ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd topKiwfs; Mfpad njhlHghf nghJkf;fs;
gy gpur;rpidfis vjpH;nfhz;Ls;sik njspthfpd;wJ. ngz;fs; Fwpg;ghf>
jw;NghJ eilKiwapYs;s fhzpr;rl;lq;fs;> xOq;Ftpjpfs; kw;Wk;
nghwpKiwfs; Mfpatw;wpYs;s ghugl;rk; gw;wp NgrpdH. cjhuzkhf>
guk;giu chpj;J kw;Wk; ifkhw;wk; Mfpad njhlHghd ghugl;rg;
gpur;rpidfSk;> tof;fkhfNt FLk;gj;jpYs;s Mz;fspd; ngahpy; kl;LNk>
Fwpg;ghf %j;j Mz;gps;isf;F chpikr; rl;lq;fspd; mbg;gilapy;
murhq;fj;j;pdhy; fhzp cWjpg;gj;jpuq;fs; toq;fg;gLtJ gw;wpAk; mtu;fs;
cLj;Jiuj;jdu;. mur fhzpfis Jz;L Jz;Lfshf;FtJ Fwpj;j
gpur;rpidfSk; kf;fshy; vOg;gg;gl;ld;. fhzpfspd; Jz;lhl;k; kf;fSf;F
,uz;L fhuzq;fspdhy; xU fhpridahftpUe;jJ: xd;W fhLfisj; Jz;L
Jz;lhf;Fjy; njhlHghdJ. kw;iwaJ> kf;fSf;Fg; gfpHe;jspf;fg;gl;l mur
fhzpfs; Jz;L Jz;lhf;fg;gLtJ njhlu;ghdJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> murhq;fj;
jpl;lq;fspypUe;J fhzpfis ngw;Wf;nfhz;ltHfspd; ,uz;ltJ kw;Wk;
233
%d;whtJ guk;giuapdH NghJkhd epyj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd tha;g;G
,y;yhjjdhy;> gy gpur;rpidfis vjpHNehf;Ftjhf kf;fs; $wpdH.
vdpDk;> mur fhzpfspd; ifkhw;wj;ij (Jz;lhliy jtpHg;gjw;F)
kl;Lg;gLj;Jk; rl;lq;fs;; ghugl;rkhdit vd;Wk; VidatHfs; thjpl;ldH. %j;j
Mz;kfDf;F kl;Lk; fhzp ifkhw;wg;glyhk; vd;w Vw;ghL FLk;gj;jpd;
Vida cWg;gpdHfSf;Fg; ghugl;rkhf mikfpwnjd;Wk; kf;fs; thjpl;ldH.
ehl;bd; xU rpy gFjpfspy;> Fwpg;ghf fpof;fJ khfhzj;jpy; mur fhzpfspd;
gq;fPL kpfTk; rHr;irf;Fhpanjhd;whf fhzg;LtNjhL fhzpiag; nghw;Wf;
nfhs;tjw;fhd ‘rktha;g;G’ vd;w tplaj;ij kf;fs; vt;thW ghHf;fpwdu;
vd;gjpy; ,dk; kw;Wk;> kjk; rhu;ghd czHTfs; kpfTk;
nry;thf;Fkpf;fitahf mike;jpUf;fpd;wd. vdpDk;> vkJ fUj;jpy;> fhzp
Jz;lhlg;gLjy; njhlHghf kf;fs;hy; vOg;gg;gl;l fhpridfspd; ika tplak;
ahnjdpy;> gpujhdkhf tho;thjhuj;jpw;fhf fhzpfis ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F
tha;g;gpd;ik vd;gjhFk;;.
fhzp chpj;Jhpik kw;Wk; epyg;ghtid njhlHghf jhk; vjpHNeh;fFk; gy
gpur;rpidfis kf;fs; Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;bdH. ,t;tplaq;fis Nehf;Fkplj;J
mtw;Wl; rpy nfhs;if mKyhf;fj;Jld; njhlHGgl;lit vd;gij
mq;fPfhpf;Fk; mNjNtis> murpayikg;Grhu; rPHjpUj;jjpw;Nfw;w
tpjg;GihfSf;fhd gpd;Gyj; jfty;fshf ehk; ,tw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLfpNwhk;.
1. fhzp njhlHghd ghugl;;rkhd mur nfhs;iffs;> tof;fq;fs;> kuGfs;
Mfpad gpd;tUtdtw;iw mbg;ilahff; nfhz;lit:
m. ghy;epiyhPjpahf ghugl;rkhd mur rl;lk; (jpUj;jg;gl;lthwhd
1935Mk; Mz;bd; fhzp mgptpUj;jpf; fl;lisr; rl;lk;)
M. nghUshjhuj;Jiw (vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> ngUe;Njhl;lj;Jiwapy;
cs;stHfs; jhk; njhopy;GhpAk; kw;Wk; tho;e;J fhzpfSf;Fr;
nrhe;jf;fhuHfshf ,y;yhik.)
,. fhzpf;FbNaw;wf; nfhs;if xU rpy ,df; FOf;fSf;Fg;
ghugl;rkhfAs;sik.
234
<. “mgptpUj;jp” f;fhf murpdhy; my;yJ jdpahH epWtdq;fspdhy;
gyhj;fhukhf fhzp Kw;Wifaply;.
2. fhzpg; gad;ghl;Lf; nfhs;ifapYs;s FiwghLfs;
3. fhzpr; rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; xOq;Ftpjpfspd; epiyehl;lypd;ik
4. tpNrlkhf Xuq;fl;lg;gl;l kw;Wk; twpa r%fq;fs; FbNa;w;wk; kw;Wk;
tho;thju NjitfSf;F fhzpfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; tha;ggpd;ik.
5. mur fhzpfs; njhlHghd jfty;fs; nghJ kf;fSf;Ff; fpilf;ff;
$bajhf my;yJ ntspg;gilahdjhf ,y;yhik
6. kdpjdhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; my;yJ ,aw;ifahd mdHj;jq;fSf;F ,l;Lr;
nry;Yk; #oypay; hPjpahf $Uzu;Tkpf;f (sensitive) fhzpg;
gFjpfSf;F ghJfhg;gpd;ik.
7. twpatHfs;rhHG my;yJ #oy;rhHG fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; mjpfhukpf;f
FOtpduhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; tpidj;jpwdw;w kw;Wk; nghUj;jkw;w
epyg;ghtidahdJ kz;zupg;G kw;Wk; epy moptpw;F ,l;Lr;nry;Yjy;.
8. fhLfs; kw;Wk; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l epyq;fs; kPJ r%fq;fspdhy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; mj;JkPwpa ClWj;jypdhy; Njhw;wk; ngWk;
kdpjDf;Fk; kpUfq;fSf;Fkpilapyhd Kuz;ghLfs;
9. muR> r%jhak; kw;Wk; jdpahH Mfpatw;Wf;Fupa fhzpfs; Kiwahf
tifg;gLj;jg;glhik my;yJ vy;iyepu;zak; nra;ag;glhik. ,J
r%jhak; kw;Wk; muRf;Fupa fhzpfs; RUq;Ftjw;F my;yJ
Fiwtiltjw;F ,l;Lr;nrd;Ws;sJ.
235
119.1.2 #oy;
kf;fs; #oiy fhw;W> ePH (fly;>MWfs; kw;Wk; Vida ePh;epiyfs;)> epyk;>
tpyq;Ffs;>jhtuq;fs;>; #oypay; Kiwik> fhLfs; kw;Wk; ,aw;if
xJf;fq;fs; vd;gd njhlHGgl;ljhff; Fwpg;gpl;ldH. mtHfs; czTg;ghJfhg;G>
khrw;wnjhU #oy;; G+r;rpf;nfhy;ypfs;> tskhf;fpfs; kw;Wk; ,urhadkw;w
tptrhak;; kuGtop tptrha Kiwikfspd; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk;
tho;f;ifKiw>Fg;igfis mfw;Wy; kw;Wk; J}a;ikahf;fy;> kw;Wk;
ntspehl;L mq;fpfshy;; RNjrg;gapHfs; Mf;fpukpf;fg;gLtjpypUe;jhd ghJfhg;G
Mfpait gw;wpAk;vLj;Jiuj;jdu; RUf;fkhff; $wpd;>nghJthf #oy; Kiwik
kw;Wk; kdpj #oy; Mfpad NtWgphpf;f KbahjthW kf;fspd;
tho;f;ifNahLk; tho;thjhuj;NjhLk; njhlu;Ggl;bUg;gJ gw;wpAk; mtu;fs;
vLj;Jiuj;jdu;.
Nkq;Fwpg;gpl;l tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf kf;fspdhy; Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jg;gl;l
fupridf;Fupa tplaq;fs; gpd;tUtdtw;iw cs;slf;Fk;:
1. JhaePiug; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd topKiwfs;.
m. Jha;ikahd ePu;> fhw;W kw;Wk; epyk; vd;gd
M. xypapdhy; khR Vw;gLj;jy; mlq;fshd vy;yh tifahd
khRgLj;jypypUe;Jkhd ghJfhg;G
,. Fg;igfis mfw;Wjy; kw;Wk; J}a;ikg; gLj;jy;
Mfpatw;Wf;Fupa nghwpKiwfs;.
2. ,aw;if tsq;fspd; ghJfhg;G
m. ,aw;if td [Ptuhrpfspd; ruzhyak;> fhLfs>; rKj;jpuq;fs;
kw;Wk; Vida ePu;epiyfs; Mfpatw;wpd; ghJfhg;G.
M. ehl;bd; capg;gy;tifikj;Jtj;jpd; ghJfhg;G.
,. RNjrg; gapu;fs; kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffspd; tho;f;if Mfpatw;iw
236
Fwpg;ghf> mbf;fb tu;j;jf; Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf ,wf;Fkjp
nra;ag;gLk; mopTfukhd ntspehl;L tiffspypUe;J
ghJfhj;jy;
<. kz;zupg;igj; jLj;jy;
3. tptrha kw;Wk; czTg; ghJfhg;G
m. G+r;Rf; nfhy;ypfs;> ,urhadq;fs; Kjypaitaw;w czT.
4. cs;ehl;L tptrha KiwikfisAk; mjDld; njhlu;Ggl;l tho;f;if
KiwiaAk; ghJfhj;jy;.
5. tpyq;F Nrkeyk; kw;Wk; cupikfisg; Ngzy;
6. mgptpUj;jpapdhy; Vw;gLk; mopTfspypUe;J #oiyg; ghJfhj;jy;.
m. #oy; ghJfhg;g;pw;fhd rl;lq;fis tFj;jy;.
M. rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; xOq;Ftpjpfspd; mKyhf;fj;jpw;fhd
nghwpKiwfs; kw;Wk; mj;jifa eilKiwfis
vspikg;gLj;jy;.
119.1.3 mgptpUj;jp
‘mgptpUj;j’ vd;gJ xU jdpkdpjuJ my;yJ r%fj;jpdJ tho;f;ifapd;
midj;J mk;rq;fisAk; cs;slf;Ftjhf kf;fs; nghJthf tiutpyf;fzk;
nfhLj;jdu;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> mgptpUj;jpia “jkf;Fk; jkJ FLk;gj;jpdUf;Fk; NghJkhd czT>cil kw;Wk; ciwAs; Mfpad cs;spl;l xU NghJkhd
tho;f;ifj;juk; vd;gd midj;J gpui[fspdhYk; mDgtpf;fg;gLjy;> kw;Wk;>
tho;f;if epiyikfspd; njhlu;r;rpahd Nkk;ghL kw;Wk; nghOJNghf;F> r%f
fyhrhu tha;g;Gfis KOikahf mDgtpj;jy;” vd;W tifapyhd fUj;Jr;
rku;g;gzq;fs; %ykk; tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mgptpUj;jpf;fhd
tpsf;fq;fspy; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp> r%f fyhrhu mgptpUj;jp> czT>
ciwAs;> cil> Nghf;Ftuj;J> fy;tp> Rfhjhuk;> tho;thjhuk; kw;Wk; fhzp;
237
chpikfs; Kjypad cs;spl;l mbg;gil Njitfs; njhlHghd fUj;Jfs;
,uj;jpdr; RUf;fkhf tpsf;fg;gl;bUe;jd.
kpf Kf;fpakhf> mgptpUj;jp vd;gJ> r%f ePjp> rkj;Jtk;> kPs;gq;fPL>
Ngz;jFepiy kw;Wk; cs;slf;fy; (my;yJ mutizg;G) Mfpatw;iw
cWjpg;gLj;jNtz;Lnkd kf;fs; MNyhrid njhptpj;jdH. [dehafk;> gq;Nfw;G
kw;Wk; fye;jhNyhrid Mfpad gw;wpa rpe;jidfisAk; fUj;Jr;
rkHg;gzq;fs; Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;bapue;jd vd;gJ Rthu];akhdjhFk;. [dehafk;
vd;gJ nghUshjhu [dehfg;gLj;jiyAk; cs;slf;fNtz;Lk; vd;w rpe;jid
ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. nghUshjhu [dehfkag;gLj;jy; vd;gjd;; nghUs; vd;d
vd;gij tpsf;Fk;NghJ kf;fs; gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpl;ldH:
nghUshjhuj;jpd; gad;fs; rkkhdjhf mikaNtz;Lk;
nghUshjhuj; jPHkhdk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; eilKiwfspd;NghJ
kf;fNshldhd; fye;jhNyhrpj;jYk; kf;fs; gq;Nfw;Gk;
ngUshjhu tplaq;fspy; kf;fspd; ,iwik.
mgptpUj;jp tplaq;fs; njhlHghf> kf;fs; gpd;tUk; tpNrl fhpridfis
nfhz;bUe;jdu;:
1. mbg;gilj; Njitfis toq;Ftjw;fhd murpd; nghWg;G
m. czT> cil> ciwAs;.
2. njhopy; kw;Wk; tho;thjhuj;jpw;F cjTjy;
m. ghuk;ghpa ifj;njhopy; kw;Wk; tho;thjhuj;ijg; ghJfhj;jy;
M. kf;fs; kw;Wk; r%fq;fs; kj;jpapy; xw;WikAWjpia
gyg;gLj;JKfkhf $l;LwT kw;Wk; $l;Lg; nghUshjhu kw;Wk;
mgptpUj;jp Kd;ndLg;Gf;fis Cf;Ftpj;jy;.
,. njhopiyAk; njhopyhsiuAk; Ruz;lypypUe;J ghJfhj;jy;.
3. jPu;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;sypy; kf;fspd; gq;Nfw;G kw;Wk; mtu;fisf;
fye;jhNyhrpj;jy; Mfpatw;iw cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Njit.
238
m. mgptpUj;jpapdhy; Vw;gLk; ,lk;ngau;jiy jLj;jy;.
M. cs;slf;fy; (my;yJ mutizj;jy;) mgptpUj;jpia
cWjpg;gLj;jy;. - Fwpg;ghf khw;Wj;jpwd; nfhz;l kf;fs;
Nghd;w ghjpg;Gwj;jf;f FOf;fis kPJ ftdQ;nrYj;Jjy;.
,. mgptpUj;jp fhuzkhf> fhzp guhjPdg;gLj;jg;gLjiyj;
jLj;jy;.
<. $l;Lj;jhgdq;fs; kw;Wk; gy;Njrpaf; fk;gdpfs;
Mfpatw;wpypUe;J kf;fisg; ghJfhj;jy;.
c. fye;jhNyhrpj;jy; kw;Wk; gq;Nfw;G Mfpatw;Wf;fhd Miz
toq;fg;gl;l nghwpKiwfs;pd;ik.
4. tWikia,y;yhnjhopg;gjw;fhd murpd; nghWg;G
5. gpd;tUk; mgptpUj;jpj; jj;Jtq;fSffhf Njhw;Wjy;
m. rkj;Jtk;
M. twpatu;rhu; kw;Wk; Ngz;jF mgptpUj;jpf;fhf tsq;fis
tpidj;jpwNdhL gad;gLj;jy;.
,. cs;slf;fy;
<. gq;Nfw;G kw;Wk; fye;jhNyhridAldhd jPu;khdk;
Nkw;nfhs;Sk; eilKiwfs;.
c. Ngz;jF kw;Wk; Ruz;lyw;w mgptpUj;jp.
6. nghUshjhu Ruz;lypypUe;jhd ghJfhg;ig cWjpg;gLj;jy;.
m. mgptpUj;jp njhlu;Ggl;l nghUshjhu gpur;rpidfis
gpujpgypf;Fk; jPHTfSf;fhd nghwpKiwfSk; ghJfhg;Gk;
M. mgptpUj;jp nfhs;iffs;> fUj;jpl;lq;fs;> kw;Wk; rHtNjr
cld;gbf;iffs; kPjhd fUj;jwp thf;nfLg;Gfs; kw;Wk;
rl;l Nkw;ghHit khHf;fq;fis Nkw;nfhs;sy;.;
#oy; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp njhlHghd fUj;Jr; rkHg;gzq;fSs; ngUk;ghyhdit
NkypUe;J fPo; kw;Wk;> fye;jhNyhridaw;w mgptpUj;jp gw;wpa xU
239
tpku;rdj;ij cs;slf;fpapUe;jd. mgptpUj;jp fUj;jpl;lq;fs; vg;NghJk; fhzp
guhjPdg;gLj;jy>; Ruz;ly; jd;ik nfhz;l njhopy; epiyikfs; kw;Wk;
,lg;ngau;T Mfpatw;wpd;; fhuzkhf mike;j jPtpu #oy; tpisTfisf;
(jw;NghJs;s rl;lq;fisAk; xOq;Ftpjpfisak; kPwpAk;$l) nfhz;bUe;jd.
nghJkf;fis fye;jhNyhrpj;jy;> r%fg; nghWg;Gf;$wy; kw;;Wk; mgptpUj;jpf;
fUj;jpl;lq;fspd; Nkw;ghu;it Mfpatw;iw cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
nghwpKiwfis jhgpg;gjw;fhd tpjg;Giufs; Kd;nkhopag;gl;ld. nghJkf;fs;
gq;Nfw;gpw;Fk; nghWg;Gf;$wYf;Fkhd nghwpKiwfSf;fhd Kd;Ndw;wfukhd
rpe;jidfs; njhlu;ghf ,e;jpah>nghyPtpah> nfd;ah> Neghsk;><f;FtNlhu; kw;Wk;
gy ehLfs; Fwpg;gplg;gl;ld. cs;Su; mjpfhu rigfSf;F mtw;wpd;
gpuNjrq;fSf;Fs; NkYk; $Ljyhd mjpfhuKk;>tsq;fspd; kPjhd fl;Lg;ghLk;>
mgptpUj;jp tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghd jPu;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;sypy; NkYk; $ba
gq;fspg;Gk; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; MNyhrid njuptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
kf;fspd; fUj;Jr; rku;g;gzq;fs; re;ij rpj;jhe;jk; kw;Wk; ,yhg Nehf;fk;
Mfpatw;wpdhy; gpujhdkhf ,af;fg;gLk; mgptpUj;jp fUj;jpl;lq;fs; njhlu;ghd
tpku;rdq;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jd. Kjyhspj;Jtthjj;jpw;F khw;Wtop VJkpy;iy
vd;W rpy fUj;Jr; rku;g;gzq;fs; $wpa mNjNtis> NtW fUj;Jr;
rku;g;gzq;fs; kdpj kw;Wk; ,aw;if tsq;fspd; Ruz;ly;>Xuq;fl;ly; kw;Wk;
xJf;fpitj;jy; Mfpatw;Wf;F ,l;Lr;nry;tjhf jhk; fUjpa Rje;jpu re;ijf;
nfhs;iffspd; mbg;gilapy; mike;j mgptpUj;jpf; nfhs;iffis td;ikahf
tpku;rpj;jdu;.
#oy; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp njhlu;ghf vOg;gg;gl;l fupridfSf;F
gjpyspg;gjw;fhd tpjg;Giufs; kf;fspd; cupikfs; kw;Wk; kf;fSf;fhd murpd;
flikfs; vd;w ,uz;L epiyfspYk;; tpsf;fg;gl;ld. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf>
murpayikg;G xU Jha;ikahd #oypy; tho;tjw;fhd cupik> xU Ngz;jF
#oypay; Kiwikapy; tho;tjw;fhd cupik Mfpatw;iw mbg;gil
cupikfshf cs;slf;f Ntz;Lnkd;w MNyhrid $wg;gl;lJ. mNjNtis>
#oypay; Kiwik> ,aw;if tsq;fs;> td[Ptuhrpfs; Kjypatw;iwg;
ghJfhg;gjw;fhd fliknahd;W murhq;fj;Jf;Fz;L vd;Wk; Kd;nkhopag;gl;lJ.
,t;thwhf> mgptpUj;jp. fhzpg;gad;ghL kw;Wk; #oy; gpur;rpidfs; Mfpad
cupikfs; vd;w uPjpapy; tpsf;fpf; $wg;gl;l mNjNtis>,t;Tupikfisf;
240
fhg;ghw;Wtjw;Fk;> ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; kw;Wk; cWjpg;gLj;Jk; njspthdnjhU
nghWg;G murpd; kPJ Rkj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
19.2 tpjg;Giufs;.
,g;gy;NtWgl;lJk; rpf;fyhdJkhd tplaq;fis ftdj;jpnyLj;J>
murpayikg;G jahupj;jy; vd;w eilKiwf;Fs; cs;slf;Ftjw;fhd vkJ
tpjg;Giufs; gpd;tUkhW:
1. ,aw;if tsq;fs; tdrPtuhrpfs; kw;Wk; jhtuq;fs; Mfpatiwg;
gad;gLj;Jtjw;F murpayikg;G uPjpapyhd topfhl;Lnewpfs; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
2. #oy;; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp Mfpad mbg;gil cupikfs;
mj;jpahaj;jpy; cs;slf;fg;y; Ntz;Lk;. tpyq;FfSk; td
rPtuhrpfSk; #oypdJk; #oy; KiwikapdJk; Xu; mq;fkhf
fUjg;gly; Ntz;Lnkd;gjdhy;> #oy; njhlu;ghd mbg;gil
cupikfs; gw;wpa gpupT> tpyq;FfSf;fhd cupikfs; kw;Wk;
mtw;wpd; Nrkeyq;fisAk; ftdj;jpnyLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
3. ,t;Tupikfis vt;thW eilKiwg;gLj;JtJ vd;gJ njhlu;gpy;
tpgukhf tpsf;Fk; fhzp> #oy; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp gw;wpa jdpahd
mj;jpahaq;fs; murpayikg;gpy; Nru;j;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
murpayikg;ig jahupf;Fk; eilKiwapd; nfd;ah kw;Wk; <f;tNlhu;
Mfpa ehLfspd; murpayikg;Gfspd; cjhuzq;fs;
guprPypf;fg;glNtz;Lnkd ehk; MNyhrid njuptpf;fpd;Nwhk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> ,t;tj;jpahaq;fs; gpd;tUtd njhlu;ghd
Vw;ghLfis cs;slf;f Ntz;Lk;.
#oy; kw;Wk; ,aw;if tsq;fs; njhlu;ghd Ngz;jF
Kiwapyhd gad;ghL> Kfhikj;Jtk;> ghJfhg;G Mfpatw;iw
cWjpnra;jy; kw;Wk; mtw;wpypUe;J fpilf;Fk; gyd;fspd;
rkkhd gfpu;it cWjpg;gLj;Jjy;;;
241
#oypay; epGzu;fisf;; fye;jhNyhrpj;J xU Fiwe;jgl;r
mstpy; tdg;gpuNjrj;ijj; gad;ghLfspypUe;J xJf;fp ghJfhf;f
jPu;khdpj;jy;>mile;Jf;nfhs;sy; kw;Wk; NgZjy;;;
caph;g;gy;ypdj;Jtk; kw;Wk; r%fq;fspd; kugZ %yq;fs;
Mfpatw;Wf;fhd rl;luPjpahd ghJfhg;igAk; mit gw;wpa
mwpitAk; ghJfhg;gj;;jy;;;;;;;;; kw;Wk; Nkk;gLj;Jjy;;;
#oy; Kfhikj;Jtk;> ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; fhg;ghw;Wjy;
Mfpatw;wpy; kf;fspd; gq;Nfw;ig Cf;Ftpg;gjw;Fk;;
kugZ %yq;fs; kw;Wk; capupay; gd;ikj;Jtk; Mfpatw;iwg;
ghJfhg;gjw;Fk;;
#oy; jhf;f kjpg;gPl;L Kiwikfis jhgpj;jy;
4. #oy; gw;wpa fzf;fha;T kw;Wk; #oy; fz;fhzpg;G
5. #oiy Mgj;Jf;Fs;shf;ff; $ba eil KiwfisAk; nraw;
ghL;fisAk; ,y;yhnjhopj;jy;. mj;Jld; #oiyAk; ,aw;if
tsq;fisAk; ,yq;if kf;fspd; ed;ikf;fhfg;gad;gLj;Jjy;
6. xt;thU egUk; mur mq;fq;fSf;F kw;Wk; NtW
egu;fSf;Fk;#oypay; uPjpahd Ngz;jF mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk;
Ngz;jF tifapyhd ,aw;if tsq;fspd; ghtidvd;gdtw;iw
cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;$lhf #oiyg; ghJfhg;gjw;Fk;> mopahJ
NgZtjw;Fkhd nraw;ghLfis Kd;ndLf;f xj;Jiog;G toq;f
flikg;gl;Ls;shu;;1.
7. mgptpUj;jpAld; njhlHGgl;l Ruz;ly; kw;Wk; ,lk;ngaHT
Mfpatw;iwj; jLg;gjw;fhd Nghjpa nghwpKiwfs; ,Ug;gij
1 nfd;a murpayikg;gpd; 69Mk; kw;Wk; 70Mk;gpupTfs; Mfpatw;wpypUe;J ngwg;gl;lJ.
242
cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jprhu; kdf;Fiwfis
jPHf;Fk; Mizf;FOnthd;iw ];jhgpj;jy;
8. fhzp> #oy; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp njhlHghd mbg;gil chpikfspd;
kPwy;fSf;fhd epthuzk; kw;Wk; ,og;gPl;L Kiwikia Vw;gLj;jy;.
9. mgptpUj;jpapd Ngupy; ve;jnthU jdpegUk; my;yJ epWtdKk;
#oYf;F jPq;f tpistpf;Fk; kw;Wk; kf;fisr; Ruz;L nraw;ghLfs;
kPJ mj;Jiwf;F nghWg;ghd mur kw;Wk; murhq;f mjpfhup
eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd mjpfhuj;jij nfhz;bUf;Fk;
tifapy; murpayikg;gpy; ruj;J;fis Vw;gLj;jy;.
10. ehl;bd; nkhj;j epyg;gug;gpy; xU Vw;Gila tPjhrhuj;jpj;jpy; xU
Fiwe;jg;gl;rstpy; jhtug;Nghu;itia (tdg;gpuNjrj;ij) NgZtjw;F
xU Kiwikia milahsq;fhZjy;
11. murpayikg;ghdJ ehl;bw;F Vw;Gila Ngz;jFjd;ikf; nfhz;l>
rkkhd kw;Wk; r%fuPjpapy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba r%f-nghUshjhu
mgptpUj;jp jPu;itfis toq;Ftjw;fhd mu;g;gzpg;Gfis
nfhz;bUj;jy;.
243
mmj;jpahak; 20
rPh;nra; rl;l eltbf;ifAk;> kPspzf;fKk;
20.1 rkh;g;gzq;fs;
nghJkf;fspy; xU gpuptpdh; r%fj;jpd; gy gpupTfs; rk;ge;jkhd Xuq;fl;ly;
kw;Wk; ,yFtpy; ghjpg;GWk; jd;ik rk;ge;jkhd tptfhuq;fs; Fwpj;J
Ma;Tnra;aNtz;;ba mtrpankhd;W cs;snjd;W rkh;g;gzk; nra;jdh;.
xt;nthU khfhzj;jpypUe;Jk;> RNjr kf;fspypUe;Jk;;> ghugl;rkpiof;fg;gl;l
rhjpapDspUe;Jk;> khw;Wj;jpwdhspfSs;spUe;Jk;> Aj;jj;jpdhy; ghjpg;Gw;w
[dr%fq;fspDs;spUe;Jk; te;jpUe;Njhh; jhk; Nritfisg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjpYk;> Nghjpa gpujpepjpj;Jtk; Fwpj;j tplaq;fspYk;>
midtiuAk; cs;slf;Fk; mgptpUj;jpapYk; gy rthy;fis
vjph;Nehf;Ftjhfj; njuppj;jdh;. mth;fs; NkYk; rpwe;jKiwapy;
Nritfisg; ngWjy;> Nghjpa gpujpepjpj;Jtk; kw;Wk; midtiuAk;
cs;slf;Fk; mgptpUj;jp Nghd;w tplaq;fspy; jkf;F cjTk; tifapyhd
rPh;nra; rl;l eltbf;iffisf; Nfhupdh;. tpj;jpahrkhd ghypay;
jpirkhh;f;fq; nfhz;lth;fs; ,tw;wpd; fhuzkhfj; jhk; vjph;Nehf;Fk;
ghugl;r eilKiwfs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; #l;Rkkhd jd;ikfs; Fwpj;Jk;>
mtw;Wf;fhd tpNrl ghJfhg;Gfs; mtrpankd;Wk; njuptpj;jdh;.
khw;Wj;jpwd;gilj;Njhh; rkj;Jtk; khj;jpuk; jkf;Fg; ghugl;rkhdnjd;Wk;>
epue;jukhfNt jhk; tpNrl Njitfs; nfhz;l FOthf milahsk;
fhzg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; njuptpj;jdh;. rpyh; ,dj;Jtepiy> kjk;
Nghd;wtw;wpdbg;gilapyhd Nfhl;lhf;fis MNyhridahf Kd;itj;j
mNjNtisapy;> VidNahh; NkYk; ,dj;Jt kw;Wk; kjg;
gpuptpidg;gLj;jy;fs; Fwpj;Jf; fuprid ntspapl;lNjhL> ,e;j topfspy;
r%fk; NkYk; gpsTgLtijj; jLg;gJ mtrpankd;Wk;> ,J td;nray;
kPz;Lk;; ,lk;ngwhjpUg;gij cWjpnra;tjw;Fk;> rkhjhd rftho;tf;F
,d;wpaikahjnjd;Wk; njuptpj;jdh;.
rfy Xuq;fl;lg;gl;l kw;Wk; ,yFtpy; ghjpg;Gwf;$ba FOf;fSf;Fk; muR
tpNrl ghJfhg;ig cWjpnra;aNtz;Lnkd;Wk;> mth;fs; NritfisAk;>
Nghjpa gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ijAk;> ngw;Wf;nfhs;sNtz;Lnkd;Wk;> mth;fs;
244
midtiuAk; cs;slf;Fk; Xh; mgptpUj;jpr; nray;Kiwapy; xU
gFjpahf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lnkd;Wk;> ,jd;%yk; mth;fs; xU Fwpg;gpl;l
fhyg;gFjpapDs; (cjhuzkhf- Kg;gJ tUlq;fs;) Vida gpui[fNshL
rkj;Jtj;ij <l;bf;nfhs;Sk; epiyf;Fr;nry;y cjtNtz;Lnkd;Wk; FO
cld;gl;lJ. ,tw;Wf;Fg; gpd;duhf khw;Wj;jpwd; nfhz;Nlhh; jtph;e;j
tifapy; ,r;nraw;ghLfs; kPsha;T nra;ag;glyhk;. MfNt> topfhl;ly;
Nfhl;ghLfs;> mbg;gil cupikfs;> ePjpKiwfs; kw;Wk; Njh;jy; kWrPuikg;G>
gfpuq;fNrit kw;Wk; RahjPd Mizf;FOf;fs; cs;slq;fyhf ,e;j
mwpf;ifapd; gy gpupTfspy; FO tpjg;Giufis cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.
245
mmj;jpahak; 21
ghugl;rkpd;ik Fwpj;j Mizf;FO
21.1 rkh;g;gzq;fs;
,dj;Jtepiy> kjk;> [hjp> ghy;epiy> ghypay; jpirkhh;f;fk;>
r%f%yk;> mq;ftPdk; Nghd;wtw;wpdbg;gilapy; ghugl;rk;>
ntspafw;wy; kw;Wk; Xuq;fl;ly; Nghd;w tplaq;fs; Fwpj;j
rkh;g;gzq;fSk; ehl;bd; rfy gFjpfspypUe;Jk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
nraw;gLk; toikr; rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; vOj;J%ykhd rl;lq;fspypUe;J
vof;$ba ngz;fSf;nfjpuhd ghugl;rk; Fwpj;j rkh;g;gzq;fSk;
,lk;ngw;wd. rpy kjj;jiyth;fs; cjhuzkhf> [hjp mbg;gilapy;
,lk;ngWk; ghugl;r eilKiwfs; Fwpj;j ,Njtpjkhd
rkh;g;gzq;fis Nkw;nfhz;ldh;. mNjNtisapy;> Vida FOf;fs;
toikr;rl;lq;fs; Fwpj;j VjhtJ kWrPuikg;Gfs; my;yJ
jpUj;jq;fSf;F tYthd vjph;g;gpid ntspapl;ldh;. mth;fs; ,e;jr;
rl;lq;fs;> tof;fq;fs; kw;Wk; kuGfs; Fwpj;Jiug;ghd fyhrhuq;fspd;
gFjpnad;Wk;> mit ghJfhf;fg;glNtz;Lnkd;Wk; fUjpdh;. Fwpg;ghfr;
rpWghd;ikf;fOf;fspd; toikr;rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; kuGr;rl;lq;fs; Fwpj;j
gy jtwhd tpsf;fq;fs; ,Ue;jijAk; ehk; mtjhdpj;Njhk;. fyhrhug;
ghuglrq;fSk;> rpy rl;lq;fspd; fPohd ghugl;rq;fSk; ehk;
Nkw;gug;gpNy fhz;gtw;iwtpl kpfTk; ghuJ}ukhditnad;gijAk;>
mtw;Wf;Fj; jPh;Tfs; fhzNtz;Lnkd;gijAk; ehk;
fhzf;$bajhfTs;sJ.
r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; ,e;jg; ghugl;rq;fs; fyhrhu kw;Wk;
kjeilKiwfNshL rk;ge;jKw;wpUg;gjhy;> mit kpfTk;
$Uzh;Tkpf;f tplaq;fshFnkd;W ehk; vz;Zfpd;Nwhk;. MapDk;>
mit tpNrlkhfg; ngz;fSf;Fk;> rpWth;fSf;Fkhd rl;l kw;Wk;
r%ff; jhh;g;gupaq;fisf; nfhz;bUg;gjhy;> mtw;iw cjhrPdk;
nra;aKbahJ. MapDk;> ehk; ntWkNd murpayikg;gpy;
rPh;jpUj;jq;fisf; nfhz;LtUtjd;%yk; ,j;jifa tpfhuq;fSf;Fj;
jPh;TfhzKbahJ vd;w fUj;ijAk; nfhz;bUe;Njhk;.
246
toikahd kw;Wk; ghuk;gupa eilKiwfshYk;> rl;lq;fshYk; Vw;gLk;
ghugl;rq;fisj; jLg;gjw;fhd rl;lr; rPh;jpUj;jq;fs; ghjpg;Gw;w jug;gpdh;
cs;spl;ltifapy; ,iaGs;s FOf;fSld; fye;Jiuahlg;glTk;>
Ngr;Rthh;j;ijfs;%yk; mZfg;glTk; Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ vkJ fUj;jhFk;.
,f;$Uzh;TrhH tptfhuq;fs; Fwpj;j fUj;njhUkpg;igAk;>
cld;ghl;ilAk; fl;bnaOg;GtJ mtrpakhFk;.
221.2 tpjg;Giufs;
1. ciuahliy Kd;ndLg;gjw;Fk;> fye;Jiuahly;>
Ngr;Rhh;j;ij kw;Wk; ,zf;Ftpj;jypD}lhfr; rPh;jpUj;jq;fis
tpje;Jiug;gjw;Fk; ghugl;lrk;Fwpj;j Mizf;FOnthd;iw
epWTjy; Ntz;Lk;. Mizf;FO r%ftpay;> rl;lk;> tuyhW
kw;Wk; nghJeph;thfk; Nghd;w Jiwfspy; fPh;j;jpkpf;f
egh;fisf;nfhz;L mikjy;Ntz;Lk;. Mizf;FOtpy;
Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l Jiwr; rPyq;fisr; Nrh;e;j 12 egh;fs;
cs;slq;f Ntz;Lnkd;Wk;> mth;fs; murpayikg;G
Nguitapd; tpjg;Giuapd; Ngupy; [dhjpgjpapdhy;
epakpf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; ehk; tpje;Jiuf;fpd;Nwhk;.
2. Mizf;FOthdJ NtWgLk; r%f> fyhrhuf;
FOf;fisAk;> ,dj;Jt> kjf; FOf;fisAk;
gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;a Ntz;Lnkd;W ehk; NkYk;
tpje;Jiuf;fpd;Nwhk;.
247
mmj;jpahak; 22
gfpuq;f Nrit kdf;Fiw Mizf;FO
22.1 rkHg;gzq;fs;
gfpuq;f Nrit toq;fypy; Njhy;tpfs; kw;Wk; J\;gpuNahfq;fs; rk;ge;jkhf
murhq;f epWtdqfSf;Fk;> mjpfhupfSf;Fk; vjpuhf ,lk;ngw;w gy
Kiwg;ghLfis ehk; mwpe;Jnfhz;Nlhk;. mtw;Wl; rpy jdpg;gl;l
kdf;FiwfspypUe;J vOgitnad;W Nehf;fg;glyhk; vd;wNghjpYk;>
mtw;Wl; ngUk;gh;dikahdit ,e;j epWtdq;fs;; gpd;gw;Wk; Kiwikahd
eph;thf eilKiwfs; kw;Wk; eltbf;if Kiwfspd; tpisthdit
vd;gijAk; czuf;$bajhfTs;sJ. ,e;j eilKiwfSk;>
eltbf;iffSk; ,tw;Wf;fhd khw;wq;fis tpjg;Giu nra;Ak; my;yJ
fl;lisapLk; mjpfhuq;nfhz;l Xh; mjpfhu mikg;gpdhy;
kPs;ghh;itaplg;gl;lhy;> mit ehl;by; gfpuq;f Nrit toq;fypy; Xh;
Mf;fg+h;tkhd jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jp> mjd;tpisthf murhqf;fr;Nritfs;
nghJkf;fs; el;Gzh;T kpf;fitahfTk;> tpidj;jpwd; nfhz;litahfTk;
khWk;.
22.2 tpjg;Giufs;
,f;Fwpf;Nfhis <l;bf;nfhs;Sk;tifapy;> murpayikg;gpdhy; xU gfpuq;f
Nrit kdf;Fiw Mizf;FO epWtg;glNtz;Lnkd;Wk;> ,J xU
RahjPdkhd epWtdkhf ,Uj;jy;Ntz;Lnkd;Wk;> ,jd; Mrdj;jtprhsUk;>
mq;fj;jpdh;fSk; murpayikg;G kd;wj;jpdhy; nra;ag;gLk;
tpjg;Giuapd;Ngupy;> [dhjpgjpapdhy; epakpf;fg;glNtz;Lnkd;Wk FO
tpje;Jiuf;fpd;wJ. Mizf;FO r%fNrit1 nghJepjp> nghJ eph;thfk;>
tptrhaj; njhopy;El;gtpay;> rl;lk;> kdpj cupikfs;> cah;njhopy;El;gk;
Nghd;w gy;NtW Jiwfspy; mDgtk;tha;e;j egh;fsplkpUe;J
ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l VO Kjy; xd;gJ tiuapyhd mq;fj;jpdh;fisf;
nfhz;ljhaikjy; Ntz;Lk;.
1 F\hd; b my;tp]; P.C. r%f Nritfis cs;slf;Ftjw;fhd jkJ jaf;f epiy
Fwpj;J vLj;Jiuj;jhH
248
Mizf;FO Nrit tpepNahfj;jpy; mePjpiaAk;> Njitaw;w jhkjq;fisAk;
Vw;gLj;Jk; eph;thf eltbf;if Kiwfs; Fwpj;j Kiwg;ghLfisg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;> Mizf;FOtpd; mjpfhuk; murhq;f wpWtdq;fis
khj;jpukd;wp murhq;fk; gq;Ffis itj;jpUf;Fk; $l;lhz;ik
mikg;GfisAk;> epajpr;rl;l mikg;Gfs; kw;Wk; fk;gdpfs; Nghd;w gFjp
murhq;f mikg;GfisAk; jOTtjhf mikAk;.
Mizf;FO Nkd;KiwaPLfs; my;yJ kdpj cupikfs; Mizf;FO>
murfUk; nkhopfs; Mizf;FO> Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO> Fiwfs;
tprhuiz egh; my;yJ mj;jifa epWtdq;fspd; khj;jpuq;Fwpj;j
kPsha;Tfspy; <Lgl khl;lhJ. vt;thwhapDk;> ,e;j epWtdq;fs;
Kiwikg;gz;G tha;e;j VjhtJ tptfhuq;fisg; gfpuq;f Nrit kdf;Fiw
Mizf;FOTf;F mjd; Ma;Tf;fhfTk; mtrpakhd
eltbf;iffSf;fhfTk; Mw;Wg;gLj;jyhk;.
249
NNru;f;if ‘A’
murpayikg;Gr; rPu;jpUj;jk; njhlHghd nghJkf;fs; fUj;jwp
FOtpw;F epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;s mq;fj;jtu;fs;
,y. ngau; 01 jpU.yhy; tpn[ehaf;f (jtprhsu;)
rpNu\;l rl;lj;juzp. 02 jpU.ghap]; K];jgh
[dhjpgjp rl;lj;juzp 03 Nguhrpupau; fhkpdp rkuehaf;f
Xa;Tngw;w murpay; tpQ;Qhd Nguhrpupau;> Nguhjid gy;fiyf;fofk;.
04 Nguhrpupau; V.vk;.etuj;jpd gz;lhu Xa;Tngw;w murpay; tpQ;Qhd rpNu\;l Nguhrpupau;> Nguhjid gy;fiyf;fofk;.
05 Nghuhrpupau; vk;.vy;.V.fhju; - Kd;dhs; JizNte;ju;> njd;fpof;F gy;fiyf;fofk;
06 jpU. vd;.nry;tf;Fkhud; rpNu\;l rl;l tpupTiuahsu;> rl;lj;juzp> nfhOk;G gy;fiyf;fofk;
07 nfsut v];.jtuh[h vjpu;f;fl;rpj; jiytu;. Tlkhfhz rig> Kd;dhs; ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;.
08 jpU. F\hd; j my;tp]; [dhjpgjp rl;lj;juzp.
09 fyhepjp `updp mku#upa rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu; - r%ftpay;> ,yq;if jpwe;j gy;fiyf;fofk;.
10 fyhepjp FKJ FRk; Fkhu rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu; - r%ftpay;> nfhOk;G gy;fiyf;fofk;.
11 jpU. Rdpy; n[auj;d rpNu\;l rl;lj;juzp.
12 fyhepjp cGs; mNguj;d rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu; - murpay; tpQ;Qhdk;> WFD gy;fiyf;fofk;.
13 jpU. Njkpa vy;.gp. `{Us;Ns Kd;dhs; ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;.
14 jpU. v];. tpd;];ld; gjpuh[h (nrayhsu;)
,yq;if epu;thf Nritapd; (SLAS) Xa;Tngw;w rpNu\;l mjpfhup.
15 jpU. rq;fud; tpN[are;jpud; rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu; - nghUspay;> Nguhjid gy;fiyf;fofk;.
16 jpU. vk;.it.vk;.ghap]; rpNu\;l rl;lj;juzp.
17 jpUkjp vk;.Nf.ejPfh jkae;jp. rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu; - murpay; tpQ;Qhdk;> fsdp gy;fiyf;fofk;.
18 jpUkjp fhd;jp uzrpq;f rpNu\;l rl;lj;juzp.
19 jpU. v];.rp.rp.,sq;Nfhtd; rptpy; r%f nrw;ghl;lhsu;.
20 jpU. rpwpkhrpwp `GMuhr;rp murpay; nraw;ghl;lhsu;.
250
NNru;f;if ‘B’ murpayikg;Gr; rPu;jpUj;jk; rk;ge;jkhf nghJ kf;fspd;
fUj;Jf;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;
1. murpd; jd;ik.
