Dobai János DLA associate professor Bartók István DLA associate professor

Architecture of Workplaces 1. Lecture 6

Subsystems of space separation constructions of Industrial buildings

Subsystems: natural lighting (side lights, skylights) openings, gates partition walls foundations floor finishes loading ramps canopies

One receives 80% of the information from the surroundings via sight, while the energy for sight consumes 25% of the organism’s energy. Wrong lighting = getting tired quickly = low efficiency Natural lighting: sunlight > energy sparing lighting Artificial lighting: because of necessity 3 shifts technology circumstance architectural reason: „deep”, or internal room Requirements of correct lighting: adequate strenght (brightness) ordered to the work’s type (lux = light flux on 1m2) 150-500lux without dazzle = free from vision desorder due to a strong light difference evenness adequate shadiness = object cognition, spatiality adequate colour effect = real colour cognition constant

Turbine assembly workshop, Glasgow, Clydebank, round 1910

Model of natural light The light arriving from day sky is uneven, between 100-30% light flux (sign: Φ, unit: lumen lm) The light flux of 1 100W lamp: ~ 1388 lm

Dimensioning of natural lighting The calculated rate of light flux on the particular point (working surface) (sign: E, unit: lux lx) E= Φ/A (lumen/m2)

working surface

The position of opening and the lighting graph (drawing rules) natural lighting modulus (sign: e% = Eb/Ek *100) The ratio of the external and internal lighting value = shows the efficiency of the lighting system 1. from a side wall it is impossible to light a depth of round 15m 2. the skylight ensures 3-5 times more efficient lighting 3. great openings = great differences

Side lights: windows, lighting side walls visual contact with the surroundings openability (ventilation, escaping) ability of shading thermal and sound insulation architectural aspects transparent, translucent materials: glass, glass brick, profile glass, polycarbonate sheet Skylights: more efficient than the window (3-5 x) punctual, linear question of water diversion orientation cleanability ability of shading condensation of moisture (if flatter than 30%: drops) openability (ventilation, heat and smoke vent) transparent, translucent materials: glass, glass brick, profile glass, polycarbonate sheet

Lighting surface of polycarbonate profiles

Lighting surface of polycarbonate profiles (shading)

Kaufmann Wood Estate, Bobingen, Germany Florian Nagler, 1999 Polycarbonate sheet

Kaufmann Wood Estate, Bobingen, Germany Florian Nagler, 1999 Polycarbonate sheet

Commercial Estate, Valbonne, France Comte & Vollenweider, 2007 Polycarbonate sheet and glass

Leban Dance Theatre, London, Herzog & de Meuron, 2001

Nanogel (fibreglass) filled polycarbonate panel facade

Extension of Nelson-Atkins Museum, Kansas City, USA, Steven Holl, 2010

Profile glass board filled with fibreglass felt

Detail of a profile glass facade

Detail of a glass/profile glass facade

wall of glass blocks Light Metal Works Székesfehérvár, Farkas Ipoly, Menyhárd István, 1958-1959 profile glass facade

Maison de Verre, Paris, Pierre Chareau, 1928-32 wall of glass blocks

Erco High Bay Storage, Lüdenscheid, Germany Schneider + Schumacher, 2001

Transparent and translucent glass panes

Position of skylight /roof pitch

Plastic skylight stave (on the ridge)

Plastic skylight staves (in pitch direction)

Hall with skylight = more even lighting Plastic skylight stave on the ridge

Steel storage