2. Ml;rp Kiwapd; jd;ik ([dhjpgjp Kiwik / ghuhSkd;w
Kiwik)
3. murpay; ahg;gpd; mbg;gilf; fl;likg;G.
4. gpu[hTupik> rkak;> mbg;gil cupikfs;> nkhopAupik mur
nfhs;iffis nraw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Nfhl;ghLfs;
5. rl;lthf;fr; rig (xw;iwahl;rp / ,ul;ilahl;rp)
6. murpay; ahg;gpd; Nkyhjpf;fk; my;yJ ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; Nkyhjpf;fk;.
7. rl;lk;> epu;thfk;> ePjpj; JiwfspilNa mjpfhug; gfpu;T
8. ePjpj;Jiw Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; ePjpkd;wq;fspd; fl;likg;G
9. murpayikg;G ePjpkd;wk;
10. mjpfhuj;jpy; gq;fspg;G nrYj;jy;> mjpfhug; gfpu;T> kw;Wk;
cs;@uhl;rp mjpfhu rigfs;
11. kj;jpapy; mjpfhug; gq;fPL
12. murpayikg;G rig kw;Wk; RahjPd Mizf; FOf;fs;
13. mur Nrit
14. Nju;jy; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;.
15. rl;lq;fs; njhlu;ghf ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Ma;T
16. ghuhSkd;w Kiwikapd; fPo; [dhjpgjpapd; mjpfhuq;fs;
17. ghuhSkd;w Kiwikapd; fPo; [dhjpgjpia epakpj;jy;
18. nghJkf;fs; ghJfhg;G
19. epjpg; gad;ghL
20. NtW tplaq;;fs;
251
NNru;f;if ‘C’ murpayikg;Gr; rPu;jpUj;jk; njhlHghd nghJkf;fs; fUj;jwp
FOtpd; mwpf;ifia jahupj;jYf;fhd fye;jhuha;tpy; gq;Fgw;wpa
cWg;gpdu;fs;
jpfjp: 07.03.2016 - 09.05.2016
,lk; : murpayikg;G rPu;jpUj;jk; njhlHghd nghJkf;fs; fUj;jwp;
FOtpd; nrayfk; - ‘tpRk;gha’> ];Nugps;]; tPjp> nfhOk;G - 02
,y. ngau;
01 jpU. yhy; tpn[ehaf;f (jtprhsu;)
02 jpU. tpd;];ld; gjpuh[h (nrayhsu;)
03 Nguhrpupau; V.vk;.etuj;jpd gz;lhu
04 Nguhrpupau; vk;.vy;.V.fhju;
05 jpU. ghap]; K];jgh
06 jpU. vd;.nry;tf;Fkhud;
07 nfsut v];.jtuh[h
08 jpU. F\;hd; j my;tp];
09 fyhepjp `updp mku#upa
10 fyhepjp FKJ FRk; Fkhu
11 jpU. Rdpy; n[auj;d
12 fyhepjp cGs; mNguj;d
13 jpU. Njkpa vy;.gp. `{Us;Ns
14 jpU. rq;fud; tpN[are;jpud;
15 jpU. vk;.it.vk;.ghap];
16 jpUkjp. vk;.Nf.ejPfh jkae;jp.
17 jpUkjp. fhd;jp uzrpq;f
18 jpU. v];.rp.rp.,sq;Nfhtd;
19 jpU. rpwpkhrpwp `GMuhr;rp
252
NNru;f;if ‘D’ murpayikg;Gr; rPu;jpUj;jk; njhlHghd nghJkf;fs; fUj;jwp
FOtpd; khtl;l uPjpapyhd mku;Tfs; cWg;gpdu;fspd;
tUifg;gjpT
khtl;lk; : mk;ghiw
jpfjp 27.02.2016 29.02.2016
Fohk;
cWg;gpdu;fspd;
ngau;
1. fyhepjp `updp mku#upa
(jtprhsu;)
2. nfsut v];.jtuh[h
3. jpU. vd;.nry;tf;Fkhud; 4. fyhepjp cGs; mNguj;d
5. jpU. v];.rp.rp.,sq;Nfhtd;
1. jpU. yhy; tpN[ehaf;f (jtprhsu;) 2. nfsut v];.jtuh[h
3. jpU. vd;.nry;tf;Fkhud; 4. fyhepjp `updp mku#upa
5. jpU. v];.rp.rp.,sq;Nfhtd;
khtl;lk; : mDuhjGuk;
jpfjp 17.02.2016 18.02.2016
Fohk;
cWg;gpdu;fspd;
ngau;
1. jpU. yhy; tpN[ehaf;f
(jtprhsu;)
2. jpU. Rdpy; n[auj;d
3. jpU. Njkpa vy;.gp. `{Us;Ns
4. jpUkjp vk;.Nf.ejPfh jkae;jp.
5. jpU. rpwpkhrpwp `GMuhr;rp
1. jpU. yhy; tpN[ehaf;f (jtprhsu;)
2. jpU. Rdpy; n[auj;d
3. jpU. Njkpa vy;.gp. `{Us;Ns
4. jpUkjp vk;.Nf.ejPfh jkae;jp.
5. jpU. rpwpkhrpwp `GMuhr;rp
khtl;lk; : gJis
jpfjp 23.02.2016 24.02.2016
Fohk;
cWg;gpdu;fspd;
ngau;
1. jpU. rq;fud; tpN[are;jpud;
(jtprhsu;)
2. jpU. Rdpy; n[auj;d
3. jpUkjp fhd;jp uzrpq;f
4. jpU. rpwpkhrpwp `GMuhr;rp
1. jpU. rq;fud; tpN[are;jpud;
(jtprhsu;)
2. jpU. Rdpy; n[auj;d
3. jpUkjp fhd;jp uzrpq;f
4. jpU. rpwpkhrpwp `GMuhr;rp
khtl;lk; : kl;lf;fsg;G
jpfjp 25.02.2016 26.02.2016
Fohk;
cWg;gpdu;fspd;
ngau;
1. jpU. vd;.nry;tf;Fkhud;
(jtprhsu;)
2. nfsut v];.jtuh[h
3. fyhepjp `updp mku#upa
4. fyhepjp FKJ FRk; Fkhu
5. jpU. v];.rp.rp.,sq;Nfhtd;
1. jpU. vd;.nry;tf;Fkhud; (jtprhsu;)
2. nfsut v];.jtuh[h
3. fyhepjp `updp mku#upa
4. fyhepjp FKJ FRk; Fkhu
5. jpU. v];.rp.rp.,sq;Nfhtd;
253
kkhtl;lk; : nfhOk;G
jpfjp 18.01.2016 19.01.2016 20.01.2016
Fohk;
cWg;gpdu;fspd;
ngau;
1. jpU. yhy;
tpN[ehaf;f
(jtprhsu;)
2. jpU. tpd;];ld;
gjpuh[h
3. Nguhrpupau;
V.vk;.etuj;jpd
gz;lhu
4. jpU.
vk;.vy;.V.fhju;
5. jpU.
vd;.nry;tf;Fkhud;
6. nfsut
v];.jtuh[h
7. fyhepjp `updp
mku#upa
8. fyhepjp FKJ
FRk; Fkhu
9. jpU. Rdpy;
n[auj;d
10. fyhepjp cGs;
mNguj;d
11. jpU. Njkpa vy;.gp. `{Us;Ns
12. jpU. rq;fud; tpN[are;jpud;
13. jpUkjp vk;.Nf.ejPfh
jkae;jp.
14. jpUkjp fhd;jp uzrpq;f
15. jpU. rpwpkhrpwp `GMuhr;rp
1. jpU. yhy;
tpN[ehaf;f
(jtprhsu;)
2. jpU. tpd;];ld;
gjpuh[h
3. jpU. vk;.vy;.V.fhju;
4. jpU.
vd;.nry;tf;Fkhud;
5. nfsut
v];.jtuh[h
6. fyhepjp `updp
mku#upa
7. fyhepjp FKJ FRk;
Fkhu
8. jpU. Rdpy;
n[auj;d
9. fyhepjp cGs;
mNguj;d
10. jpU. Njkpa vy;.gp. `{Us;Ns
11. jpU. rq;fud; tpN[are;jpud;
12. jpUkjp vk;.Nf.ejPfh jkae;jp.
13. jpUkjp fhd;jp uzrpq;f
14. jpU. rpwpkhrpwp `GMuhr;rp
1. jpU. yhy;
tpN[ehaf;f
(jtprhsu;)
2. jpU. tpd;];ld;
gjpuh[h
3. Nguhrpupau;
V.vk;.etuj;jpd
gz;lhu
4. jpU. vk;.vy;.V.fhju;
5. jpU.
vd;.nry;tf;Fkhud;
6. nfsut v];.jtuh[h
7. fyhepjp `updp
mku#upa
8. fyhepjp FKJ FRk;
Fkhu
9. jpU. Rdpy; n[auj;d
10. fyhepjp cGs;
mNguj;d
11. jpU. Njkpa vy;.gp. `{Us;Ns
12. jpUkjp vk;.Nf.ejPfh jkae;jp.
13. jpUkjp fhd;jp uzrpq;f
14. jpU. rpwpkhrpwp `GMuhr;rp
15. jpU. F~hd; b my;tp];
jpfjp 21.01.2016 22.01.2016 03.03.2016
Fohk;
cWg;gpdu;fspd;
ngau;
1. jpU. yhy;
tpN[ehaf;f
(jtprhsu;)
2. jpU. tpd;];ld;
gjpuh[h
3. nfsut
v];.jtuh[h
4. fyhepjp `updp
mku#upa
1. jpU. yhy;
tpN[ehaf;f
(jtprhsu;)
2. jpU. tpd;];ld;
gjpuh[h
3. Nguhrpupau;
V.vk;.etuj;jpd
gz;lhu
4. jpU. vk;.vy;.V.fhju;
1. jpU. yhy;
tpN[ehaf;f
(jtprhsu;)
2. jpU. tpd;];ld;
gjpuh[h
3. jpU. vk;.vy;.V.fhju;
4. nfsut v];.jtuh[h
5. fyhepjp `updp
mku#upa
254
5. fyhepjp FKJ
FRk; Fkhu
6. jpU. Rdpy;
n[auj;d
7. fyhepjp cGs;
mNguj;d
8. jpU. Njkpa
vy;.gp. `{Us;Ns
9. Ms. vk;.Nf.ejPfh
jkae;jp.
10. Ms. fhd;jp
uzrpq;f
11. jpU. rpwpkhrpwp `GMuhr;rp
12. jpU. rq;fud; tpN[are;jpud;
13. jpU. F\;hd; j
my;tp];
5. jpU.
vd;.nry;tf;Fkhud;
6. nfsut v];.jtuh[h
7. fyhepjp `updp
mku#upa
8. fyhepjp FKJ FRk;
Fkhu
9. jpU. Rdpy; n[auj;d
10. fyhepjp cGs;
mNguj;d
11. jpU. Njkpa vy;.gp. `{Us;Ns
12. jpU. rq;fud; tpN[are;jpud;
13. jpUkjp vk;.Nf.ejPfh jkae;jp.
14. jpUkjp fhd;jp uzrpq;f
15. jpU. rpwpkhrpwp `GMuhr;rp
16. jpU. vk;.it.vk;.gha;];
6. fyhepjp FKJ FRk;
Fkhu
7. jpU. Rdpy; n[auj;d
8. fyhepjp cGs;
mNguj;d
9. jpU. Njkpa vy;.gp.
`{Us;Ns
10. jpU. rq;fud; tpN[are;jpud;
11. jpUkjp vk;.Nf.ejPfh jkae;jp.
12. jpUkjp fhd;jp uzrpq;f
13. jpU. v];.rp.rp.
,sq;Nfhtd;
14. jpU. rpwpkhrpwp `GMuhr;rp
15. jpU. vk;.it.vk;.gha;];
kkhtl;lk; : nfhOk;G
jpfjp 04.03.2016 05.03.2016
Fohk;
cWg;gpdu;fspd;
ngau;
1. jpU. yhy; tpN[ehaf;f
(jtprhsu;)
2. jpU. tpd;];ld; gjpuh[h
3. Nguhrpupau; V.vk;.etuj;jpd
gz;lhu
4. jpU. vk;.vy;.V.fhju;
5. jpU. vd;.nry;tf;Fkhud;
6. nfsut v];.jtuh[h
7. jpU. F~hd; b my;tp];
8. fyhepjp `updp mku#upa
9. fyhepjp FKJ FRk; Fkhu
10. jpU. Rdpy; n[auj;d 11. fyhepjp cGs; mNguj;d
12. jpU. Njkpa vy;.gp. `{Us;Ns
13. jpU. rq;fud; tpN[are;jpud; 14. Ms. vk;.Nf.ejPfh jkae;jp.
15. Ms. fhd;jp uzrpq;f
16. jpU. v];.rp.rp.,sq;Nfhtd;
17. jpU. rpwpkhrpwp `GMuhr;rp
18. jpU. vk;.it.vk;.gha;];
1. jpU. yhy; tpN[ehaf;f (jtprhsu;)
2. jpU. tpd;];ld; gjpuh[h
3. jpU. vk;.vy;.V.fhju;
4. fyhepjp `updp mku#upa
5. fyhepjp FKJ FRk; Fkhu
6. jpU. Rdpy; n[auj;d
7. jpU. Njkpa vy;.gp. `{Us;Ns
8. jpU. rq;fud; tpN[are;jpud;
9. Ms. vk;.Nf.ejPfh jkae;jp.
10. Ms. fhd;jp uzrpq;f
11. jpU. v];.rp.rp.,sq;Nfhtd;
12. jpU. rpwpkhrpwp `GMuhr;rp
13. jpU. vd;.nry;tf;Fkhud; 14. jpU. vk;.it.vk;.gha;];
255
kkhtl;lk; : fhyp
jpfjp 08.02.2016 09.02.2016
Fohk;
cWg;gpdu;fspd;
ngau;
1. jpU. yhy; tpN[ehaf;f
(jtprhsu;)
2. jpU. Rdpy; n[auj;d
3. fyhepjp cGs; mNguj;d
4. fyhepjp `updp mku#upa
5. jpU. rpwpkhrpwp `GMuhr;rp
1. jpU. yhy; tpN[ehaf;f (jtprhsu;)
2. jpU. Rdpy; n[auj;d
3. fyhepjp cGs; mNguj;d
4. fyhepjp `updp mku#upa
5. jpU. rpwpkhrpwp `GMuhr;rp
khtl;lk; : fk;g`h
jpfjp 01.02.2016 02.02.2016
Fohk;
cWg;gpdu;fspd;
ngau;
1. fyhepjp `updp mku#upa
(jtprhsu;)
2. jpU. tpd;];ld; gjpuh[h
3. jpU. Rdpy; n[auj;d
4. fyhepjp cGs; mNguj;d
5. jpU. F\hd; b my;tp];
6. jpUkjp vk;.Nf.ejPfh
jkae;jp.
7. jpU. rpwpkhrpwp `GMuhr;rp
1. fyhepjp `updp mku#upa (jtprhsu;)
2. jpU. tpd;];ld; gjpuh[h
3. jpU. Rdpy; n[auj;d
4. fyhepjp cGs; mNguj;d
5. jpU. F\hd; b my;tp];
6. jpUkjp vk;.Nf.ejPfh jkae;jp.
7. jpU. rpwpkhrpwp `GMuhr;rp
khtl;lk; : mk;ghe;Njhl;il
jpfjp 12.02.2016 13.02.2016
Fohk;
cWg;gpdu;fspd;
ngau;
1. jpU. Rdpy; n[auj;d
(jtprhsu;)
2. fyhepjp cGs; mNguj;d
3. jpU. v];.rp.rp.,sq;Nfhtd;
4. jpU. rpwpkhrpwp `GMuhr;rp
1. jpU. Rdpy; n[auj;d (jtprhsu;)
2. fyhepjp cGs; mNguj;d
3. jpU. v];.rp.rp.,sq;Nfhtd;
4. jpU. rpwpkhrpwp `GMuhr;rp
khtl;lk; : aho;g;ghzk;
jpfjp 15.02.2016 16.02.2016
Fohk;
cWg;gpdu;fspd;
ngau;
1. jpU. yhy; tpN[ehaf;f
(jtprhsu;)
2. jpU. vd;.nry;tf;Fkhud;
3. nfsut v];.jtuh[h
4. fyhepjp `updp mku#upa
5. fyhepjp FKJ FRk; Fkhu
6. jpU. Rdpy; n[auj;d
7. fyhepjp cGs; mNguj;d
8. jpU. rq;fud; tpN[are;jpud;
1. jpU. yhy; tpN[ehaf;f (jtprhsu;)
2. jpU. vd;.nry;tf;Fkhud;
3. nfsut v];.jtuh[h
4. fyhepjp `updp mku#upa
5. fyhepjp FKJ FRk; Fkhu
6. jpU. Rdpy; n[auj;d
7. fyhepjp cGs; mNguj;d
256
kkhtl;lk; : fSj;Jiw
jpfjp 05.02.2016 06.02.2016
Fohk;
cWg;gpdu;fspd;
ngau;
1. jpU. yhy; tpN[ehaf;f
(jtprhsu;)
2. jpU. tpd;];ld; gjpuh[h
3. fyhepjp cGs; mNguj;d
4. jpU. Rdpy; n[auj;d
5. jpU. rpwpkhrpwp `GMuhr;rp
1. jpU. yhy; tpN[ehaf;f (jtprhsu;)
2. jpU. tpd;];ld; gjpuh[h
3. fyhepjp cGs; mNguj;d
4. jpU. Rdpy; n[auj;d
5. jpU. rpwpkhrpwp `GMuhr;rp
khtl;lk; : fz;b
jpfjp 01.02.2016 02.02.2016
Fohk;
cWg;gpdu;fspd;
ngau;
1. jpU. yhy; tpN[ehaf;f
(jtprhsu;)
2. jpU. rq;fud; tpN[are;jpud;
3. jpU. vk;.vy;.V.fhju;
4. nfsut v];.jtuh[h
5. fyhepjp FKJ FRk; Fkhu
1. jpU. yhy; tpN[ehaf;f (jtprhsu;)
2. jpU. rq;fud; tpN[are;jpud;
3. jpU. vk;.vy;.V.fhju;
4. nfsut v];.jtuh[h
5. fyhepjp FKJ FRk; Fkhu
khtl;lk; : Nfhfhiy
jpfjp 08.02.2016 09.02.2016
Fohk;
cWg;gpdu;fspd;
ngau;
1. jpU. F\;hd; b my;tp];
(jtprhsu;)
2. jpU. Njkpa vy;.gp. `{Us;Ns
3. jpUkjp fhd;jp uzrpq;f
4. jpUkjp vk;.Nf.ejPfh jkae;jp.
1. jpU. F\;hd; b my;tp];
(jtprhsu;)
2. jpU. Njkpa vy;.gp. `{Us;Ns
3. jpUkjp fhd;jp uzrpq;f
4. jpUkjp vk;.Nf.ejPfh jkae;jp.
khtl;lk; : fpspnehr;rp
jpfjp 08.02.2016 09.02.2016
Fohk;
cWg;gpdu;fspd;
ngau;
1. nfsut v];.jtuh[h
(jtprhsu;)
2. jpU. rq;fud; tpN[are;jpud;
3. jpU. v];.rp.rp.,sq;Nfhtd;
1. nfsut v];.jtuh[h (jtprhsu;)
2. jpU. rq;fud; tpN[are;jpud;
3. jpU. v];.rp.rp.,sq;Nfhtd;
khtl;lk; : FUdhfiy
jpfjp 15.02.2016 16.02.2016
Fohk;
cWg;gpdu;fspd;
ngau;
1. Nguhrpupau; V.vk;.etuj;jpd
gz;lhu (jtprhsu;)
2. jpU. Njkpa vy;.gp. `{Us;Ns
3. jpUkjp fhd;jp uzrpq;f
4. jpU. v];.rp.rp.,sq;Nfhtd;
5. jpU. rpwpkhrpwp `GMuhr;rp
1. Nguhrpupau; V.vk;.etuj;jpd gz;lhu
(jtprhsu;)
2. jpU. Njkpa vy;.gp. `{Us;Ns
3. jpUkjp fhd;jp uzrpq;f
4. jpU. v];.rp.rp.,sq;Nfhtd;
5. jpU. rpwpkhrpwp `GMuhr;rp
257
kkhtl;lk; : kd;dhu;
jpfjp 10.02.2016 11.02.2016
Fohk;
cWg;gpdu;fspd;
ngau;
1. jpU. yhy; tpN[ehaf;f
(jtprhsu;)
2. nfsut v];.jtuh[h
3. jpU. rq;fud; tpN[are;jpud;
1. jpU. yhy; tpN[ehaf;f (jtprhsu;)
2. nfsut v];.jtuh[h
3. jpU. rq;fud; tpN[are;jpud;;
khtl;lk; : khj;jis
jpfjp 03.02.2016 10.02.2016
Fohk;
cWg;gpdu;fspd;
ngau;
1. jpU. yhy; tpN[ehaf;f
(jtprhsu;)
2. jpU. vk;.vy;.V.fhju;
3. fyhepjp cGs; mNguj;d
4. jpU. Rdpy; n[auj;d
1. jpU. Njkpa vy;.gp. `{Us;Ns
(jtprhsu;)
2. jpUkjp fhd;jp uzrpq;f
khtl;lk; : khj;jiw
jpfjp 10.02.2016 11.02.2016
Fohk;
cWg;gpdu;fspd;
ngau;
1. fyhepjp cGs; mNguj;d
(jtprhsu;)
2. jpU. Rdpy; n[auj;d
3. jpUkjp vk;.Nf.ejPfh jkae;jp.
4. jpU. v];.rp.rp.,sq;Nfhtd;
5. jpU. rpwpkhrpwp `GMuhr;rp
1. fyhepjp cGs; mNguj;d (jtprhsu;)
2. jpU. Rdpy; n[auj;d
3. jpU. v];.rp.rp.,sq;Nfhtd;
4. jpU. rpwpkhrpwp `GMuhr;rp;
khtl;lk; : nkhdwhfiy
jpfjp 25.02.2016 26.02.2016
Fohk;
cWg;gpdu;fspd;
ngau;
1. jpU. Rdpy; n[auj;d
(jtprhsu;)
2. jpUkjp vk;.Nf.ejPfh jkae;jp.
3. jpUkjp fhd;jp uzrpq;f
4. jpU. rpwpkhrpwp `GMuhr;rp
1. jpU. Rdpy; n[auj;d (jtprhsu;) 2. jpUkjp vk;.Nf.ejPfh jkae;jp.
3. jpUkjp fhd;jp uzrpq;f
4. jpU. rpwpkhrpwp `GMuhr;rp
khtl;lk; : Ky;iyj;jPT
jpfjp 12.02.2016 13.02.2016
Fohk;
cWg;gpdu;fspd;
ngau;
1. nfsut v];.jtuh[h
(jtprhsu;)
2. jpU. vd;.nry;tf;Fkhud;
3. jpUkjp vk;.Nf.ejPfh jkae;jp.
1. nfsut v];.jtuh[h (jtprhsu;)
2. jpU. vd;.nry;tf;Fkhud;
3. jpUkjp vk;.Nf.ejPfh jkae;jp.
khtl;lk; : Etnuypah
jpfjp 19.02.2016 20.02.2016
Fohk;
cWg;gpdu;fspd;
ngau;
1. jpU. rq;fud; tpN[are;jpud;
(jtprhsu;)
2. nfsut v];.jtuh[h
3. jpU. v];.rp.rp.,sq;Nfhtd;
1. jpU. yhy; tpN[ehaf;f
(jtprhsu;)
2. nfsut v];.jtuh[h
3. jpU. rq;fud; tpN[are;jpud;
4. jpU. v];.rp.rp.,sq;Nfhtd;
258
kkhtl;lk; : nghyeWit
jpfjp 19.02.2016 20.02.2016
Fohk;
cWg;gpdu;fspd;
ngau;
1. jpU. Njkpa vy;.gp. `{Us;Ns
(jtprhsu;)
2. jpU. Rdpy; n[auj;d 3. fyhepjp cGs; mNguj;d
4. jpU. rpwpkhrpwp `GMuhr;rp
1. jpU. Njkpa vy;.gp. `{Us;Ns
(jtprhsu;)
2. jpU. Rdpy; n[auj;d 3. fyhepjp cGs; mNguj;d
4. jpU. rpwpkhrpwp `GMuhr;rp
khtl;lk; : Gj;jsk;
jpfjp 17.02.2016 18.02.2016
Fohk;
cWg;gpdu;fspd;
ngau;
1. fyhepjp `updp mku#upa
(jtprhsu;)
2. fyhepjp cGs; mNguj;d
3. jpUkjp fhd;jp uzrpq;f
1. fyhepjp `updp mku#upa
(jtprhsu;)
2. fyhepjp cGs; mNguj;d
3. jpUkjp fhd;jp uzrpq;f
khtl;lk; : ,uj;jpdGup
jpfjp 27.02.2016 29.02.2016
Fohk;
cWg;gpdu;fspd;
ngau;
1. jpU. Njkpa vy;.gp. `{Us;Ns
(jtprhsu;)
2. jpU. rq;fud; tpN[are;jpud;
3. jpUkjp fhd;jp uzrpq;f
4. jpU. rpwpkhrpwp `GMuhr;rp
1. jpU. Njkpa vy;.gp. `{Us;Ns
(jtprhsu;)
2. jpUkjp fhd;jp uzrpq;f
3. jpU. Rdpy; n[auj;d
4. jpU. rpwpkhrpwp `GMuhr;rp
khtl;lk; : jpUNfhzkiy
jpfjp 23.02.2016 24.02.2016
Fohk;
cWg;gpdu;fspd;
ngau;
1. jpU. tpd;];ld; gjpuh[h
(jtprhsu;)
2. jpU. vd;.nry;tf;Fkhud;
3. nfsut v];.jtuh[h
4. jpU. v];.rp.rp.,sq;Nfhtd;
1. jpU. vd;.nry;tf;Fkhud;
(jtprhsu;)
2. nfsut v];.jtuh[h
4. jpU. v];.rp.rp.,sq;Nfhtd
khtl;lk; : tTdpah
jpfjp 05.02.2016 06.02.2016
Fohk;
cWg;gpdu;fspd;
ngau;
1. jpU. vd;.nry;tf;Fkhud;
(jtprhsu;)
2. nfsut v];.jtuh[h
3. jpU. Njkpa vy;.gp. `{Us;Ns
4. jpU. rq;fud; tpN[are;jpud;
5. jpUkjp vk;.Nf.ejPfh jkae;jp.
6. jpU. v];.rp.rp.,sq;Nfhtd;
1. nfsut v];.jtuh[h (jtprhsu;)
2. jpU. Njkpa vy;.gp. `{Us;Ns
3. jpU. rq;fud; tpN[are;jpud;
4. jpUkjp vk;.Nf.ejPfh jkae;jp.
5. jpU. v];.rp.rp.,sq;Nfhtd;
259
NNru;f;if ‘E’
tpRk;gha gzpahl;nlhFjpapdH
1. uq;f [aRe;ju jtprhsH mtHfspd; nrayhsH
2. tp[pjh ky;yt Mur;rp Kfhikj;Jt cjtpahsH I
3. NuDfh ngk;ktL Kfhikj;Jt cjtpahsH II
4. vr;.vk;.rp.N[. rJuq;f Kfhikj;Jt cjtpahsH III
5. vy;.vy;.v];. gj;kpdp Kfhikj;Jt cjtpahsH I (Xa;T ngw;w) 6. MH. ,e;jpf mgptpUj;jp mYtyH
7. Jrpj;j rpy;th Clf mytyH
8. khyh Rg;gpukzpak; njhiyNgrp ,af;FeH
9. vk;.MH.v];. tpN[uj;d mYtyf cjtpahsH I
10. MH.vk;.up.b.gp. uj;ehaf;f mYtyf cjtpahsH II
11. lgps;A+.rp. rQ;rPt mYtyf cjtpahsH III
12. gp.vr;. rhku Etd; mYtyf cjtpahsH III 13. Rue;jpfh Nuh\pdp gapYeH
14. b.V.A+.gp. rkurpq;f Nghf;Ftuj;J mYtyH
15. v];.vr;.vk;. t[pu rpy;th rhujp
16. ,e;jpurpwp gHdhe;J rhujp
17. mrq;f tpgy rpagyhnfhl rhujp
18. up.rp. `Gje;jpup rhujp
19. MH.gp.b. rpru uh[gf;~ rhujp
20. V.<.[p. Nrhkrpwp rhujp
21. MH.vr;. Fkhu fUzhuj;d rhujp
22. MH.vk;. uQ;rpj; Rkdrpwp cjtp tpLjpg; guhkupg;ghsH
23. rp.MH.Nf. g];ehaf;f efu mgptpUj;jp mjpfhu rig
24. cGy; RJupf;F efu mgptpUj;jp mjpfhu rig
260
NNru;f;if ‘F’
njhz;lu;fspd; gl;bay;
,y. njhz;lupd; ngau; ,y. njhz;lupd; ngau; 01 Mgpl; mkhd; 33 epu;kyh Ngu;dhl;
02 mfkl; rD}d; 34 epu;kzp gpupaju\d 03 Md; ngNuuh 35 epNuhrpdp Efnty 04 mrPKy;yh Mg;Bd; 36 X\jp uj;dtPu 05 ngdp];nyh]; J\hd; 37 gre;jp mkuNrfu 06 rNkhjp jahde;j 38 ngly; tPf;ukNrd 07 rJu;ah ngNuuh 39 gpugh\dp [aNrfu
08 jk;rwp uzrpq;f 40 gpuNghjp nrdhdp 09 jpt;ahQ;rp jpupkhd;d 41 ujPfh ngNuuh 10 vt;.wpD\h nrapd;d`]; 42 utPe;jpu kLfy;Ny 11 `rhnuy; fyNf 43 nuNkh rp`hd; 12 `rpd;jh tpjhdgjpud 44 Up\pdp n[auj;d 13 n`N\hgd; jtf;Fkhud; 45 Utpdp m`q;fq;nfhl
14 ,e;jPtup fyfk 46 Utpdp fLf`h 15 ,e;Jkpdp ud;njdp 47 rhjdp uh[gf\ 16 ,Rup [atu;jd 48 r[pdp ngzhd;Nlh 17 ,Rup cNgf\h 49 rhj;ah Gsj;nty 18 Nf.vr;.nkjdp eNthjh 50 nrskpah Gsj;nty 19 fy;gdp uj;dhaf;f 51 rf;jp b rpy;th
20 ftpe;jh ul;dghy 52 \yq;fh tPurpq;f 21 fpup[h rptFkhu; 53 n\`hdh kpu;rh 22 vk;.V.vt;.rg;uPdh 54 n\khy; ngzhd;Nlh 23 kypjp tp[arpq;f 55 n\te;jpu tpn[akhd;d 24 khyp]; ul;zFkhu; 56 \puhd; ehzaf;fhu 25 kpype;j j rpy;th 57 rprpdp jpupfhty
26 Kuhj; nkh`pBd; 58 RjPgh Fzul;d 27 ejP[h tPuNrfu 59 jptq;f uj;dhaf;f 28 Elh\h ngzhd;Nlh 60 jpRu b.fkNf 29 etPd; uj;dhaf;f 61 tUz nghd;dk;ngUk 30 eNthjdp ul;zjpyf 62 tp`q;;fh fhupatrk; 31 neYk; uzuf 63 tpKf;jp fy;Njuh
32 nej;kpdp nkjty
NNru;f;if ‘G’
261
nghJ mku;Tfspd; NghJ tha;%y kw;Wk; vOj;J%y gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
mspj;j kw;Wk; kpd;dQ;ry;> njhiyefy;> njhiyNgrp> r%f Clfk;>
jghy; Mfpatw;wpD}lhf rku;g;gzq;fis Nkw;nfhz;l jdpegu;fs;
kw;Wk; mikg;Gf;fspd; jw;fhypf gl;bay;
nghJ kf;fs; rku;g;gzq;fspd jHfhypf gl;bay;
(,Wjpg;gl;bay; ,izaj;jsj;jpy; gjpNtw;wg;gLk;)
,y. khtl;lk; ngau; mikg;G
01 mk;ghiw V.V.vk;.jhrpk;
02 mk;ghiw V.vr;.vk;.vr;.Krhkpy;
03 mk;ghiw V.vy;.vk;.trPu;
04 mk;ghiw V.vy;.nra;Dy; Mg;jPd;
05 mk;ghiw V.vy;.cku; nyg;Ng tp;g;gpupah (DCO) tptrhapfs; mikg;G
06 mk;ghiw V.vt;.la];
07 mk;ghiw V.Nf.vk;.mdh];
08 mk;ghiw V.vk;.V.upah];
09 mk;ghiw V.gp.rprpu Fkhu
10 mk;ghiw mwpahg;ngau;
11 mk;ghiw mwpahg;ngau;
12 mk;ghiw mjk; ngsuh mg;Jy; fG+u;
13 mk;ghiw gP.Qhdtjp
14 mk;ghiw gpupl;Nlh ngzhd;Nlh
15 mk;ghiw j];jhfPu; ghj;jpkh ,g;uhj;Nrht;kp
16 mk;ghiw nlhd; Vfehafk;
17 mk;ghiw lhf;lu; V.Mu;.nkhfkl; mrhg;
18 mk;ghiw vl;kd; fy;yNf
19 mk;ghiw vt;.vk;.v];.V.md;rhu; nksyhdh fy;tpapay; fy;Y}up
20 mk;ghiw vr;.vk;.md;tu; myp r%f murpay; Muha;r;rp epiyak;
21 mk;ghiw I.vk;.,g;uhfpk;
22 mk;ghiw N[.vk;.GQ;rp gz;lh
23 mk;ghiw Nf.re;jd ypadhuhr;rp
24 mk;ghiw Nf.ghf;fpauh[h i`yz;l; tptrhapfs; xd;wpak;
25 mk;ghiw Nf.rptypq;fk; = juit rpj;jp tpehafu; Myak;
26 mk;ghiw ifAjPd; ep`hy; mfkl;
27 mk;ghiw fUdhuj;d khurpq;f
28 mk;ghiw fhrpypq;fk; tpf;Nd];tud;
29 mk;ghiw fhj;jKj;J fNz~;
30 mk;ghiw vk;.vy;.V.fky;jPd;
31 mk;ghiw vk;.V.vk;.urPk; mk;ghiw khtl;lk; midj;J gs;spthry;fs; rk;Nksdk;
32 mk;ghiw vk;.I.vk;.`dPgh rfy rka ,isQu; mikg;G rpq;fs jkpo; K];ypk; Njrpa mikg;G.
33 mk;ghiw vk;.fhspjhrd;> tp.re;jpuNrfuk; Miyab Ntk;G gpuNjr ,e;Jkh kd;wk; - mf;fiwg;gw;W
34 mk;ghiw vk;.rp.mjk;ghth
35 mk;ghiw vk;.b.up.re;jpurpwp
36 mk;ghiw vk;.I.mg;Jy; [ghu;
37 mk;ghiw vk;.vk;.vk;.grPu;
38 mk;ghiw K`kl; ,g;uhfpk; mrP];
39 mk;ghiw K`kl; K];jhu; uhrpf;
40 mk;ghiw gp.=fhe;j; kdpj mgptpUj;jp mikg;G
41 mk;ghiw gp.gP.Gtpuh[h
42 mk;ghiw gp.gP.V.[aNrfu
43 mk;ghiw gp.up.V.`rd;
44 mk;ghiw nghd;idah nry;tehafk; rptpy; r%fk; - fy;Kid
45 mk;ghiw Mu;.V.b.uztPu gpu[hje;jputhja re;j`T nenfd`pu rq;tpjhda
46 mk;ghiw Mu;.tpf;Nd];tud;
NNru;f;if ‘G’
262
,y. khtl;lk; ngau; mikg;G
47 mk;ghiw Mu;.gP.uj;dNf uj;ehaf;f
48 mk;ghiw Mu;.vk;.vd;.re;jhdp jpfhkLy;y fkprf;jp gjdk
49 mk;ghiw Mu;.gp.kJrq;f rdj; Fkhu; [d gya gpu[h je;jputhjp [djh nguKd (kf;fs; rf;jp [dehaf kf;fs; Kd;dzp)
50 mk;ghiw v];.vk;.fyPy; rha;e;jkUJ kWkyu;r;rp kd;wk;.
51 mk;ghiw v];.V.Gz;zpa%u;j;jp
52 mk;ghiw v];.muRuj;dk; fy;Kid irt kfh rig
53 mk;ghiw v];.vy;.Kfkl; gyPy;
54 mk;ghiw v];.vy;.upah]; Njrpa [dehaf kf;fs; $l;likg;G
55 mk;ghiw v];.vy;.vk;.,g;uh`pk;
56 mk;ghiw v];.vk;.fyPy;
57 mk;ghiw v];.vk;;.vk;.KfhupjPd;
58 mk;ghiw rPdp nkh`kl; mypg;
59 mk;ghiw rptQhdk; n[aFkhu;
60 mk;ghiw up.mofpup fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jpr; rq;fk; - Gjpa fpuhkk; tyjhgpl;b
61 mk;ghiw up.gpajh]
62 mk;ghiw up.rfhNjt;rpupahy;
63 mk;ghiw A+.vy;.Riykh nyg;Ng ngUntsp tptrhapfs; mikg;G - twpgjQ;Nrid
64 mk;ghiw A+.vk;.eprhu; fy;Kid mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; Kfhikj;Jtg; Nguit.
65 mk;ghiw tbNty; Nfhghygps;is
66 mk;ghiw tz.`hnfhl tpkyQhd Njuu; = tpj;jpahde;j kfh gpupntd
67 mk;ghiw tz.Rfjfk rPyujd
68 mk;ghiw lgps;A+.b.jpyful;z
69 mk;ghiw it.[p.bfpupgz;lh
70 mk;ghiw it.vy;.vk;.A+Rg;
71 mk;ghiw ,rl;.V.ejPu; fy;Kid mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; Kfhikj;Jtg; Nguit.
72 mk;ghiw K];ypk; Njrpa mikg;G
73 mk;ghiw ck;kj; fyhrhu kd;wk;
74 mDuhjGuk; V.b.vk;.b.tp[aNfhd;
75 mDuhjGuk; V.vy;.N[.ry;fhJ
76 mDuhjGuk; V.vy;.nkhfkl; u];dP
77 mDuhjGuk; V.vk;.jdtjp jpyful;z u[ul;l gpu[h Nfe;jpua
78 mDuhjGuk; V.vr;.vk;.Mu;.mgauj;d
79 mDuhjGuk; V.ee;jNrd
80 mDuhjGuk; V.Nf.jpyfuj;d
81 mDuhjGuk; V.vk;.cf;Fgz;lh
82 mDuhjGuk; V.gp.Nf.ehuhq;nfhl
83 mDuhjGuk; Vy; uj;dhaf;f
84 mDuhjGuk; mky; gpajpyf mDuhjGu khtl;l tu;j;jff; ifj;njhopy; kw;Wk; tptrhag;Nguit
85 mDuhjGuk; mwpahg;ngau; (16)
86 mDuhjGuk; mwpahg;ngau; 2
87 mDuhjGuk; mwpahg;ngau; 3
88 mDuhjGuk; mrq;f GQ;rpN`th
89 mDuhjGuk; gP.gp.v];.tp.gjpuz
90 mDuhjGuk; ge;Jy Fzjpyf
91 mDuhjGuk; ge;Jghy ju;k#upa tLNf
92 mDuhjGuk; rp.lgps;A+.gP.ngkpdptj;j
93 mDuhjGuk; rp.vd;.ju;kNrd
94 mDuhjGuk; rp.v];.V.gpurhj;
95 mDuhjGuk; rkpe;j yq;fh N`tNf
96 mDuhjGuk; re;jpu uj;d gz;lhu> tz.Nguhrpupau; fuhf];ntt tpkyhde;j ehaf;f Njuu;
,yq;if kf;fs; Nguit
97 mDuhjGuk; b.gP.uztPu
98 mDuhjGuk; b.rp.ypadhuhr;rp
99 mDuhjGuk; b.vk;.lgps;A+.Fkhujh]
100 mDuhjGuk; b.vk;;.b.gz;lhu
NNru;f;if ‘G’
263
,y. khtl;lk; ngau; mikg;G
101 mDuhjGuk; b.gp.[p.Fkhurpwp
102 mDuhjGuk; jp]hehaf;f Kjpahd;ryhNf mGfhkpNf Fzjpyf
103 mDuhjGuk; jp]hehaf;f Kjpahd;ryhNf fGWgz;lh
104 mDuhjGuk; ,.vk;.ruj; tp[arpq;f> k`pe;j tpkyuj;d> eprq;f gz;lhu> v];.,];kapy;
kj;jpa fyhrhu epjpak;.
105 mDuhjGuk; [p.vk;.v];.vy;.tPuuj;d
106 mDuhjGuk; [p.u[ul;z
107 mDuhjGuk; vr;.vy;.fUzhNrd
108 mDuhjGuk; vr;.gP.[p.gz;lhu
109 mDuhjGuk; N`uj; Kjpahd;ryhNf Mupaghy
110 mDuhjGuk; I.gp.ruzghy
111 mDuhjGuk; N[.mkurpq;f
112 mDuhjGuk; N[.V.[af;nfhb
113 mDuhjGuk; N[.vr;.[af;nfhb
114 mDuhjGuk; [aNjt khahJd;Nd
115 mDuhjGuk; [ayj;j gz;lhu nrdtpuj;d
116 mDuhjGuk; N[hjpghy
117 mDuhjGuk; Nf.b.[p.tPurpq;f
118 mDuhjGuk; Nf.gpajh]
119 mDuhjGuk; Nf.Nyhfd Fzuj;d
120 mDuhjGuk; Nf.ju;kNrfu
121 mDuhjGuk; Nf.vr;.KfkJ
122 mDuhjGuk; Nf.v];.I.nfh];tj;jNf
123 mDuhjGuk; Nf.lgps;A+.[p.jahde;j
124 mDuhjGuk; vk;.j]ehaf;f
125 mDuhjGuk; vk;.vk;.Mu;.mgauj;d
126 mDuhjGuk; vk;.vk;.up];tp mNrhf Nrdhuj;d
127 mDuhjGuk; vk;.jrehaf;f
128 mDuhjGuk; vk;.Nuhfd re;jpujh]
129 mDuhjGuk; vk;.V.rprpu uQ;rpj; kJurpq;f
130 mDuhjGuk; vk;.b.Nf.nrdtpuj;d
131 mDuhjGuk; vk;.vr;.v];.mJNfhuy
132 mDuhjGuk; vk;.jpyfuj;d
133 mDuhjGuk; vk;.V.vy;.la];
134 mDuhjGuk; vd;.gP.fpUrhe;jFkhu
135 mDuhjGuk; gp.gP.jprhehaf;f = yq;fh FU~pfu;kpfaq;Nf kfh rq;fka
136 mDuhjGuk; gp.vk;.tPurpq;f
137 mDuhjGuk; gp.gP.vy;.gpupae;j
138 mDuhjGuk; gp.lgps;A+.V.tpkyuj;d
139 mDuhjGuk; gpaNrd jp]hehaf;f> gpajh] gj;jpud> vr;.gP.jprhehaf;f
u[ul;l tp];uhkpf rkpjp vfKJt
140 mDuhjGuk; gpNwk= nfl;bahuhr;rp
141 mDuhjGuk; Nguhrpupau; rprpu rpwpgj;jd
142 mDuhjGuk; Mu;.b.tpkyrpwp
143 mDuhjGuk; Mu;.vk;.ejPfh uj;dhaf;f
144 mDuhjGuk; Mu;.vk;.mdpy; G];ghee;j
145 mDuhjGuk; Mu;.vk;.etuj;d gz;lh If;fpa tptrha rq;fk;
146 mDuhjGuk; Mu;.b.tpkyrpwp
147 mDuhjGuk; Mu;.N[.`Gjhe;jpup
148 mDuhjGuk; Mu;.vk;.cghyp
149 mDuhjGuk; Mu;.A+.gP.ruj; gz;lhu
150 mDuhjGuk; uzpy; utPe;jpu Fdrpq;f
151 mDuhjGuk; uQ;rpj; uh[fUd
152 mDuhjGuk; utPe;jpu gz;lhu Vfehaf;f
153 mDuhjGuk; utPe;jpu &gNrd
154 mDuhjGuk; Nuh`d re;jpujh] kythuhr;rp
155 mDuhjGuk; Utd; Gj;jpf fyd;#upa
156 mDuhjGuk; v];.vk;.V.Nrdehaf;f
157 mDuhjGuk; v];.gpupae;j ngzhd;Nlh ,ytrf; fy;tpf;fhd u[ul;l If;fpak;
158 mDuhjGuk; v];.uh[gf;~
NNru;f;if ‘G’
264
,y. khtl;lk; ngau; mikg;G
159 mDuhjGuk; v];.utPe;jpu &gNrd
160 mDuhjGuk; v];.rpwpghy rpy;th u[ul;l vf;rj; Tu;jPaNtjpq;Nf rq;fka
161 mDuhjGuk; v];.gP.Vfehaf;f fy;tp Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp xd;wpak;
162 mDuhjGuk; v];.rp.v];.,g;uh`pk; mfpy ,yq;if kdpj mgptpUj;jp mikg;G
163 mDuhjGuk; v];.vk;.gpNukuj;d
164 mDuhjGuk; v];.vk;.vk;.[p.`pupgz;lh g`yNtk;Gt tptrhapfs; mikg;G
165 mDuhjGuk; v];.gP.&grpq;f
166 mDuhjGuk; rPjh uQ;rpdp mDuhjGu gpuNjr rhtpj;jpup ngz;fs; $l;likg;G
167 mDuhjGuk; \k;ah `u;~dp n[atu;jd
168 mDuhjGuk; Rre;jh NuDfh Fkhurpq;f
169 mDuhjGuk; Rre;j ruj; tu;z#upa
170 mDuhjGuk; Rrpy; v]; b rpy;th
171 mDuhjGuk; up.gP.etuj;d
172 mDuhjGuk; up.rp.Nlupa]; b rh
173 mDuhjGuk; up.nuud;]; n[kpdp If;fpa tptrhapfs; xd;wpak; (vf;rj; nfhtp[d rk;Nksd)
174 mDuhjGuk; up.vr;.b.V.rpwp Nrdhuj;d
175 mDuhjGuk; A+.ju;kjh]
176 mDuhjGuk; A+.vy;.gpNwkrpwp
177 mDuhjGuk; cjpj;j eprhe;j ngzhd;Nlh rp`hRd Rufpd [hjpf rq;tpjhda
178 mDuhjGuk; cghyp rprpu Fkhu gz;lhu uj;dkyy
179 mDuhjGuk; tz. <upanfhy;y Rgh Njuu;
180 mDuhjGuk; tz. Nfhdfy Qhdfy
181 mDuhjGuk; tz. `y;kpy;nyt rj;jhjp];] Njuu;
rpwp rupGj;jh Mr;rpukk;
182 mDuhjGuk; tz. ghnfhl [d;jtd;] Njuu;
183 mDuhjGuk; tp[pj yf;~;kd; mkurpq;f rk];j yq;fh gupghyd fpuhk epyjhup rq;fka.
184 mDuhjGuk; lgps;A+.uzrpq;f
185 mDuhjGuk; lgps;A+.b.nkby;lh mjpfhuk;
186 mDuhjGuk; lgps;A+.Mu;.Nf.uzrpq;f
187 mDuhjGuk; it.[p.n~y;ud; ,e;jpf gz;lhu
188 mDuhjGuk; thlif tpthrhapfs; xd;wpak;
189 gJis V.b.jk;kpf;f
190 gJis V.vk;.v];mj;jehaf;f
191 gJis V.Nkhfdjh];
192 gJis V.[p.[ajp];]
193 gJis V.Nf.vk;.fhrpk;
194 gJis V.vk;.Gj;jjh] Cth khfhzrig jtprhsu;
195 gJis V.tPurpq;f
196 gJis Mjpthrp ehaf;f cUtwpN` td;dpy mNjh
Mjpthrpfspd; jiytu; mtu;fspd; r%fj;ij gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf
197 gJis mku
198 gJis Mde;j uj;dhaf;f
199 gJis ngau; Fwpg;gplhjtu;> Mtzk; 72
200 gJis mUdp jk;gNjdpa gp.ePyNkfk; nghJ Clfk; kw;Wk; njhopw;rq;fk; Cth khfhzk;.
201 gJis gP.gp.rKj;jpuh FzNrhkh
202 gJis rp.vk;.v];.mg;Jy; yj;jPt;
203 gJis re;jpuh n[auj;d
204 gJis b.Rtuh[h
205 gJis b.Rtuh[h
206 gJis b.vk;.f];J}up fgpy uj;d gz;lhu
207 gJis b.vk;.vk;.vd;.gP.jp]ehaf;f
208 gJis b.vk;.rpwptu;j;jd
209 gJis ju;kh khrf;Nfhus
210 gJis ju;kh khrf;Nfhus
211 gJis bf;Fk;GuNf Nrhkjh]
212 gJis bKj;J jp]ehaf;f
NNru;f;if ‘G’
265
,y. khtl;lk; ngau; mikg;G
213 gJis mUl;je;ij mf];upd; gdhz;Nlh
214 gJis mUl;je;ij gpupayhy; $Nu
215 gJis [p.V.gpujPg; Fkhu kf;fs; Rfhjhu kd;wk;
216 gJis [p.vk;.v];.v];.b rpy;th
217 gJis Fztu;j;jd jp]ehaf;f
218 gJis vr;.b.vk;.re;jpughy
219 gJis vr;.gP.rkjhu kJgh~pdp rf;jp tpUl;ryj rq;fpuf;~d gjdk
220 gJis vr;.vk;.up.vk;.N`uj;
221 gJis vr;.b.vk;.re;jpughy
222 gJis vr;.vk;.Kj;Jgz;lh (vk;.gP.Nfuj;)
223 gJis vr;.vk;.[p.it.njDtu
224 gJis `upr;re;jpu =tu;j;jd
225 gJis I.lgps;A+.vk;.N[.Nf.tpf;fpukrpq;f
226 gJis ,k;jpah tf;fpu;jPd;
227 gJis N[.jpahfuh[h
228 gJis N[.V.vypah];
229 gJis N[.Nf.rp.<.v];.jk;gNjdpah
230 gJis Nf.vk;.fhkpdp Fkhurpq;f
231 gJis Nf.vk;.rkpsh Fkhup
232 gJis Nf.vk;.RkdNrfu
233 gJis fdfyh Kfhe;jpuk;Nf `upr;re;jpuh rpwptu;j;jd
234 gJis fe;ijah tpye;jk;
235 gJis `g;gw;wpnghy fhkpdp jpyfuj;d gJis gpui[fs; Kd;dzp
236 gJis vk;.gP.nrahl; Nky;ehl;L K];ypk; rig
237 gJis vk;.vr;.V.jpNd]; mud;lh ngsj;j gyNrd gJis khtl;l ,isQu; epWtdk;
238 gJis vk;.vk;.vd;.Mu;.Fztu;j;d
239 gJis vk;.gP.vd;.njd;dNfhd;
240 gJis vk;.Nf.vd;.kp[hu;
241 gJis vk;.tp[aFkhu;
242 gJis kNdhfud; gpuG
243 gJis khrpyhkzp rpwpy;uh[; jkpo; ,yf;fpag; Nguit
244 gJis vd;.gj;krPyh
245 gJis eNlrd; RNu];
246 gJis ehyf utPe;jpuehj; ghy#upa
247 gJis ee;jd uh[gf;~
248 gJis ee;jdp uh[gf;~
249 gJis etuj;d Nf ehaf;f
250 gJis gp.Nf.b.<.v];.jk;gNjdpah
251 gJis gp.Gd;dpa%uj;jp
252 gJis gp.uFgjp #upa cja mgptpUj;jp kd;wk;
253 gJis godpag;gd; Nahfehjd;
254 gJis gpNukuj;d fkNf gz;lhuts gpui[fs; rig
255 gJis Mu;.b.Fkhutk;r
256 gJis Mu;.vt;.KifjPd;
257 gJis Mu;.vk;.re;jpuhde;j
258 gJis Mu;.vk;.Fztu;j;jd
259 gJis Mu;.uFuh[;
260 gJis Mu;.tp[ajh]
261 gJis Mu;.b.Fkhutk;r Cth khfhz tu;j;jf kw;Wk; ifj;njhopy; rk;Nksdk;
262 gJis Mu;.vk;.A+.uj;dhaf;f
263 gJis v];.gpNwkjh]
264 gJis v];.mNrhfd;
265 gJis v];.vk;.n[ajpyf
266 gJis v];.vr;.Rkjpghy
267 gJis v];.vk;.n[ajpyf
268 gJis rljp] mj;JNfhuy
269 gJis Rfjjh] uj;dhaf;f
270 gJis j Nf [hrgy
271 gJis J\hdp gpupaq;fh n[aNrfu
272 gJis cghyp uj;dhaf;f
NNru;f;if ‘G’
266
,y. khtl;lk; ngau; mikg;G
273 gJis tp.me;Njhdp]; Cth njhopyhsu; mgptpUj;jp kd;wk;
274 gJis tp.KUifah
275 gJis tp.vk;.jdghy
276 gJis tz. jy;nfhlfk NrhgpjNjuu;
277 gJis tz. `fj;Njty rpwpthr ehaf;f ];jtpuh
278 gJis tz. nfd;ltpdp Fzhee;j Njuu;
279 gJis tz. tru rpwpNjt ehaf;f Njuu; = uhtzuhka Nfhtpy;
280 gJis tz. nfd;ltpdp Fzhee;j Njuu;
281 gJis tp[a epuQ;rd; ngNuuh Cth tya tp.rp. jtprhsu; gpVv];vy;
282 gJis lgps;A+.Nf.vk;.fgpy uj;dhaf;f
283 gJis lgps;A+.vk;.jdghy
284 gJis lgps;A+.vk;.n[atu;j;jd gz;lh
285 gJis lgps;A+.vk;.tpkyjh]
286 gJis lgps;A+.Nf.vk;.fgpyuj;ehaf;f
287 gJis lgps;A+.vk;.n[auj;d gz;lhu
288 gJis it.vr;.epkyjh]
289 gJis it.vr;.epkyjh]
290 gJis gJis khtl;l tsu;e;Njhu; rig
291 gJis A+v];rpXb epiyak;
292 gJis tbfpw;wp ghy kz;lya
293 gJis K];ypk; ,sk; Mz;fs; rq;fk;
294 kl;lf;fsg;G V.mUs; rd;[Pj; Rthkp tpGyhde;jh mofpay; fw;iffs; epWtfk;
295 kl;lf;fsg;G V.kjpaofd;
296 kl;lf;fsg;G V.rptypq;fk; = kz;Kidg; gps;siahu; Mya jpUg;gzpr;rig
297 kl;lf;fsg;G V.V.erhu;
298 kl;lf;fsg;G V.V.[p.uhN[e;jpuk; r%f nghUshjhu fy;tp murpay; Rw;whly; mgptpUj;jp kd;wk; kl;lf;fsg;G
299 kl;lf;fsg;G V.rp.vk;.r[pl; VwhT+u; gs;spthry;fs; kw;Wk; K];ypk; epWtfq;fspd; rkhrk;
300 kl;lf;fsg;G V.vk;.Aidl; fy;Flh kapyp]; #wh
301 kl;lf;fsg;G V.Nahfuh[h murpay; tpQ;Qhd jpizf;fsk;> fiy kw;Wk; fyhrhu gPlk; fpof;F gy;fiyf;fofk;
302 kl;lf;fsg;G MWKfk; gQ;rypq;fk; fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jpr; rig
303 kl;lf;fsg;G mku fGMuhr;rp kl;lf;fsg;G mikjpf;FO
304 kl;lf;fsg;G Mde;j V.[p.,uhN[e;jpuk; r%f nghUshjhu fy;tp murpay; Rw;whly; mgptpUj;jp kd;wk;
305 kl;lf;fsg;G Mde;j fygj;jp
306 kl;lf;fsg;G ngau; Fwpg;gplhjtu; (kD)
307 kl;lf;fsg;G ngau; Fwpg;gplhjtu;(kl;lf;fsg;G) kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;l ngz;fs; tiyg;gpd;dy; (rkhrk;)
308 kl;lf;fsg;G rp.mrdhu;
309 kl;lf;fsg;G lhdpay; ,uhNre;jpuk; Ngupd;gehafk;
310 kl;lf;fsg;G fyhepjp.Nf.tpf;Nd];tud;> up.NfhghyfpU];zd;
mfpy ,yq;if jkpou; kfhrig
311 kl;lf;fsg;G Vy; gj;jpnyhl; gwq;fpau; fyhrhu xd;wpak; kl;lf;fsg;G
312 kl;lf;fsg;G [p.n[agpupad;
313 kl;lf;fsg;G Vr;.vk;.mkPu; my;̀ h[; mg;Jy; [thj; mypk; typAy;yh ek;gpf;if epjpak;
314 kl;lf;fsg;G Vr;.vk;.vk;.gh&f; fy;Flh k[pyp]; #wh
315 kl;lf;fsg;G N[.thRfp ngz;zpay; nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; kl;lf;fsg;G
316 kl;lf;fsg;G Nf.n[fePjd; gioa khztu; rq;fk; Kwf;nfhl;lhd; Nrid.
317 kl;lf;fsg;G Nf.vk;.vk;.nrupg;
318 kl;lf;fsg;G Nf.kfhypq;frptk;
319 kl;lf;fsg;G Nf.vk;.vk;.nrupg;
320 kl;lf;fsg;G fe;ijah jq;fuh[h
321 kl;lf;fsg;G fpU~;zFkhu; tpNtfhde;jh rdr%f epiyak;
NNru;f;if ‘G’
267
,y. khtl;lk; ngau; mikg;G
322 kl;lf;fsg;G yf;];kdu[dp n[agpufh~; ky;ypif ngz;fs; mgptpUj;jpr; rq;fk;
323 kl;lf;fsg;G Nyhfpjh jkpo; K];ypk; rpq;fs rNfhjupfs; FO
324 kl;lf;fsg;G vk;.n[aghy; kl;lf;fsg;G jkpo; kj;jpa gs;sp
325 kl;lf;fsg;G vk;.kfhypq;fk;
326 kl;lf;fsg;G vk;.jk;gpuh[d; rdr%f rig
327 kl;lf;fsg;G vk;.jtg;gps;is rdr%f mgptpUj;jpr; rig
328 kl;lf;fsg;G vk;.gP.vk;.gpw;Njh]; espkp gy kj ciuahly; epiyak;
329 kl;lf;fsg;G vk;.rp.vr;.Kfkl; mikjpf;Fk; kdpjNeaj;jpw;Fkhd Mrpupau;fs; mikak;
330 kl;lf;fsg;G vk;.gpNshupah ey;yhl;rpf;fhd ngz;fs; rkhrk;
331 kl;lf;fsg;G vk;.vr;.V.vk;.,];iky; fhj;jhd;Fb gs;spthry;fs; kw;Wk; K];ypk; epWtfq;fspd; rkhrk;
332 kl;lf;fsg;G vk;.vy;.Gfhup Kfkl; fpof;F r%f mgptpUj;jp kd;wk;
333 kl;lf;fsg;G vk;.vk;.vk;.kfW}g; fuPk; mUsfk;
334 kl;lf;fsg;G vk;.v];.Nf.uFkhd; kjpAiur;rig fy;Flh Xl;lkhtb
335 kl;lf;fsg;G vk;.v];.vk;.erPu; fhj;jhd;Fb Ma;Tf;Fk; mgptpUj;jpf;Fkhd rig
336 kl;lf;fsg;G vk;.v];.vk;.rhfPu;
337 kl;lf;fsg;G kfpypd; nty;fk
338 kl;lf;fsg;G kupypd; tPt
339 kl;lf;fsg;G vd;.muruj;dk;
340 kl;lf;fsg;G vd;.J~;ae;jd;
341 kl;lf;fsg;G vd;.gpNwkjh mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;fhd ngz;fs; $l;likg;G.
342 kl;lf;fsg;G vd;.uhftd;
343 kl;lf;fsg;G vd;.J~pae;jd; kdpjtY tpisahl;Lf;fofk;
344 kl;lf;fsg;G ehfkzp ehfuh[h
345 kl;lf;fsg;G ey;yjk;gp NtyhAjk; fe;Jd;Fkhup RNjr kf;fs; rq;fk;
346 kl;lf;fsg;G gp.fpU~;zFkhu; tpNtfhde;jh rdr%fepiyak;
347 kl;lf;fsg;G gp.Kuspjud;> gp.rp.rrpe;jpud;
348 kl;lf;fsg;G gp.ehNfe;jpud;
349 kl;lf;fsg;G gp.RNue;jpud; khztu; xd;wpak; v];ItpVv]; fpof;F gy;fiyf;fofk;
350 kl;lf;fsg;G gp.tpehaf%u;j;jp
351 kl;lf;fsg;G gpwpad;]; fhrpehlh
352 kl;lf;fsg;G gpwpd;rp n[aNty; mUe;jjp mkhu kl;lf;fsg;G
353 kl;lf;fsg;G Nguhrpupau; tp.Fzuj;dk;
354 kl;lf;fsg;G Nguhrpupau; rpj;jpuNyfh nksdFU #upah ngz;fs; mgptpUj;jp epiyak;
355 kl;lf;fsg;G Mu;.vr;.gP.n[auj;;duh[h fpwp];uh Nrth Mr;rpukk;
356 kl;lf;fsg;G v];.kNfe;jpuypq;fk; Myak;gjp r%f mgptpUj;jpr; rq;fk;
357 kl;lf;fsg;G v];.eluh[h RNjr rdr%fk; (NtLtu; r%fk;)
358 kl;lf;fsg;G v];.uhN[e;jpud; kl;lf;fsg;G tpisahl;Lf;fofk;
359 kl;lf;fsg;G v];.rptg;gpufhrk; itr jpUnewp kd;wk;
360 kl;lf;fsg;G v];.Afghyd;
361 kl;lf;fsg;G v];.bNuh[pdp kl;lf;fsg;G ngz;fs; FO
362 kl;lf;fsg;G v];.rptNahfehjd; ,izak; mur rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fspd; $l;likg;G
363 kl;lf;fsg;G rgh ehfuh[d; N[gp KjpNahu; rq;fk; - jhkuf;Nfzp
364 kl;lf;fsg;G rfhg;jPd; m`kl; wp];tp fpof;F K];ypk; Kd;dzp
365 kl;lf;fsg;G rpthde;jk; rptf;nfhOe;J
366 kl;lf;fsg;G Nrhk#upak; jpUkhwd;
367 kl;lf;fsg;G NrhkRe;juk; rptypq;fk;
368 kl;lf;fsg;G up.re;jpufhrd; Mjtd; KjpNahu; rq;fk;
369 kl;lf;fsg;G up.NfhghyfpU~;;zd;. mfpy ,yq;if jkpo;r; rq;fk;
370 kl;lf;fsg;G up.Nfhghygps;is
371 kl;lf;fsg;G up.re;jpuNrfuk; kD: xU RahjPdkhd ngz;fs; Mizf;FOit epWTjy;
372 kl;lf;fsg;G jk;gpuh[h <];tuuh[h
373 kl;lf;fsg;G jq;fuhrh uQ;rpjuhrh
374 kl;lf;fsg;G A+.vy;.vk;.vd;.KgPd;
375 kl;lf;fsg;G A+.vy;.nkh`pjPd; ghth m];ut; ey;kd epiyak;
376 kl;lf;fsg;G tp.nfsuprq;fu;
NNru;f;if ‘G’
268
,y. khtl;lk; ngau; mikg;G
377 kl;lf;fsg;G tp.RNue;jpud;
378 kl;lf;fsg;G tp.gpA+uh fNzrgps;is ngz;zpa nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; kl;lf;fsg;G.
379 kl;lf;fsg;G ituKj;J gukFUehjd;
380 kl;lf;fsg;G kl;lf;fsg;G Kw;Nghf;F fofk;
381 kl;lf;fsg;G ngz;zpa nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs;
382 kl;lf;fsg;G Ma;Tf;Fk; mgptpUj;jpf;Fkhd r%fk;
383 kl;lf;fsg;G tpNtfhde;jh rdr%f mgptpUj;jpr; rig
384 nfhOk;G
385 nfhOk;G V.V.mj;jdnghy> rpwpkhyh gPup];> fyhepjp vk;.rp.tPurpq;f
kf;fs; Rfhjhu kd;wk;
386 nfhOk;G V.n`l;b Muhr;rp
387 nfhOk;G V.N[.jtlh]; Nuh[;
388 nfhOk;G V.fpehaf%u;j;jp
389 nfhOk;G V.lgps;A+.gP.gpaNrd
390 nfhOk;G V.lgps;A+.[p.re;jpuhzp
391 nfhOk;G V.gP.mypNghy
392 nfhOk;G V.ngdbf; FW}]; Njrpa kPdtu; If;fpa ,af;fk; kd;dhu;
393 nfhOk;G V.vd;.kJrq;f n[akhy; ngNuuh tpfhukhNjtp gjdk
394 nfhOk;G V.ehnfhltpjhd
395 nfhOk;G V.rhe;j gj;kFkhu
396 nfhOk;G V.rp.vr;.rhUf;
397 nfhOk;G V.[p.gp.Fzjpyf> fhkpdp Fzjpyf
398 nfhOk;G V.N[.gP.mq;fp
399 nfhOk;G V.fyhd b rpy;th ,yq;if tq;fp Copau; xd;wpak;
400 nfhOk;G V.vy;.b.Rkdrpwp
401 nfhOk;G V.ypadhuhr;rp khefurig
402 nfhOk;G V.vd;.V.rkuehaf;f
403 nfhOk;G V.gpwpaduhjh
404 nfhOk;G V.Mu;.V.v];.re;jpuNrfu
405 nfhOk;G V.v];;.N`ttpjhuz
406 nfhOk;G V.jp];] nrdtpuj;d
407 nfhOk;G V.tpkNye;jpu ngNuuh
408 nfhOk;G mg;Jy; mrP]; Kfkl; trPu;
409 nfhOk;G mfpyd; fjpu;fhku;
410 nfhOk;G Iuq;fdp b rpy;th tpyq;Ffs; eyNehk;G ek;gpf;if epjpak;
411 nfhOk;G my;Ngl; vk;.ypadNf
412 nfhOk;G mdfupf ju;kNrd ju;kghy ngsj;j kd;wk;
413 nfhOk;G Mde;j ju;kuj;d
414 nfhOk;G ngau; Fwpg;gplhjtu; 1
415 nfhOk;G ngau; Fwpg;gplhjtu; 10
416 nfhOk;G ngau; Fwpg;gplhjtu; 11
417 nfhOk;G ngau; Fwpg;gplhjtu 12
418 nfhOk;G ngau; Fwpg;gplhjtu 13
419 nfhOk;G ngau; Fwpg;gplhjtu; 14
420 nfhOk;G ngau; Fwpg;gplhjtu 15
421 nfhOk;G ngau; Fwpg;gplhjtu; 2
422 nfhOk;G ngau; Fwpg;gplhjtu; 3
423 nfhOk;G ngau; Fwpg;gplhjtu; 4
424 nfhOk;G ngau; Fwpg;gplhjtu; 5
425 nfhOk;G ngau; Fwpg;gplhjtu 6
426 nfhOk;G ngau; Fwpg;gplhjtu 7
427 nfhOk;G ngau; Fwpg;gplhjtu; 8
428 nfhOk;G ngau; Fwpg;gplhjtu 9
429 nfhOk;G me;Njhdp N[rjhrd;
430 nfhOk;G Mu;j; epky;fh
431 nfhOk;G mupaghyh Muhr;rpNf
432 nfhOk;G mupaghyh Muhr;rpNf fkNf
433 nfhOk;G muparPyh tpf;ukehaf;f nkstpk yq;fh gjdk
434 nfhOk;G mupatd;r jp]ehaf;f [dehaf If;fpa Njrpa Kd;dzp
435 nfhOk;G MWKfd; njhz;lkhd; vk;.gp (nghJ nrayhsu;)
,yq;if njhopyhsu; fhq;fpu];
436 nfhOk;G mUl;je;ij vk;.rf;jpNty; kiyaf r%f Muha;r;rp epiyak;
NNru;f;if ‘G’
269
,y. khtl;lk; ngau; mikg;G
437 nfhOk;G mNrhf n`l;bahuhr;rp
438 nfhOk;G mrpj gj;jpuNf
439 nfhOk;G mj;Jy nrdtpuj;d
440 nfhOk;G gP.V.gP.v];.tpN[atu;j;jd
441 nfhOk;G gP.V.jdghy
442 nfhOk;G gP.vy;.Mu;.A+. b rpy;th
443 nfhOk;G gP.vt;.vy;.b.nkd;b]; ‘[hjpf fpukrk;ghjd Nrth epyjhup tp];uhkpf re;rja’
444 nfhOk;G gP.vd;.v];.N[.fUdhuj;d ,yq;if mur $l;Lj;jhgdq;fs; kw;Wk; nghJ Copau;fs; rq;fk;
445 nfhOk;G gP.r[pj; Jkpe;j gPup];
446 nfhOk;G gP.rp.I.NgNuuh cz;ik ePjp kw;Wk; ey;ypzf;fj;jpw;fhd ,yq;if ,af;fk;.
447 nfhOk;G gP.vt;.vy;.b.nkd;b]; Njrpa jpl;lkply; Xa;T+jpaNrit xd;wpak;.
448 nfhOk;G gP.Nf.nfhbfhu
449 nfhOk;G gP.gp.[p.vr;.gj;jpuz
450 nfhOk;G gP.v];.ngNuuh
451 nfhOk;G ge;Jy fg;ngl;bahur;rp
452 nfhOk;G ge;Jy fUzh rhfu
453 nfhOk;G ge;Jy fJk;Ng Mur;rp
454 nfhOk;G ge;JNrd [arpq;f
455 nfhOk;G grpy; ngu;zhe;J Mrpa kdpj cupikfs; Mizf;FO
456 nfhOk;G grpy; [aNrfu
457 nfhOk;G Ngdhl; ngu;zhe;J
458 nfhOk;G Gj;jpkh nkd;b]; tho;f;if Kfhikj;Jt epWtfk;
459 nfhOk;G rp.V.tp[atPu
460 nfhOk;G rp.gP.tp[auj;d
461 nfhOk;G rp.v];.tp[arpq;f
462 nfhOk;G rp.N[.mgatpf;uk tPu fKD tpahahka
463 nfhOk;G rp.FWg;G kw;Wk; vr;.b.gpaNrd jghy; mjpgu; kw;Wk; jghy; Nrit cj;jpNahfj;ju;fspd; Xa;T+jpau; xd;wpak;
464 nfhOk;G rp.uj;dfhu
465 nfhOk;G rp.[p.vy;.b.my;tp];
466 nfhOk;G rp.fg;Gnfhl;Lt
467 nfhOk;G rkPu ngNuuh
468 nfhOk;G re;jd njd;dNfhd; WFZ vf;rj; [hjpf rq;fka
469 nfhOk;G re;jpky; tp[auj;d
470 nfhOk;G re;jpuNfth fyNf tpfy;gdp Njrpa ngz;fs; xd;wpak;
471 nfhOk;G re;jpuyhy; #upahur;rp Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; nfhOk;G gpuptpd; gioa khztu; rq;fk;.
472 nfhOk;G rpe;jf jpNd~; mku#upa kfhehk fy;Y}up
473 nfhOk;G rpe;jf uh[gf;~ fhzp cupikf;fhd kf;fs; Kd;dzp
474 nfhOk;G b.[p.Kdrpq;f
475 nfhOk;G b.Nf.uzJq;f
476 nfhOk;G b.vy;.mg;Jy; u~hf;
477 nfhOk;G b.lgps;A+.y];NtDFkhu
478 nfhOk;G b.mfq;fk Mur;rp
479 nfhOk;G b.vy;.mg;Jy; u~hf;
480 nfhOk;G b.vy;.vuhy; FRk;rpwp gPup];
481 nfhOk;G b.vd;.kdJq;f
482 nfhOk;G b.Mu;.[ajpyf kw;Wk; Mu;.vk;.rp.gp.uh[gf;~
fhzp kw;Wk; tptrha rPu;jpUj;jq;fSf;fhd Kd;dzp.
483 nfhOk;G b.v];. b rpy;th fz;b Mau;Ntj Rfhjhu Nritfs; njhz;lu; gil.
484 nfhOk;G b.v];.tp[arpq;f
485 nfhOk;G b.iul]; gj;krpwp ,yq;if rl;lj;juzpfs; rq;fk;
486 nfhOk;G b.tyd;]; nkd;b]; ,yq;if fj;Njhypf;f Nguitfs; khehL
487 nfhOk;G b.tp[aNrd WFZ ul ngsj;j kfh gyNtfa
488 nfhOk;G b.V.`upe;jpurpq;fp Fzuj;d
489 nfhOk;G b.vy;.N[.[atu;jd
NNru;f;if ‘G’
270
,y. khtl;lk; ngau; mikg;G
490 nfhOk;G b.Mu;.[ajpyf fhzp kw;Wk; tptrha rPu;jpUj;jq;fSf;fhd Kd;dzp.
491 nfhOk;G b.A+.,e;jpf uztf;f
492 nfhOk;G b.tPu#upa r%f`hu nghJ[djh re;jhda
493 nfhOk;G lk;kpf KJfy njfptis fy;fpir khefurig
494 nfhOk;G lk;rpwp jp]hehaf;f
495 nfhOk;G ldprd; tPu#upa rPkhrfpj rfR&gk; `h ea fDnjD rkpj;jp rk;gj; fykdhfud r%gfhu kfh rq;fka.
496 nfhOk;G ju;kjh] nkhNfhw;wpNf
497 nfhOk;G ld; nwhNgl; [PfpaeNf
498 nfhOk;G lhf;lu;.mDyh tp[aRe;ju rf;r]; - nfhOk;G
499 nfhOk;G lhf;lu; m~hd; fk Mur;rp
500 nfhOk;G lhf;lu; b.V.vr;.Fzuj;d
501 nfhOk;G lhf;lu; jkae;jp ngNuuh
502 nfhOk;G lhf;lu; N`kr;re;jpu gj;jpuj;d nfhOk;G gy;fiyf;fofk;
503 nfhOk;G lhf;lu; N`krpwp FUg;G
504 nfhOk;G lhf;lu; vk;.V.nkhfkl; ryPk; kfhj;kh fhe;jp epWtdk;
505 nfhOk;G lhf;lu; vk;.vd;.vk;.mrPk; kdpj cupikfs; epWtdk;
506 nfhOk;G lhf;lu; vk;.gj;kad;
507 nfhOk;G lhf;lu; ehj; mkuf;Nfhd; vf;rj; rpq;fs kf[d nguKd
508 nfhOk;G lhf;lu; gp.jp]hehaf;f Njrpa ,izg;Gf; FO
509 nfhOk;G lhf;lu; gp.v];.up.#ytq;r
510 nfhOk;G lhf;lu; gp.v];.up #ytq;r
511 nfhOk;G lhf;lu; ghf;fpaNrhjp rutzKj;J khw;Wf;nfhs;iffSf;fhd epWtdk;
512 nfhOk;G lhf;lu; v].b.`GMur;rp> Nguhrpupau; (lhf;lu;) vr;.V.v];.Mupatk;r> ju;~pfh nfhbj;Jtf;F
RNjr kUj;Jt epWtdk;
513 nfhOk;G lhf;lu;.A+.tpjhdgj;jpud ,yq;if kdpj cupikfs; Mizf;FO
514 nfhOk;G lhf;lu; Ntu;fp]; rd;b
515 nfhOk;G lhf;lu; tpf;fpukghF fUzhuj;d et rk rkh[ fl;rp
516 nfhOk;G J~;ae; Fzjpyf
517 nfhOk;G ,.b.Rkuj;d
518 nfhOk;G gpuhd;rp]; N[hd; gpwpf;Nyh ngu;zhd;l];
519 nfhOk;G gpuhd;rp]; uh[d; ,ize;j iffs; tiyaikg;G
520 nfhOk;G Rje;jpu tu;j;jf tyaq;fs; kw;Wk; nghJr; Nritfs; Copau; rq;fk;
521 nfhOk;G [p.gP.Nfuj;
522 nfhOk;G [p.b.rp.[auj;d
523 nfhOk;G [p.vd;.re;jpuNrd
524 nfhOk;G [p.jp]huNgNuuh
525 nfhOk;G [p.[p.v];.[pdjh]
526 nfhOk;G [p.vd;.ge;JNrd
527 nfhOk;G [p.V.v];.gunfhlrpwp
528 nfhOk;G [p.b.[pdjh]
529 nfhOk;G [p.vk;.ngNuuh
530 nfhOk;G [p.vd;.gp.Fkhu
531 nfhOk;G [p.gp.ngNuuh
532 nfhOk;G fhkpdp Fztu;jd
533 nfhOk;G fhkpdp urGj;jpu
534 nfhOk;G fhkpdp Nrdhehaf;f
535 nfhOk;G fKD tp[auj;d ,yq;if jdpahu; g]; cupikahsu; rq;fk;
536 nfhOk;G fPjh v].uzJq;f
537 nfhOk;G n[g;wp mofuj;d ,yq;if rl;lj;juzpfs; rq;fk;
538 nfhOk;G fpk;̀ hd; #upagz;lhu
539 nfhOk;G fpNurpad; khurpq;f
540 nfhOk;G vr;.V.b.lgps;A+.epjq;nfhl
541 nfhOk;G vr;.V.gp.mg;Gfhkp
542 nfhOk;G vr;.vk;.nrdtpuj;d
543 nfhOk;G vr;.gP.[auj;d
544 nfhOk;G vr;.[p.Fdtjd
NNru;f;if ‘G’
271
,y. khtl;lk; ngau; mikg;G
545 nfhOk;G vr;.vk;.tPurpq;f
546 nfhOk;G vr;.Wrpj yfpU ngNuuh
547 nfhOk;G vr;.b.ju;~d fahd; ckaq;f
548 nfhOk;G vr;.b.fygjp
549 nfhOk;G vr;.vk;.[p.gP.nfhlfnjdpa
550 nfhOk;G `u;~ FdNrd
551 nfhOk;G N`ke;j tpjhdNf
552 nfhOk;G N`krpwp FUg;G
553 nfhOk;G n`d;wp ngNuuh
554 nfhOk;G N`u;kd; Fkhu Njrpa kPd;gpb cWjpg;ghl;L ,af;fk;
555 nfhOk;G `py;kp [{idl;
556 nfhOk;G nfsut ,RW Njtg;gpupa
557 nfhOk;G I.Mu;.kpu;~h
558 nfhOk;G ,e;jpuhzp ehzaf;fhu mur kw;Wk; ru;tNjr rl;lj; jpizf;fsk;
559 nfhOk;G ,Ndh[h Kdrpq;f
560 nfhOk;G Iuhq;fdp Njrpfh
561 nfhOk;G N[.gP.tp.ngu;dhe;J
562 nfhOk;G N[.rp.[atu;jd
563 nfhOk;G N[.gp.rpwpahtjp [ayj;
564 nfhOk;G N[.Mu;.Nf.gp.rp.[atu;jd
565 nfhOk;G N[.Fztu;jd
566 nfhOk;G N[.vk;.b.v];.rp.tpkyrpwp muprd; m`{GJ n`y gr kd;wk;
567 nfhOk;G N[.nrduj; tp[pjFkhu b nrha;rh td ghJfhg;Gj; jpizf;fsk;
568 nfhOk;G N[.gP.tp.ngu;dhe;J ,yq;if tq;fp
569 nfhOk;G N[.rp.[atu;jd
570 nfhOk;G N[.b.I.grpy; [aNrfu
571 nfhOk;G N[.vr;.jpyful;z gz;lh
572 nfhOk;G N[.up.FUFy#upa
573 nfhOk;G [fj; v];. b Nruk;
574 nfhOk;G [hypa ek;Kdp
575 nfhOk;G [hdfp re;jpuuj;d
576 nfhOk;G [dpj; Wf;khy; ,yq;ifapYs;s mq;ftPdKw;w egu;fspd; cupikfSf;F Mjuthd jdpg;gl;Nlhu; kw;Wk; rptpy; r%f epWtdq;fs;.
577 nfhOk;G [ae;j nj`paj;jNf
578 nfhOk;G [ae;j njhytj;j njhytj;j rl;lepWtdk;
579 nfhOk;G [ae;j uh[tpf;fpuk
580 nfhOk;G [ae;j v];.mgauj;d
581 nfhOk;G [ae;j tp[arpq;f
582 nfhOk;G [arpwp rkuJq;f
583 nfhOk;G [atu;jd b rpy;th
584 nfhOk;G n[`hd; ngNuuh Njrpa rkhjhdg; Nguit
585 nfhOk;G Nf.V.`hkpdp
586 nfhOk;G Nf.[p.N[.rpwpuj;d
587 nfhOk;G Nf.NfhFyd;
588 nfhOk;G Nf.vk;.Fzuj;d
589 nfhOk;G Nf.vk;.khypdp FyNrfu
590 nfhOk;G Nf.nrg];jpad; tpd;]d;l; ngu;zhe;J
591 nfhOk;G Nf.V.rke;j re;jpuj; ngu;zhe;J
592 nfhOk;G Nf.b.b.tp[aehaf;f
593 nfhOk;G Nf.b.];lhd;yp rpy;th
594 nfhOk;G Nf.[p.[pdNrd
595 nfhOk;G Nf.,];]Bd; khtl;l kPd;gpbfs; cWjpg;ghl;L ,af;fk;.
596 nfhOk;G Nf.vy;.gP.n[a#upa
597 nfhOk;G Nf.vd;.rpupah fhupatrk;
598 nfhOk;G Nf.gp.N[.rpwpuj;d
599 nfhOk;G Nf.v];.G];guh[h
600 nfhOk;G Nf.rhe;j nahyhl; b rpy;th
601 nfhOk;G Nf.A+.G];gFkhu kf;fs; tq;fp
602 nfhOk;G Nf.lgps;A+.Nf.A+.Fkhu
603 nfhOk;G fyNf gp.[p.jpyfuj;d , - nrhdl;
NNru;f;if ‘G’
272
,y. khtl;lk; ngau; mikg;G
604 nfhOk;G fhspq;f Qhdjh] rpy;th
605 nfhOk;G fky; eprq;f ,yq;if ypguy; fl;rp
606 nfhOk;G fkyehjd; Rgh~pdp
607 nfhOk;G fhkpdp ngNuuh
608 nfhOk;G fgpy Fzrpq;f nfhOk;G gy;fiyf;fofk;
609 nfhOk;G fUzhuj;d mJuypa
610 nfhOk;G f];J}up tu;zFy
611 nfhOk;G fhtpe;j b uj;dghy
612 nfhOk;G fpq;];yp b my;tp]; ey;yhl;rpf;fhd gpui[fs; ,af;fk;
613 nfhOk;G Fp\he;j nahyd;l; b rpy;th
614 nfhOk;G fpj;rpwp ngNuuh
615 nfhOk;G FyJq;f mRuKdp
616 nfhOk;G Fkhu
617 nfhOk;G Fuq;Nf Nahrg; netpy; ngNuuh
618 nfhOk;G vy;.vy;.kjpf;fNrfu
619 nfhOk;G vy;.lgps;A+.nrdtpuj;d
620 nfhOk;G vy;.nry;yN`th nghJ Rfhjhu ghJfhg;gpw;fhd epWtdk;
621 nfhOk;G vy;.V.tp.ee;jNrd
622 nfhOk;G vy;.vd;.b.nrha;rh
623 nfhOk;G yf;~;kd; ju;krpwp
624 nfhOk;G yf;~;kd; nrdtpuj;d
625 nfhOk;G yhy; uj;dhaf;f
626 nfhOk;G yydp v];.ngNuuh
627 nfhOk;G yypj; $Nu
628 nfhOk;G yPyhNrd Njtuh[
629 nfhOk;G yPyhNrd Njtuh[
630 nfhOk;G ypNahdp nrhykd;]; yhq;FNt[; kl;lu;]; (Language matters)
631 nfhOk;G yady; FUNf
632 nfhOk;G vk;.V.vk;.mf;uk;
633 nfhOk;G vk;.gP.`fPk; mfkl;
634 nfhOk;G vk;.vy;.gpur;d tp[arpq;f
635 nfhOk;G vk;.Mu;.rp.la];
636 nfhOk;G vk;.up.vk;.md;tu; N[.gp
637 nfhOk;G vk;.b.gpNwkuj;d
638 nfhOk;G vk;.vr;.vk;.g&f;
639 nfhOk;G vk;.vr;.vk;.ghu;tP
640 nfhOk;G vk;.I.vk;.nkh`pjPd; tlf;F fpof;F K];ypk; rkhjhd Nguit - nek;gh
641 nfhOk;G vk;.N[.V.v];.V.,f;ghy;
642 nfhOk;G vk;.vk;.I.jpypd
643 nfhOk;G vk;.jpyfuj;d
644 nfhOk;G vk;.md;tu; Kfkl; E];fp
645 nfhOk;G vk;.gP.vk;.,g;jpfhu;
646 nfhOk;G vk;.rp.nkd;b];.
647 nfhOk;G vk;.rp.[ajp]
648 nfhOk;G vk;.rhs;]; nkd;b];. fl;blq;fSf;fhd gl;la epWtdk;.
649 nfhOk;G vk;.[p.#upagz;lhu vdJ ehL vkJ ek;gpf;if
650 nfhOk;G vk;.vr;.fhju; ,yq;if kyha r%f mgptpUj;jp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk;
651 nfhOk;G vk;.vr;.Kfkl; ,yq;if ,];yhkpa epWtfk;
652 nfhOk;G vk;.N[.Nrhkuj;d
653 nfhOk;G vk;.vy;.vk;.lgu;
654 nfhOk;G vk;.vk;.V.vk;.kdh];
655 nfhOk;G vk;.Mu;.rp.la];
656 nfhOk;G vk;.Mu;.rp.la];
657 nfhOk;G vk;.up.Kfkl; \gPu;
658 nfhOk;G kh]; vy;. cRg; Njrpa \_uh Nguit
659 nfhOk;G kfEtu MAu;Ntj Rfhjhu Nritfs; kfEtu Mau;Ntj Rfhjhu Nritfs;
660 nfhOk;G k`pe;j Mupauj;d
661 nfhOk;G k`pe;j `j;jf [dehaf cupikg; ghJfhg;gpw;fhd ,af;fk;
662 nfhOk;G k`pe;j f`lfk
NNru;f;if ‘G’
273
,y. khtl;lk; ngau; mikg;G
663 nfhOk;G ikj;jpup uj;dhaf;f
664 nfhOk;G Nk[u; n[duy; lgps;A+.Mu;.tp[auj;d
665 nfhOk;G Nk[u; [fj; Mupajh]
666 nfhOk;G ky;ypfh tp[atu;jd
667 nfhOk;G kq;fs ntyuj;d If;fpa kf;fs; khw;Wf;Fuy;
668 nfhOk;G kq;fypfh `pnel;b Ky;y
669 nfhOk;G kQ;Rsh f[ehaf;f Nju;jy; td;Kiwfisf; fz;fhzpg;gjw;fhd epiyak;
670 nfhOk;G kD[; rp. tPurpq;f b
671 nfhOk;G khgpl;bfk Mur;rpNf tpkyrpwp khgpl;bf
,yq;if RfjrPyp nguKd
672 nfhOk;G kupNah Nfhk]; ,d fw;iffSf;fhd ru;tNjr epWtdk;.
673 nfhOk;G nkD epYrpfh kf;fs; Rfhjhu rq;fk;
674 nfhOk;G nkhfkl; k~;dtp Wdp
675 nfhOk;G nkhfkl; rp`hk;
676 nfhOk;G nkhfkl; Ri`y;
677 nfhOk;G nkhfkl; K[Pd; nkhfkl; `fPk;
678 nfhOk;G Nkhfd; Rg;gpukzpak; fpwp];jt njhopyhsu; xd;wpak;
679 nfhOk;G nkhd;b `ytNf
680 nfhOk;G jpU.gP.Nf.nfhbfhu
681 nfhOk;G K.rptypq;fk; kiyaf kf;fs; epWtdk;
682 nfhOk;G Kjpj;j gpurd;d jpyfuj;d
683 nfhOk;G KUNfR
684 nfhOk;G vd;.rd;d b rpy;th
685 nfhOk;G vd;.,rhk;
686 nfhOk;G vd;.n`l;bahur;rp
687 nfhOk;G vd;.,d;gk; Njrpa kPd;gpb cWjpg;ghl;baf;fk; aho;g;ghzk;.
688 nfhOk;G vd;.Nrdrpq;f
689 nfhOk;G vd;.b.fkNf
690 nfhOk;G vd;.b.I.fUdNrfu
691 nfhOk;G vd;.n`l;bahur;rp
692 nfhOk;G vd;.Fyuj;dngNuuh
693 nfhOk;G vd;.vk;.Nehay; kjty fpA+Ngl;
694 nfhOk;G vd;.vk;.fpA+Ngl;
695 nfhOk;G ehfypq;fk; vjpu;tPurpq;fk;
696 nfhOk;G eNu~; vjpuptPu
697 nfhOk;G eae;j tp[aRe;ju
698 nfhOk;G ePy; la];
699 nfhOk;G ep`hy; ehzaf;fhu kdepiy ghjpf;fg;gl;NlhUf;fhd ,yq;if epWtfk;
700 nfhOk;G epky; ehf`tj;j
701 nfhOk;G epu;ky; uQ;rpj; Njtrpwp tuyhw;Wg;gpupT nfhOk;G gy;fiyf;fofk;.
702 nfhOk;G X.b.Rrpyh jkae;jp
703 nfhOk;G xl;lhwh Fztu;j;jd
704 nfhOk;G gp.V.b.epyq;f x~hd;
705 nfhOk;G gp.Mde;j gPup];
706 nfhOk;G gp.fUzhuj;d
707 nfhOk;G gp.nfhbg;gps;is
708 nfhOk;G gp.gp.Njtuh[; r%f khw;wj;jpw;fhd kd;wk;
709 nfhOk;G gp.v];.md;ud;
710 nfhOk;G gp.rprpu rpupae;j ngu;dhe;J
711 nfhOk;G gp.tPu#upa
712 nfhOk;G gp.FNu
713 nfhOk;G gp.V.b.epyq;f x~hd;
714 nfhOk;G gp.gP.la]; upNah fpNu]; N`hl;ly;
715 nfhOk;G gp.gP.mgaNfhz; nghJ epu;thf kw;Wk; cs;ehl;L mYty;fs; mikr;R.
716 nfhOk;G gp.vk;.mNahkp RNjr kUj;Jt epWtfj;jpd; Mrpupau; rq;fk;> nfhOk;G gy;fiyf;fofk;.
717 nfhOk;G gp.vd;.FkhuzJq;f
NNru;f;if ‘G’
274
,y. khtl;lk; ngau; mikg;G
718 nfhOk;G gp.v];.Fkhu gl;ljhup Mrpupau;fs; ,yq;if epWTdu; FO.
719 nfhOk;G gp.v];.v];.gu;zhe;J
720 nfhOk;G gp.v];.up.#ytk;r
721 nfhOk;G gp.tp.v];.tpf;ukuj;d
722 nfhOk;G gj;k G];gfhe;jp rtp];jpup [hjpf tpahghua
723 nfhOk;G ghypj ypfpdpaFkhu
724 nfhOk;G ghdp tty ngsj;j njhuj;Ju Nfe;jpua `h [afpufda> nfhOk;G
725 nfhOk;G gPw;wu; fhy; md;udp ngu;dhe;J
726 nfhOk;G gpaNrd jp]hehaf;f k`[d vf;rj; nguKd
727 nfhOk;G gpaNrd Rgrpq;f
728 nfhOk;G gparpup ehzaf;fhu
729 nfhOk;G gpughfNzrd; [dehaf kf;fs; fhq;fpu];
730 nfhOk;G gpurhe;j yhy; b my;tp];> fpk;̀ hd; #upa gz;lhu kw;Wk; mD~;fh yPyhde;j
vdJ ehL vkJ ek;gpf;if kd;wk;
731 nfhOk;G gpNwkrpwp FUg;G Njt Gutrp rk;Nksda
732 nfhOk;G gpNwkrpwp tpjhdgj;jpud
733 nfhOk;G gpupae;j fkNf
734 nfhOk;G Nguhrpupau; jahuj;d vjpuprpq;f mur fUknkhopfs; Mizf;FO
735 nfhOk;G Nguhrpupau; my;Ngl; ju;krpwp
736 nfhOk;G Nguhrpupau; yhy; Nktpd; ju;krpwp kj;jpa Rw;whly; mjpfhurig
737 nfhOk;G Nguhrpupau; Rtu;z [atPu ngz;fspd; Muha;r;rpf;fhd epiyak;
738 nfhOk;G Nguhrpupau; khydp mlfk
739 nfhOk;G GGJ b rpy;th
740 nfhOk;G Mu;.V.jpyf; fq;fhehj;
741 nfhOk;G Mu;.gp.fPu;j;jprpwp ge;Jy
742 nfhOk;G Mu;.gp.yq;fhNyfh
743 nfhOk;G Mu;.V.b.vk;;.vd;.&grpq;f
744 nfhOk;G Mu;.V.v];.uzJq;f
745 nfhOk;G Mu;.vr;.vr;.vk;;.gz;lhu
746 nfhOk;G Mu;.vy;.jp]hehaf;f
747 nfhOk;G Mu;.vk;.R[Pt gpupae;j uj;dhaf;f
748 nfhOk;G Mu;.vk;.jp]hehaf;f
749 nfhOk;G Mu;.vk;.Kjpj kQ;Rs uj;dhaf;f
750 nfhOk;G Mu;.vk;.rp.uj;ehaf;f kf;fs; tq;fp Xa;T+jpa rq;fk; - I.Nj.fh (vf;rj; [hjpf gf;~ kf[d gq;F tp];uhkpfaq;Nf rq;fka)
751 nfhOk;G Mu;.gp.rp.tPurpwp
752 nfhOk;G Mu;.v];.V.NahNrg;
753 nfhOk;G uh[pj Nrdhehaf;f
754 nfhOk;G uh[pj RNufh tPu&g
755 nfhOk;G uhkjpyf Nrdhuj;d tpf;ukJq;f
756 nfhOk;G uhzp uj;ehaf;f
757 nfhOk;G uQ;rpj; jp]hehaf;f
758 nfhOk;G uQ;rpj; FGUN`d
759 nfhOk;G uQ;rpj; Nrdhuj;d ,yq;if tptrhapfs; Nguit
760 nfhOk;G uQ;rpj; tpjhdNf Efu;Nthu; cupikfs; ghJfhg;gpw;fhd Njrpa ,af;fk;
761 nfhOk;G uQ;rpj; tp[arpq;f fz;b Rw;whly; kw;Wk; Rfhjhu ghJfhg;G epWtdk;.
762 nfhOk;G tz.Mrpup gp.ngNuuh nkjb];j jpUr;rig> ,yq;if
763 nfhOk;G tz.lgps;A+.gp.vgNeru; N[hNrg; Njrpa fpwp];jt Nguit
764 nfhOk;G wPjh khfpnul; b rpy;th
765 nfhOk;G Nuh`z nfl;bahur;rp
766 nfhOk;G Nuhrdh gpNsk - fy;Njuh> J~hu kNdh[;
<Fty; fpuTz;l; (Equal ground)
767 nfhOk;G mjp. tz. bNyhuh[; Mu;.fdfrig ,yq;if jpUr;rig nfhOk;G Nguhak;
768 nfhOk;G Uthd; yf;ehj; n[anfhb
769 nfhOk;G Uthd; uj;ehaf;f/lhf;lu; #upa FzNrfu
[hjpf Gj;jp kz;lyaTld; ,ize;J #upa tq;ra ayp nfhl efpnk rq;tpjhda.
NNru;f;if ‘G’
275
,y. khtl;lk; ngau; mikg;G
770 nfhOk;G v];.V.Rkpj; [atPu
771 nfhOk;G v];.guztpjhd
772 nfhOk;G v];.V.fkNf
773 nfhOk;G v];.gP.fkNf murhq;f Xa;T+jpa rq;fj;jpd; Njrpa xd;wpak;
774 nfhOk;G v];.rp.re;jpufhrd; ,yq;if mfjpfSf;fhd epWtdk;
775 nfhOk;G v];.vr;.uj;dghy b rpy;th nfhOk;G khtl;l tb`pb gy kz;lya
776 nfhOk;G v];.vk;.ngu;dhe;J
777 nfhOk;G v].gp.gP.Fyjpfy Njrpa ,izg;G FO kw;Wk; ngsj;j epWtdj;jpd; ,izg;Gf;FO
778 nfhOk;G v];.guztpjhd
779 nfhOk;G v];.rpq;fGyp
780 nfhOk;G v];.rpd;dj;Jiu
781 nfhOk;G v];.V.n~upg;Bd;
782 nfhOk;G v];.rp.V.xNgNrfu buhd;];Ngud;rp ,d;uNe~dy; ,yq;if
783 nfhOk;G v];.rp.re;jpufhrd; ,yq;if mfjpfs; Gdu;tho;tpw;fhd epWtdk; (,yq;if)
784 nfhOk;G v];.n[atu;jd tpahehk> rtj; ,lky;nfhl
fpwp];jt cWjpg;ghl;L ,af;fk;
785 nfhOk;G v];.vk;.N[.epahq;nfhl
786 nfhOk;G v];.vd;.fk;yj;
787 nfhOk;G v];.X.vd;. b rpy;th
788 nfhOk;G v];.up.jhuf tugpl;ba midj;J ,yq;if Gs;sptpgu cj;jpNahfj;ju;; rq;fk;
789 nfhOk;G v];.lgps;A+.fkNf
790 nfhOk;G rh`upfh uh[fUzhehaf;f
791 nfhOk;G rkpj kw;Wk; Gj;jpf
792 nfhOk;G rdj; ehjpyf
793 nfhOk;G re;jpah vf;neypnfhl
794 nfhOk;G re;jpahNfh N`kjh]
795 nfhOk;G rGky; gz;lhu nkhunfhl
796 nfhOk;G ruj;Fkhu nrduj; uj;dhaf;f
797 nfhOk;G ruj; kjpyhy; b rpy;th
798 nfhOk;G ruj; uh[gf;~
799 nfhOk;G ruj; re;jfd; ngu;dhe;J
800 nfhOk;G ruj; tpf;ukrpq;f
801 nfhOk;G ruj; tp[a#upa gpui[fs; xd;wpizg;G ,af;fk; (Gutrp gya rq;tpjhda)
802 nfhOk;G r\p b nky; ngz; murpay; jiytu;fis gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jp ,yq;if buhd;];Ngud;rp ,d;uNe\dy;.
803 nfhOk;G Nrdhehaf;f Kjpahd;ryhNf FKJ uq;fd
804 nfhOk;G nre;jpNty; Gjpa [dehaf khf;rpr nydpdpr
805 nfhOk;G \u;kpdp uj;dhaf;f
806 nfhOk;G \rpfh N[hd;];
807 nfhOk;G \pNl~;fh ngu;zhe;J
808 nfhOk;G \py;gh rkuJq;f fpwPd; VQ;ry; ];&bNah gpiwtl; ypkpnll;
809 nfhOk;G \puhd; lhgNu rpq;fs Njrpaf;fl;rp
810 nfhOk;G rpupy; nfe;jyNf
811 nfhOk;G rpupNrd ahgh
812 nfhOk;G rpupJq;f [a#upa If;fpa Nrhryp~f;fl;rp
813 nfhOk;G rprpy; mj;Jf;Nfhuy
814 nfhOk;G Nrhkghy gl;btpjhd
815 nfhOk;G tz. Nehay; fpwp];uPd; ngu;dhe;J ~;ukgpkhdp
816 nfhOk;G Rghrpdp> rQ;rPtf
= tpKf;jp gp~u;> ngz;fs; ,af;fk;
817 nfhOk;G Rju;~d Fztu;j;jd> Nuh`z nfl;bahur;rp
khu;r; - 12 ,af;fk;.
818 nfhOk;G Rjj; Rdpky; ngNuuh
819 nfhOk;G RNkjh mkurpq;f nfhOk;G ngsj;j thypg rq;fk;
820 nfhOk;G Rdp fd;dq;fu
NNru;f;if ‘G’
276
,y. khtl;lk; ngau; mikg;G
821 nfhOk;G Rdpy; [atu;;jd
822 nfhOk;G RNu~; ngNuuh
823 nfhOk;G Rrpy; fd;dq;fu
824 nfhOk;G Rrpy; rpwptu;jd
825 nfhOk;G Rtu;dh xNgNrfu> nry;tp rr;rpjhde;jk;
rkhjhdj;jpw;fhd ngz;fs; tiyaikg;G
826 nfhOk;G up.jk;kpfh ngNuuh tq;fh gps];
827 nfhOk;G up.tpf;fpukrpq;f n`y;ft kpJNuh rq;fk;
828 nfhOk;G up.V.tpkyNrfu
829 nfhOk;G up.jk;kpfh ngNuuh kf;fs; Rfhjhu rq;fk;
830 nfhOk;G up.[p.rk;gj; gpupaq;fu
831 nfhOk;G up.Nf.m#u; fd;g;ud;]; xg; rpwpyq;fd; kNya;];
832 nfhOk;G up.gp.=tu;jd
833 nfhOk;G jhuf tuhgpl;ba/rk;rd; Fzjpyf =yq;fh nurdyp];l;]; mNrhrpNard;
834 nfhOk;G jpyf;FNu
835 nfhOk;G jpyf;FNu
836 nfhOk;G jpyf; tp[arpq;f rl;lf; fw;if ikak;
837 nfhOk;G jp];] nrdtpul;z
838 nfhOk;G jp];] tp[aJq;f mgptpUj;jp trjpfs; toq;Ftjw;fhd epWtdk;/Njrpa nraw;gLdu; Kd;dzp
839 nfhOk;G Jiurpq;fk; bA+f; Nkhfd;
840 nfhOk;G bf;fpup N`uj; Fzjpyf gy;fiyf;fof tpupTiuahsu; rq;fk;
841 nfhOk;G bA+lu; tpf;fpukrpq;f
842 nfhOk;G A+.vr;.ypadNf fSj;Jiw khtl;l murhq;f Xa;Tngw;Nwhu; rq;fq;fspd; rk;Nksdk;
843 nfhOk;G A+.vd;.v];.uh[gj;jpuz
844 nfhOk;G A+.v];.uj;drpwp
845 nfhOk;G cghyp b ntytj;j
846 nfhOk;G cghyp kf;nfjufkNf
847 nfhOk;G cgNrd Nrdehaf;f
848 nfhOk;G cGs; N`kFkhu
849 nfhOk;G cGs; [a#upa
850 nfhOk;G tp.vk;.fUzhuj;d
851 nfhOk;G tp.Nf.tdaf;fhu
852 nfhOk;G tp.vd;.rp.FzNrfu
853 nfhOk;G tp.v];.yq;fhGu
854 nfhOk;G tujuh[g;ngUkhs;
855 nfhOk;G rq;. mf;fkfh gz;bj fpue;j tp~huj uh[fPa gz;bj jTy;njd Qhdp];ru
856 nfhOk;G rq;. gjfpupa Nrhktk;r mfpy ,yq;if Kd;gs;sp fy;tp Mrpupau; rq;fk;
857 nfhOk;G rq;. fyhepjp ge;jfpupa Nrhktk;r kfh ];jtpu
mfpy ,yq;if Kd;gs;sp fy;tp Mrpupau; rq;fk;
858 nfhOk;G rq;. jpUNfhzkiy Mde;j kfhehaf;f Njuu;
ngsj;j rhrd fhuparhjf kz;lya
859 nfhOk;G rq;. ngq;fKt ehyf;f Njuu; Njrg;gpNukp gpf;F ju;kahjda
860 nfhOk;G rq;. jpUNfhzkiy Mde;j kfhehaf;f Njuu;
ngsj;j rhrd fhuparhjf kz;lya
861 nfhOk;G tpGy mku#upa
862 nfhOk;G tpuh[; vjpuprpq;f
863 nfhOk;G tprhfh jpyful;z ,yq;if Nghrhf;F rq;fk;
864 nfhOk;G lgps;A+.vt;.gpupaq;fu nfh];jh
865 nfhOk;G lgps;A+.[p.FzJq;f
866 nfhOk;G lgps;A+.N[.Itd; b rpy;th
867 nfhOk;G lgps;A+.N[.gp.uh[gf;~
868 nfhOk;G lgps;A+.v];.v];.ngdhz;Nlh
869 nfhOk;G lgps;A+.V.tp.Mu;.Rgrpq;f
870 nfhOk;G lgps;A+.V.yypj; V gPup]; ,yq;if Njrpa $l;LwTr;rq;fk;
871 nfhOk;G lgps;A+.rpwpNrd ngNuuh ,yq;if nfhkpA+dp];l; fl;rp (vjpu;f;Fk; mzp)
872 nfhOk;G lgps;A+.RNdjpuh Rghrpdp WFZ ul ngsj;j kfh gyNtfa/fgpbnfhy ngsj;j rq;fk;
873 nfhOk;G lgps;A+.V.tp.Mu;.Rgrpq;f kj;jpa jghy; guptu;jid nfhOk;G - 10
NNru;f;if ‘G’
277
,y. khtl;lk; ngau; mikg;G
874 nfhOk;G lgps;A+.gP.fpw;rpwp tpf;fpukJq;f
875 nfhOk;G lgps;A+.Nf.lgps;A+.mgaNfhd;
876 nfhOk;G lgps;A+.gp.v];.ngNuuh
877 nfhOk;G lgps;A+.tp.[atu;jd
878 nfhOk;G Nthy;lu; ngdhz;Nlh
879 nfhOk;G tp[a m[pj; ju;kgpupa
880 nfhOk;G tp[a tpf;fpukuj;d
881 nfhOk;G tp[pj; yf;~kd; mkurpq;f mfpy ,yq;if epu;thf fpuhkNritahsu; rq;fk;
882 nfhOk;G tpky; jp]ehaf;f
883 nfhOk;G tpky; [atu;jd
884 nfhOk;G tpky; Kdrpq;f
885 nfhOk;G ngz;fspd; murpay; mf;flkp
886 nfhOk;G it.I.jdtu;jd
887 nfhOk;G tre;j nfhlnfhl
888 nfhOk;G ]`hgpah Mjkyp Nju;jy; td;Kiwfis fz;fhzpf;Fk; epWtdk;
889 nfhOk;G Aj;jj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ngz;fs; rq;fk; kw;Wk; ,yq;if buhd;];Ngud;rp ,z;lu;Ne~dy;
890 nfhOk;G Njrpa nfhs;if Kd;ndLg;G NritAk; Xa;Tngw;w Copau; rq;fk;.
891 nfhOk;G ,yq;if jkpo; mfjpfs; - njd;dpe;jpah
892 nfhOk;G ey;yhl;rpf;fhd gpui[fs; ,af;fk;
893 nfhOk;G rptpy; r%f epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; jdpegu;fs; (Nju;jy; Kiwikf;fhd ru;tNjr kd;wj;jpd; gq;fspg;Gld; Nju;jy; td;Kiwfisf; fz;fhzpg;gjw;fhd ikak;> ,dj;Jtf; fw;iffSf;fhd ru;tNjr epiyak;> khw;Wj;jpwdhspfspd; tlkhfhz rk;Nksdk;> vNdgps; yq;fh ngz;Nl~d; kw;Wk; 2015 vNdgps; Nju;jy;fs; $l;likg;gpd; njhz;lu;fs;)
894 nfhOk;G jpUNfhzkiy khtl;l kPdtu; kd;wk;
895 nfhOk;G fpuhk mgptpUj;jp rq;fk;
896 nfhOk;G n`ya rpq;fsa rq;tpjhda
897 nfhOk;G ,yq;if Njrpa rkhjhdf; fTd;rpy;
898 nfhOk;G Gjpa [dehaf khf;rp];l; - nydpd; fl;rp
899 nfhOk;G ,yq;if Nghrhf;F rq;fk;
900 nfhOk;G ,yq;if mfjpfs; Gdu;tho;T epWtdk; (rpNyhd;)
901 nfhOk;G ghdhe;Jiw murhq;fNrit Xa;Tngw;Nwhu; rq;fk;
902 nfhOk;G r%gfhu nghJ [djh re;jhda
903 nfhOk;G ru;Nthja Njrpa NjNrhja FO
904 nfhOk;G rpNu~;l gpui[fs; FO Nfhkh`k
905 nfhOk;G rpq;fs gh~h nguKd
906 nfhOk;G njw;F flw;njhopy; rq;fk;
907 nfhOk;G ,yq;if jpanrd; ngsj;j murhq;f Nrit
908 nfhOk;G ,yq;if kNy Kd;dzp
909 nfhOk;G ,yq;if jkpo; mfjpfs; - ,e;jpah
910 nfhOk;G ,yq;if buhd;];Ngud;]; ,z;lu;Ne~dy;
911 nfhOk;G kdpj ts mgptpUj;jpf;fhd tpOJ ikak;
912 nfhOk;G ngsj;j rhrdj;jpw;fhd nraw;FO
913 fhyp V.gP.tp[aul;z> gP.it.gP.kfpe;j rpy;th
914 fhyp V.vr;.N[.ju;kNrd rpwp Rfjuhk jk;k ghlrhiy gLtd;Jlt
915 fhyp V.vk;.Kfkl; Mupg;> vk;.vr;.ngsRy; kpah]; kw;Wk; vk;.rw;.V.`kpl;
Nfhy; Nghuk;
916 fhyp mfk;nghb m[pj; yf;rpwp nkz;b];
NNru;f;if ‘G’
278
,y. khtl;lk; ngau; mikg;G
917 fhyp mFyf`h jk;kpdNjuu; = Rkq;fs jhaf rght
918 fhyp Mde;j N[. mgatpf;uk fhY Gutrp gya
919 fhyp ngau; Fwpg;gplg;glhjtu; 1
920 fhyp ngau; Fwpg;gplg;glhjtu; 2
921 fhyp ngau; Fwpg;gplg;glhjtu; 3
922 fhyp ngau; Fwpg;gplg;glhjtu; 4
923 fhyp ngau; Fwpg;gplg;glhjtu; 5
924 fhyp ngau; Fwpg;gplg;glhjtu; 6
925 fhyp ngau; Fwpg;gplg;glhjtu; 7
926 fhyp ngau; Fwpg;gplg;glhjtu; 8
927 fhyp gP.V.yypj; mgaNrfu tpahghu rKjhak;
928 fhyp gP.V.Utd; gj;jpud
929 fhyp ge;Jghy FUNf/fUzhNrd FUNf
930 fhyp ngQ;rkpd; Fztu;jd
931 fhyp gpky; ,e;jpu[pj;
932 fhyp rp.b.v];.ydNuhy;
933 fhyp rhdf tpf;fpukrpq;f
934 fhyp re;jpupfh ukzp gs;spaFU
935 fhyp rpwpy; gj;jpuz kdpjts kd;wk;
936 fhyp b.rp.mgauj;d
937 fhyp b.vy;.jahy; b rpy;th
938 fhyp b.kdk;Ngup> ju;kNrd vy;. FUNf> Nf.V.<Ngl;
fGfy nwnly;g; njJGutrp rkh[a
939 fhyp b.ntunfhl Gdtu;tho;T cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; rq;fk;
940 fhyp b.V.mDu
941 fhyp b.j`ehaf;f
942 fhyp b.gp.rpupahdp fpuhkpa ngz;fs; Kd;dzp
943 fhyp b.lgps;A+.rpwpkhd;d fhyp r%f eyd;Gupr;rq;fk;
944 fhyp jahuj;d ty;fkNf
945 fhyp jk;kpf la];
946 fhyp ju;krpwp fpdpNf
947 fhyp bNd]; Nf. fkNf gj;Njfk jUzrq;fka> ,yq;if rkrkh[ fl;rp
948 fhyp bNd]; JffkNf rptpy; r%f nraw;ghl;lhsu;
949 fhyp bNd]; tpjhd fkNf rptpy; r%fk;
950 fhyp nlhd; tpkyuj;d `Gje;jpup ,yq;if rkrkha fl;rp ngUk;ghd;ikg;gpupT
951 fhyp <.vr;.Utd; gpurhj; njd; khfhz mur ghlrhiy khztu; Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; rq;fk;
952 fhyp <.vr;.Fy#upa
953 fhyp gu;̀ hd; eprhe;jPd;
954 fhyp [p.V.jp];] [auj;d ,yq;if r%f mgptpUj;jp kd;wk;
955 fhyp [p.rpwpy; Rkjpghy
956 fhyp `hkpdp mkurpq;f gpui[fs; rig - fhyp
957 fhyp n`KD Fzjpyf
958 fhyp Fzrpwp njdjpdp
959 fhyp Qhdghy alfk If;fpa ,yq;if Xa;T+jpa epWtdk;> fhyp khtl;l murhq;f kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa epUthf Xa;T+jpa rq;f rk;Nksdk;> Fiwe;j Cjpa Xa;Tngw;w Mrpupau; rq;f epWtdk;
960 fhyp Fzghy ,;uj;jdtyy
961 fhyp Vr;.vy;.[auj;d
962 fhyp vr;.yPyhNrd b nrhap]h rpwptu;jd rkhjhd ePjpthd;fs; rq;fk;
963 fhyp vr;.lgps;A+.tp[auj;d
964 fhyp vr;.[p.fUzhjh]
965 fhyp `f;fpdp fhkpdp tre;j b rpy;th> `f;fpdp Rrpy; rke;j b rpy;th> nrd;up `ndb Nfhrytjp tp[auj;d
If;fpa Njrpaf;fl;rp
966 fhyp `u;~h nfnfhl ehk; midtUk; rpq;fsg; gpui[fs;
967 fhyp N`ngw; tp[auj;d
968 fhyp I.b.ee;jd
gpui[fs; rig
NNru;f;if ‘G’
279
,y. khtl;lk; ngau; mikg;G
969 fhyp ,kJt tpjhdNf nrhkpy fPjehj; gpNukuj;d
Njrpa rpWtu; ghJfhg;G mjpfhurig
970 fhyp N[.[p.Mu;.epf;~d; ,yq;if Mrpupau; Nrit
971 fhyp N[.[hnfhl mjpgu; - ,fynfhl Rkq;fy Kd;khjpup tpj;jpahyak;
972 fhyp N[.V.Mu;.gj;jpud
973 fhyp N[.tudpanfhl
974 fhyp [Jq;f j`ehaf;f ud;by; gpunkhl;
975 fhyp [atPu gPup]; RNjr ghuk;gupa kUj;Jtu;fs; epWtdk; kw;Wk; gpwg;Gr;rhd;wpjo;> jpUkzr;rhd;wpjo; kw;Wk; ,wg;G> K];ypk; jpUkzg; gjpthsu; eyd;Gupr;rq;fk;
976 fhyp Nf.mDu jp]ehaf;f
977 fhyp Nf.rh`u kdk;Ngup
978 fhyp Nf.V.jp]ehaf;f njw;F nghwpapay; fk;gdp
979 fhyp Nf.Vr;.fad; yf;khy; b rpy;th
980 fhyp Nf.Vr;.yady;
981 fhyp Nf.Nf.V.[atu;jd
982 fhyp Nf.rpthde;jd; et rkrkh[f; fl;rp fhyp
983 fhyp Nf.A+.re;jpuyhy; gpuhe;jpa nrhj;J nghWg;ghsu; mYtyfk;
984 fhyp Nf.vr;.[p.yf;ehj; juq;f ,yq;if r%fg; ghJfhg;G rig> khtl;l nrayfk; fhyp
985 fhyp Nf.nfhbfhu
986 fhyp Nf.gp.b.Fzuj;d fhyp tpj;tj; vfKJt
987 fhyp Nf.gp.Nf.v];.rkpe;j
988 fhyp Nf.v];.v];.[akhd;d
989 fhyp fky; uzrpq;f
990 fhyp fUzhtd;r
991 fhyp nfhLJuNf jdtjp
992 fhyp FRk; jpudfk
993 fhyp vy;.Vr;.Nrdehaf;f
994 fhyp vy;.lgps;A+.yady;
995 fhyp yf;~kd; Mde;j b ydNuhy;
996 fhyp yhy; guhf;fpuk nfl;bahur;rp Nrdehaf;f
997 fhyp yypj; Nrdehaf;f Gutrp gya fhyp
998 fhyp ypahd [atu;jd ,RW rpwpae;j
999 fhyp vk;.b.[aNrd
1000 fhyp vk;.vk;.jpypKdp
1001 fhyp vk;.gP.Nuh`d fhy;y `jtj;j rju ];tu;zgud rpy;g mgptpUj;jp $l;LwTr;rq;fk;
1002 fhyp vk;.rp.tpf;fpukrpq;f
1003 fhyp vk;.[p.tp[pjFkhu
1004 fhyp vk;.Nf.Qhduj;d
1005 fhyp vk;.V.V.tJ}j; gpuNjrrig
1006 fhyp vk;.N[.[auj;d rptpy; ghJfhg;Gf;FO
1007 fhyp vk;.Nf.nfYk; Rre;j b rpy;th
1008 fhyp vk;.Mu;.vk;.jldpad;
1009 fhyp ikj;jpup Fzuj;d [hjpf gTu
1010 fhyp kufGNf rpwpNrd
1011 fhyp vd;.vr;.lgps;A+.v];.ehzaf;fhu Xa;T+jpau;fs; rq;fk;
1012 fhyp vd;.tp.yPyhde;j
1013 fhyp vd;.lgps;A+.N[.Rdpy; la];
1014 fhyp ee;jrpwp typfkNf
1015 fhyp epY}rp
1016 fhyp epky; b rpy;th er;rw;w czT cw;gj;jpfs; kw;Wk; gfpu;jy; rKjhak;.
1017 fhyp epky; v];.b.v];.fdfuj;d mfpy ,yq;if epu;thf fpuhkNritahsu; rq;fk; kw;Wk; rkhjhd ePjthd;fs; rq;fk; gygpl;ba.
1018 fhyp X.vk;.Mde;j NghNg %j;j gpui[fs; nrayzp - fhyp
NNru;f;if ‘G’
280
,y. khtl;lk; ngau; mikg;G
1019 fhyp gp.vd;.Nf.kyyNrfu
1020 fhyp gp.gP.b.lakd;l; b rpy;th rpNu~;l gpui[fs; FO fhyp
1021 fhyp gp.[p. b rpy;th ,yq;if If;fpa rkhjhd kd;wk;
1022 fhyp gp.vr;.fUzhjpyf
1023 fhyp gp.n`l;bahur;rp
1024 fhyp gp.fyd;#upa fpuhk mgptpUj;jp rq;fk;
1025 fhyp gp.N[.[arpq;f
1026 fhyp gy;ye;ju RkdN[hjp ehaf;fNjuu; rpak; k`hepf;fha> fhyp khtl;l ky;tj;J tpfhu ghu;~ta
1027 fhyp gpNukuj;d gjpudhfk fhyp Nfhl;il ghJfhg;Gr; rq;fk;
1028 fhyp gpNukuj;d jpudhfk
1029 fhyp gpNwkrpwp FzNrfu = - gj;jp MAu;Ntja
1030 fhyp gpupae;j ntypj;juNf
1031 fhyp gpupae;j
1032 fhyp GGJ rpwptu;jd
1033 fhyp Mu;.Nf.fgpyFkhu
1034 fhyp Mu;.vy;.FUfkNf
1035 fhyp Mu;.vk;.Ntu`u re;Jd; uq;fehj; Ntu`u kd;wk;
1036 fhyp rq;. lgps;A+.u~pf my;tp]; mrk;gpsp xg; Nfhl; cdtJd
1037 fhyp v];.b.v];.nydNuhy;
1038 fhyp v];.Nf.vk;.khdtL
1039 fhyp v];.ypadhur;rp
1040 fhyp v];.jpudhfk> rj;jpah jahuj;d vk;.gP.b gjpthsu; mYtyfk; fhyp - MNyhrfu;
1041 fhyp v];.N[.lgps;A+.fkNf
1042 fhyp v];.Nf.[aJq;f
1043 fhyp v];.vk;.mkurpwp
1044 fhyp v];.vk;.fPu;j;jp [aehe; et rkrkh[ fl;rp
1045 fhyp v];.vk;.vr;.fkNf
1046 fhyp v];.vk;.fPu;j;jp [ayj;
1047 fhyp v];.lgps;A+.re;jpuNrd = gpupaju;~p gpu[h kd;lya rgh mtkq;fya jhuh rq;fk;> = gpupaju;~p %j;j gpui[fs; rq;fk;
1048 fhyp rhypa etuj;d gpuNjrrig fhyp
1049 fhyp ruj; jahde;j
1050 fhyp ruj; nfhlfe;ju Muhr;rp
1051 fhyp ruj; ky;td;d
1052 fhyp ruPj; uh[gf;~
1053 fhyp rpwP Nuh`d gpujPg
1054 fhyp Rfjghy jPaffNf
1055 fhyp Rdpy; rhe;j fNdtj;j fhyp kdpj cupikfs; ghJfhg;G epWtdk; - tNk Nfe;jpua
1056 fhyp Rrpy; fUzh Kdp khdtL juq;fd vy `t tj;j Rgrhjf rkpjp rq;tpjhda
1057 fhyp up.lgps;A+.Rdpy; ngNuuh tpf;fpukrpq;f
1058 fhyp up.[p.[p.la];
1059 fhyp up.V.N`kr;re;jpuh
1060 fhyp up.vy;.lhfy b rpy;th
1061 fhyp jhuf tuhgpl;ba = yq;fh nu~dyp];l; rq;fk;
1062 fhyp jpyhtl;ltd Muhr;rpNf N`kr;re;jpuh
gp.b. 65 jp];] tptrhapfs; rq;fk;
1063 fhyp A+.[p.b.Mupajpyf
1064 fhyp A+.vy;.[p.gpajpyf
1065 fhyp cgaNrhk nfhbfhu
1066 fhyp cGs; tpf;fpukrpq;f
1067 fhyp rq;. nf`;Ys;Ns RNkj Njuu; = tpNtfh uhka
1068 fhyp lgps;A+.gP.I.Mupauj;d
1069 fhyp lgps;A+.vr;.vk;.mD~h rpupahdp
1070 fhyp lgps;A+.vk;.v];.Fkhu
1071 fhyp lgps;A+.tpjhdtrk;
1072 fhyp ty;nghy Fzrpwp Njuu;
1073 fhyp Nthy;lu; rp.lgps;A+.nrdtpuj;d
1074 fhyp it.vy;.re;jpujh]
NNru;f;if ‘G’
281
,y. khtl;lk; ngau; mikg;G
1075 fhyp it.vy;.[p.[ajpyf
1076 fhyp gpwg;G> ,wg;G> jpUkz gjpthsu; eyd;Gup FO
1077 fhyp njd; khfhz murhq;f ghlrhiyfs; khztu; Nghf;Ftuj;Jr;Nrit rq;fk;
1078 fhyp fhyp khtl;l tu;j;jf rk;Nksdk;
1079 fhyp fhyp khtl;l %j;j gpui[fs; rq;fk;
1080 fhyp fpuhkpa ngz;fs; Kd;dzp kw;Wk; fhyp khj;jiw ngz;fs; epWtd xd;wpak;
1081 fhyp Fiwe;j tUkhd Xa;Tngw;w Mrpupau; rq;fk;
1082 fhyp fpuhkpa ngz;fs; Kd;dzp
1083 fhyp fpuhkpa ngz;fs; Kd;dzp kw;Wk; fhyp - khj;jiw ngz;fs; $l;likg;G
1084 fk;g`h V.N`kyjh
1085 fk;g`h V.mJNfhuy
1086 fk;g`h V.gP.mNgehaf;f
1087 fk;g`h V.jp]ehaf;f
1088 fk;g`h V.<.b.ju;krpwp
1089 fk;g`h my;̀ h[;.V.up.MupgPd; ,yq;if If;fpa kNy rq;fk;
1090 fk;g`h my;̀ h[; vk;.v];.vk;.k#l; fk;g`h khtl;l K];ypk; Gyikahsu; kd;wk;.
1091 fk;g`h md;l;& rkuJq;f rkaq;fspd; fhq;fpu];
1092 fk;g`h ngau; Fwpg;gplhjtu; 1
1093 fk;g`h ngau; Fwpg;gplhjtu; 2
1094 fk;g`h gP.vt;.rp.b.nkd;b];> b.vk;.fJ`k;nghy> vk;.V.epky; `upr;re;jpuh
1095 fk;g`h gP.lgps;A+.rprpu Fkhu
1096 fk;g`h G+nfhl mGfhkpyNf yPyhde;j
1097 fk;g`h rp.b.Mu;.gp. b rpy;th
1098 fk;g`h rp.uj;d`u
1099 fk;g`h fg;w;.utpdhj; nty;fk
1100 fk;g`h rupj; b.[ahde;j
1101 fk;g`h rupj Etd; gjpuh[h
1102 fk;g`h rhs;]; b rpy;th
1103 fk;g`h ruprhe;j n`l;bahur;rp
1104 fk;g`h rup];ud; nfhdtu;
1105 fk;g`h b.gP.j]ehaf;f
1106 fk;g`h b.rp.V.tp[pjfk
1107 fk;g`h b.[p.lgps;A. Kfhe;jpuk;Nf
1108 fk;g`h b. uh[gf;~
1109 fk;g`h b.v];. gj;jpuz
1110 fk;g`h b.b. FzNrd
1111 fk;g`h b.vk;.Nf. jp]ehaf;f
1112 fk;g`h lah tp[arpq;̀ B lhk; ujpD
1113 fk;g`h Njrge;J Nf. fUzhjh] =yq;fh NjrgpNukp fl;rp
1114 fk;g`h jHkNrd N`kghy
1115 fk;g`h lhf;lH. `pud;ah [atHjd
1116 fk;g`h vl;Ntl; gpypf;]; ud;njdpa
1117 fk;g`h vy;.gp. [ajpyf
1118 fk;g`h gpuhq; uj;drpwp
1119 fk;g`h [p.v];.vk;. rpwpayjh
1120 fk;g`h [p.lgps;A. tpGyRe;ju
1121 fk;g`h vr;.b. n~y;ld; me;Njhzp
1122 fk;g`h vk;.gp.vk;. Mupajpyf
1123 fk;g`h vr;.vk;.MH. ngNuuh
1124 fk;g`h vr;.it.v];. mg;Jy; fhjH
1125 fk;g`h vr;.V. nghd;Nrfh yq;fh RtpN~r tl;lk;
1126 fk;g`h N[.vr;. jpyful;z
1127 fk;g`h [arpq;f tp[auj;d
1128 fk;g`h [arpwp gHzhe;J
1129 fk;g`h Nf.V.vy;. rkPu
NNru;f;if ‘G’
282
,y. khtl;lk; ngau; mikg;G
1130 fk;g`h Nf.V.gP.vd;. `fd;lty
1131 fk;g`h Nf.[p. ee;jyhy;
1132 fk;g`h Nf. fhkpdp uzrpq;f
1133 fk;g`h Nf.Nf.V. tp[aRe;ju
1134 fk;g`h Nf. fUzhjh]
1135 fk;g`h Nf.vy;. epA+ld; ngNuuh
1136 fk;g`h Nf.gp. ngNuuh
1137 fk;g`h Nf.gp.tp.MH. gz;lhu
1138 fk;g`h Nf. gpNukrpwp
1139 fk;g`h Nf. uzrpq;f
1140 fk;g`h Nf.v];.Nf. tpupRj
1141 fk;g`h Nf.rp. gHzhe;J
1142 fk;g`h Nf.b. fpyptpNthl;
1143 fk;g`h Nf.Nf.V. tp[aRe;ju
1144 fk;g`h Nf.Nf. ul;zrpwp ngNuuh
1145 fk;g`h Nf.vy;. gHzhe;J
1146 fk;g`h Fytd;~ mjpfhup
1147 fk;g`h FKJ fhQ;rd mj;JNfhus
1148 fk;g`h Ftpah];ud; nwhl;wpNfh
1149 fk;g`h vy;.vk;.vr;. fg;uy;
1150 fk;g`h vy;.lgps;A. Mupauj;d
1151 fk;g`h vy;.N[. =[atpf;uk
1152 fk;g`h yypj; [a#upa
1153 fk;g`h yypj; FyJq;f
1154 fk;g`h tP]; NfhuyfkNf
1155 fk;g`h ny];yp gHzhe;JGs;Ns
1156 fk;g`h vk;.gp.b.b.gp. la];
1157 fk;g`h vk;.V.rhku rk;gj; kJ~q;f ee;jNrd
1158 fk;g`h vk;.V.[p. vjpup#upa
1159 fk;g`h vk;.rp.v];. gHzhe;J
1160 fk;g`h vk;.Nf.A.v];. Fzjpyf
1161 fk;g`h vk;. ypadNf
1162 fk;g`h vk;.vk;.V. ];nkapy;
1163 fk;g`h vk;.vk;. et;tH
1164 fk;g`h vk;.gp.b.b. la];
1165 fk;g`h vk;.V. mj;JNfhuy
1166 fk;g`h vk;.V.MH. rkurpq;f
1167 fk;g`h vk;.[p. rpwpNrd
1168 fk;g`h vk;.vr;. nkh`kl;
1169 fk;g`h k`pe;j fYNjhl;l
1170 fk;g`h vd;.b. fkNf
1171 fk;g`h vd;.b. fkNf
1172 fk;g`h vd;.vy;. gpurd;d gHzhe;J
1173 fk;g`h vd;.<.vr;. tpy;kl;
1174 fk;g`h ehyf;f rp. [atPu
1175 fk;g`h ep~he;j n`l;bMur;rp
1176 fk;g`h gp.V. gy;ypaFU gioa khztH rq;fk;> fsdpg; gy;fiyf;fofk; gioa khztH rq;fk;> fsdpg; gy;fiyf;fofk;
1177 fk;g`h gp.V.v];. gpupae;j
1178 fk;g`h gp.b. rpwpNrd
1179 fk;g`h gp.Nf. rkpy J~hup
1180 fk;g`h gparpwp RutPu
1181 fk;g`h NguhrpupaH v];. ruj; kjpyhy; j rpy;th
Kfhikj;Jt fw;iffs; kw;Wk; tzpf gPlk;> = [atHjdGu gy;fiyf;fofk;
1182 fk;g`h MH.V.gp. nyNdhuh
1183 fk;g`h MH.b. [atPu
1184 fk;g`h MH.lgps;A. mkurpq;f
1185 fk;g`h uzpy; mNgrpq;f
1186 fk;g`h v];.V. rpwptHjd ngNuuh
1187 fk;g`h v];.V. N`gl; ngNuuh
1188 fk;g`h v];.V.Nf. je;jpyNf
NNru;f;if ‘G’
283
,y. khtl;lk; ngau; mikg;G
1189 fk;g`h v];.gp. nty;fk
1190 fk;g`h v];.<.vr;. tpy;nkhl;
1191 fk;g`h v];.[p.gp. gz;lhu
1192 fk;g`h v];.vk;.lgps;A.MH. rpwtHjd
1193 fk;g`h v];.MH.b.gp. ngNuuh
1194 fk;g`h v];.MH.<. Fzrpq;f
1195 fk;g`h v];. uzJq;f
1196 fk;g`h v];. ruj; kjpyhy; j rpy;th
1197 fk;g`h v];.v];.v];.V.v];. Nrdehaf;f
1198 fk;g`h vd;.lgps;A. uQ;rd;
1199 fk;g`h rkd; J~hu Kj;JFkhuz
1200 fk;g`h nrduj; ypadNf
1201 fk;g`h n~y;ld; me;Njhzp
1202 fk;g`h n~y;ld; n`l;bMur;rp
1203 fk;g`h rpwpy; gHzhe;J
1204 fk;g`h rpwpepky yf;Jrpq;f
1205 fk;g`h Nrhkghy ypadNf
1206 fk;g`h jpyful;z jp]hehaf;f
1207 fk;g`h A.tp. [arpq;f
1208 fk;g`h tp. Nghy; ngNuuh
1209 fk;g`h tpky; N[. Utd;gj;jpuz
1210 fk;g`h lgps;A.b.V. rQ;rPt
1211 fk;g`h lgps;A. my;tp];
1212 fk;g`h lgps;A. mkurpq;f
1213 fk;g`h lgps;A. Vby; rpNfuh
1214 fk;g`h lgps;A. [aNrf;fu
1215 fk;g`h lgps;A.vk;.b. itj;jpauj;d
1216 fk;g`h lgps;A.gp. [aNrf;fu
1217 fk;g`h lgps;A.<.vk;.vr;. `up];re;j ngNuuh
1218 fk;g`h lgps;A.N[. rpwpy; gHzhe;J
1219 fk;g`h tpq;fkhz;lH <.vr;. xy;k];
1220 fk;g`h tpky; tp[arpq;f jUz NrJtpyp rkhrk;
1221 fk;g`h 21k; E}w;whz;bd; gilg; gzpfs; rq;fk;
1222 fk;g`h fk;g`h gpuirfs; FO
1223 fk;g`h fk;g`h khtl;l tHj;jf kw;Wk; ifj;njhopy; rq;fk;
1224 fk;g`h rkhjhd ePjthd;> caH ePjpkd;w rl;lj;juzp
1225 fk;g`h fsdp fw;if tl;lk;
1226 fk;g`h rhfugpurz;dh];@gmail.com [email protected]
1227 `k;ge;Njhl;l lhf;lH fhky; MH. Fyjpyf
1228 `k;ge;Njhl;l N[.Nf. jHkjh]
1229 `k;ge;Njhl;l N[. ehzhaf;fhu
1230 `k;ge;Njhl;l [ak`h `pl;bfk;kpyhNf Rfj; G~;gf [ak`h
1231 `k;ge;Njhl;l [ae;j ky;njdpa
1232 `k;ge;Njhl;l [aNrd k`hN`dhjp
1233 `k;ge;Njhl;l Nf.[p.V. Fyrpwp FNye;jpu
1234 `k;ge;Njhl;l Nf.tp.V. tp[atq;r
1235 `k;ge;Njhl;l Nf. tp[aFkud;
1236 `k;ge;Njhl;l gs;;spKy;y N`thfPfdNf Fyrpwp
1237 `k;ge;Njhl;l v];.V.N[.vd;. ky;njdpa
1238 `k;ge;Njhl;l Nrhkrpwp mgaFztHjd Vf;fehaf;f
1239 `k;ge;Njhl;l tre;j khdy; mNgtpf;uk
1240 `k;ge;Njhl;l V.gp. cgNrd
1241 `k;ge;Njhl;l rd;lutPu Mur;rpNf Nltpl;
1242 `k;ge;Njhl;l b. Nrduj; Mur;rp
1243 `k;ge;Njhl;l lahtd;~ tj;Njfk njd; khfhz murhq;fg; ghlrhiy Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; Nrit rq;fk;
1244 `k;ge;Njhl;l [p. [auj;d
1245 `k;ge;Njhl;l [p. rpwpNrd
NNru;f;if ‘G’
284
,y. khtl;lk; ngau; mikg;G
1246 `k;ge;Njhl;l [p. [auj;d
1247 `k;ge;Njhl;l [p. kpyhdp `upk;
1248 `k;ge;Njhl;l ,e;jpuh eadfhe;jp GQ;rpN`th
1249 `k;ge;Njhl;l N[. ehzhaf;fhu
1250 `k;ge;Njhl;l N[.vr;. Rfj; G~;gf [ak`h
1251 `k;ge;Njhl;l [aNrf;fu k`h`j;jp
1252 `k;ge;Njhl;l Nf.[p.V. Fyrpwp FnyD
1253 `k;ge;Njhl;l Nf. tp[aFkhud;
1254 `k;ge;Njhl;l Nf.tp.V. tp[atq;r
1255 `k;ge;Njhl;l nftpd; fuzhjpyf
1256 `k;ge;Njhl;l vy;. &gNrd
1257 `k;ge;Njhl;l vk;. re;juuj;d
1258 `k;ge;Njhl;l vk;.Nf.gp. [aNrf;fu
1259 `k;ge;Njhl;l vk;.vy;.vk;. vfpah
1260 `k;ge;Njhl;l kypj; nfs~y;ah
1261 `k;ge;Njhl;l ky;fhe;jp mjpfhup kfspH mgptpUj;jpr; rq;fk;> `k;ghe;Njhl;l
1262 `k;ge;Njhl;l Nehdh kQ;Ryh
1263 `k;ge;Njhl;l gp.V. tp[aRe;ju
1264 `k;ge;Njhl;l gp.vr;. Fyrpwp
1265 `k;ge;Njhl;l gp.vd;. tp[aRe;ju
1266 `k;ge;Njhl;l gp.v];. FzNrf;fu
1267 `k;ge;Njhl;l gs;spKy;y N`t`PfdNf Fyrpwp
1268 `k;ge;Njhl;l MH.V.gp. ePHjp jD[h mk;ghe;Njhl;l WFD mgptpUj;jpr; rq;fk;
1269 `k;ge;Njhl;l uQ;rpj; rp. Vf;fehaf;f cj;juT ngw;w tup nrYj;Jk; Rw;Wyh tpahghupfspd; rq;fk; - `k;ge;Njhl;l
1270 `k;ge;Njhl;l uj;ehaf;f Kjypahd;ryhNf Nrhkghy
1271 `k;ge;Njhl;l v];.V. Vf;fehaf;f
1272 `k;ge;Njhl;l v];.vy.V. tPurpq;f
1273 `k;ge;Njhl;l v];.gp. rpwpahdp kq;fypfh kfspH mgptpUj;jpr; rq;fk; - `k;ge;Njhl;l
1274 `k;ge;Njhl;l rk;gj; vjpup#upa
1275 `k;ge;Njhl;l Nrhkrpwp V. Vf;fehaf;f
1276 `k;ge;Njhl;l Rjk;kpfh tpf;fpukehaf;f `k;ge;Njhl;l khtl;l tHj;jfr; rig
1277 `k;ge;Njhl;l Rjk;kpfh tpf;fpukehaf;f `k;ge;Njhl;l khtl;l tzpfg; Nguit
1278 `k;ge;Njhl;l Rdpy; MH. j rpy;th ePjp rf;jp kd;wk;
1279 `k;ge;Njhl;l uP.V. N`kr;re;jpu kAuhGu/jp];]Gu tpJyp tl;l RufPNk gjdk
1280 `k;ge;Njhl;l uP.V. N`kre;jpu vy-jp];] nfhtp rq;tpjhda vy-jp];] cotH rq;fk;
1281 `k;ge;Njhl;l tre;j khndy; mNgtpf;uk khdt `pkpfk; RufPNk Guntrp gya / kdpj cupikfs; ghJfhg;Gf;fhd kf;fs; Kd;dzp
1282 `k;ge;Njhl;l tpy;ypak; td;dpMur;rp murhq;f Nrit Xa;T+jpaHfspd; ek;gpf;if epjpak;
1283 `k;ge;Njhl;l tpy;ypak; td;dpMur;rp kdpj cupikfisg; ghJfhf;Fk; gpuirfs; FO
1284 aho;g;ghzk; V. NfhFyd;
1285 aho;g;ghzk; V. m[pj; lhtpd;
1286 aho;g;ghzk; V. jHkFy#upak;
1287 aho;g;ghzk; V. NfhFyd;
1288 aho;g;ghzk; mgpkhdrpq;fk; rpj;jthjp cjaFkhud;
1289 aho;g;ghzk; mq;faNjtp nry;tuh[;
1290 aho;g;ghzk; mq;faNjtp nry;tuh[; kfspH ghJfhg;G kd;wk;> GdHtho;T epiyak;
1291 aho;g;ghzk; ngaH Fwpg;gpltpy;iy (mehkNja)
1292 aho;g;ghzk; MWKfk; eNlR uhN[e;jpud;
1293 aho;g;ghzk; MWKfk; rptf;FkhH
1294 aho;g;ghzk; rp.rp. tpehafk;
1295 aho;g;ghzk; b. ikf;nfy;
1296 aho;g;ghzk; lhdpnay; ghf;fpaul;zk;
1297 aho;g;ghzk; lhf;lH. Nf. tpf;Nd];tud; mfpy ,yq;if jkpo; kfhrig
NNru;f;if ‘G’
285
,y. khtl;lk; ngau; mikg;G
1298 aho;g;ghzk; lhf;lH. tp. rptghyhd;
1299 aho;g;ghzk; lhf;lH. v];. Nkh`d;
1300 aho;g;ghzk; lhf;lH. tp. kNfe;jpud;
1301 aho;g;ghzk; <. jahsd;
1302 aho;g;ghzk; v. n[fjPrd;
1303 aho;g;ghzk; fzgjp fNzrypq;fk;
1304 aho;g;ghzk; QhdFkhup rptNerd;
1305 aho;g;ghzk; vr;. ,e;Jkjp tpOJ
1306 aho;g;ghzk; vy;. Re;juypq;fk;
1307 aho;g;ghzk; vy;. ,uhirah
1308 aho;g;ghzk; N[. rf;jp [Ptd;
1309 aho;g;ghzk; n[fj; irj;jd;ah> tz. rfh thRNjt> tz. v];. kfhypq;f rpt FUf;fs;
rpd;kah kp\d;
1310 aho;g;ghzk; [Pl; vk;. #upa[Ptd;
1311 aho;g;ghzk; Nf. =uh[FkhH
1312 aho;g;ghzk; Nf. tNyjhQ;rd;
1313 aho;g;ghzk; Nf. ,uhruj;jpdk;
1314 aho;g;ghzk; Nf. [dhHj;jdd;
1315 aho;g;ghzk; Nf. fkNy];tud;
1316 aho;g;ghzk; Nf. Foe;ijtbNty; QhNdhjak;
1317 aho;g;ghzk; Nf. rpj;jptpehaftbNty;
1318 aho;g;ghzk; Nf. Jthfud;
1319 aho;g;ghzk; Nf. cNge;jpud;
1320 aho;g;ghzk; Nf. ,uhruj;jpdk;
1321 aho;g;ghzk; Nf. ,uj;jpdk;
1322 aho;g;ghzk; Nf. fNzrgps;is
1323 aho;g;ghzk; Nf. fgpyd;
1324 aho;g;ghzk; Nf. rghehafk;
1325 aho;g;ghzk; Nf. rf;jpNty;
1326 aho;g;ghzk; Nf. rpd;duhrh/vd;. jkpo;mofd;
1327 aho;g;ghzk; Nf. Rfj;
1328 aho;g;ghzk; Nf. jhNkhjuk;gps;is
1329 aho;g;ghzk; fzgjp fNz~ypq;fk;
1330 aho;g;ghzk; fdfrig kfhypq;fk;
1331 aho;g;ghzk; fe;jg;gh Kj;ijahgps;is
1332 aho;g;ghzk; NfjP];tud; tujuh[h
1333 aho;g;ghzk; NfjP];tud; tujuh[h
1334 aho;g;ghzk; fpl;bzd; fkNy];tud; mfpy ,yq;if rpWghz;ik jkpo; kfhrig
1335 aho;g;ghzk; vk;. fzgjpg;gps;is
1336 aho;g;ghzk; vk;.I. KUfd; <o kf;fs; [dehaff; fl;rp
1337 aho;g;ghzk; vk;. FkhuNty;
1338 aho;g;ghzk; vk;.Nf. rpth[pypq;fk;
1339 aho;g;ghzk; vk;. fzgjpg;gps;is
1340 aho;g;ghzk; vk;. FkhuNty;
1341 aho;g;ghzk; vk;. rrpfud;
1342 aho;g;ghzk; vk;. jUkypq;fk;
1343 aho;g;ghzk; vk;.<.tp. utpr;re;jpud; Laity & SSC fSf;fhd Mizf; FO - aho;g;ghz mj;jpal;frH
1344 aho;g;ghzk; kPsts;sp gP.v];.
1345 aho;g;ghzk; Kj;ijah rptFUehjd; ePjp kw;Wk; rkhjhdj;jpw;fhd FO - aho;g;ghzk;
1346 aho;g;ghzk; Kj;Jf;FkhH ghyRg;ukzpak;
1347 aho;g;ghzk; vd;. w`Pk;
1348 aho;g;ghzk; vd;. guNk];tud;
1349 aho;g;ghzk; vd;. rptehjd;
1350 aho;g;ghzk; vd;. Rg;gpukzpak;
1351 aho;g;ghzk; vd;. Ffhjhud;
1352 aho;g;ghzk; vd;. FzNrfud;
1353 aho;g;ghzk; vd;. jpUQhdrk;ge;jH
1354 aho;g;ghzk; ehfypq;fk; utpr;re;jpud;
1355 aho;g;ghzk; ehfkzp rghuj;jpzk;
NNru;f;if ‘G’
286
,y. khtl;lk; ngau; mikg;G
1356 aho;g;ghzk; gp. ehfypq;fk;
1357 aho;g;ghzk; gp. Rke;jpg;gps;is ghyfpU~lzd;
1358 aho;g;ghzk; gp. jtuhrh
1359 aho;g;ghzk; nghd;dk;gyk; uhN[e;jpud;
1360 aho;g;ghzk; nghd;dk;gyk; nry;tul;zk;
1361 aho;g;ghzk; nghd;dk;gyk; nry;tul;zk;
1362 aho;g;ghzk; gpujhg;
1363 aho;g;ghzk; NguhrpupaH gp. ghyRe;juk;gps;is Kd;idehs; cgNte;jH> ah.g.f.
1364 aho;g;ghzk; tp. Mde;jrq;fup> MH. rq;ifah jkpoh; tpLjiy $l;lzp (TULF) 1365 aho;g;ghzk; MH. nrse;juehafk;
1366 aho;g;ghzk; MH. nry;ttbNty;
1367 aho;g;ghzk; MH.Nf. RthHfhd; aho;g;ghzk; - fpspnehr;rp K];ypk; rq;fk;
1368 aho;g;ghzk; u[dp re;jpuNrfuk;
1369 aho;g;ghzk; ,uhirah Ngupd;gehafk;
1370 aho;g;ghzk; tz. gpjh. v];.tp.gp. kq;fsuh[h aho;g;ghz fj;Njhypf;f kiwkhtl;l ePjp kw;Wk; rkhjhdj;;jpw;fhd Mizf;FO
1371 aho;g;ghzk; v];. jHkpdp
1372 aho;g;ghzk; v];. MWKfk;
1373 aho;g;ghzk; v];. Fzuhrh
1374 aho;g;ghzk; v];. fdfuhrd; ,yq;if Geriatrics rq;fk;> tl khfhz epiyak;
1375 aho;g;ghzk; v];. fNz~%Hj;jp
1376 aho;g;ghzk; v];. fpU~;zehjd;
1377 aho;g;ghzk; v];. kfhypq;fk;
1378 aho;g;ghzk; v];. uzrpq;fk;
1379 aho;g;ghzk; v];. NrJuh[h
1380 aho;g;ghzk; v];. rptkNdhfup
1381 aho;g;ghzk; v];. #upaFkhH
1382 aho;g;ghzk; v];. up. rz;Kfehjd;
1383 aho;g;ghzk; v];. jpahfypq;fk;
1384 aho;g;ghzk; v];. jpahfypq;fk;
1385 aho;g;ghzk; v];. rpd;dj;Jiu
1386 aho;g;ghzk; v];. fdfuhN[];tud;
1387 aho;g;ghzk; v];. fzgjpg;gps;is
1388 aho;g;ghzk; v];. fe;jrhkp
1389 aho;g;ghzk; v];. NfjP];tud;
1390 aho;g;ghzk; v];. rghul;zk;
1391 aho;g;ghzk; v];. #upaFkhH
1392 aho;g;ghzk; v];. jpUr;nry;tehjd;
1393 aho;g;ghzk; v];. jpUf;FkhH fkf;fhuH rk;Nksdk;> ,Ztpy; fpof;F
1394 aho;g;ghzk; v];. tp[afhe;
1395 aho;g;ghzk; nry;tul;zk; Rg;gpukzpak;
1396 aho;g;ghzk; rNuh[h rptr;re;jpud; kfspH mgptpUj;jpf;fhd epiyak;
1397 aho;g;ghzk; nry;tul;zk; Rg;gpukzpak;
1398 aho;g;ghzk; rpjk;gud; Nkhfd;
1399 aho;g;ghzk; rpjk;gug;gps;is eluhrh
1400 aho;g;ghzk; Rg;gpukzpak; Nfhghyrpq;fk;
1401 aho;g;ghzk; Rg;gpukzpak; Nkhfdjh];
1402 aho;g;ghzk; Rg;gpukzpak; Nfhghyrpq;fk;
1403 aho;g;ghzk; Rth];jpfh mUs;ypq;fk; rl;l cjtp Mizf; FO
1404 aho;g;ghzk; up. uh[=fhe;jd;
1405 aho;g;ghzk; up. =u[Ptd;
1406 aho;g;ghzk; up. rpwjud;
1407 aho;g;ghzk; up. cjaFkhH
1408 aho;g;ghzk; up.Nf.v];. re;jpahgps;is
1409 aho;g;ghzk; up. Nfh~pfhd;
1410 aho;g;ghzk; up. ikf;fy;
1411 aho;g;ghzk; jq;fuhrh jt&gd;
1412 aho;g;ghzk; jq;fNty; rpt&gd;
1413 aho;g;ghzk; jHkpdp gj;kehjd;
1414 aho;g;ghzk; jpf;fk;kh k`pe;jFkhH
NNru;f;if ‘G’
287
,y. khtl;lk; ngau; mikg;G
1415 aho;g;ghzk; ;[dfd; Kj;Jf;FkhH aho; Kfhikahsh;fs; kd;wk.
1416 aho;g;ghzk; tp.Nf. [aghyd; [aghyd; r%f mgptpUj;jp Nrit
1417 aho;g;ghzk; tp. jNge;jpud;
1418 aho;g;ghzk; tp. NtYk;kapYk;
1419 aho;g;ghzk; tp. ghyfpU~;zd;
1420 aho;g;ghzk; itutk;gps;is fjpukiy
1421 aho;g;ghzk; tpehaf%Hj;jp =rf;jpNty;
1422 aho;g;ghzk; mfpy ,yq;if rpWghd;ikj; jkpoH kfhrig
1423 aho;g;ghzk; r%f GdH tho;Tf;fhd ];jhgdk;
1424 aho;g;ghzk; gj;kehgh <o kf;fs; Gul;rpfu tpLjiy Kd;dzp
1425 aho;g;ghzk; Rg;gpukzpa KjypahH E}yfk; kw;Wk; rdr%f epiyak; - GNyhyp fpof;F
1426 fSj;Jiw V.tp. rPytjp
1427 fSj;Jiw Mde;j nfhbJtf;F
1428 fSj;Jiw mNdhkh tp[aNrf;fu fSj;Jiw khtl;l fyhrhu mYtyfk;
1429 fSj;Jiw ngaH Fwpg;gpltpy;iy 1
1430 fSj;Jiw ngaH Fwpg;gpltpy;iy 2
1431 fSj;Jiw ngaH Fwpg;gpltpy;iy 3
1432 fSj;Jiw ngaH Fwpg;gpltpy;iy 4
1433 fSj;Jiw ngaH Fwpg;gpltpy;iy 5
1434 fSj;Jiw ngaH Fwpg;gpltpy;iy 6
1435 fSj;Jiw Ngl;uhk; gHzhe;J fSj;Jiw fpj;JD vfKj;Jt
1436 fSj;Jiw Gj;jpf gPup];
1437 fSj;Jiw rp. th]; FztHjd
1438 fSj;Jiw rpuhj;jp arq;fpf;fh j rpy;th kdpj fz;fhzpg;G rq;fk;
1439 fSj;Jiw b.V. [aNrf;fu
1440 fSj;Jiw b.b.vy;. [atHjd
1441 fSj;Jiw b.vy;. cNgtHz
1442 fSj;Jiw b.vk;. ep`hy;
1443 fSj;Jiw ldprd; tPu#upa rPkhrfpj;j rfRUtd; `h ea fZnjD rkpj;jp rk;gj
1444 fSj;Jiw laul;z tfyje;jpup fykdhfhu rNkhgfhu kfh rq;fka
1445 fSj;Jiw lahtq;r mkuJq;f
1446 fSj;Jiw jHkrpwp khtpd; [aNrf;fu
1447 fSj;Jiw bDf;f FNu
1448 fSj;Jiw fyhepjp gunfHltpkytq;r NjNuh jpupepf;fhahf;fspd; KO epTf;fhd ,izg;G kfh rq;f rgh
1449 fSj;Jiw <>gp.j rpy;th ghze;Jiw murhq;f Nrit Xa;T+jpaHfspd; rq;fk;
1450 fSj;Jiw [p.V.gp.V.vd;. gHzhe;J
1451 fSj;Jiw [p.v];. Fytpl;l
1452 fSj;Jiw [p. ee;jNrd
1453 fSj;Jiw fhkpzp ,k;Gyq;f [dtj;j If;fpa ngsj;j kw;Wk; nghJ kf;fs; r%f rq;fk;
1454 fSj;Jiw fhkpdp [ayj;
1455 fSj;Jiw vr;.lgps;A. lauj;d
1456 fSj;Jiw vr;.[p. gHzhe;J fSj;Jiw fpwP];jtH mikg;G
1457 fSj;Jiw vr;.lgps;A. [pNde;jpujh];
1458 fSj;Jiw vy;.Nf.gp. j rpy;th
1459 fSj;Jiw ,e;jpujh] n`l;bMur;rp ruj; Fzjpyf
fSj;Jiw khtl;l fw;wwpe;j gpuirfs; rq;fk; (LCAKD)
1460 fSj;Jiw N[.[p. N`kghy
1461 fSj;Jiw N[.lgps;A. tLNf
1462 fSj;Jiw N[.vy;.[p. nkhunfhl
1463 fSj;Jiw Nf.gp. gpwpw;Nuh
1464 fSj;Jiw Nf. mNrhfh gHzhe;J
1465 fSj;Jiw Nf.[p. jpyful;z n`KD njhopy; epiyak;
1466 fSj;Jiw Nf.Nf. uj;drpwp ngNuuh
1467 fSj;Jiw vy;. nehNay; jp]u ngNuuh mur XalT+jpaf;fhuH rq;fk;
1468 fSj;Jiw vy;vy;v];. m];tpd;
1469 fSj;Jiw ypd;ud; fSj;jwNf
NNru;f;if ‘G’
288
,y. khtl;lk; ngau; mikg;G
1470 fSj;Jiw vk;.[p. tpkyNrd
1471 fSj;Jiw vk;.vt;. nkh`kl;
1472 fSj;Jiw vk;. FRk; rpwpy;
1472 fSj;Jiw vk;.gp. ngNuuh> gp. [ajpyf> A.vr;. ypadNf
fSj;Jiw khtl;l murhq;f Xa;T+jpaf;fhuH rq;fq;fspd; $l;lzp
1474 fSj;Jiw N[. kzpyhy;
1475 fSj;Jiw epkyNrd cLfk;kh#upa
1476 fSj;Jiw gp.v. Nl~hd; ,Nue;jpu j rpy;th kdpj fz;fhzpg;G ,yq;if
1477 fSj;Jiw gp.Nf. Nrhkuj;d
1478 fSj;Jiw gp.vy;.v];. nfhlFk;Gu
1479 fSj;Jiw MH.Nf.vk;. uzrpq;f
1480 fSj;Jiw uht; nfhupah
1481 fSj;Jiw nuh~hd; gHzhe;J
1482 fSj;Jiw v];. [anej;jp
1483 fSj;Jiw ruj; rp. tPuuj;d
1484 fSj;Jiw ruj;Fkhu gpajp];] kf;fs; rkhjhd kd;wk;
1485 fSj;Jiw A.vr;. ypadNf fSj;Jiw khtl;l Xa;T epiyr; rq;fk;
1486 fSj;Jiw tz. mSj;fk jk;kghy NjuH ghype;j Etu gpuNjr rrduf;~f gy kz;lya
1487 fSj;Jiw tz. Fzhuq;fhu NjuH
1488 fSj;Jiw tz. n`l;bnghy rPtyp NjuH
1489 fSj;Jiw tz. fpdpahty jk;khe;j `pkp
1490 fSj;Jiw tz. njGtd gpahde;j NjuH Nky; khfhz rig cWg;gpdH
1491 fSj;Jiw tz. u[d;kNd Ngkuj;d `pkp
1492 fSj;Jiw lgps;A. gpajh]
1493 fSj;Jiw lgps;A. ep`hy; ngNuuh
1494 fSj;Jiw lgps;A.vk;.[p. ngNuuh fSj;Jiw fpwP];jtH mikg;G
1495 fSj;Jiw lgps;A.gp. Utd; ep~he;j
1496 fSj;Jiw fSj;Jiw khtl;l murhq;f Xa;T+jpaf;fhuH fq;fq;fspd; $l;lzp
1497 fSj;Jiw khtl;l nrayfk;> fSj;Jiw
1498 fSj;Jiw murhq;f Xa;T+jpaf;fhuHfspd; eyd;Gupr; rq;fk; (gahfy kf;Nfhz gpuNjrq;fspy; nraw;gLjy;)
1499 fSj;Jiw Gj;jrhrd mikr;R
1500 fSj;Jiw rj;ghy Nghjp kz;lya
1501 fz;b V.gp. ghkpdptj;j
1502 fz;b V.gp.vd;.v];. tpf;ukehaf;f
1503 fz;b V.b.v];. gpupaq;fu
1504 fz;b V.[p. gpah]; uzJq;f
1505 fz;b V. [arpq;f
1506 fz;b V.Nf. [aNrd
1507 fz;b V.v];.lgps;A. K~Pd;
1508 fz;b V.V.vd;. ghaplh
1509 fz;b V.vk;. thap]; gl;ljhupfs; rq;fk;
1510 fz;b V.vk;.V.MH. mkurpq;f
1511 fz;b V.vk;.vy;.gp. nghy;nfhy> gp.vk;. g];ehaf;f
rdehafj;jpw;fhd njhopy; ty;YeHfspd; mikg;G
1512 fz;b V. ntnuy;yhfk
1513 fz;b m[pj; jp]ehaf;f
1514 fz;b my;̀ h[; V.MH.V. `kPl;> up.lgps;A.I.vk;. ep]hk;bd;
r%f Nritfs; mikg;G
1515 fz;b Mde;j nfhbJtf;F
1516 fz;b Mde;j vk;.gp. jp]hehaf;f fz;b khtl;l murhq;f Xa;T+jpaf;fhuH rq;fk;
1517 fz;b ngaH Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy
1518 fz;b mq;Uj;J tp[aRe;ju
1519 fz;b mNrhf muKjyp ,yq;if ajhHjthjpfspd; rq;fk;
1520 fz;b mj;Jy N`uj;
1521 fz;b gp.V. tpdpjh
1522 fz;b gp.Nf. gpNukRe;ju
1523 fz;b gp.V. Kdrpq;f
NNru;f;if ‘G’
289
,y. khtl;lk; ngau; mikg;G
1524 fz;b gp.Nf. [ajp];]
1525 fz;b gp.lgps;A. mgatHjd
1526 fz;b ghspnghf;Fd tpkyjhr NjuH> [p.gp. mfytj;j> gp. gpurd;d Fkhurpaq;f> MH.vk;.rp. Vf;fehaf;f> jpyf;f rk;gj; tzrpq;f> tz. nghuyj;j jk;kftH NjuH
1527 fz;b ge;Jy Fzjpyf kf;fspd; cupikfis ghJfhf;Fk; ]jhgdk;
1528 fz;b gpky; re;jpurpwp
1529 fz;b rp. ee;jNrd
1530 fz;b rp.b. jk;kNrd
1531 fz;b rp.v];.tp. Vf;fehaf;f
1532 fz;b rp. tPu#upa
1533 fz;b rk;gh gHzhe;J tpyq;Ffspd; eyd;Gup Kfkhf rdr%fg; ghJfhg;gpw;fhd fz;b rq;fk;
1534 fz;b re;juFg;j jHkNrd
1535 fz;b b.[p.V. tPurpq;f
1536 fz;b b.vk;. tPurpq;f
1537 fz;b b.vk;. tp[auj;d
1538 fz;b b. mfq;fk Mur;rp
1539 fz;b b.b.gp. nlhld;ty
1540 fz;b b.[p. N`uj; gz;lh
1541 fz;b v.Nf. fPHj;jp jp];] ,yq;if If;fpa fpuhk NritahsH rq;fk;
1542 fz;b b.vk;. gz;lhu
1543 fz;b b.vk;.v];. jp]hehaf;f
1544 fz;b b.vk;.up.gp. jp]hehaf;f
1545 fz;b b.v];. tpjhuz
1546 fz;b b.lgps;A.up. Nrdhuj;d
1547 fz;b Nltpl; vjpuprpq;f
1548 fz;b la]; j rpy;th
1549 fz;b lhf;lH FRk; itj;jpaul;z
1550 fz;b lhf;lH K]kpy; fhjH rkhjhd
1551 fz;b lhf;lH. vd;.v];. nrha;]h
1552 fz;b lhf;lH. v];.I. k`pe;jtd;r
1553 fz;b lhf;lH. Ffj; FzNrfu fz;ba rpq;fs ngsj;j %j;j gpuirfs; ,af;fk;
1554 fz;b MH. gHzhe;J> v];. uh[gf;~> lhf;lHfs; up. N`uj;> v];. uh[gf;~
ngsj;j itj;jpaHfs; rq;fk;
1555 fz;b lhf;lH. [p.[p. MH. nghd;Nrfh
1556 fz;b lhf;lH. ikj;jpup uh[gf;~
1557 fz;b Jiuuh[h ckhNjtp gzp GupAk; ngz;fSf;fhd RahjPd r%f Maj;j Kd;dzp
1558 fz;b <.V. tp[arpq;f
1559 fz;b <. fhkpdp FztHjd
1560 fz;b vjpuprpq;f fhkpdp rkuJq;f
1561 fz;b [p.rp. ee;jNrd
1562 fz;b [p.[p. guNk];tud;
1563 fz;b [p. epuhy;uh[h
1564 fz;b fhkpdp [atPu fz;b gpuirfs; Kd;dzp
1565 fz;b fhkpdp [atpf;uk
1566 fz;b fhkpdp epy;Nynfhl
1567 fz;b Fzjpyf Kzrpq;f
1568 fz;b vr;. m[pj;FkhH
1569 fz;b vr;.vk;. etul;z gz;lh
1570 fz;b vr;.vk;. up. gz;lhu
1571 fz;b vr;.vk;. Rfjghy
1572 fz;b vr;.gp. gpNukrpwp
1573 fz;b vr;.lgps;A. mgatHjd
1574 fz;b vr;.b. n`l;bNf
1575 fz;b vr;.vr;. jpyful;z tpjhdyhNf
1576 fz;b vr;.vk;. #upaFkhu `pl;bfK
NNru;f;if ‘G’
290
,y. khtl;lk; ngau; mikg;G
1577 fz;b vr;.vk;. N`uj; tp[a gz;lhu
1578 fz;b vr;.vk;.vk;.gp. N`uj;
1579 fz;b N`uj; uzjPu Xa;T+jpaf;fhuH ek;gpf;if epjpak;
1580 fz;b I.vk;. mg;Jy; fhjH
1581 fz;b N[.vk;. n`d;up [ajpyf
1582 fz;b N[.gp. ehuk;gdht
1583 fz;b N[.[p.vy;.v];. gz;lhu
1584 fz;b N[.v];.v];. uh[ul;z
1585 fz;b [hypah nkjf
1586 fz;b [hdf jHkfPHj;jp
1587 fz;b [hdf rfy#upa
1588 fz;b [ayj; `j;JUrpq;f
1589 fz;b [arpq;f n`l;bMur;rp Njrpa mgptpUj;jp Kd;dzp
1590 fz;b n[a;ghy;
1591 fz;b Nf.vk;.MH. FyJq;f
1592 fz;b Nf.vk;.Nf. Nrhkuj;d
1593 fz;b Nf.vk;.MH. mNgauj;d
1594 fz;b Nf.gp.vd;. gpNukjpyf;f
1595 fz;b Nf.MH.vk;. tpGy rk;gj; gz;lhu
1596 fz;b Nf.[p. Qhduj;d
1597 fz;b Nf.[p. jpyfuj;d
1598 fz;b Nf.[p.vy;.V. rpy;th> r~pfyh FNu
1599 fz;b Nf.vk;.b.[p.rp. [akyp fFye;ju
1600 fz;b Nf.vk;.[p. mNgrpq;f
1601 fz;b Nf.MH.V. rpj;jpf; fz;b khefu k[pyp]; rk;Nksdk;
1602 fz;b Nf.tp. uhkrhkp fz;b fiy kw;Wk; ,yf;fpa MHtyH eq;fk;
1603 fz;b Nf.lgps;A. rhHs;]; rpy;th
1604 fz;b fYk; [aNrd
1605 fz;b fky; rpwptHjd
1606 fz;b fky; rpwp
1607 fz;b fUzhehaf;f Kjyahd;NryhNf gpupae;j cja gz;lhu fUzhehaf;f
1608 fz;b f];;J}up tHzFy
1609 fz;b vy;.Nf.vk;. fUzhuj;d
1610 fz;b vy;.gp. Fzjpyf
1611 fz;b vy;.vk;.v];. etpkhd;d
1612 fz;b vy;. tp[aNfhd;
1613 fz;b vy;.gp. rkuf;Nfhd;
1614 fz;b vy.vk;.vd;. [arpq;f gz;lh
1615 fz;b yypj; mgarpq;f
1616 fz;b yypj; FyJq;f
1617 fz;b yypj; [atHjd
1618 fz;b vk;.gp.up.[p. Fzjpyf
1619 fz;b vk;. uhk; yl;Rkp
1620 fz;b vk;.gp. jk;kpdpKs;s xNfhkh thrpNah – xNfhkh ,uhl;rpak; 1621 fz;b vk;.gp. uhthul;l
1622 fz;b vk;.[p. nuh~hd; [hypj;j Mupaul;z
1623 fz;b vk;.I. uh]pf;
1624 fz;b vk;.Nf.I. rhe;jp
1625 fz;b vk;.vk;. tre;j nrdtpuj;d
1626 fz;b vk;.MH. [ajpyf
1627 fz;b ky;tpd; ahfy
1628 fz;b ky;tpd; aNynfhl
1629 fz;b ,uh[rpq;f kd;dH (fd;Drhkpuh[h)
1630 fz;b nkh`kl; uh[Pbd; rptpy; Nrit – rHtNjrk; 1631 fz;b vd;.gp. njd;dNfhd;
1632 fz;b vd;.vk;. tre;j khurpq;f
1633 fz;b vd;.MH.rp. FztHjd
1634 fz;b vd;.lgps;A.rp. j rpy;th
1635 fz;b ehkypf;fh jp]hehaf;f
1636 fz;b nenuQ;ryh tre;jp
NNru;f;if ‘G’
291
,y. khtl;lk; ngau; mikg;G
1637 fz;b epky; re;jpurpwp n`l;bMuhr;rp
1638 fz;b epky;rpwp uzKf
1639 fz;b eprq;f uzjq;f
1640 fz;b gp. Njhygpfpy
1641 fz;b gp.vr;. ,e;jpurpq;f
1642 fz;b gp.Nf. [ae;j Fkhu
1643 fz;b gp. NyhNf];tup kfspH If;fpa Kd;dzp
1644 fz;b gp. Kj;Jypq;fk;> vk;. thkNjtd;> \hd; gpugh
r%f mgptpUj;jp epWtfk;> kiyaf jkpoH GyikaH kw;Wk; ty;YdH FO
1645 fz;b gp.gp. rptg;gpufhrk> MH. eluhrh kdpj mgptpUj;jp ];jhgdk;
1646 fz;b gp.gp.rp. gz;lhu
1647 fz;b gp.[p.vd;. [ayj;
1648 fz;b gp. `j;njhl;Lt
1649 fz;b gp.Nf. [ae;jFkhu
1650 fz;b gp.Nf.v];. Kdrpq;f
1651 fz;b gp.vy;. jkpe;j
1652 fz;b gp.v];.[p. ngNuuh
1653 fz;b gpw;wH tp[arpq;f
1654 fz;b gparpwp mgaNfhd;
1655 fz;b NguhrpupaH jk;kpf j`ehaf;f ghuk;gupa fpuhkg; gpuNjr tYT+l;lYf;fhd ,af;fk;
1656 fz;b NguhrpupaH [p.gp. fpuhfk rf;fy tsq;fs; Kfhikj;Jt kd;wk;
1657 fz;b MH. gp. N`uj;
1658 fz;b MH.Nf.lgps;A.rp. [atHjd
1659 fz;b MH.vrk;.I. uj;drpwp gz;lhu
1660 fz;b MH. vk;.vk;. uh[gf;~
1661 fz;b MH. eluhrh njhopyhsH $l;LwTr; rq;fk;
1662 fz;b MH. guehj;jy
1663 fz;b MH. up. uhzghd
1664 fz;b MH. [p. mNguj;jpd
1665 fz;b MH. [p. fPHj;jpuj;d> MH.[p.v];. jHkuj;d
1666 fz;b MH. [p. fPHj;jpuj;d
1667 fz;b MH. vd;.Nf. Mupauj;d
1668 fz;b MH. gp. yf;~;kd; tp[arpwp
1669 fz;b uh[h c];tl;lN`aht ,yq;if fkpAdp];l; fl;rp
1670 fz;b uNk~; ee;jFkhu
1671 fz;b uzpy mNgrpq;f
1672 fz;b utpuhk;
1673 fz;b tz. rd;Rz;fk Qhduj;d NjuH
1674 fz;b tz. gpjh ee;jd kdJq;f
1675 fz;b nuhfhd; v];. gz;lhu
1676 fz;b Uthd; gj;jpuz
1677 fz;b v];. uj;tj;j> vk;.b. tktd;r gy;fiyf;fof tpupTiuahsHfs; kw;Wk; njhopy; ty;YeH rq;fk;
1678 fz;b v];.gp. tp[aNfhd;
1679 fz;b v];. nfh];jh
1680 fz;b v];. fpUghfud;
1681 fz;b v];.vk;.v];.Nf. tp[auj;d
1682 fz;b v];. ee;jrpwp gHzhe;J
1683 fz;b v];. clnfju
1684 fz;b v];.V.rp.v];. Fkhuuj;d
1685 fz;b v];. ypadNf ,yq;if cilf;fy;tp Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp kd;wk;
1686 fz;b v];. tpadhuhr;rp
1687 fz;b v];.vk;. Fzjpyf;f gz;lh
1688 fz;b v];.vk;.b.v];.up. Nrurpq;f
1689 fz;b v];.vk;.gp. ruj; tp[auj;d
1690 fz;b ry;kh `k;rh kfspH tYT+l;ly; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp kd;wk;
1691 fz;b ruj; ngNuuh
1692 fz;b rPjh vl;Ntl;];
1693 fz;b rpwpNrd ehzhaf;fhu
NNru;f;if ‘G’
292
,y. khtl;lk; ngau; mikg;G
1694 fz;b Rre;j ,e;jpf k`pe;jtq;r
1695 fz;b up.[p. tPurpq;f
1696 fz;b up.vk;. mNguj;d gz;lh
1697 fz;b up.lgps;A.I.vk;. ep[hg;bd;
1698 fz;b A.rp. fpupe;jpnfhl
1699 fz;b A.gp. tp[aNfhd;
1700 fz;b A.I. fUzhuj;d
1701 fz;b A.vy;.V. re;jpujpyf
1702 fz;b cghyp Vf;fehaf;f
1703 fz;b tz. fpupe;jfy jHkul;z NjuH
1704 fz;b tz. epky; jk;k NjuH
1705 fz;b tz. jy;yfl uj;drhu NjuH
1706 fz;b lgps;A.vk;. Mde;j tfhrpq;f
1707 fz;b lgps;A.vk;. t[auj;d
1708 fz;b lgps;A.v];. j rpy;th fz;b kdpj cupikfs; mYtyfk;
1709 fz;b lgps;A.V. j rpy;th
1710 fz;b lgps;A. vr;.vk;. Nrdhuj;d gz;lh
1711 fz;b lgps;A. Nf. jHkNrd fpuhkg; gFjp fpuhk mgptpUj;jp rq;fk;
1712 fz;b lgps;A.vk;. Mde;j tzrpq;f
1713 fz;b lgps;A.vk;.V.gp. fe;Njfk
1714 fz;b lgps;A.vk;. re;jpu#upa
1715 fz;b lgps;A.vk;.vr;.gp. tpN[Nfhd;
1716 fz;b lgps;A.vk;. N`krpwp tp[aRe;ju
1717 fz;b lgps;A.vk;.vk;.[p. uQ;rpj; rhkfhkp rf [Ptda re;j`hT+ [djh vf;fj;Jt
1718 fz;b lgps;A.up. fkNf
1719 fz;b it.vk;.[p. [atHjd gz;lh
1720 fz;b it.gp.v];.b.v];. tpjhuz
1721 fz;b it.lgps;A.b. jHkfPHj;jp
1722 Nffhiy V. rz;rkpfuh[; ckhjH~pdp
1723 Nffhiy V.V.vk;. ngNuuh
1724 Nffhiy V.vr;.vk;.gp. myfNfhd;
1725 Nffhiy V.vk;. rj;jpahde;jd;
1726 Nffhiy V.A.gp. gz;lhu
1727 Nffhiy V.lgps;A. Uf;kzp Mupauj;d
1728 Nffhiy ngaH Fwpg;gpltpy;iy 1
1729 Nffhiy ngaH Fwpg;gpltpy;iy 2
1730 Nffhiy ngaH Fwpg;gpltpy;iy 3
1731 Nffhiy ngaH Fwpg;gpltpy;iy 4
1732 Nffhiy ngaH Fwpg;gpltpy;iy 5
1733 Nffhiy ngaH Fwpg;gpltpy;iy 6
1734 Nffhiy ngaH Fwpg;gpltpy;iy 7
1735 Nffhiy ngaH Fwpg;gpltpy;iy 8
1736 Nffhiy mUz rpy;th
1737 Nffhiy gp.A. tp[atHjd
1738 Nffhiy gp. mNdhkh tp[aul;d
1739 Nffhiy gp.vk;. uj;dhaf;f
1740 Nffhiy gp.vk;.v];.gp.v];. je;jf
1741 Nffhiy rp.MH. uj;ehaf;f
1742 Nffhiy re;ju f];J}upMur;rp fpuptygpl;ba wk;Gf;fz
fhe;jhrq;fukzpf;f Nrth kj;jpa];jhda
1743 Nffhiy rpe;jf rp. Fzjh] epjf]; nfhtp nguKz
1744 Nffhiy rpwpy; uzjpyf ,yq;if fkf;fhuH rq;fk;
1745 Nffhiy b.v];.N[ uzrpq;f
1746 Nffhiy b.up. FzNrfu Nlbfk – [ayj;fe;j fpuhk rq;tHjd rkpjpa
1747 Nffhiy b.[p. yf;~;kd; rpwpNrd
1748 Nffhiy b.vk;. N`uj;
1749 Nffhiy b.vk;. ruj; mkuJq;f
1750 Nffhiy b.vk;.Nf.[p.gp. jp]hehaf;f
1751 Nffhiy b.vd;. tpf;ukrpq;f
1752 Nffhiy b.MH. gpaNrd jy;ty
NNru;f;if ‘G’
293
,y. khtl;lk; ngau; mikg;G
1753 Nffhiy b.up. FzNrf;fu Fpuhk mgptpUj;jpf; FO
1754 Nffhiy jHkrpwp Rgrpq;f
1755 Nffhiy Nlhd; Nahnrg; ikf;fy; KdtPu
1756 Nffhiy <.vk;. Fzjpyf
1757 Nffhiy <>gp.gp. ngNuuh
1758 Nffhiy <.lgps;A.V.A. rpwptHjd
1759 Nffhiy <];tu tp[arpq;f
1760 Nffhiy [p.V. fpupte;njdpa
1761 Nffhiy [p.v];.MH.lgps;A. tp[aNrf;fu
1762 Nffhiy [p.MH. jHkNrd
1763 Nffhiy vr;. RkztPu [ajp];]
1764 Nffhiy vr;.[p.vy;Nf. tpf;ukrpq;f Aj;jj;jpdhy; CdKw;w gpugy rq;fk; - Nffhiy
1765 Nffhiy vr;.vr;.[p.vk;. mNgehaf;f
1766 Nffhiy vr;.MH. kpj;ughy
1767 Nffhiy vr;.[p.v];.[p. tpf;ukrpq;f
1768 Nffhiy I.V. epky; jahrpwp> Nf.[p.b.gp. Fzjh]
1769 Nffhiy I.vr;.,Nu~h kJtdp gz;lhu
1770 Nffhiy N[.gp. tp[auj;d gz;lh fkj;njhopy; mikr;R
1771 Nffhiy [ak;gjp tpf;ukuj;d
1772 Nffhiy [auj;d gPup];
1773 Nffhiy Nf. kNf];tud;
1774 Nffhiy Nf.V. mj;Jytj;j nkdpf;Nf
1775 Nffhiy Nf.[p. k`pe;jyhy; fl;Lfpj;Jy
1776 Nffhiy Nf.[p. Nrdhuj;d
1777 Nffhiy Nf.vk;.gp. FyJq;f
1778 Nffhiy Nf.gp.v];.up. [aNrd
1779 Nffhiy Nf.v];.b. Fkhurpq;f
1780 Nffhiy Nf.tp.<.gp.gp. ngNuuh
1781 Nffhiy fe;jd; KUNfR
1782 Nffhiy f];J}up fyg;gjp
1783 Nffhiy fpq;];yp uNk~; fdfuh[h
1784 Nffhiy vy;.gp. rdj; gj;jpuz
1785 Nffhiy vk;. Mde;j Mupauj;d
1786 Nffhiy vk;. mDu rp. [ajp];]
1787 Nffhiy vk;.gp.gp. `e;jFGu
1788 Nffhiy vk;.vr;.vk;. kH#f;
1789 Nffhiy vk;.gp.b. gj;jpuz
1790 Nffhiy vk;.gp. [arpq;f
1791 Nffhiy vk;.gp. jpyfuj;d
1792 Nffhiy vk;.b.vk;.v];. al;ltPu
1793 Nffhiy vk;.vr;.vk;. m];fhH
1794 Nffhiy vk;.vr;. nkh`kl; epye;j
1795 Nffhiy vk;.vk;. tpkyNrd
1796 Nffhiy vk;.v];. mkPu `_ird;
1797 Nffhiy vk;.v];.vk;. rpj;jpf; ,yq;if r%f eyd;Gup mYty;fs; mgptpUj;jpf; FO
1798 Nffhiy vk;.v];.V. K]k;kPy;
1799 Nffhiy vk;.v];.vd;. rpj;jpf; m]l; kd;wk;
1800 Nffhiy Nk[H. [hdf fzrpq;f
1801 Nffhiy Kdrpq;f Mur;rpNf gpurhl; rQ;rPt Kzrpq;f
1802 Nffhiy vd;. FzNrd
1803 Nffhiy epky; [arpq;f
1804 Nffhiy gp.[p. ep~he;j gpNuk;jpyf
1805 Nffhiy gp.V.N[. tp[arpwp
1806 Nffhiy gp. ypadNf
1807 Nffhiy gp. ee;jd> gp. tpf;ukrpq;f
1808 Nffhiy gp. guNk~;tud;
1809 Nffhiy gp.gp. ,e;jpf gz;lhu
1810 Nffhiy gp.[p.v];. re;jpuFkhu
1811 Nffhiy gp.[p.v];. re;jpuFkhu
NNru;f;if ‘G’
294
,y. khtl;lk; ngau; mikg;G
1812 Nffhiy gp.vr[;. gpatq;r
1813 Nffhiy gp.Nf.vk;.gp. nguKd
1814 Nffhiy gp. ypadNf
1815 Nffhiy gp.vk;. Nyfk;Nf
1816 Nffhiy guhrf;jp Nrdehaf;f
1817 Nffhiy gpNukyjh gp. Kfhe;jpuk;
1818 Nffhiy NguhrpupaH up.v];. mNgtpf;uk
1819 Nffhiy MH.gp. gNdehaf;f
1820 Nffhiy MH. uh[h uk;ah
1821 Nffhiy MH. uk;ah
1822 Nffhiy MH.gp. ,~q;f rke;jpFkhup
1823 Nffhiy MH.b.vd;. juq;f je;njdpa
1824 Nffhiy MH.gp. gpNukjpyf Mghjpj;jaq;Nf Rtrf;jp re;tpjhda
1825 Nffhiy MH.A. Nrdhehaf;f
1826 Nffhiy tz. ke;jty rpwpNsgd NjuH
1827 Nffhiy v];.MH. jHkNrd
1828 Nffhiy v];.v];.V.j rpy;th
1829 Nffhiy v];. fhspjh];
1830 Nffhiy v];.gp. me;NjhzpKj;J nrskpa ,isQH kd;wk;
1831 Nffhiy v];. Nrduj; “kp`pypa” kfspH rq;fk; 1832 Nffhiy v];.V. Mde;j [auj;d
1833 Nffhiy v];.V.b.vk;.Nf. rkuNrd
1834 Nffhiy v];. mky; mUzg;gpupa
1835 Nffhiy v];.gp. Muhjfk
1836 Nffhiy v];.[p. re;jpujh]
1837 Nffhiy v];.vk;.b.V. rpy;th
1838 Nffhiy v];.gp. yf;~gpupa Fkhurpwp
1839 Nffhiy rkurpq;f FkhuNf fUzhNrd
1840 Nffhiy rz;Kfuh[; ckhjH~dp =fNz~h jkpo; kfh tpj;jpahyak;
1841 Nffhiy ruj; ee;juh[ fk;yj;
1842 Nffhiy rpupNrd uh[gf;~ Njrgw;Ws;s Kd;Ndw;w kf;fs; Kd;dzp
1843 Nffhiy up.V. rpwpkhkdp nkzpf;Nf
1844 Nffhiy up.vk;.vk;.v];. njd;dNfhd;
1845 Nffhiy A.gp. [arpq;f fyju kfh tpj;jpahyak;> fyju
1846 Nffhiy ckhjH~pdp rz;kfuh[;
1847 Nffhiy cNge;jpu tpN[uj;d
1848 Nffhiy tp. n`dj; Nuhfd ngNuuh
1849 Nffhiy tz. ty;fy;Nk Mupatq;ryq;fhu NjuH
1850 Nffhiy lgps;A.gp. Fzuj;d
1851 Nffhiy lgps;A.V. Mde;j Fkhu
1852 Nffhiy lgps;A.vr;. gpupae;j gpajpyNf
1853 Nffhiy lgps;A.vk;. rkd; fzuj; [hdf gz;lhu
1854 Nffhiy lgps;A.vk;.b.N[. tPu#upa
1855 Nffhiy lgps;A.gp. Nrhkrpwp tPuGu
1856 Nffhiy lgps;A rpwprPyp jpyfuj;d
1857 Nffhiy lgps;A.lgps;A.MH.lgps;A.up.gp. tp[aNfhd;
1858 Nffhiy tpd;rd; tpj;jhnjdpa
1859 Nffhiy it.V. Rkpj; gpupae;j
1860 Nffhiy it. fUzhjpyf
1861 Nffhiy Nffhiy khtl;l rkhjhd ePjthd;fs; rq;fk;
1862 fpspnehr;rp V. rj;jpad;
1863 fpspnehr;rp V. rptFkhud; ghujpGuk; fpuhk mgptpUj;jpr; rq;fk;
1864 fpspnehr;rp V.Nf. Qhd%Hj;jp
1865 fpspnehr;rp V. rj;jpahde;jk;
1866 fpspnehr;rp MWKfk; uhruj;dk;
1867 fpspnehr;rp moful;zk; rj;jpad;
1868 fpspnehr;rp mkurpq;fk; NfjP];tud;
1869 fpspnehr;rp Mde;jrptk; rpuhyd;
NNru;f;if ‘G’
295
,y. khtl;lk; ngau; mikg;G
1870 fpspnehr;rp ngaH Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy 1
1871 fpspnehr;rp ngaH Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy 2
1872 fpspnehr;rp ngaH Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy 3
1873 fpspnehr;rp mg;Gj;Jiu uFgjp tNahjpgH rq;fk;> rptefH- cUj;jpuGuk;
1874 fpspnehr;rp mUsk;gyk; tp[aFkhH fpuhk mgptpUj;jpr; rq;fk; - [ae;jpefH
1875 fpspnehr;rp NtyhAjk; fpuhk mgptpUj;jpr; rq;fk; - jpUefH tlf;F
1876 fpspnehr;rp mUzhryk; NfjP];tud;
1877 fpspnehr;rp rp. tpf;uH Nyhfehjd;
1878 fpspnehr;rp lhf;lH fe;jrhkp jpUNyhf%Hj;jp RNjr kUj;Jtf; fy;Y}up
1879 fpspnehr;rp <. gpupah> Nf. fpNw];> MH. Nahfuhzp> <. tpkyuhzp
kfspH nraw;ghl;L tiyaikg;G
1880 fpspnehr;rp vl;Ntl; gpuhd;rp]; tpehafH rdr%f epiyak;
1881 fpspnehr;rp fNz~%Hj;jp fz;zjhrd; md;dGuk; fpuhk mgptpUj;jpr; rq;fk;
1882 fpspnehr;rp rpwpfhe;jd; cotD}H fpuhk mgptpUj;jpr; rq;fk;
1883 fpspnehr;rp I. mNrhf;FkhH
1884 fpspnehr;rp N[hd; jduh[; fpuhk mgptpUj;jpr; rq;fk;
1885 fpspnehr;rp fjpuNty; Rgh~; rptpy; ghJfhg;Gf; FO
1886 fpspnehr;rp fdifah kN`e;jpud;
1887 fpspnehr;rp fe;jH KUfH Rg;gpukzpak;
1888 fpspnehr;rp fHkhLtpfk;
1889 fpspnehr;rp fUg;igah n[af;FkhH
1890 fpspnehr;rp fjpuNtY re;jpuFkhH fpuhk mgptpUj;jpr; rq;fk;
1891 fpspnehr;rp fpl;zgps;is rpd;duhrh gpui[fs; FO – fpspnehr;rp 1892 fpspnehr;rp vk;. uQ;rpdp kfspH fpuhk mgptpUj;jpr; rq;fk;
1893 fpspnehr;rp vk;. rptNkhfd;> <. RjH~d; ,uzkL fkf;fhuH rk;Nksdk;> fpspnehr;rp
1894 fpspnehr;rp khzpf;fk; rptghyd;
1895 fpspnehr;rp ikf;fy; gpuhd;]p]; fpuhk Kd;Ndw;wr; rq;fk;
1896 fpspnehr;rp KUifah gpuk&gd;
1897 fpspnehr;rp KUNfR re;jpuFkhH
1898 fpspnehr;rp Kj;ijah tp[aehjd;
1899 fpspnehr;rp KjJ uhNre;jpuk;
1900 fpspnehr;rp ehfehjp rpd;idah rdr%f epiyak; - CUGyk;
1901 fpspnehr;rp ehuhazgps;is NtyhAjk; kWkyHr;rp rdr%f epiyak; - jpUefH
1902 fpspnehr;rp gp. jHkFyrpq;fk; fkf;fhuH rq;fk;
1903 fpspnehr;rp godpahz;l NaRghjk;
1904 fpspnehr;rp gukhde;jd; Fkhurpq;fk;
1905 fpspnehr;rp guuh[rpq;fk; rrpjud;
1906 fpspnehr;rp ahfy gJNf m];ud; rpy;th
1907 fpspnehr;rp ngUkhd; fNz~d;
1908 fpspnehr;rp nghd;dk;gyk; yf;~;kpfhe;jd;
1909 fpspnehr;rp nghd;idah Rg;gpukzpak;
1910 fpspnehr;rp nghd;Dj;Jiu fhe;jNts;
1911 fpspnehr;rp tz. nry;iyah Jiuul;zk;
1912 fpspnehr;rp v];. myd;Byd;
1913 fpspnehr;rp v];. n[agpugh tiyaikr;R
1914 fpspnehr;rp v[;. khHf;fz;L
1915 fpspnehr;rp v];. KuyP];tud;
1916 fpspnehr;rp v];. nghd;Dj;Jiu
1917 fpspnehr;rp v];. G~;guhrh
1918 fpspnehr;rp v];. GtNd];tud; fpuhk mgptpUj;jpr; rq;fk;
1919 fpspnehr;rp v];. rpt#upah IadhH rdr%f epiyak;
1920 fpspnehr;rp v];. RNud;
1921 fpspnehr;rp v];. jpahfrhuh ehfgLthd; kj;jp
1922 fpspnehr;rp rfhNjtd; tpky;uh[h
1923 fpspnehr;rp rrpfyh utPe;jpuuh[h fpuhk NritahsH mYtyfk; - kUjuh];
1924 fpspnehr;rp rjhrptk; nghd;Dj;Jiu
1925 fpspnehr;rp rPdpad; Jiurpq;fk;
1926 fpspnehr;rp nry;tehafk; nry;thde;jk; fpuhk mgptpUj;jpr; rq;fk; - khatD}H njw;F
NNru;f;if ‘G’
296
,y. khtl;lk; ngau; mikg;G
1927 fpspnehr;rp =RjH~d; FUf;fs; ,e;J kjFUkhH rq;fk;
1928 fpspnehr;rp rpq;fuhrh [Ptehafk;
1929 fpspnehr;rp rpw;wk;gyk; jpUr;nry;tk; fpuhk Kd;Ndw;wr; rq;fk;
1930 fpspnehr;rp rptuhrh cjauhzp
1931 fpspnehr;rp up. GUNrhj;jkd;
1932 fpspnehr;rp up. rpt&gd;
1933 fpspnehr;rp up. jHkhde;jrptdk;
1944 fpspnehr;rp up. tp[arq;fH tpdhafH tpisahl;Lf; fofk; - Ksq;fhtpy;
1935 fpspnehr;rp jk;G ghyhgpN~f uhrrpq;f NrJgjp
1936 fpspnehr;rp jdghyd; %Nte;jd; fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jpr; rq;fk;
1937 fpspnehr;rp jpUr;nry;tk; gpughfud;
1938 fpspnehr;rp tp. ,iwg;gps;is fpspnehr;rp jkpo; rq;fk;
1939 fpspnehr;rp tp. fpU~;zNtzp kfspH fpuhk Kd;Ndw;wr; rq;fk; - cikahsg;Guk;
1940 fpspnehr;rp eFNy];tud;
1941 fpspnehr;rp itj;jpaypq;fk; nts;isj;jk;gp
1942 fpspnehr;rp ty;ypGuk; VOkiyg;gps;is
1943 fpspnehr;rp NtYrhkp uhkypq;fk; ,e;jpa G+HtPff;Fb jkpo; kf;fs; Kd;Ndw;wr; rig
1944 fpspnehr;rp tpehaf%Hj;jp jq;fNtyhAjk; fpof;F
1945 fpspnehr;rp tl khfhz kfspH tiyaikg;G
1946 fpspnehr;rp r%f mgptpUj;jp mikg;G
1947 FUehfy; V.rp. rh[`hd;
1948 FUehfy; V.vr;.vk;.v];. mNguj;d
1949 FUehfy; V.Nf.v];. jp]hehaf;f
1950 FUehfy; V.vk;. Rkpj;uh uj;ehaf;f tl fpof;F rpq;fs ,lk; ngaHe;NjhH rq;fk;
1951 FUehfy; V.I. epNuh~hd;
1952 FUehfy; V.N[.rp. Muj;jd
1953 FUehfy; V.N[.vk;.[p.V. ge;jdpnfhl
1954 FUehfy; V.vk;. wp];kp
1955 FUehfy; V. etul;z
1956 FUehfy; myt;t QhdtPu NjuH
1957 FUehfy; ngaH Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy
1958 FUehfy; ngaH Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy
1959 FUehfy; mNrhfh uQ;rpj;
1960 FUehfy; mAghy N`uj;
1961 FUehfy; gp.N[. tpf;ukehaf;f
1962 FUehfy; gp.vk;.v];. ghy#upa
1963 FUehfy; rp.vk;.b. jHkNrd
1964 FUehfy; rkpe;j n`l;bMur;rp
1965 FUehfy; rhd Fzuj;d
1966 FUehfy; b.up. uh[gf;~
1967 FUehfy; b.gp. [atHjd gpuNjr nrayhsH mYtyfk; - uPjpfk
1968 FUehfy; b.vy;. mg;Jy; e]hH
1969 FUehfy; b.vk;.b.gp. jp]hehaf;f
1970 FUehfy; b.vk;.b. gz;lhu
1971 FUehfy; b.vk;.up.vk;.Nf. jp]hehaf;f
1972 FUehfy; b.MH. [ajpyf tl Nkw;F mgptpUj;jpr; rq;fk;
1973 FUehfy; b.up. uh[gf;~
1974 FUehfy; Bgpf;fh byhdp nuhl;upNfh
1975 FUehfy; <.[p.Nf. rPyhtpkyh
1976 FUehfy; <.vk;. Vf;fehaf;f
1977 FUehfy; <.[p.Nf. rPyhtpkyh
1978 FUehfy; <.vk;.gp.gp. Vf;fehaf;f
1979 FUehfy; <.vk;.MH.vr;. gz;lhu kdpj cupikfs; Mizf; FO – Fuehfy;
1980 FUehfy; <.vk;.lgps;A. Vf;fehaf;f
1981 FUehfy; gpuhq; gpuPjp ngNuuh
1982 FUehfy; rPytjp
1983 FUehfy; [p. kfhFkhu
NNru;f;if ‘G’
297
,y. khtl;lk; ngau; mikg;G
1984 FUehfy; [p.v];. fy;nfju epiyj;J epw;Fk; mgptpUj;jp kd;wk;
1985 FUehfy; fhkpdp ,yq;fuj;d
1986 FUehfy; fztPu jp]hehaf;f
1987 FUehfy; vr;. Rguj;d
1988 FUehfy; vr;.V. jpyful;z
1989 FUehfy; vr;.gp. Vf;fehaf;f
1990 FUehfy; vr;.gp.MH. tfd;jy
1991 FUehfy; vr;.Nf.vk;. kNdhQ;Fkhu> gp.vk;.MH. rprpuFkhu
1992 FUehfy; vr;.vk;. jdghy N`uj;
1993 FUehfy; vr;.vk;. fUzhuj;d
1994 FUehfy; vr;.vk;.vk;. gz;lhu
1995 FUehfy; vr;.vd;.Nf. uj;drpwp N`uj;
1996 FUehfy; vr.gp.vk;. jkae;jp
1997 FUehfy; vr;. tpuh[; gpNukrpwp
1998 FUehfy; N`kuj;d uh[gf;~
1999 FUehfy; N`krpwp Njrg;gpupa
2000 FUehfy; I.vk;. jah Mupatjp
2001 FUehfy; I.vk;.b. uh[FU
2002 FUehfy; I.vk;.Nf.gp. Nrdhuj;d
2003 FUehfy; I.vk;.MH.gp. Nfhk;gflty
2004 FUehfy; N[.V. tp[arpy;th
2005 FUehfy; N[. ypadNf
2006 FUehfy; N[.V. ge;Jy ge;jprhunfhlnfju
2007 FUehfy; N[.gp. cdk;Gt
2008 FUehfy; N[.v];.<.I. jp]hehaf;f
2009 FUehfy; N[.vk;. [ae;j gj;krPyp
2010 FUehfy; N[.vk;.up. [atHjd
2011 FUehfy; [ae;j ypadNf rpq;fs [hjpf nguKd rpq;fs Njrpaf; fl;rp
2012 FUehfy; [arpq;f gpNukuj;d ePjpf;fhd ClftpayhsHfs;
2013 FUehfy; [pdjh] [atPu
2014 FUehfy; Nf.vk;. mkuNrd
2015 FUehfy; Nf.[p.up.vd;. fpupay;y
2016 FUehfy; fky; ep~q;f tpj;thj; rd;thj rd;rja
2017 FUehfy; fpj;rpwp rpwpNrd
2018 FUehfy; vy;.V.A.vy;.vk;. espd; rNfhju Clf rq;fk;
2019 FUehfy; vy;.gp.gp. j v];. Fyuj;d
2020 FUehfy; vy;.vr;.vk;. Rdpy; ~he;j
2021 FUehfy; vy;.lgps;A.v];. jahuj;d
2022 FUehfy; vk;.vr;. ryhFjPd;
2023 FUehfy; vk;. G~;ghde;j
2024 FUehfy; vk;.I. th]py;
2025 FUehfy; vk;.Nf.Nf. khg;gh
2026 FUehfy; vk;.vk;. rpy;th
2027 FUehfy; vk;.tp. Nrhkrpwp
2028 FUehfy; jpUkjp. epy;kpdp rke;jpyf
2029 FUehfy; vd;.gp. Mupajh] etul;z
2030 FUehfy; vd;.gp. jpyfuj;d
2031 FUehfy; vd;.v];. tp[aNfhd;
2032 FUehfy; gp.b. Fzjpyf
2033 FUehfy; gp.v];. gzhnfhl
2034 FUehfy; guhf;uk ue;njdp
2035 FUehfy; ngk; Vf;fehaf;f
2036 FUehfy; gpAky; N`uj;
2037 FUehfy; gpujPg; Nrhyq;fMur;rp
2038 FUehfy; gpNukh Vf;fehaf;f
2039 FUehfy; MH.V.N[. uzrpq;f
2040 FUehfy; MH.V. la]; re;jpuul;z
2041 FUehfy; MH.b. n`l;bMur;rp
2042 FUehfy; MH.[p.N[.Nf. uh[gf;~
2043 FUehfy; MH.N[.vd;.vk;.rp.N[ etul;z
2044 FUehfy; MH.vy;. gpNukrpwp
NNru;f;if ‘G’
298
,y. khtl;lk; ngau; mikg;G
2045 FUehfy; MH.vk;. mEu[pj; `_d;Fk;Gu
2046 FUehfy; MH.vk;. mEu[pj; `_d;Fk;Gu
2047 FUehfy; MH.vk;. [aNrf;fu
2048 FUehfy; MH.vk;.rp.gp. uj;ehaf;f
2049 FUehfy; MH.vk;.rp.gp. uj;ehaf;f
2050 FUehfy; MH.vk;.Nf.V. guhf;uk
2051 FUehfy; MH.vk;. fUzhuj;d
2052 FUehfy; MH.vk;.vy;.gp. fUzhjpyf
2053 FUehfy; MH.vk;. rpwpy; uj;ehaf;f
2054 FUehfy; MH.vk;.it. uj;ehaf;f
2055 FUehfy; MH.A. fUzhuj;z
2056 FUehfy; tz. je;Jtu uj;drhu NjuH
2057 FUehfy; tz. `pl;gNd rPyuj;d NjuH
2058 FUehfy; tz. gp.V. cguj;d NjuH
2059 FUehfy; tz. uhfk Rfjhde;j NjuH
2060 FUehfy; v];.V.vk;.V. Nrdhehaf;f
2061 FUehfy; v];.V. ee;jNjt
2062 FUehfy; v];.gp. tp[aNfhd;
2063 FUehfy; v];.gp. Vf;fehaf;f
2064 FUehfy; v];.b.[p. tPuuj;d
2065 FUehfy; v];.b.gp. tPuuj;d
2066 FUehfy; v];.vk;.V.gp. kQ;rehaf;f
2067 FUehfy; v];.vk;.N[.gp. nrdtpuj;d
2068 FUehfy; v];.gp.MH.v];. fU];ul;z
2069 FUehfy; rk;rd; Fzjpyf
2070 FUehfy; ~hkpdp fUzhuj;d WFZ gy;fiyf;fofk;
2071 FUehfy; Nrhkrpwp Njrg;gpupa
2072 FUehfy; Rkpf;f ngNuuh
2073 FUehfy; Rzpy; tPurpq;f
2074 FUehfy; up.vk;. [DH fprpyd;
2075 FUehfy; up.vk;. jah Mupatjp kfspH Kd;Ndw;wr; rq;fk;
2076 FUehfy; jp];] [atHjd
2077 FUehfy; A.Nf.b. ky;fk;
2078 FUehfy; A.vk;. epky;
2079 FUehfy; cGy; j]ehaf;f
2080 FUehfy; lgps;A.V. tp[a#upa mg;G`hkp
2081 FUehfy; lgps;A. [ae;j epky#upa
2082 FUehfy; lgps;A. Etd; G~;gFkhu
2083 FUehfy; lgps;A.V. vl;tpd; tpf;ukrpq;f
2084 FUehfy; lgps;A.V. tp[a#upa mg;g`hkp
2085 FUehfy; lgps;A. re;jpujh]
2086 FUehfy; lgps;A.b. [atHjd
2087 FUehfy; lgps;A.[p. kQ;Ry uQ;rpj; gHzhe;J
2088 FUehfy; lgps;A.[p.vk;. tzrpq;f
2089 FUehfy; lgps;A.vr;. tp[aNfhd; gz;lh
2090 FUehfy; lgps;A.vk;. ~he;jpyhNf
2091 FUehfy; lgps;A.vk;. fahd; ,e;jpu[pj; thry
2092 FUehfy; lgps;A.vk;. rpwpNrd.
2093 FUehfy; lgps;A. MH.lgps;A>MH. ntypgpl;ba
2094 FUehfy; lgps;A.vd;.vd;.vd;. Fkhu
2095 FUehfy; tdpj;jh uj;ehaf;f
2096 FUehfy; myt;t thbjp gykz;lya
2097 FUehfy; KO ,yq;iff;Fupa MAHNtj itj;jpaH rq;fk; - FUdhfy;
2098 FUehfy; KO ,yqliff;Fupa [hjpf;fg;nghy tpahghu rq;fk;
2099 FUehfy; Njtruz mgptpUj;jp epiyak;
2100 FUehfy; FUehfy; khtl;l ,yq;if epUthf Nrit mYtyH rq;fk;
2101 FUehfy; rq;fk;
2102 FUehfy; Rfjftha
2013 kd;dhH V.vk;. wp~hd;
2014 kd;dhH V. ky;ypfh
NNru;f;if ‘G’
299
,y. khtl;lk; ngau; mikg;G
2015 kd;dhH V. nkJrd; ngNuuh
2106 kd;dhH V.vd;. nkhfkl;
2107 kd;dhH V.V. jhjpa];
2108 kd;dhH V. nfsrypq;fk;
2109 kd;dhH V. vk;. wp~hd;
2110 kd;dhH V.vk;. m`kl;
2111 kd;dhH V. ky;ypfh
2112 kd;dhH V. gj;jp#jH gfpuhL
2113 kd;dhH V.V. jhjpa];
2114 kd;dhH V.N[.v];. yk;Ngl;
2115 kd;dhH V.vk;. nrg];jpad;
2116 kd;dhH V.vd;. nkhfkl;
2117 kd;dhH V.vd;.vt;. rh[h
2118 kd;dhH my;̀ h[; vk;.v];. myhTjPd;
2119 kd;dhH me;njhzp
2120 kd;dhH mg;Jy; uh]pf; e]PH
2121 kd;dhH rp. ts;spehafp
2122 kd;dhH ,khDNty; Nghy;uh[;
2123 kd;dhH vt;.MH. ufpyh
2124 kd;dhH vt;. gpujhgd;
2125 kd;dhH vt;. wad; #ir
2126 kd;dhH fzgjpg;gps;is nry;tuhrh
2127 kd;dhH ,];nkapy; nkh`kl; [pd;dh
2128 kd;dhH N[. epHkyh
2129 kd;dhH Nf. NjtFkhH
2130 kd;dhH Nf. Njtp
2131 kd;dhH Nf. eluhrh
2132 kd;dhu; Nf.jtFkhu;
2133 kd;dhu; fzgjpg;gps;is nry;tuhrh
2134 kd;dhu; fe;ijah rptFkhu;
2135 kd;dhu; fUg;igah> uhkrhkp> n[ar;re;jpud; tpehafu; ed;dPu; kPd;gpb $l;LwTr;rq;fk;
2136 kd;dhu; n`Ndhapl; N[hNrg; gPup];
2137 kd;dhu; FK~he;jd;> vk;.FU~he;jd; kd;dhu; kfspu; Kd;Ndw;w rk;Nksdk;
2138 kd;dhu; Y}ap]; garq;fehju;
2139 kd;dhu; vk;.V.rp.rhFy; `kPl;
2140 kd;dhu; vk;.jpt;tpahde;jd; F&];
2141 kd;dhu; vk;.N[Rjh]uhrd;
2142 kd;dhu; vk;.v];.kf;G+L
2143 kd;dhu; vk;.V.V.gh]pu;
2144 kd;dhu; vk;.gj;jpehjd; F&];
2145 kd;dhu; vk;.V.rp.rhFy; `kPL
2146 kd;dhu; klhu; KifjPd; nkhfkl; myp
2147 kd;dhu; k`hyf;~;kp FU~he;jd;
2148 kd;dhu; kf;fs; fhju;
2149 kd;dhu; kupak; Fdh];
2150 kd;dhu; ikf;fy; gpupaju;~pdp
2151 kd;dhu; uhkrhkp [af;Fkhu;
2152 kd;dhu; KfkJ fhrpk; mkhDy;yh
2153 kd;dhu; KF~Pd; iwRBd;
2154 kd;dhu; Kdpahz;b fe;jrhkp
2155 kd;dhu; Kdpahz;b fe;jrhkp
2156 kd;dhu; vd;.vk;.,];kpd;
2157 kd;dhu; vd;.,k;jhj;
2158 kd;dhu; ew;Fzypq;fk; ghQ;rhypak;kh
2159 kd;dhu; eh]pu; Mfpg;
2160 kd;dhu; gp.vk;.fyPy; fpupgha; ~f;jpa Adpw;wp
2161 kd;dhu; gp.vk;.K[pGu; w`;khd;
2162 kd;dhu; gp.V.me;Njhzp khu;f;
2163 kd;dhu; gp.INfhg;
2164 kd;dhu; gp.vk;.E~hnyg;Ng
2165 kd;dhu; guzgh]; rd;dhrpaw;Gjk;
2166 kd;dhu; gpujhgd; gpuhd;]p];
NNru;f;if ‘G’
300
,y. khtl;lk; ngau; mikg;G
2167 kd;dhu; uhkr;re;jpud; ,e;jpu&gd;
2168 kd;dhu; v];.Njtp
2169 kd;dhu; v];.[p.ep~he;jpdp
2170 kd;dhu; v];.vk;.MW}t;
2171 kd;dhu; v];.uhrypq;fk;
2172 kd;dhu; v];.#irehafk;
2173 kd;dhu; v];.`~pk;
2174 kd;dhu; v];.N[hd; nry;tul;zk;
2175 kd;dhu; v];.fpwp];Juhrh
2176 kd;dhu; v];.v];.gu;zhe;J
2177 kd;dhu; v];.ntq;fl;Nfhd;
2178 kd;dhu; v];.[p.ep~he;jpdp kfspu; nraw;ghl;L tiyaikg;G
2179 kd;dhu; v];.vk;.,g;uh`pk;
2180 kd;dhu; rhe;j md;Nahrjh]d;
2181 kd;dhu; rhe;jd; [drptd;
2182 kd;dhu; nrgkhiy fyhtpfk;
2183 kd;dhu; nrg];jpahiy N[k;]; NaRjh]d;
2184 kd;dhu; nry;yg;gh nahd; gpufjd;
2185 kd;dhu; rpj;jd; [djPgd;
2186 kd;dhu; rpgdhu; cf;&y;
2187 kd;dhu; irkd; FW}];
2188 kd;dhu; rpd;dg;gu; rfhyak;gps;is
2189 kd;dhu; #upaFkhu;
2190 kd;dhu; #irg;gps;is
2191 kd;dhu; #irau; tpf;lu; la];
2192 kd;dhu; up.gp.rpe;jhJnud;
2193 kd;dhu; up.mNrhfd;
2194 kd;dhu; up.gpunfsjp
2195 kd;dhu; up.rpq;f&gd;
2196 kd;dhu; up.gp.rpe;jhJiu
2197 kd;dhu; njupyhee;jd; tpopr;#u;
2198 kd;dhu; jpahfuhrh gQ;rtu;zk;
2199 kd;dhu; Njhk]; nfhd;ry; ypNahdp
2200 kd;dhu; cyfehjd; J~;ae;jd;
2201 kd;dhu; tp.v];.rptfud; r%fj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l rk;Nksdk;
2202 kd;dhu; tp.rptQhdk;
2203 kd;dhu; ituKj;J fz;izah
2204 kd;dhu; tpd;dhrpj;jk;gp ghgfud;
2205 kd;dhu; it.gpuhd;]p];fh
2206 kd;dhu; it.cl;Nfhd;sy; Fyh];
2207 kd;dhu; NahNfe;jpud; n[dpuh
2208 kd;dhu; kd;dhu; khtl;l kfspu; xd;wpak;
2209 khj;jis V.[p.Mu;.mkurpwp
2210 khj;jis V.vr;.vk;.[thfpu;
2211 khj;jis V.Mu;.tpkyuj;d gz;lh
2212 khj;jis V.it.rpwpNrd
2213 khj;jis V.gp.[arpq;f
2214 khj;jis V.vk;.FyJq;f mjpfhup
2215 khj;jis V.b.FRkyjh
2216 khj;jis V.[p.uQ;rpj; mkurpwp
2217 khj;jis V.vr;.vk;.Kf;jhu; khj;jis khtl;l gs;spr; rk;Nksdk;
2218 khj;jis V.Nf.mKDfk
2219 khj;jis V.Nf.b.rpwptu;jd
2220 khj;jis V.Mu;.tpkyuj;d gz;lhu
2221 khj;jis V.lgps;A+.V.uh]pf;
2222 khj;jis V.lgps;A+.VuKJfy
2223 khj;jis my;̀ h[; vr;.vk;.K`;jhu; khj;jis khtl;l k];[pl; rk;Nksdk;
2224 khj;jis myd; cNgNrfu
2225 khj;jis ngau; Fwpg;gplg;glhjtu; 1
2226 khj;jis ngau; Fwpg;gplg;glhjtu; 2
2227 khj;jis ngau; Fwpg;gplg;glhjtu; 3
NNru;f;if ‘G’
301
,y. khtl;lk; ngau; mikg;G
2228 khj;jis ngau; Fwpg;gplg;glhjtu; 4
2229 khj;jis mEuhj rPuj;
2230 khj;jis gp.b.A+.lgps;A+.rke;j ju;kNrd
2231 khj;jis gp.b.V.Gyj;fk
2232 khj;jis gp.v];.vk;.tp[auj;d
2233 khj;jis gz;lhunghy uj;dN[hjp Njuu;
2234 khj;jis rp.vk;.re;jpuNrfu
2235 khj;jis rk;gy tp[auj;d
2236 khj;jis rhd mNrhf;f gu;zhe;J
2237 khj;jis rpwpy; gu;Nyn`ju
2238 khj;jis b.V.I.v];.j rpy;th
2239 khj;jis b.gp.jyFz
2240 khj;jis b.vk;.up.gp.jp]hehaf;f
2241 khj;jis b.vk;.V.[p.ee;jhtjp fpuhk Kd;Ndw;wr;rq;fk;
2242 khj;jis b.vk;.[p.N`kyjh
2243 khj;jis b.lgps;A+.V.gp.jp]hehaf;f
2244 khj;jis b.it.Nuhfpdp Nrduj;d
2245 khj;jis NjthFNt tp[pjhde;j Njuu;
2246 khj;jis Njhk;gnty = gpajh]p Njuu;
2247 khj;jis b.Mu;.lgps;A+.Muparpq;f
2248 khj;jis lhf;lu; b.v];.j rpy;th
2249 khj;jis lhf;lu; my;̀ h[; V.v];.mg;Jy; m]P];
kdpj cupikfs; mikg;G> khj;jis khtl;lk;
2250 khj;jis lhf;lu; ,dkhYNt ee;juj;d Njuu;
2251 khj;jis <.vk;.[p.[p.V.vjpuprpq;f
2252 khj;jis <.vk;.cGy; Fkhu
2253 khj;jis <.N[.Nf.gp.x];kd; ju;krpwp [aNrfu
2254 khj;jis <.vk;.m[pj;Fkhu
2255 khj;jis <.vk;.[p.[hypj; Fkhurpq;f
2256 khj;jis <.vk;.uz;gz;lh
2257 khj;jis <.lgps;A+.gp.gpaNrd
2258 khj;jis [p.[p.uj;dghy uzrpq;f
2259 khj;jis [p.lgps;A+.tpGyRe;ju
2260 khj;jis [p.[p.uj;dghy tdrpq;f rkhjp fyhrpy;g Kd;Ndw;wr; rk;Nksdk;
2261 khj;jis [p.nrdtpuj;d gz;lh
2262 khj;jis [p.[p.FzNrfu
2263 khj;jis [p.gp.vr;.ee;jdp =ayjh
2264 khj;jis [p.rpwpy; n`hlypahj;j
2265 khj;jis [p.lgps;A+.vd;.b.V.rpy;th
2266 khj;jis fhjpnlhd; tpy;rd;Nf epky; rkutPu
2267 khj;jis vr;.V.Nrduj;d
2268 khj;jis vr;.vk;.A+.gp.`e;Jnfhl
2269 khj;jis I.I.gp.vd;.j rpy;th mjpgu; - = guhf;uk kfh tpj;jpahyak;
2270 khj;jis vr;.[p.V.&ghde;j vNynghy
2271 khj;jis vr;.vk;.Nf.gp.ju;ktu;jd
2272 khj;jis vr;.V.Nrduj;d
2273 khj;jis vr;.[p.V.&ghde;j vNynghy
2274 khj;jis vk;.vk;.[p.gp.N`uj;
2275 khj;jis vk;.vk;.fUzhuj;d
2276 khj;jis vr;.kupad; gpNukjpyf
2277 khj;jis I.vy;.ep]hKBd;
2278 khj;jis I.tp.uzrpq;f
2279 khj;jis N[.v];.Nf.ngNuuh
2280 khj;jis N[.gp.ju;kuj;d
2281 khj;jis N[.vk;.up.gp.[atu;jd
2282 khj;jis [atpf;ukyhNf Fzjh] [atpf;uk
2283 khj;jis [pdjh] ehky; Muhr;rp
2284 khj;jis Nf.V.mkpy rkpj; Fkhurpq;f
2285 khj;jis Nf.[p.uzrpq;f
2286 khj;jis Nf.[p.tp[auj;d
2287 khj;jis Nf.vk;.[p.,Yf;Fk;Gu
2288 khj;jis Nf.vk;.v];.[auj;d
NNru;f;if ‘G’
302
,y. khtl;lk; ngau; mikg;G
2289 khj;jis Nf.lgps;A+.Nrhkrpwp
2290 khj;jis Nf.V.yPyhtjp
2291 khj;jis Nf.[p.,e;jputjp
2292 khj;jis Nf.vk;.gp.[p.Fzuj;d
2293 khj;jis Nf.V.b.v];.Ngu;dhl;
2294 khj;jis Nf.[p.v];.Fztu;jd
2295 khj;jis Nf.[p.rkuNfhd;
2296 khj;jis fr;rp KifBd; r`hg;Bd;
2297 khj;jis vy;.up.Mu;.rp.rpahke;j uzrpq;f
2298 khj;jis yf;fy ep~q;f nfhzu uj;epe;j
2299 khj;jis vk;.V.Nrduj;d
2300 khj;jis vk;.[p.V.&ghde;j vNyhnghy
2301 khj;jis vk;.vk;.jdghy
2302 khj;jis vk;.v];.v];.vk;.fUzhujpdgz;lh
2303 khj;jis vk;.V.fUzhtjp
2304 khj;jis vk;.[p.ep~he;j FzNrd
2305 khj;jis vk;.b.gz;lhu
2306 khj;jis ky;ypfhFkhup> vd;.lgps;A+.=kh ky;fhe;jp
khj;jis khtl;l rhtpj;up kfspu; Gyikahsu; rq;fk;.
2307 khj;jis vk;.[p.~pupayjh
2308 khj;jis vk;.Nfrtuh[h
2309 khj;jis vk;.vk;.k`hnrd; mkurpq;f
2310 khj;jis vk;.vk;.Nf.gp.ju;ktu;jd
2311 khj;jis vk;.vk;.k`hnrd; mkurpq;f
2312 khj;jis vk;.Mu;.[p.tPuNfhd; gz;lh
2313 khj;jis vk;.Nrhkjpyf
2314 khj;jis kapy;thfdk; Nfrtuh[h
2315 khj;jis kfpe;j mNgFztu;jd
2316 khj;jis kq;fy nrdtpuj;d
2317 khj;jis vd;.[p.Nf.ju;kuj;d
2318 khj;jis vd;.gpu~hd; j rpy;th
2319 khj;jis vd;.vk;.nrdtpuj;d gz;lh
2320 khj;jis vd;.gpu~hd; v];.j rpy;th
2321 khj;jis espdp rkuNfhd;
2322 khj;jis ee;jd cGy;Fkhu
2323 khj;jis epkyh Gj;jpf tPuuj;d
2324 khj;jis NehNgu;l; vk;.me;jpuhb
2325 khj;jis gp.vr;.gp.mN~hfh gj;kpdp
2326 khj;jis gp.V.tpf;ukMuhr;rp
2327 khj;jis gp.[p.[hdf jp]hehaf;f
2328 khj;jis gj;kh ky;ypfh mynghy
2329 khj;jis gy;ynjdpa nfju epky; re;jpurpwp
2330 khj;jis gy;Nynfju Nrhkghy
2331 khj;jis Mu;.[p.v];.v];.Vf;fehaf;f
2332 khj;jis Mu;.vk;.Mu;.gp.uj;ehaf;f
2333 khj;jis Mu;.Nf.[aNrfu
2334 khj;jis Mu;.vk;.ruj; uj;ehaf;f
2335 khj;jis Mu;.lgps;A+.gp.nkdpNf uhkehaf;f
2336 khj;jis Mu;.Ntufk
2337 khj;jis Mu;.V.rpahkyp ,ky;fh uh[#upa
2338 khj;jis Mu;.<.vk;.V.gp.Vf;fehaf;f
2339 khj;jis Mu;.vr;.etul;z gz;lhu
2340 khj;jis Mu;.vk;.vd;.eadh jkae;jp
2341 khj;jis Mu;.v];.fhe;jp
2342 khj;jis uztPugz;lh
2343 khj;jis uQ;rdp E}gN`tNf
2344 khj;jis ul;Nl uy;yyhNf ju;~d; [fj; gz;lhu
2345 khj;jis tz.fpupgj;fhy;y re;jpuehaf;f Njuu;
2346 khj;jis v];.b.fhkpdp jp]hehaf;f
2347 khj;jis v];.N[.re;ah
2348 khj;jis v];.vk;.EFkhd;
2349 khj;jis v];.vk;.vr;.N`thehaf;f
NNru;f;if ‘G’
303
,y. khtl;lk; ngau; mikg;G
2350 khj;jis v];.uhkehjd; $l;L ngUe;Njhl;lq;fs; tu;j;jfr;rq;f epiyak;
2351 khj;jis v];.uhk;Fkhu;
2352 khj;jis v];.V.tre;j espdp
2353 khj;jis v];.vk;.EFkhd;
2354 khj;jis v];.gp.rpwpahtjp
2355 khj;jis v];.tpul;z
2356 khj;jis NrdjPu vy;tj;j Fzuj;d
2357 khj;jis Nrduj; Ntufk
2358 khj;jis ~hdpfh mKnfhl;Lt
2359 khj;jis Nrhkuj;d `u];fk
2360 khj;jis up.vk;.vd;.[p.Kdrpq;f
2361 khj;jis up.V.N`kre;jpu
2362 khj;jis up.gp.uj;ehaf;f
2363 khj;jis A+.[p.FkhuNrd
2364 khj;jis nttnfju
2365 khj;jis tz.tp.Nrhkuj;d `pkp
2366 khj;jis tpjhdyhnfju KfkJ <Nuh]; gY}y;yh
2367 khj;jis lgps;A+.vk;.tPuNfhd; gz;lh
2368 khj;jis lgps;A+.A+.V.tu;zFy#upa
2369 khj;jis lgps;A+.tpkyrpwp #uparpq;f
2370 khj;jis lgps;A+.[p.ep`hy; [atu;jd
2371 khj;jis lgps;A+.vk;.ju;kuj;d gz;lh
2372 khj;jis lgps;A+.vk;.vk;.[p.uQ;rpj; rf[Ptda re;jfhT+ [djh vf;fj;Jt
2373 khj;jis lgps;A+.V.A+.~puhzp
2374 khj;jis lgps;A+.vk;.vr;.ftpe;jpFkhurpq;f
2375 khj;jis lgps;A+.vk;.gp.tu;zFy#upa
2376 khj;jis lgps;A+.up.gp.~{yq;f%t
2377 khj;jis lgps;A+.lgps;A+.[p.gpNukjh]
2378 khj;jis tl;lfy [dhde;j Njuu;
2379 khj;jis tPurpwp nttnfju
2380 khj;jis it.fhkpdp jaul;z jy;f`hnfhl
2381 khj;jis it.vk;.Mu;.gp.arul;z
2382 khj;jis khj;jis khtl;lr; nrayf mYtyfk;
2383 khj;jiw rpwpypa fhe;jh vf;fj;Jt
2384 khj;jiw V.V.cjhu FKjpj;j
2385 khj;jiw V.Nf.nkhfkl;
2386 khj;jiw V.Nf.Nf.Mupajpyf
2387 khj;jiw V.gp.MupaNrd
2388 khj;jiw V.up.N`kuj;d
2389 khj;jiw m[pj; [duQ;rd Kdrpq;f
2390 khj;jiw my;̀ h[; vk;.vr;.vk;.k#u;
2391 khj;jiw mkurpwp ypadfk
2392 khj;jiw ngau; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy 1
2393 khj;jiw ngau; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy 2
2394 khj;jiw ngau; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy 3
2395 khj;jiw ngau; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy 4
2396 khj;jiw ngau; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy 5
2397 khj;jiw mEu Mupatq;r tp[atu;jd njtpEtu
2398 khj;jiw gP.vr;.uzpy; gpupae;j
2399 khj;jiw gP.vr;.R[pj; epuq;f
2400 khj;jiw gP.uzrpq;f
2401 khj;jiw gP.uj;ehaf;f
2402 khj;jiw gP.v];.uQ;rpj
2403 khj;jiw ge;Jy tpkyjahuj;d
2404 khj;jiw gP.vr;.rkpy; gpupaq;f
2405 khj;jiw Gj;jpf gj;jpuz
2406 khj;jiw b.Mde;j ghypfhtu;jd
2407 khj;jiw b.Nf.fRdp ejP~pfh
2408 khj;jiw b.v];.vk;.khdNf
2409 khj;jiw b.v];.kJnfhl
2410 khj;jiw jahee;j kJnfhl
NNru;f;if ‘G’
304
,y. khtl;lk; ngau; mikg;G
2411 khj;jiw lhf;lu; n`f;uu; jp]hehaf;f
2412 khj;jiw lhf;lu; Nwhfd jp];] gpdpjpa
2413 khj;jiw lhf;lu; R[hjh tPurpq;f
2414 khj;jiw lhf;lu; lgps;A+.gp.Mu;.tu;zFy#upa
2415 khj;jiw Jypg; tre;j ghypfhtu;jd
2416 khj;jiw Jkpe;j tp[arpq;f
2417 khj;jiw <.lgps;A+.re;jpurpwp
2418 khj;jiw vt;.gP.[fj; uQ;rd
2419 khj;jiw [p.vr;.rpwptu;jd
2420 khj;jiw [p.gp.jdtu;jd
2421 khj;jiw [p.v];.lgps;A+.jkpj;
2422 khj;jiw [p.v];.lgps;A+.jk;kpj; rdr rkpj;jpa
2423 khj;jiw [p.tPurpwp
2424 khj;jiw vr;.gp.Jyf;~ Mde;j
2425 khj;jiw vr;. j rpy;th
2426 khj;jiw vr;.I.fUzhjpyf
2427 khj;jiw vr;.N[.mUz rk;gj;
2428 khj;jiw vr;.Nf.b.Jkpe;j
2429 khj;jiw vr;.Nf.v];.j rpy;th
2430 khj;jiw vr;.gp.ckpJ nqh~hd;
2431 khj;jiw vr;.Mu;.N[.gPup];
2432 khj;jiw vr;.lgps;A+.[ae;j
2433 khj;jiw vr;.fgpy Nrhkuj;d j rpy;th
2434 khj;jiw vr;.v];.tp[aghy
2435 khj;jiw vr;.v];.tp[aghy
2436 khj;jiw `hup]; rhyp
2437 khj;jiw I.vr;.re;jpuFkhu;
2438 khj;jiw I.vr;.yady;
2439 khj;jiw I.yf;kpdp tpf;ukJq;f
2440 khj;jiw I.gp.mkpy gpurd;d Fkhu
2441 khj;jiw nybq; RJrpq;f
2442 khj;jiw ,e;jpf cjpj;j N`tehaf;f
2443 khj;jiw N[.vr;.b.&grpwp
2444 khj;jiw N[.Mu;.tp[arpwptu;jd
2445 khj;jiw [fj; uq;nfhlNf
2446 khj;jiw [ajp];] FyJq;f epy;ty Gutrp fkpj;Jt
2447 khj;jiw Nf.V.N`krpwp
2448 khj;jiw Nf.[p.rp.rkuehaf;f
2449 khj;jiw Nf.[p.j]ehaf;f
2450 khj;jiw Nf.vr;.vy;.vk;.nfs~y;ah
2451 khj;jiw Nf.vr;.vk;.gpupaju;~d
2452 khj;jiw Nf.fUzhuj;d
2453 khj;jiw Nf.nfhbj;Jtf;Ft
2454 khj;jiw Nf.vd;.vuq;f yf;khyp
2455 khj;jiw Nf.uzrpq;f
2456 khj;jiw Nf.tPuNrfu
2457 khj;jiw ftP~ nfhtpe;jp n`l;b N`th
2458 khj;jiw nfY}k; Nghjpkhd
2459 khj;jiw Fryf;fh ehzaf;fhu
2460 khj;jiw vy;.[p.Mupaghy
2461 khj;jiw nyr;bdl; Nfu;dy; mNrhf;f mny];
2462 khj;jiw ypadhuhr;rpNf [auj;d
2463 khj;jiw vk;.V.vk;.md];
2464 khj;jiw vk;.V.vk;.<~;
2465 khj;jiw vk;.gp.tre;j ky;ypful;z
2466 khj;jiw vk;.[p.,Ndh[; mNuh~h
2467 khj;jiw vk;.[p.vk;.yf;~hdp FyJq;f
2468 khj;jiw vk;.vr;.V.w`Pk;
2469 khj;jiw vk;.vr;.mg;Jy; `{ird;
2470 khj;jiw vk;.I.nkhfkl;
2471 khj;jiw vk;.Nf.b.v];.kQ;Ryhy;
2472 khj;jiw vk;.vy;.v];.jpad jpepj;jp
NNru;f;if ‘G’
305
,y. khtl;lk; ngau; mikg;G
2473 khj;jiw vk;.vk;.,k;jpah]; One Heart fy;tp epiyak;
2474 khj;jiw vk;.vk;.yPyhul;z
2475 khj;jiw vk;.vd;.vk;.kupf;fhu;
2476 khj;jiw vk;.gp.tpkyjh]
2477 khj;jiw vk;.up.vk;.rhNk];
2478 khj;jiw vk;.up.vk;.kt%d;
2479 khj;jiw Kjpahd;Nf jprhehaf;f> tp.[p.khajh]
khj;jiw khtl;l Xa;T+jpaf;fhuu; rq;fk;
2480 khj;jiw vd;.V.rhuq;f rk;gj; gpupaju;~d
2481 khj;jiw vd;.[p.tpkyfPu;j;jp
2482 khj;jiw vd;.A+.gp.rjgpAkP nkd;b];
2483 khj;jiw vd;.V.ruj;
2484 khj;jiw vd;.b.mNgFztu;jd
2485 khj;jiw epA+w;wd; jDrpq;f
2486 khj;jiw epkyjh] tpN[#upa
2487 khj;jiw ep~hdp [p.GQ;rpN`th rq;fk;
2488 khj;jiw ep~hdp tpjhdgj;jpuz
2489 khj;jiw gp.j`ehaf;f
2490 khj;jiw gp.Nf.rp.tpky#upa
2491 khj;jiw gp.vk;.JyhQ;ryp gpupaju;~dp
2492 khj;jiw gp.ghypfrpq;f Vf;fKj;J nfhtp rq;tpjhd
2493 khj;jiw gp.rj;jpaghy
2494 khj;jiw gp.lgps;A+.jD[h ky;fhe;jp
2495 khj;jiw ghypj;j nfhlfkNf
2496 khj;jiw gd;dpfy fkNf fhkpdp rhe;j
2497 khj;jiw Mu;.m[pj; gpupae;j
2498 khj;jiw Mu;.b.rp.rpwptu;jd
2499 khj;jiw Mu;.vt;.jpy;fhu rjUthdp
2500 khj;jiw Mu;.Nf.fhkpdp
2501 khj;jiw Mu;.v];.Nf.vk;.Fztu;jd
2502 khj;jiw Mu;.vy;.gKDtpjhuz
2503 khj;jiw uh~;kp Wf;~hd; Gurpq;f
2504 khj;jiw tz.gpjh [p.Nf.v];.N`uj;
2505 khj;jiw tz.uzrnfhl tpkyrpwp N`uj;
2506 khj;jiw nwhfhd; gj;kjpyf
2507 khj;jiw Wrpah af;fyMuhr;rp
2508 khj;jiw v];.V.gpuNkhija kd;dk;Ngup
2509 khj;jiw v];.Nf.fUzhuj;d
2510 khj;jiw v];.fe;jk;gp
2511 khj;jiw v];.[p.tpJu gpurd;d
2512 khj;jiw =ghy uztf;f fq;fhdk;Nf
2513 khj;jiw rprpw kzpNke;ju khNjhl;l tp~;t Nfe;jpua
2514 khj;jiw Nrhkjh] fe;jNf
2515 khj;jiw Rgh~; ehzaf;fhu
2516 khj;jiw RNkjh <.FyJq;f
2517 khj;jiw RtpePj uh[gf;~
2518 khj;jiw up.vr;.[dpj jpyej;
2519 khj;jiw jpyf tPuf;Nfhd; WFZ rprpy r%f Nrit mikg;G
2520 khj;jiw cgNrd V.ypadNf
2521 khj;jiw cGy; ep~he;j
2522 khj;jiw cGy; gd;dpyuj;d
2523 khj;jiw lgps;A+.[p.up.,e;jpu[pj;
2524 khj;jiw lgps;A+.fhe;jp
2525 khj;jiw lgps;A+.gpuNkhja [akpdp
2526 khj;jiw tpy;ypak; td;dpMuhr;rp
2527 khj;jiw tpkyNrd
2528 khj;jiw tpkytq;r fkNf
2529 khj;jiw rjhj; rq;fk;
2530 nkhduhfy VjpU. vk;.it.vk;.gha;];.Ruq;f kNdh[; nrdtpuj;d
cjht fpuhk Kd;Ndw;wr;rig
2531 nkhduhfy ngau; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy
2532 nkhduhfy mEu tpf;fpukrpq;f
2533 nkhduhfy b.v];.gj;kFy#upa khtl;lr; nrayfk; nkhduhfy
NNru;f;if ‘G’
306
,y. khtl;lk; ngau; mikg;G
2534 nkhduhfy b.vk;.rpwptu;jd Gj;jy “gpu[h Nrth kd;wk;” 2535 nkhduhfy b.vk;.rp.gz;lhu
2536 nkhduhfy b.vk;.jdghy
2537 nkhduhfy b.vk;.[atu;jd
2538 nkhduhfy Njhk;gNf nlhd; [fj; gpupayhy;
2539 nkhduhfy [p.tpf;ukehaf;f
2540 nkhduhfy [p.jdNrfu
2541 nkhduhfy vr;jpU. vk;.it.vk;.gha;];.ee;jFkhu tp[auj;d gz;lhu
2542 nkhduhfy vr;.vk;.tPurpq;f
2543 nkhduhfy [hdfp N`kkhyh fhe;jh gy kz;lya
2544 nkhduhfy Nf.vr;.rhe;jp fUzjh] rdr%f tsq;fs; ghJfhg;G epiyak;
2545 nkhduhfy Nf.vk;.Mupauj;d
2546 nkhduhfy Nf.V.tp[aNrd kw;Wk; vr;.vk;.Fzuj;d
2547 nkhduhfy Nf.vk;.Mupajh]
2548 nkhduhfy Nf.vk;.[aRe;ju
2549 nkhduhfy Nf.vk;.Nf.fpj;rpwp gz;lhu yq;fh rPdp rkhfk - nrtdfy
2550 nkhduhfy fky; Fkhu nfFyhe;jy cjtpaspj;jy;
2551 nkhduhfy fe;jrhkp FkhuNty; jtprhsu;> ~f;jp gpu[h%y rq;tpjhda
2552 nkhduhfy FRk; Gl;lNt ul;luy;y
2553 nkhduhfy vy;.&gNrd
2554 nkhduhfy vy;.V.cjaFkhu
2555 nkhduhfy vy;.vr;.v];.b.gu;zhe;J kw;Wk; uQ;rpj; Fztu;jd
2556 nkhduhfy vy;.Nf.[pdNrd
2557 nkhduhfy kNdhfud; gpuG kf;fs; FO
2558 nkhduhfy vd;.b.rprpuFkhu
2559 nkhduhfy gp.NfhFyukzd; nkhduhfy kf;fs; Nkk;ghl;Lr; rq;fk;
2560 nkhduhfy gp.tp.vr;.vy;.FyJq;f
2561 nkhduhfy Mu;.vk;.Rkpj; mrq;f
2562 nkhduhfy Mu;.vk;.tPjpa gz;lhu
2563 nkhduhfy Mu;.[p.fUzhuj;d
2564 nkhduhfy Mu;.lgps;A+.gj;kh jpyfyjh
2565 nkhduhfy utPe;jpu tpf;ukrpq;f
2566 nkhduhfy utpe;J tpf;ukrpq;f
2567 nkhduhfy tz. gpjh utPd; ngNuuh
2568 nkhduhfy tz. gpjh nfh];jh
2569 nkhduhfy tz. ehtpkd ehyf;f Njuu;
2570 nkhduhfy tz. gyeWNt rpwpRkzNjuu;
2571 nkhduhfy v];.V.jk;kpf yf;~;kd; rku[Pt rdr%f tsq;fs; ghJfhg;G epiyak;
2572 nkhduhfy v];.V.~he;jp rkutPu
2573 nkhduhfy RJ td;dpy mj;Njh
2574 nkhduhfy Rkzrpwp Fzjpyf nkhduhfy khtl;l Clftpayhsu; rq;fk;
2575 nkhduhfy Rze;j uj;ehaf;f fpuhkrig kw;Wk; Njrpa mgptpUj;jp Kd;dzp
2576 nkhduhfy A+.b.vk;.rPytjp> Mu;.V.RNdj;jpuFkhup
2577 nkhduhfy A+.gp.FRkhtjp> Mu;.[p.gpNukyjh
2578 nkhduhfy tp.Nf.vr;.ge;Jy
2579 nkhduhfy lgps;A+.V.Mu;.N[.Fkhu rdr%f tsq;fs; ghJfhg;G gw;wpa mikg;G
2580 nkhduhfy lgps;A+.vk;.ju;kNrd
2581 nkhduhfy lgps;A+.vk;.gp.fUzhuj;d
2582 nkhduhfy lgps;A+.vk;.[aNrfu
2583 nkhduhfy [p.V.vd;.tp.tpkyuj;d SOS rpWtu; fpuhkk;> ,yq;if.
2584 nkhduhfy lgps;A+.v];.ngNuuh
2585 nkhduhfy “kLy Njthyfk %y];jhda” 2586 Ky;iyj;jPT V.jdpehafk;
2587 Ky;iyj;jPT MWKfk; KUFg;gps;is
2588 Ky;iyj;jPT Iak;gps;is fe;ijah
2589 Ky;iyj;jPT me;Njhdpg;gps;is fhe;jrPyd;
NNru;f;if ‘G’
307
,y. khtl;lk; ngau; mikg;G
2590 Ky;iyj;jPT md;udp n[aehjd; gPw;wu; ,sQ;nropad;
2591 Ky;iyj;jPT mg;Gf;Fl;b ju;kFyrpq;fk;
2592 Ky;iyj;jPT MWKfk; rptghyd; ];uPtd;
2593 Ky;iyj;jPT ghyrpq;fk; etul;zk; gpui[fs; cupik Kd;dzp
2594 Ky;iyj;jPT re;jpurpwp ruj; jp]hehaf;f
2595 Ky;iyj;jPT rpd;idah re;jpuNrfuk; fpuhk Kd;Ndw;wr; rq;fk;
2596 Ky;iyj;jPT rpd;duhrh NyhNf];tud;
2597 Ky;iyj;jPT rpd;dj;jk;gp uh[h
2598 Ky;iyj;jPT <.Rgj;jpuh
2599 Ky;iyj;jPT gu;zhe;J my;fp]; mkyjh];
2600 Ky;iyj;jPT Qhdjh]; [{l;gpurhj;
2601 Ky;iyj;jPT fNz~; Nyhfpjd;
2602 Ky;iyj;jPT Fzrpq;fk;
2603 Ky;iyj;jPT I.fzgjpg;gps;is
2604 Ky;iyj;jPT I.Re;juk;gps;is
2605 Ky;iyj;jPT N[.V.vr;.[af;nfhb typXah murhq;f Xa;T+jpaf;fhuu; eyd;Gupr; rq;fk;
2606 Ky;iyj;jPT N[.aNrhjud;
2607 Ky;iyj;jPT n[ak;gps;is aNrhjud;> NahNf];tud; tpNdh[d;
td;dp mgptpUj;jp rig
2608 Ky;iyj;jPT n[aehjd; Afd;jd;
2609 Ky;iyj;jPT [PtfhUd;ak; Nerfhe;jpdp
2610 Ky;iyj;jPT n[fjP];tud; tp[ayf;~;kp
2611 Ky;iyj;jPT n[aFkhu; fyhepjp
2612 Ky;iyj;jPT Nf.mutpe;jd; Ky;iyj;jPT fpof;F rdr%f epiyak;
2613 Ky;iyj;jPT Nf.[dkp n[ad;j;
2614 Ky;iyj;jPT Nf.fkNy~;Fkhu; ehahW fpuhkpa flw;njhopy; rq;fk;
2615 Ky;iyj;jPT Nf.fdfypq;fk;
2616 Ky;iyj;jPT Nf.Nfhtpe;juh[h
2617 Ky;iyj;jPT Nf.ep&gd;
2618 Ky;iyj;jPT Nf.,uh[Fkhup Ky;ypatis njw;F fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jp rq;fk;
2619 Ky;iyj;jPT Nf.ju;kul;zk;
2620 Ky;iyj;jPT Nf.gfpjud;
2621 Ky;iyj;jPT fhu;j;jpNfR Fzrpq;fk;
2622 Ky;iyj;jPT fdfNghjp nja;Nte;jpud;
2623 Ky;iyj;jPT fdifah KUFgps;is kh%iy fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jp rq;fk;
2624 Ky;iyj;jPT fz;idah jtuhrh td;dp mgptpUj;jp rig
2625 Ky;iyj;jPT fe;ijah Nfhtpe;juh[h
2626 Ky;iyj;jPT fe;jg;gd; ehNfe;jpud;
2627 Ky;iyj;jPT fud; mdpj;jh
2628 Ky;iyj;jPT fe;ijah etul;zuhrh
2629 Ky;iyj;jPT Fkhurhkp
2630 Ky;iyj;jPT yj;JkPuh Mde;j eluh[h
2631 Ky;iyj;jPT vk;.mkpjhde;jrptk;
2632 Ky;iyj;jPT vk;.gp.jhkpdpKy;yh xf;Nfhk ntrpNah xf;Nfhk u[tU
2633 Ky;iyj;jPT vk;.vd];bd;
2634 Ky;iyj;jPT khzpf;fk; rw;Fzk;
2635 Ky;iyj;jPT kNfe;jpuk; fkyh
2636 Ky;iyj;jPT khu;fz; nry;tuhrh
2637 Ky;iyj;jPT khjtd; NfhkNy];tup kju; mgptpUj;jp rq;fk; ghz;baFsk;
2638 Ky;iyj;jPT khjtuhrh
2639 Ky;iyj;jPT khJjpd; gj;jpehjd;
2640 Ky;iyj;jPT vd;.rptehjd;
2641 Ky;iyj;jPT ehfypq;fk; rptuh[h
2642 Ky;iyj;jPT ehfypq;fk; jq;fypq;fk;
2643 Ky;iyj;jPT ehfuj;jpdk; jtuhrh ghku;]; mNrhrpNa~d;
2644 Ky;iyj;jPT ekrpthak; rptFkhu;
2645 Ky;iyj;jPT gP.mofuhrh
2646 Ky;iyj;jPT gP.Mde;jFkhu; fpuhk mgptpUj;jpr; rq;fk; td;dpf;Fsk;
2647 Ky;iyj;jPT gP.Nyhrpdp
2648 Ky;iyj;jPT gP.uQ;[pj; gu;zhe;J
NNru;f;if ‘G’
308
,y. khtl;lk; ngau; mikg;G
2649 Ky;iyj;jPT ngUkhs; gtsuh[;
2650 Ky;iyj;jPT nghd;idah NfhNd];tud;
2651 Ky;iyj;jPT nghd;idah Mde;jFkhu;
2652 Ky;iyj;jPT nghd;dk;gyk; rj;jpa%u;j;jp
2653 Ky;iyj;jPT Mu;.nuhgpd;rd;
2654 Ky;iyj;jPT Mu;.tP.Fkhu;
2655 Ky;iyj;jPT ,uh[Nrfud; ghtdp
2656 Ky;iyj;jPT u[pfud; n[aRjh
2657 Ky;iyj;jPT ,uhkypq;fk; eFNy~;tud;
2658 Ky;iyj;jPT ,uhkrhkp MWKfk;
2659 Ky;iyj;jPT uNk~;Fkhu; tp[pjh
2660 Ky;iyj;jPT ,uj;jpduhrh md;ud; [_l; ly];
2661 Ky;iyj;jPT v];.V.V.u P̀k;
2662 Ky;iyj;jPT v];.ghkpdp
2663 Ky;iyj;jPT v];.ghyRg;gpukzpak;
2664 Ky;iyj;jPT v];.<];tuehjk;
2665 Ky;iyj;jPT v];.fkNy];tup
2666 Ky;iyj;jPT v];.fUzh%u;j;jp
2667 Ky;iyj;jPT v];.KFe;jpdp
2668 Ky;iyj;jPT v];.gukehjk;
2669 Ky;iyj;jPT v];.G];gkyu;
2670 Ky;iyj;jPT v];.re;jpuyPyh
2671 Ky;iyj;jPT v];.ru];tjp
2672 Ky;iyj;jPT v];.nry;tFkhu;
2673 Ky;iyj;jPT v];.Njtuhrh
2674 Ky;iyj;jPT v];.tjdFkhup
2675 Ky;iyj;jPT v];.V.V.u`pk; nlk;gud;];
2676 Ky;iyj;jPT rd;Kfehjd; jtkzpNjtp
2677 Ky;iyj;jPT rutzKj;J ehfuj;jpdk;
2678 Ky;iyj;jPT rTe;juk; khypdp
2679 Ky;iyj;jPT nry;iyah tPua;ah
2680 Ky;iyj;jPT nry;td; ,e;jpurhkp
2681 Ky;iyj;jPT nry;tre;jpud; ehNf];tup
2682 Ky;iyj;jPT rpq;fhuNty; Rgh[pdp kh%iy - 02 ngz;fs; fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jpr;rq;fk;
2683 Ky;iyj;jPT rptFU Fzuj;jpdk;
2684 Ky;iyj;jPT rptNyhfehjd; nre;J}ud;
2685 Ky;iyj;jPT rpthde;jk; rpt&gd;
2686 Ky;iyj;jPT rpthde;jk; rptjhrd; fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jpr; rq;fk; - ehkq;Fsk;
2687 Ky;iyj;jPT rTe;juk; khypdp ngz;fs; mYty;fs; rk;Nksdk;
2688 Ky;iyj;jPT rpwpjhrd; ru];tjp
2689 Ky;iyj;jPT Rghfud; tsu;kjp
2690 Ky;iyj;jPT Rg;gpukzpak; jq;ftbNtY
2691 Ky;iyj;jPT Rg;gpukzpak; ju;kjh]
2692 Ky;iyj;jPT Rg;gpukzpak; rd;Kfuhrh
2693 Ky;iyj;jPT Rg;gpukzpak; n[aehafk; Knrhyp tNahjpgu; rq;fk;
2694 Ky;iyj;jPT Rg;gpukzpak; nry;tFkhu;
2695 Ky;iyj;jPT b.Nfhkjp
2696 Ky;iyj;jPT b.rpwpFkhu;
2697 Ky;iyj;jPT b.tp[arq;fu;
2698 Ky;iyj;jPT jtrp ,uh[ul;zk;
2699 Ky;iyj;jPT jahde;jd; Rgpjh
2700 Ky;iyj;jPT jtuhrh jahgd;
2701 Ky;iyj;jPT Jiuuh[h NahNf];tud;
2702 Ky;iyj;jPT Jiurhkp jq;fuhrh
2703 Ky;iyj;jPT Rg;gpukzpak; gukhde;jk;
2704 Ky;iyj;jPT tP.me;Njhdpg;gps;is
2705 Ky;iyj;jPT tP.n[fehjd;
2706 Ky;iyj;jPT tP.fiyaurp
2707 Ky;iyj;jPT tP.,uhrul;zk;
2708 Ky;iyj;jPT tP.Jiurpq;fk; ghku;]; nrhirl;b
2709 Ky;iyj;jPT tP.Nahfypq;fk;
NNru;f;if ‘G’
309
,y. khtl;lk; ngau; mikg;G
2710 Ky;iyj;jPT tP.,uhrul;zk;
2711 Ky;iyj;jPT Ntyd; fUzhepjp
2712 Ky;iyj;jPT tPufj;jp ,uh[ul;zk;
2713 Ky;iyj;jPT NtyhAjk;gps;is ghyRg;gpukzpak;
2714 Ky;iyj;jPT tpf;Nd];tud; n[fjhk;gps;is
2715 Ky;iyj;jPT tp];typq;fk; Nahfypq;fk;
2716 Ky;iyj;jPT Nahfehjd; Ajpkyd;
2717 Ky;iyj;jPT mkuhtzd; ngz;fs; rq;fk;
2718 Ky;iyj;jPT Ky;ypatis fpof;F fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jpr; rq;fk;
2719 Ky;iyj;jPT rq;fkp jhgdk;
2720 Ky;iyj;jPT td;dp mgptpUj;jp kd;wk;
2721 Ky;iyj;jPT ngz;fs; gpujpepjpfs;
2722 Etnuypah V.Njtg;gpupad;
2723 Etnuypah V.gpuztd;
2724 Etnuypah V.tp[atrpdp
2725 Etnuypah V.Nyhud;];
2726 Etnuypah V.uNk~;
2727 Etnuypah V.ud;rptFNyhup
2728 Etnuypah V.rd;jhdj;
2729 Etnuypah V.rj;jparPyd;
2730 Etnuypah V.nry;tuh[;
2731 Etnuypah V.nry;tuh[d; kdpj mgptpUj;jp jhgdk;
2732 Etnuypah V.rpe;J[h kPdhl;rp mk;khs; kiyaf kfspu; mikg;G
2733 Etnuypah V.fe;jrhkp
2734 Etnuypah V.vk;.me;Njhdp
2735 Etnuypah V.Mu;.mUs;nry;tk;
2736 Etnuypah ngau; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy
2737 Etnuypah ngau; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy
2738 Etnuypah gP.vk;.nkh`kl; uhrpf;
2739 Etnuypah gP.up];thd;
2740 Etnuypah gu;zhl; yhru];
2741 Etnuypah rP.gP.v];.nrdtpul;z
2742 Etnuypah jhrypq;fk; Rfd;ah
2743 Etnuypah ju;kuh[; rNuh[h
2744 Etnuypah lhf;lu; gukrpq;fk; fz;zd;
2745 Etnuypah <.mKjh
2746 Etnuypah vt;.uh[d;
2747 Etnuypah vr;.Nf.Mde;jFkhu; =yq;fh tu;f;fu;]; btyg;kd;l; mNrhrpNa~d;
2748 Etnuypah vr;.Nf.fUzhul;z
2749 Etnuypah I.rP.vk;.M&jk;
2750 Etnuypah N[.re;jpuFkhu;
2751 Etnuypah N[.ku;]pn[dpgu;
2752 Etnuypah N[.nk&rh
2753 Etnuypah N[.jkpo;nry;tp
2754 Etnuypah V.b.mgaFzNrfu
2755 Etnuypah n[auhk; khupKj;J
2756 Etnuypah Nf.re;jpuFkhu;> Nf.Mde;jfpU];zd; (IUFMC)
2757 Etnuypah Nf.mD[h
2758 Etnuypah Nf.b.b.fYnty;nfhl
2759 Etnuypah Nf.ju;~dp
2760 Etnuypah Nf.n[aFkhu;
2761 Etnuypah Nf.fkyehjd;
2762 Etnuypah Nf.NfhkshNjtp
2763 Etnuypah Nf.Nrfu;> v];.rjP];Fkhu;
2764 Etnuypah Nf.nry;tuh[d;
2765 Etnuypah Nf.tpdpjh ee;jpdp
2766 Etnuypah Nf.V.<.,uhkypq;fk; NjNrhjha kz;lya
2767 Etnuypah Nf.vk;.etuj;jpdk;
2768 Etnuypah ftpjPgd;
2769 Etnuypah nfhl;baf;fid
NNru;f;if ‘G’
310
,y. khtl;lk; ngau; mikg;G
2770 Etnuypah vy;.vy;.ypadNf
2771 Etnuypah vk;.nghd;idah uh[h
2772 Etnuypah vk;.Njrpuhzp
2773 Etnuypah vk;.n[upe;jhNkup
2774 Etnuypah vk;.,k;kDty;
2775 Etnuypah vk;.vy;.vk;.ahrPd;
2776 Etnuypah vk;.khupKj;J md;id jpNurh KjpNahu; ,y;yk;
2777 Etnuypah vk;.v];.rw;Fzuh[h
2778 Etnuypah jpU.Mu;.fyhepjp
2779 Etnuypah jpU.tP.fkyhNjtp
2780 Etnuypah vd;.jtr;nry;tp
2781 Etnuypah vd;.fpNyhuh
2782 Etnuypah vd;.Kuspjud;
2783 Etnuypah gp.NkfyhNjtp
2784 Etnuypah gp.uNk];
2785 Etnuypah gp.rq;fu;
2786 Etnuypah gp.fkyrpwp
2787 Etnuypah gp.kupajh]; kiyaf Mu;tyu; xd;wpak;
2788 Etnuypah gp.gpughfud; mNrhrpNa~s;
2789 Etnuypah gp.,uhN[e;jpud;
2790 Etnuypah gp.gPl;lu;
2791 Etnuypah gp.vr;.ehyf gpd;rN`th
2792 Etnuypah gp.kupajh];
2793 Etnuypah gp.Nkhfd; Rg;gpukzpak;
2794 Etnuypah gp.rrpfyh
2795 Etnuypah gpupaju;~dp
2796 Etnuypah Mu;.jpt;a gpurhj;
2797 Etnuypah Mu;.jpt;a Nrhgdh
2798 Etnuypah Mu;.Mfpah
2799 Etnuypah Mu;.mNdNyh
2800 Etnuypah Mu;.n[arPyd;
2801 Etnuypah Mu;.[Ptd; ,uhN[e;jpud;
2802 Etnuypah Mu;.Nf.Fztu;jd
2803 Etnuypah Mu;.fpUkgthupdp
2804 Etnuypah Mu;.kdNkhfd;
2805 Etnuypah Mu;.kJuU`pdp
2806 Etnuypah Mu;.eprhe;j;
2807 Etnuypah Mu;.ngupaehafk;
2808 Etnuypah Mu;.rQ;[afz;zh
2809 Etnuypah Mu;.rjp];uh[;
2810 Etnuypah Mu;.rpth[p
2811 Etnuypah Mu;.jk;gpj;Jiu
2812 Etnuypah Mu;.jahdhj;
2813 Etnuypah Mu;.Nf.Fztu;jd
2814 Etnuypah ,uhkrhkp fpU~;zd;
2815 Etnuypah ud;[pj; fkyjpnta Muhr;rp =yq;fh Rfe;jpuf; fl;rp
2816 Etnuypah v];.kQ;RshNjtp
2817 Etnuypah v];.eluh[h
2818 Etnuypah v];.,uhN[];tup
2819 Etnuypah v];.rjh
2820 Etnuypah v];.tpJ}rd;
2821 Etnuypah v];.Nahfuh[h
2822 Etnuypah v];.,RW
2823 Etnuypah v].n[fjP];tup
2824 Etnuypah v];.N[hd;
2825 Etnuypah v];.N[hrg;
2826 Etnuypah v];.fpU~;zd; kiyaf njhopyhsu; Kd;dzp
2827 Etnuypah v];.Nkhfduh[d; ePjp> rdehafj;jpw;fhd rl;lj;juzpfs;
2828 Etnuypah v];.nkhup];
2829 Etnuypah v];.epNuh~pdp
2830 Etnuypah v];.gpupaju;~pdp
2831 Etnuypah v];.gpughfud;
NNru;f;if ‘G’
311
,y. khtl;lk; ngau; mikg;G
2832 Etnuypah v];.,utpr;re;jpud;
2833 Etnuypah v];.,utPe;jpud; kiyaf Mrpupau; Kd;dzp
2834 Etnuypah v];.r~hul;zd;
2835 Etnuypah v];.nry;ykpah
2836 Etnuypah v];.jpt;tpah
2837 Etnuypah v];.tp[aFkhu; r%f rPu;jpUj;j mikg;G
2838 Etnuypah v];.mNrhf;kd;
2839 Etnuypah v];.N[Rjh];
2840 Etnuypah v];.nyl;Rkd;
2841 Etnuypah v];.gP.Nkhfd;
2842 Etnuypah v];.gpujP];
2843 Etnuypah v];.,utpre;jpud; ,e;Jrka Nguit
2844 Etnuypah v];.b.fNzrypq;fk; gapu;nra;if Jiw mgptpUj;jpf;fhd r%f epWtfk;
2845 Etnuypah v];.jpt;aNyh[d;
2846 Etnuypah v];.tP.rz;Kfuh[h
2847 Etnuypah rkd;jh [aNrfu
2848 Etnuypah rd;[a gudtpjhuz
2849 Etnuypah nry;iyah Jiuag;gh
2850 Etnuypah nry;tuh[; gpupae;jpdp
2851 Etnuypah nry;tp gP.rk;ge;jd;
2852 Etnuypah Nrhgdh ,uhN[e;jpud;/ b.ckhNjtp Nguhjid gy;fiyf;fofk;
2853 Etnuypah rpd;idah fdf%u;j;jp
2854 Etnuypah rprpfh [hnfhl Muhr;rp
2855 Etnuypah rptuh[;
2856 Etnuypah b.,uhN[e;jpud;
2857 Etnuypah b.b.[ae;j gz;lhu uj;ehaf;f
2858 Etnuypah b.fN[e;jpuFkhu;
2859 Etnuypah b.gpurhe;j;
2860 Etnuypah b.jahspdp
2861 Etnuypah jtKj;J Rjhfud;
2862 Etnuypah jpUkiy ,uh[Nfhghy;
2863 Etnuypah Jiurhkp n[fjP];tud;
2864 Etnuypah epu[h
2865 Etnuypah tp.Nf.Kj;Jypq;fk; ,yq;if njhopyhsu; rpfg;Gf;nfhb A+dpad;
2866 Etnuypah tz. b.Nfhtpe;j NjNuh
2867 Etnuypah tpkyjh]
2868 Etnuypah tpky; fUzhul;z
2869 Etnuypah ,yq;if njhopyhsu; $l;lzp
2870 nghyd;eWit V.[p.v];.[atPu
2871 nghyd;eWit V.gp.[p.FzNrd
2872 nghyd;eWit mnyha; eprhe;j tpf;ukrpq;f
2873 nghyd;eWit ngau; Fwpg;gplg;glhjtu; 1
2874 nghyd;eWit ngau; Fwpg;gplg;glhjtu; 2
2875 nghyd;eWit ngau; Fwpg;gplg;glhjtu; 3
2876 nghyd;eWit ngau; Fwpg;gplg;glhjtu; 4
2877 nghyd;eWit ngau; Fwpg;gplg;glhjtu; 5
2878 nghyd;eWit ngau; Fwpg;gplg;glhjtu; 6
2879 nghyd;eWit b.V.R[Pt f[ehj;
2880 nghyd;eWit lhf;lu; lgps;A+.vk;.N[.tpf;ukuj;d
2881 nghyd;eWit <.Mde;j vL#upa
2882 nghyd;eWit <.vk;.V.[p.b.v];.Vfehaf;f
2883 nghyd;eWit vr;.b.v];.[p.tpN[rpwp
2884 nghyd;eWit N[.V.Rdpy; [arpq;f
2885 nghyd;eWit N[.vk;.v];.uj;ehaf;f
2886 nghyd;eWit Nf.gp.b.gp.jprhehaf;f
2887 nghyd;eWit Nf.[p.Fzuj;d gz;lh
2888 nghyd;eWit Nf.V.fhkpdp gpNukyhy;
2889 nghyd;eWit Nf.vr;.[df cja fhd;j
2890 nghyd;eWit Nf.Nf.vt;.myf;]hz;lu; ngNuuh
2891 nghyd;eWit Nf.vd;.,uj;ehaf;f
2892 nghyd;eWit fy;j;N`th gQ;Qhdd;j NjNuh
NNru;f;if ‘G’
312
,y. khtl;lk; ngau; mikg;G
2893 nghyd;eWit G];gFkhu
2894 nghyd;eWit vk;.V.gpaNrhk
2895 nghyd;eWit vk;.[p.V.[atu;jd
2896 nghyd;eWit vk;.vk;.[p.rPytjp nkdpNf
2897 nghyd;eWit vk;.[p.gpupahdp tpN[ul;d
2898 nghyd;eWit vk;.Nf.[ajp];]
2899 nghyd;eWit vk;.vy;.bNd]; klty
2900 nghyd;eWit vk;.vy;.tpkyul;d
2901 nghyd;eWit vk;.vk;.Kj;Jgz;lh
2902 nghyd;eWit vk;.Mu;.re;ughy
2903 nghyd;eWit ee;jNrd uh[gf;~
2904 nghyd;eWit Mu;.vr;.epYfh ,uhzp uj;dtPu
2905 nghyd;eWit v];.V.ru;yp Fzul;d
2906 nghyd;eWit v];.gp.jprhehaf;f
2907 nghyd;eWit v];.vr;.vk;.md;rhu;
2908 nghyd;eWit v];.gp.rpwpghy
2909 nghyd;eWit lgps;A+.vk;.ruj; tpf;ukrpq;f
2910 nghyd;eWit lgps;A+.md;rhu;
2911 nghyd;eWit lgps;A+.vr;.vk;.ll;yp [akhd;d N`uj; tpN[Re;ju
2912 nghyd;dWit lgps;A+.vk;. m[e;jh Fkhup tpN[Nfhd;
2913 nghyd;dWit lgps;A+.vd;.vd;. tPdhjpgjp
2914 nghyd;dWit lgps;A+. uk;ayjh
2915 nghyd;dWit aGnfju bfpup gz;lh
2916 Gj;jsk; V. md;& nrldpd];
2917 Gj;jsk; V.vk;.b.N[. mjpfhup
2918 Gj;jsk; V. epg;yh
2919 Gj;jsk; V.rP.v];. e];kpd;
2920 Gj;jsk; V.vr;.vk;.MH. mNguj;d
2921 Gj;jsk; V.N[. [rPkh
2922 Gj;jsk; V.vk;.vy;. ,rhd;
2923 Gj;jsk; V.vd;.vk;. It;gH nkh`pjPd;
2924 Gj;jsk; V.MH;.vk;. r[hj;
2925 Gj;jsk; V.v];.vk;. rg;upd;
2926 Gj;jsk; mg;Jy; K`g; rpd;dp erPk; g;upa bupa gjdk
2927 Gj;jsk; m`kl; iedh nkh`kl;
2928 Gj;jsk; ngauw;wJ
2929 Gj;jsk; gp.gp.vy;.ePy; Mk;];Nuhq;
2930 Gj;jsk; Gj;jplfk rd;uujd NjNuh
2931 Gj;jsk; b.vr;.v];.vk;. jprhehaf;f
2932 Gj;jsk; b.vk;.v];.Nf. jprhehaf;f
2933 Gj;jsk; <.vk;.b. gz;lhuehaf;f
2934 Gj;jsk; <.V.b.vk;. mj;JNfhuy
2935 Gj;jsk; vb gHdhe;J
2936 Gj;jsk; vy;. uhjPd;
2937 Gj;jsk; [p.A+.vd;. ngNuuh
2938 Gj;jsk; vr;.V. epky; Vfehaf;f
2939 Gj;jsk; vr;.V.gp. mg;G`hkp
2940 Gj;jsk; vr;.vr;.Nf.rP.gp. rd;uNrfu
2941 Gj;jsk; I.vk;. rd;ujhr
2942 Gj;jsk; ,e;jpf ud;[Pt n`d;LUnfhl gpu[hjpupa ];jhgdk;
2943 Gj;jsk; ,e;jpuhzp FRk;yjh
2944 Gj;jsk; N[. gj;kehjd;
2945 Gj;jsk; N[.V.b.V.tp.v];. [a#upa
2946 Gj;jsk; N[.vk;.b.V.N[. nfKD
2947 Gj;jsk; N[.vk;. ypg;gp
2948 Gj;jsk; Nf.V.<. MHjH
2949 Gj;jsk; Nf.V.gp.vk;. nfhygfk
2950 Gj;jsk; Nf.V.v];.b. nfhbJtf;F
2951 Gj;jsk; FuzNf fhe;jp Iuhq;fdp
2952 Gj;jsk; yhd;rNf rpwptHjd
2953 Gj;jsk; vk;.N[.V. erPH
NNru;f;if ‘G’
313
,y. khtl;lk; ngau; mikg;G
2954 Gj;jsk; vk;. fhupatrk; Gs;sp tpgutpay; cjtpahsHfs; njhopy; rq;fk;
2955 Gj;jsk; vk;.];rl;.vg;. g];dh
2956 Gj;jsk; vk;.V. rjhHBd;
2957 Gj;jsk; vk;. mUdrhe;j
2958 Gj;jsk; vk;. g`Pdh Ngfk;
2959 Gj;jsk; vk;.I.vk;. up`hd;
2960 Gj;jsk; vk;.N[.V. erPH
2961 Gj;jsk; vk;.N[.vk;. mg;Jy; yj;jPg;
2962 Gj;jsk; vk;. ud;[dp
2963 Gj;jsk; nkh`kl; `rd; ig&];
2964 Gj;jsk; b.vk;.vk;.V. u];dp
2965 Gj;jsk; gp.vd;. FztHjd
2966 Gj;jsk; MH.V.rp.Nf.b. &grpq;f
2967 Gj;jsk; MH.V. uzpy; uh[gf;~
2968 Gj;jsk; MH.gp. eprhe;j rhkyp
2969 Gj;jsk; MH.gp.v];.v];. uj;kyhd
2970 Gj;jsk; MH.gp. ney;rd; uj;ehaf;f
2971 Gj;jsk; MH. R`pdh Njtp
2972 Gj;jsk; MH.A+.v];.<. tpNehjpdp
2973 Gj;jsk; v];. Rg;gpukzpak;
2974 Gj;jsk; v];.gP. mNgrpq;f
2975 Gj;jsk; v];.vk;. nrN`huh
2976 Gj;jsk; v];.vr;.vk;. epah];
2977 Gj;jsk; v];.MH.vk;.vk;. K`rp
2978 Gj;jsk; rPDy; Mg;Bd; n``p
2979 Gj;jsk; b.gp. ,e;jpuhzp FRkyjh
2980 Gj;jsk; tpgp.v];.V.rp. tPjpa gz;lhu rpwptHjd
2981 Gj;jsk; lgps;A+.V.rP. gHdhe;J
2982 Gj;jsk; lgps;A+.b. rprpu [ayj;
2983 Gj;jsk; lgps;A+.gp.gp. gHdhe;J
2984 Gj;jsk; tpy;rd; ty;Kdp kJU G+kpa RufPNk [hjpf tpahghua
2985 Gj;jsk; rth`pupah KifjPd;
2986 ,uj;jpdGup V. gl;upMuhr;rp
2987 ,uj;jpdGup V.V.gp. rNuh[pdp
2988 ,uj;jpdGup V. mNrhfh rhe;jp mJfyNf
2989 ,uj;jpdGup V.vk;.v];.vk;.v];.v];. mj;jehaf;f
2990 ,uj;jpdGup V.v];. tp[aFkhu
2991 ,uj;jpdGup m[pj; yhy; rhe;j cja
2992 ,uj;jpdGup my; `h[; I.vy;. eprhk; nkh`kl;
2993 ,uj;jpdGup Mde;j j. ky;ytuhr;rp
2994 ,uj;jpdGup MupaNrd tpjhdgjpud
2995 ,uj;jpdGup gp.gp. jahtd;r
2996 ,uj;jpdGup rP.V.Nf. tp[aRe;ju
2997 ,uj;jpdGup rP. gf;jrPyd;
2998 ,uj;jpdGup rp.rp.rp. rpy;th rHNthja NlNrhjha ,uj;jpdGup khtl;lk;
2999 ,uj;jpdGup re;jpuNrd tpN[jpyf
3000 ,uj;jpdGup b.V. `pkhyp nrdtpuj;d
3001 ,uj;jpdGup b.V. ntypfy
3002 ,uj;jpdGup b.b.vy;. G];gFkhu
3003 ,uj;jpdGup b.v];. fhjnty
3004 ,uj;jpdGup b.lgps;A+. jp];] tPurpq;f
3005 ,uj;jpdGup jahde;j
3006 ,uj;jpdGup jahde;j #upaMur;rp
3007 ,uj;jpdGup lhf;lH vy;. nrhykd;
3008 ,uj;jpdGup Jyq;f rhe;j Ru[Pd guzfk
3009 ,uj;jpdGup <.gp. [ajpyf
3010 ,uj;jpdGup <.b. Rkduj;d
3011 ,uj;jpdGup mUl;je;ij gp. md;ld; rpy;th
3012 ,uj;jpdGup [p.V. ned;[dp tp[pjh Fkhu
3013 ,uj;jpdGup [P.vr;.MH. fpupmy;y yPl;]; - NGO
3014 ,uj;jpdGup [p.Nf.Nf. cgjp];]
NNru;f;if ‘G’
314
,y. khtl;lk; ngau; mikg;G
3015 ,uj;jpdGup fkNf [aNjt
3016 ,uj;jpdGup fhkpdp Fyuj;d
3017 ,uj;jpdGup fhkpdp B. fDfy
3018 ,uj;jpdGup vr;.[P. ruzNrd
3019 ,uj;jpdGup vr;.vk;. Jkpe;J mDuq;f rkuNrfu
3020 ,uj;jpdGup vr;. NuDfh gj;ufhe;jp xd;wpize;j rdr%f mgptpUj;jp kfspH kfh rk;Nksdk;
3021 ,uj;jpdGup vr;.gp. fpupah ure;j n`ytpl
3022 ,uj;jpdGup vr;. Nrhkjh]
3023 ,uj;jpdGup ,e;jpuhzp FRkyjh rdr%f rf;jp kfspH ,y;yk;
3024 ,uj;jpdGup N[. [ajpyf
3025 ,uj;jpdGup N[.V. Mde;j uh[fUzh
3026 ,uj;jpdGup N[.vk;.V. [a#upa
3027 ,uj;jpdGup N[.vd;.grpy; uztPu
3028 ,uj;jpdGup [];bd; vjpuptPu
3029 ,uj;jpdGup Nf.vk;. tp[auj;d gz;lhu
3030 ,uj;jpdGup Nf. fhkpdp
3031 ,uj;jpdGup Nf. fDrd;
3032 ,uj;jpdGup Nf.vk;. tp[auj;d gz;lhu
3033 ,uj;jpdGup Nf.lgps;A+.V.vk;. MH. jHkNrd ahapd;d
3034 ,uj;jpdGup fhypfk tp[pjhde;j NjuH
3035 ,uj;jpdGup nfhk;tpjpNa rpwP RrPyh NjuH
3036 ,uj;jpdGup nfh];f];njd;d Mde;j NjuH
3037 ,uj;jpdGup vy;.vd;.[P. rhe;jdp
3038 ,uj;jpdGup vy;.V. ruzNrfu
3039 ,uj;jpdGup vy;.vd;.[P. rhe;jdp
3040 ,uj;jpdGup vk;. yypjh tpN[uj;d
3041 ,uj;jpdGup vk;.V. ,e;jpuhzp khdJq;f
3042 ,uj;jpdGup vk;.V.vy;. FzNrfu
3043 ,uj;jpdGup vk;. re;jpuFkhH
3044 ,uj;jpdGup vk;.[P.gp. eapyhvy;y
3045 ,uj;jpdGup vk;.Nf. ge;Jy `up];re;jpu khtl;l jpl;lkply; nrayfk;
3046 ,uj;jpdGup vk;.vy;.vy;. Kfk;kj;
3047 ,uj;jpdGup vk;.b. ruj; tre;j
3048 ,uj;jpdGup vk;.vk;. uh[h
3049 ,uj;jpdGup k`pe;j gjpud Njrpa njhopy;thd;ikahsH rq;fk;
3050 ,uj;jpdGup kQ;Ry rkuehaf;f yPl;]; - NGO
3051 ,uj;jpdGup gP.V.Nf. tpN[Re;ju
3052 ,uj;jpdGup gp.gp. gpNukuj;d rpwpkhNth gz;lhuehaf;f uztpU fk;khda
3053 ,uj;jpdGup gp.[p. re;jpuNrf;fu
3054 ,uj;jpdGup gp.vy;. Rre;j jHkfPHj;jp
3055 ,uj;jpdGup ghypj;j ehzhaf;fhu rg;ufKt khfhz rig – rig nrayfk;
3056 ,uj;jpdGup gtpj;uh vd;. tpky#upa
3057 ,uj;jpdGup MH. ney;rd; Nkhfd;uh[;
3058 ,uj;jpdGup MH. tpN[rpq;f
3059 ,uj;jpdGup MH.vk;.V. re;jpughy
3060 ,uj;jpdGup ukdp gPupa [atHjd
3061 ,uj;jpdGup NuZfh gj;jpufhe;jp xd;wpize;j rdr%f mgptpUj;jp kfspH kfh rk;Nksdk;
3062 ,uj;jpdGup `pLty fUzh%Hj;jp kfh Njtd; rpup NghjpUf;fhuhka
3063 ,uj;jpdGup nfhnyhd;Nd rpwprhe;j tp[a NjuH Njrpa tsq;fisf; fhf;Fk; ,af;fk;
3064 ,uj;jpdGup ruzghy nfypfk tp[pjhde;j
3035 ,uj;jpdGup nuh`hd; nfhduh
3066 ,uj;jpdGup nuh~hd; nuhl;upNfh
3067 ,uj;jpdGup v];.vk;. yPyh Fkhup`hkp
3068 ,uj;jpdGup v];. kNf];tud; rHkh
3069 ,uj;jpdGup v];. tp[aFkhH
3070 ,uj;jpdGup v[;.Nf.V. m[pj; FkhH
3071 ,uj;jpdGup v];.Nf. N`knfhb
NNru;f;if ‘G’
315
,y. khtl;lk; ngau; mikg;G
3072 ,uj;jpdGup v];.vk;. etuj;d gz;lhu
3073 ,uj;jpdGup vy;.gp. ,NaRg;gps;is
3074 ,uj;jpdGup rapjh fUzhNrd
3075 ,uj;jpdGup rz;bahNfh mkpHjh];
3076 ,uj;jpdGup ruj; fhkpdp
3077 ,uj;jpdGup rpthfpup vk;. rj;jpa%Hj;jp rpupkh
3078 ,uj;jpdGup rpthfpup gP. jpUehTf;fuR
3079 ,uj;jpdGup rpthfpup v];. rptf;FkhH rHkh
3080 ,uj;jpdGup Mde;j uj;ehaf;f
3081 ,uj;jpdGup b.vy;. re;jpuNrf;fu
3082 ,uj;jpdGup Nj~pa vy;.gp. `_Uy;Ny
3083 ,uj;jpdGup Jfhuh nfhbJtf;F
3084 ,uj;jpdGup A+.[P.v];. tpkyuj;d Rjh jhuz
3085 ,uj;jpdGup NfhNdf];njd;d Mde;j NjuH
3086 ,uj;jpdGup khnty rpupRkd NjuH
3087 ,uj;jpdGup lgps;A+.vy;.vd;. f[ehaf;f
3088 ,uj;jpdGup lgps;A+.V. Nrzhuj;d kw;Wk; [P.[P. jRd; fkNf
3089 ,uj;jpdGup lgps;A+.V. Nrhkjhr ,yq;if Njrpa rHNthja rpukjhd rq;fk;
3090 ,uj;jpdGup lgps;A+.I.v];. G~;gyjh
3091 ,uj;jpdGup lgps;A+. FyNrd
3092 ,uj;jpdGup lgps;A+.vy;.vd;. f[ehaf;f
3093 ,uj;jpdGup lgps;A+.vk;.b. tpN[Re;ju
3094 ,uj;jpdGup lgps;A+.gP.gP. Nfrtjhr
3095 ,uj;jpdGup lgps;AAA+.gp. rkd;jpyf
3096 ,uj;jpdGup tpd;rhe;j tpN[rpq;f
3097 ,uj;jpdGup tpN[uj;d `GMur;rp ,uj;jpdGup khtl;l E}yhrpupaH rq;fk;
3098 ,uj;jpdGup tpg];]p NjuH
3099 ,uj;jpdGup nt`;gh vk;. fpg;yhH
3100 ,uj;jpdGup kfspH gyk; xd;wpak;
3101 ,uj;jpdGup ghJfhg;G
3102 ,uj;jpdGup nrj;kpdp – fupulh];
3103 jpUNfhzkiy V.vy;. mg;Jy; m]P];
3104 jpUNfhzkiy mdhkNja (ngaupy;yhj)
3105 jpUNfhzkiy ge;Jghy jHk#upa tLNf
3106 jpUNfhzkiy rP. tp[aNrfu
3107 jpUNfhzkiy B. [atPu jpUNfhzkiy gpui[ FO
3108 jpUNfhzkiy jHkNrd fUzhuj;d
3109 jpUNfhzkiy njhd; ruj; uzrpq;f nfhjyhty
3110 jpUNfhzkiy mUl;je;ij tP. NahNf~;tud;
3111 jpUNfhzkiy [P.vr;.vk;. gz;lhu nkzpf;Nf
3112 jpUNfhzkiy Ffd; jH~pdp FO
3113 jpUNfhzkiy vr;.V. fpNuh~pkh jpy;fhdp Nrutpy epWtfk; - gpuhe;jpa nrayfk; fe;jNy
3114 jpUNfhzkiy N[hrg; ,ghd; G+uk;
3115 jpUNfhzkiy Nf. rj;Fdfpd;Nfhtd;
3116 jpUNfhzkiy fzfuju;dk; Jrhe;jd;
3117 jpUNfhzkiy fjd; jz;rpdp
3118 jpUNfhzkiy vy;.[P. ejPfh tpJuq;f
3119 jpUNfhzkiy vy;.[P. ge;JNrd
3120 jpUNfhzkiy vk;.vr;. r`Pj;
3121 jpUNfhzkiy vk;.V.eypd; Jrhu rk;gj;
3122 jpUNfhzkiy vk;.V. r`Pj;
3123 jpUNfhzkiy vk;. vjpuprpq;f
3124 jpUNfhzkiy vk;.[P.vd;. gz;lhu
3125 jpUNfhzkiy Kfk;kj; m]hj;
3126 jpUNfhzkiy Kfk;kj; `dPgh Kfk;kj; e[hj;
3127 jpUNfhzkiy vd;. mg;Jy;yh`;
3128 jpUNfhzkiy vd;. fhe;jpkjp
3129 jpUNfhzkiy vd;.rP. gpay; N`krpwp
3130 jpUNfhzkiy rpuq;f tpf;ukrpq;f
NNru;f;if ‘G’
316
,y. khtl;lk; ngau; mikg;G
3131 jpUNfhzkiy gpajhr nfhbg;gpy;yp
3132 jpUNfhzkiy MH. jpUrpdp
3133 jpUNfhzkiy MH. Ruq;f &grpq;f
3134 jpUNfhzkiy MH. jpUnry;tk; r%f mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; nfhs;if epWtdk;
3135 jpUNfhzkiy tz. ykupafk NrhkdhW NjuH
3136 jpUNfhzkiy v];.Nf.B. epud;[d;
3137 jpUNfhzkiy b. mUs;jh];
3138 jpUNfhzkiy b. jtrpq;fk; mur rhHgw;w mikg;Gfspd; xd;wpak; - jpUNfhzkiy khtl;lk;
3139 jpUNfhzkiy b. rz;[Ptd;
3140 jpUNfhzkiy tP. n[ae;j&gd;
3141 jpUNfhzkiy tujd; etuj;duh[h
3142 jpUNfhzkiy lgps;A+.[P.MH. fUzhuj;d
3143 jpUNfhzkiy fpof;F khfhz ts mgptpUj;jpf;fhd kd;wk;
3144 jpUNfhzkiy VOVCOD
3145 tTdpah V.vd;.[P. Njthtpehafk; Sri Lanka Veddar Iyakkar and Nagar Aborginis Party
3146 tTdpah rP. fUzhfud;
3147 tTdpah fzgjpg;gps;is Vfhk;guk;
3148 tTdpah ,uhkrhkp Rg;gpukzpak;
3149 tTdpah fzgjpg;gps;is Vfhk;guk;
3150 tTdpah fjpNurd; epjpaz;luhrh
3151 tTdpah ,uhkrhkp Rg;gpukzpak;
3152 tTdpah v];.vd;.[P. e~d;
3153 tTdpah re;jpuNrfuk; gukypq;fk; td;dp kd;wk;
3154 tTdpah nry;yj;Jiu rpupFkhH
3155 tTdpah Sie. fjpuNtY
3156 tTdpah Xa;Tngw;w mur CopaH ek;gpf;if nghWg;G epjpak; (tTdpah khtl;lk;)
3157 ngaH Fwpg;gplhjtH
3158 V.vy.vk;. arPd; tup tpjpg;ghsH rq;fk; - rk;khd;Jiw
3159 V.gp. Nrhrh
3160 V.vk;. nrg];bad;
3161 mjp~h b rpy;th
3162 mjpfhup [auj;d
3163 m[pj; $Nw
3164 m[;ky; E}yH
3165 myt;Nt QhdrPy NjuH
3166 my;tH fhrpehjH Nahfuh[h
3167 V.vk;.V.MH. mkurpq;f
3168 mkHehj; Re;jNufk
3169 mkPdh Fird;
3170 Mde;j tp[auj;d
3171 mdpy; mkuNrfu
3172 ngaH Fwpg;gplhjtH 1
3173 ngaH Fwpg;gplhjtH 2
3174 ngaH Fwpg;gplhjtH 3
3175 ngaH Fwpg;gplhjtH 4
3176 ngaH Fwpg;gplhjtH 5
3177 ngaH Fwpg;gplhjtH 6
3178 ngaH Fwpg;gplhjtH 7
3179 ngaH Fwpg;gplhjtH 8
3180 ngaH Fwpg;gplhjtH 9
3181 ngaH Fwpg;gplhjtH 10
3182 ngaH Fwpg;gplhjtH 11
3183 ngaH Fwpg;gplhjtH 12
3184 ngaH Fwpg;gplhjtH 13
3185 ngaH Fwpg;gplhjtH 14
3186 ngaH Fwpg;gplhjtH 15
3187 ngaH Fwpg;gplhjtH 16
3188 ngaH Fwpg;gplhjtH 17
NNru;f;if ‘G’
317
,y. khtl;lk; ngau; mikg;G
3189 ngaH Fwpg;gplhjtH 18
3190 ngaH Fwpg;gplhjtH 19
3191 ngaH Fwpg;gplhjtH 20
3192 ngaH Fwpg;gplhjtH 21
3193 mDUj;j mkNwhr
3194 mEu jprhehaf;f
3195 mEu nkz;b];
3196 mEu uj;ehaf;f
3197 mDuhjh cLEtu
3198 mutpe; FkhH
3199 mH[_d mfq;fk
3200 mUs;ehjd; NfhgpfpU~;zh
3201 mUs;ehjd; NfhgpfpU~;zh
3202 MWKfk; Nfhghy%Hj;jp
3203 mUz fhe;j gz;lhu
3204 mrq;f ngNuuh
3205 mrq;f rQ;rPt
3206 mNry
3207 mNry mkuehj;
3208 m\hdp Nfhgy;yht fpwPd; Vd;[y;]; ];&bNah
3209 m\hdp g];upad;];
3210 mNrhf;f FztHjd
3211 mNrhf;f nrndtpuj;d
3212 mNrhf;f nrndtpuj;d
3213 gp.vk;. [ajp];] ngsj;j rig
3214 b.V. fhjH
3215 gz;lhu etuj;d
3216 ge;Jy czd;Gt
3217 Ngzhl; gHdhe;J
3218 rp.gp. Ntufk
3219 rp. [auj;d
3220 rp. tPu#upa
3221 rp.b. jHkNrd
3222 rp.vk;.v];. mg;Jy; yj;jPt;
3223 rp. th]; FztHjd
3224 rfpad; ck;. gHdhe;J kf;fs; rig ,yq;if
3225 rhky; wQ;rp Fyjpyf;f ek;Kzpahur;rp
3226 rkj;
3227 rkj; by;~hd; [arpq;f
3228 rkpy; utPe;jpu njd;df;Nfhd;
3229 rkpy; utPe;jpu
3230 rkpyh yha;yh NfhzJ}t
3231 rkpe;j Nuhfz
3232 rhdf;f ngNuuh
3233 re;jd gpurd;d
3234 re;jpk FzNrd
3235 re;jpk tPuNrf;fu
3236 re;jpuyhy; #upahur;rp Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fof gioa khztH rq;fk;
3237 re;jpupf;fh
3238 re;jpupf;fh fhupathrk;
3239 rwpj; [aNrfu
3240 rhs;]; md;Nuhdpl;
3241 rhs;]; ngNuuh
3242 nry;yg;gh rz;Kfehjd;
3243 rpe;jf;f Rkduj;d
3244 rpe;jf;f Rkduj;d
3245 rpe;jf;f cjaq;f
3246 #l;b Gj;jh
3247 nfhok;gNf gPup];
3248 b.gp.[p. nry;w;wd; [aNrf;fu =yq;fh tpKf;jp gyNtfa
3249 b.rp. tpN[uj;d
NNru;f;if ‘G’
318
,y. khtl;lk; ngau; mikg;G
3250 b. N[k;];
3251 b.gp.[p. Fkhurpwp
3252 b.MH. [ajpyf;f gz;lh
3253 b. jthdpgH
3254 b.b.vy;. [atHjd
3255 b.vy;. cNgtHjd
3256 b.gp. [arpq;f
3257 b.gp.[p. Fkhurpwp
3258 b.lgps;A+. Rgrpq;f> Nfkh tpy;Ngl; ,yq;if nghJTlikf; fl;rp – khw;Wf; FO
3259 jfk; gpe;JN`th
3260 jdQ;ra rJuq;f
3261 jHrd fahd; ckaq;f
3262 jah rpwptHjd
3263 jah tpN[rpq;f b jfk; wf;Ndh
3264 jahdp gdhnfhl
3265 jahuj;d vjpuprpq;f nkhopfs;> cj;jpNahfG+Ht nkhopfs; Mizf;FO
3266 Njtrpwp fk;yj;
3267 jk;k tpN[ehaf;f
3268 bypg; gpwrhj;
3269 by;W}f; fz;zq;fu
3270 bkpw;wp gHdhe;J
3271 bNd~h rkuuj;d
3272 bD}~h b rpy;th
3273 bD}~h tpjhdNf
3274 bD}~pf;fh jp]hehaf;f Nyh md;l; Nrhirapw;wp w];w;
3275 lf;s]; uzrpq;f
3276 lhf;lH. lrwj; [a#upa ,yq;if (v];.gp.A.MH.)
3277 lhf;lH. vr;. grpy; uQ;rpj; gHdhe;J mfpy ,yq;if MAHNtj itj;jpaH fhq;fpu];
3278 lhf;lH. V. tpkyFz
3279 lhf;lH. b.Nf. la];
3280 lhf;lH. vr;.N[.vg;. rpy;th
3281 lhf;lH. [hdf;f uj;drpwp
3282 lhf;lH. gpay; ngNuuh
3283 lhf;lH. uQ;rpj; kw;Wk; fy;ahzp tHz#upa
3284 lhf;lH. nrk;Gf;Fl;bNf nuwd;]; epyd;j; b rpy;th
3285 lhf;lH. Nrhkuj;d gz;lh Vf;fehaf;f
3286 lhf;lH. tp. mk;gythdH
3287 Jkpe;j gPup];
3288 J~he;j tLNf
3289 Vfhk;guehjd; n[fjP]d;
3290 vopy; uh[d; kw;Wk; FkhubNty; FUgud;
jkpo; rptpy; r%fr; rig
3291 vy;Nkh ngNuuh
3292 vue;j uj;ehaf;f
3293 Vz];w; fNwhy;l;
3294 vrhe;j rkuNrf;fu
3295 ghrpy; rkPH
3296 gPNuh]; rkPH
3297 [p. fkyFkhH
3298 [p. tre;jFkhH V. ngNuuh
3299 [p.V.b. rpwpky;
3300 [p.[p. nwhl;wpf;Nfh
3301 fkNf gpugh~;
3302 fkNf rpy;th
3303 fhkpdp ghgunjdpa
3304 fhkpdp FztHjd ngsj;j njhopy; thz;ikahsH rig
3305 fhkpdp kPnkJk
3306 fhkpdp Fzrpq;f
NNru;f;if ‘G’
319
,y. khtl;lk; ngau; mikg;G
3307 fahd; mkurpq;f
3308 fPfdNf tPurpq;f rdehafj;jpw;Fk; r%f ePjpf;Fkhd rig
3309 nf`hd; Fzjpyf;Nf
3310 [p`hd; ,e;jpu[pj; Nfhk];
3311 Nfhgy%Hj;jp
3312 Nfhj;jkp ehuq;fy
3313 vr;.N[.vg;. rpy;th
3314 vr;. yPyhNrd b nrha;]h rpwptHjd> epkhy; V.b.v];. fdfuj;jpdk;
mikjpapd; ePjpr; r%fk; - gyg;gpl;ba
3315 vr;.vk;. re;jpuh uj;drpwp
3316 vr;. iey;]; ngNuuh
3317 vr;.v];. FWtpl;l
3318 vr;.gp. rkluh kJghrpdp rf;jp Wf;ryjh rd;uf;rd gjdk
3319 vr;.[p. FztHjd
3320 vr;.vk;. Kfhe;jpuk;
3321 vr;. eypd; kNfe;jpuh
3322 vr;. Rghuj;d
3323 vr;.V. gpupaq;fh jHkfhe;jp
3324 vr;.b.V. kj;JkNf
3325 vr;. iey;]; ngNuuh
3326 vr;.tp. rPytjp
3327 `g;Gnfhl gpNukjh]
3328 `g;Gnfhl gpNukjh]
3329 `upe;jpuh JDtpy;y Metra
3330 `H~ gKDrpq;f
3331 `H~ ngNuuh
3332 `H~ tpN[Nrf;fu
3333 `rpdp [aNfru
3334 `rpdp tpN[Nrf;fu
3335 N`ke;j tpjhdNf Rw;whly; ePjpf;fhd epiyak;
3336 `puhd; Njrg;gpupa
3337 `puhd; epahd;nfhl
3338 `puhd; epahd;nfhl
3339 `prhk; mkPH
3340 F];dh Fird;
3341 i`rpahkh `kpd; ,yq;if kNy ngz;fs; rq;fk;
3342 I.v];. [arpq;f
3343 ,e;jpf;f mj;Jf;Nfhwy
3344 ,rq;f [ajpyf;f
3345 N[.Nf. tpN[jh]
3346 N[.vk;.b.fpA+. gpd;rpwp
3347 N[.Nf. tpN[jh]
3348 N[.rp. m`q;fk
3349 N[.vk;.V. tpf;fpukrpq;f
3350 [fj; tpN[#upa
3351 N[k;]; gHdhe;J
3352 [hdf;f b rpy;th
3353 [hdf;f ngNuuh
3354 [hdf;f uzrpq;f rhfu
3355 [hdfp re;jpuuj;d
3356 [dPgh XkH
3357 [dpj; ngNuuh
3358 [Df;f mj;jehaf;f
3359 [ae;j gHdhe;J
3360 [ae;j MH. nlhytj;j
3361 [arpwp Fkhuuj;d rpf;kh nly;uh nuf;Ndhnyh[P];
3362 [arpwp gpupayhy;
3363 [ajp];]; rkuehaf;f
3364 N[h rpy;th
3365 N[h rpy;th
3366 N[hd; nt];yp
3367 Nf.b. mg;W}
NNru;f;if ‘G’
320
,y. khtl;lk; ngau; mikg;G
3368 Nf.Nf. b rpy;th
3369 Nf.[p.v];. RkdNrf;fu
3370 Nf.vr;. #uNrd
3371 Nf. nghd;fud;
3372 Nf.v];. G];guh[h vf;wpNa[; N`hy;bq;];
3373 Nf. mDu jprhehaf;f rNjd; vQ;rpdpNaH]; Nfh
3374 Nf.vk;.Nf. Nrhkuj;d
3375 Nf.vk;.MH. mNguj;d
3376 Nf.A+. G];gFkhu
3377 fS gz;lhu Jkpe;j ge;Js jp]hehaf;f
3378 fy;ahzp fq;fhNghjhur;rp
3379 fky; Njrg;gpupa
3380 fky; ep];]q;f ypguy; fl;rp
3381 fky; ngNuuh
3382 fhQ;rd f[ehaf;f
3383 fdp];f [arpq;f If;fpa njhopy; thz;ikahsH FO
3384 fgpy uj;ehaf;f
3385 fRd; N`uj;
3386 ftpe;jpu [arpq;f
3387 fa;wp fhlH XkH
3388 fpq;];yp fUzhuj;d ,yq;if cz;ik> ePjp kw;Wk; ey;ypzf;fj;jpw;fhd ,af;fk;
3389 fpj;rpwp Nfhl;lNf gad;jUk; fy;tp Kiwf;fhd gpur;rhuk;
3390 nfhdw tdpfNrf;fu
3391 fpwprhe;j nahyd;Nl b rpy;th
3392 Fyrpwp mkurpq;f
3393 FkhH rpy;th
3394 Fkhu gp.V.
3395 FkhuNf ngNuuh
3396 Fkhup FztHjd
3397 Fkhup FzNrfu
3398 FKjpdp rhKNty;
3399 FKJ tPutHjd
3400 Fry; kJuq;f
3401 FRk; jpuzfk
3402 Fapd;w]; nwhl;wpf;Nfh
3403 vy;.N[.vk;. fUzhuj;d
3404 vy;. fdf%Hj;jp
3405 vy;.vy;. tzpfNrf;fu
3406 vy;.lgps;A+.v];. jahuj;d
3407 Nyb `py; N`hl;ly;
3408 yfpW bye;j tpf;fpukrpq;f
3409 yf;rpwp gHdhe;J
3410 yf;rpwp nkz;b];
3411 yydp v];. ngNuuh
3412 yjpf;fh Mupauj;d
3413 Nyhwp N[. Nrdehaf;f
3414 nyahl; rpy;th
3415 yady; Nahjrpq;fNf
3416 ypafj; myp nrayhsH fpof;F ,yq;ifr; Nritf;fhd ikak;
3417 ypadNf M~;yp g];upad;];
3418 nthapl; vg;. ahg;gh
3419 Nyhuz;]; kiyaf Ma;T mikak;
3420 ypad; xNfH];
3421 vk;.V.rp.vk;. [t`pH ey;yhl;rpf;fhd Kd;dzp
3422 vk;.V.vd;. Fyrpq;f
3423 vk;.gp.vk;. ,g;jpfhH
3424 vk;.gp.vk;. ,g;jpfhH
3425 vk;.rp.V. jk;ghth nehj;jhup];
3426 vk;.b.I.[p. Fzuj;d
3427 vk;.[p. mku#upa
3428 vk;.I. upahy; r%f eyd;Gup rq;fk;
NNru;f;if ‘G’
321
,y. khtl;lk; ngau; mikg;G
3429 vk;. [aR[Pgd;
3430 vk;.vy;.V. fky;Bd; nrtpg;Gydw;NwhH Gduikg;G mikg;G
3431 vk;.vy;.,rl;. kRbd; kiyaf K];yPk;fspd; Fuy;
3432 vk;.vk;. mg;Jy; ryhk; Gy;%il K];ypk; mgptpUj;jp rig
3433 vk;.vk;.vk;. ypahl;
3434 vk;.vk;.vk;. rpahj;
3435 vk;.v];. nkh`kl; epah];;
3436 vk;.v];.v];. ep~he;j
3437 vk;. Rgpahd;
3438 vk;.up.vk;. ,k;jpah];
3439 kJu mjpfhup
3450 kfhfzgjp Rg;gpukzpak;
3451 kfhypq;fk; kq;fNy];tup jpUNfhzkiy khtl;l ngz;fs; rk;Nkydk;
3452 kNfe;jpuh khgFzuj;d
3453 kBfe;jpud; jpUtuq;fd;
3454 kNf]; nkz;b];
3455 k`pe;j mj;jehaf;f
3456 k`pe;j Fzuj;d
3457 k`pe;j FzNrf;fu ,yq;ifapy; rkhjhdj;jpw;fhd rHtNjr $l;likg;G
3458 khndyh fUzhjh]
3459 kQ;Rfh gHdhe;Jgps;is
3460 kNdhup tpkyNrf;fu
3461 khHf; nud;rpq;
3462 khupq;Nfh &guh[d;
3463 khHbd;]; ugPy; k`huh[h
3464 Nktd; gHdhe;J
3465 ikf;fy; nkz;b];
3466 ikf;fy; uhN[e;jpuk; fupjh]; SED - fhyp
3467 kpype;j ehj; rkurpq;f
3468 kp]; kyH ,yq;if njhopyhsH fhq;fpu];
3469 Nkhjpj;j Fkhu
3470 nkh`kl; ,g;uhnyg;Ng [kPy;
3471 nkh`kl; ,g;uhnyg;Ng [kPy;
3472 nkh`kl; ypah]; mg;Jy; th`pl; ,yq;if K];ypk; mkg;Gf;fspd; f;fpa uh[;[pak;
3473 nkh`kl; kdh];
3474 nkh`kl; ~puh]; gf;kd;
3475 nkh`kl; fthuf;
3476 nkh`kl; E`;khd; fz;b kd;wk;
3477 nkh`kl; gyPy;
3478 Krk;kpy; fhjH
3479 KJkhyNf vB cgNrd
3480 vd;.b. FzNrf;fu
3481 vd;. fdfuj;dk;
3482 vd;. e`Pk;
3483 vd;.gp. njd;dNfhd;
3484 eNlrd; kRjhd;
3485 ehyf;f rp. [atPu
3486 ehyf;f FztHjd
3487 eypd; gHdhe;J
3488 ey;yjk;gp NtyhAjk; fpof;F gyf;FbapdH r%fk;
3489 ehky; gHdhe;J
3490 ee;j b rpy;th
3491 etPe;jpu b nrha;]h
3492 eNthl; tPurpq;f
3493 netpy; fpNu
3494 epyhd; gHdhe;J
3495 epky; vjpuprpq;f
3496 epky; [ajpyf;f
3497 epky; [atPu
3498 epky; rj;Fkhu
NNru;f;if ‘G’
322
,y. khtl;lk; ngau; mikg;G
3499 epky; cLfk;nghy
3500 epky; jpyfuj;d
3501 epuh[; [akhd;d
3502 epHky;
3503 epHkyd; jh]; ehfuPfk; kw;Wk; rpe;jid khw;wj;jpw;fhd mikak;
3504 ep~hd; Fzuj;d
3505 ep~h]; Kdh];
3506 epae;jpdp fjpHfhkH nghUshjhu [dehafj;jpw;fhd NrHif
3507 E}H eprhk;
3508 Etd; rhku Fzrpq;f
3509 Etd; rPkNf
3510 X.gp. gpupahzp UFDFkhup
3511 Xkj;jNf ngNuuh
3512 Xrhd; Nrdehaf;f
3513 gp.V. Fkhu
3514 gp.V. yjpf;fh nuh~hdh Mupauj;d
3515 gp.b. Kdpjh]
3516 gp.b.v];. Ngkrpwp Fzjpyf;f
3517 gp. fhy;yNf
3518 gp.Nf. Nrhkuj;d
3519 gp.tp.vy;. mDu tpjhd
3520 ghypj;j tPuf;nfhb
3521 gz;bfhu Mur;rpNf rpuj;jpup rrq;fpfh b rpy;th
3522 guk jHktHjd
3523 gj;kehjd; Nrhkghy
3524 gpay; ngNuuh
3525 gpaNrd uh[gf;~Nf tpN[tHjd
3526 gparpwp ypadNf
3527 G+[pj;j [arpq;f
3528 gpughj; nrndtpuj;d
3529 gpujPg; Fzuj;d
3530 gpujPg; kq;fy
3531 gpujPg; uj;ehaf;f
3532 gpukpe;j kNdh[;
3533 gpurq;fpfh rkd;kyP
3534 gpujPg; mg;upay; ,isQH tyak;
3535 gpNukrpwp fe;jnty
3536 gpupjptpuh[; ngNuuh
3537 GGJ b rpy;th
3538 GGJ re;jUtd; uhkehaf;f
3539 MH.Nf.vk;. uzrpq;f
3540 MH.vk;. uj;drpwp gz;lhu
3541 MH.MH.[p.v];.v];. gz;lhu
3542 MH. Re;juypq;fk;
3543 uh[;FkhH
3544 uh[rpq;fk; eNue;jpud;
3545 uh[rpq;fk; jk;gpuh[h
3546 uhN[e;jpuFkhH kNf];tuuh[h
3547 u[Pt [atPu
3548 uhkd; fNdh`upj;jp
3549 uhkrhkpg;gps;is jk;igah uhkre;jpud;
3550 ukPshNjtp jw;gud;
3551 uhK nka;ad;
3552 uzpy; mgarpq;f
3553 uQ;rpj; kw;Wk; fy;ahzp tHd#upa
3554 uQ;rpj; n`l;bMur;rp
3555 uQ;rpj; Fkhurpwp
3556 uQ;rpj; nrha;]h cyf ,yq;ifaH kd;wk;
3557 u];kpfh uztPu
3558 urpfh [auj;d
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3559 uj;ru kJuq;f
3560 uj;dNty;
3561 utPe;jpu tpkyuj;d
3562 nuah]; nkh`pBd;
3563 upyh
3564 up~p Nf
3565 nuh`hd; fUzhuj;d
3566 nuh`hd; gpupjptpuh[; ngNuuh
3567 nuh`hd; rku[_t
3568 nuh`hd; tpf;ukrpq;f
3569 nuh`hd; tpN[rpq;f
3570 Nuh`d n`l;bMur;rp Rje;jpukhd kw;Wk; epahakhd NjHjy;fSf;fhd kf;fs; nraw;ghL
3571 nuh~hd; ypadNf
3572 nuhap];ld; VHgl;
3573 Utd; ~hdf ~hdh
3574 Utzp [atHjd
3575 Utpdp nfhbg;gpyp
3576 v];.V.rp.v];. Fkhuuj;d
3577 v];.V. Nfhghy%Hj;jp
3578 v];.rp.v];. ,g;u`pk; midj;J ,yq;if kf;fs; mgptpUj;jp $l;L
3579 vr;.vr;. mkPH rkhjhd ,y;yk;
3580 v];.vk;.V. Nrdhehaf;f
3581 v];.vk;. myp mf;gH r%f Nrit $l;L
3582 v];.vk;. m]Pk;
3583 v];.vk;.N[. nrndtpuj;d
3584 v];. nkh`kl;
3585 v];. KUifah ngUe;Njhl;l r%f kd;wk;
3586 v];.vd;. jk;kpf
3587 v];.gp. [auj;d
3588 v];.gp. [auj;d
3589 v];.gp. rpwpNrd
3590 v];.v];. FUtpl;l
3591 v];. re;jpuNrfuk;
3592 v];.lgps;A+.Nf.N[. rkuehaf;f
3593 r[pj; td;dpMur;rp ngz;fs; vOr;rp kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp kd;wk;
3594 rfhg;jPd; nkh`kl; ,Hrhj;
3595 ry;kh `k;rh
3596 rhk; ngNuuh
3597 rhk; tpf;uk
3598 rkPu ee;jrpwp
3599 rk;gj; gz;lhu
3600 rk;gj; rkuNfhz;
3601 rKjpfh fUzhuj;d
3602 rdj; [ajpyf;f
3603 re;Jd; b rpy;th
3604 rdpj;jh kJuq;f
3605 rQ;[d `w;Nwhl;Lt
3606 rQ;[a mNgrpq;f
3607 ruj; rp. N[hrpah
3608 ruj; nrndtpuj;d
3609 ruj; tpN[Nrf;fu
3610 rutzKj;J gpNuhkhde;jd;
3611 rNuh[; [arpq;f
3612 rNuh[h rptre;jpud; CWA, aho;g;ghzk;
3613 rNuh[pdp eNue;jpud;
3614 rUl;dh r`pBd;
3615 rrKfp ue;jp Fzghy
3616 rrpdp uj;ky;nfhl
3617 rtpj;
3618 rPj;jh mQ;rdp ,yq;if Rje;jpu Clf ,af;fk;
NNru;f;if ‘G’
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3619 NrkNf vl;kd;l; nlhdhy;l; Fzjpyf;f
3620 nrk;GFl;bNf nlud;]; epye;j; b rpy;th
3621 Nrdf;f b rpy;th
3622 Nrdf;f tPuuj;d
3623 nrnd`p ngNuuh
3624 nrndtpUtd; kJfk
3625 nrNud; gHdhe;J
3626 NrJq;f KjypNf gpypg;
3627 rgpdh]; `nrd;Bd; K];ypk; ngz;fs; kw;Wk; Ma;T kw;Wk; nraw;ghl;L kd;wk;
3628 \h`pl; K];jhgh
3629 rfpy; mjgj;J
3630 rf;a uzrpq;f
3631 \hd;
3632 \hdf;f mkurpq;f
3633 \hdp uh[gf;~
3634 rtpe;jpuh gHdhe;J mnkupf;f J}jufk;
3635 n~n`uh ryh`_Bd;
3636 nrdhyp b. tLNf
3637 nrHky; gHdhe;J
3638 nrHky; gHdhe;J
3639 n\uPd; \Nuhd; ngz;fs; nrayhf;f tiyak;
3640 rpe;J rpe;J[d;
3641 rpwP ,ygj;j
3642 rpwpky; gPup]; [djh rTf;fpa rd;rja
3643 rprpu tpf;ukrpq;f
3644 rpjk;guk; nrq;fkhiy
3645 rptFU tpNtfhde;jd;
3646 rptrhkp gpughfud;
3647 Nrhkdp nry;tuh[;
3648 Nrhkuj;d gz;lh Vf;fehaf;f
3649 =yhy; ngNuuh
3650 =ehj; gHdhe;J
3651 rpwPae;j ngNuuh kiof;fhLfs; ghJfhtyH
3652 Rghrpdp Kj;JNty;
3653 RNghjh tpN[#upa
3654 Rg;gpukzpak;
3655 Rg;gpukzpak; jq;fJiw
3656 Rje;jf;f gp. tpN[Jq;f
3657 Rje;jf;f tpN[Jq;f
3658 R[hjh fkNf
3659 R[Pt ypadNf
3660 R[pj; b nrha;]h
3661 R[pj; Fkhurpq;f
3662 Rkzuj;d ml;
3663 Rkpj; epye;j
3664 Rzpy; re;jpurpwp
3665 Rdpyh fyg;gj;jp
3666 RGd; y`pU gpufh~;
3667 RuQ;rpj; Fzrpq;f
3668 Rre;j Fzjpyf;f
3669 Rrpup tdpfuj;jpd
3670 RtHzh [atPu ngz;fspd; Muhr;rpf;fhd ikak;
3671 up.[P. tPurpq;f
3672 uP. Nfhghyd;
3673 uP.Nf. m#H ,yq;if nkNyaH $l;lk;
3674 up.vk;. Fkhu
3675 up.vk;. gpNuktHjd ,yq;if fy;tp JiwrhH epgdHfs; $l;L
3676 up.vk;.MH. urPjpd; ,yq;if njhopyhsH rk;Nkydk;
3677 uP.vk;. uj;dFkhH
NNru;f;if ‘G’
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3678 uP.v];. mNgtpf;fpuk
3679 uP. tre;juh[h jkpo; kf;fs; Nguit
3680 uP.lgps;A+.V. Fkhup
3681 uP. tpf;fpukrpq;f
3682 jk;igah uhkre;jpud;
3683 juq;fh [atHjd
3684 jupe;J tPurpq;f
3685 jpyq;f rkurpq;f
3686 jpthd;Nf tpN[rpq;f
3687 Jrpj;j tpf;fpukrpq;f
3688 jpyf; nrzuj;
3689 jp];] tpf;fpukhur;rp
3690 A+.V. tPuuj;d
3691 A+.[P.v];. tpkyuj;jpd cjpj; re;jUtd; ckH myp
ghguhnfhl;Lt #oy; ghJfhg;gpw;fhd kf;fs; If;fpak;
3692 cjpj; re;jUtd;
3693 ckH myp
3694 ckaq;f n`l;bNf
3695 cGy; b rpy;th
3696 cGy; b nrha;]h
3697 c~hd; ngNuuh
3698 c~e;j uzrpq;f
3699 tp. mk;gsthzH
3700 tp. me;jdP]; Cth kf;fs; mgptpUj;jp mikak;
3701 tp. [aJq;f gHdhe;J
3702 tp.Nf. ehzhaf;fhu
3703 tp. ey;iyehafk;
3704 tp. gukrpq;fk; r%f mikg;Gfspd; ,izak;
3705 tp. tpf;duh]h> v];. gh];fuypq;fk;
3706 trPfud; Neirah
3707 tz. nkzpf;nfhl re;jpurpwp NjNuh
3708 tz. uk;Gf;nty;y Njthde;j NjNuh gHypd; rk;Nghjp rHtNjr ngsj;j ikak;
3709 tpJu mDuq;fd
3710 tp[a ehfuh[;
3711 tpKf;jp fy;Njuh
3712 tpKf;jp Njrg;gpupa
3713 tp];th Fkhu
3714 tpjhdtrk; Nf. ehzhaf;fhu
3715 lgps;A+.V.b.A+.tp. ep];]q;f
3716 lgps;A+.V.uP.B. nghd;Nrf;fh
3717 lgps;A+. Mupajh] b rpy;th
3718 lgps;A+. jNge;jpuk;
3719 lgps;A+.Nf. jDNrf;fu> <.gp. b rpy;th> gP.vy;. N`kghy
ghde;Jiw Xa;T ngw;w mur CopaHfs; rq;fk;
3720 lgps;A+.vk;. N`krpwp tpN[Re;ju
3721 lgps;A+.vk;. tpkyjh]
3722 lgps;A+.gp.vk;. nghdpg]; N[hrg; gh;dhe;J
3723 lgps;A+. gjpuz
3724 tWd gj;krpwp
3725 tj;ryh [atHjd
3726 tj;ryh tpf;fpukrpq;f
3727 ntjnfju rkpe;j [auj;d
3728 tpyp nkz;b];
3729 tpkyh ky;fk;kd khjNy khtl;l fhe;jh vf;fKj;Jt
3730 it.[p. tpN[uj;d
3731 ahkpdp uj;ehaf;f
3732 are;j Nfhjhnfhl rdhjpgjp rl;lj;juzp
3733 arghy ehzhaf;fhu nrtypaH gy;Nk]; mflkpf;
3734 arPH mHghj;
3735 naDf;f fPky; nrrpy;re;jpu
NNru;f;if ‘G’
326
,y. khtl;lk; ngau; mikg;G
3736 Nahnry; nlyPyp
3737 Ry;gpf;fhH mG+gf;fH
3738 AEMC fz;ry;ld;];
3739 nghJel rd;rja – gspe;jEtu 3740 ngz;fs; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd
ikak;
3741 FbtuT kw;Wk; Fb mfs;T jpizf;fsj;jpd; Mz;L mwpf;if
3742 fhe;jh rf;jp vf;fJt
3743 k`[d mj`];
3744 rHtNjr rpWghz;ik cupikfs; FO
3745 ghz;bad;Fsk; ngz;fs; mgptpUj;jpr; rq;fk;
3746 kdpj cupikf;Fk; kw;Wk; rkj;Jtj;jpw;fhd kf;fs;
3747 ngUe;Njhl;lj;Jiw MrpupaH kd;wk;
3748 rpq;fs rq;Nfjk/ “rpq;fs tpj;tj; vf;fKj;Jt”
3749 ,yq;if ey;ypzf;f kd;wk; - rpl;dp
3750 n`y FLk;gk;
3751 Njrpa rpWtH ghJfhg;G mjpfhu rig
3752 ,yq;if nkNyaHfspd; ngz;fs; $l;L
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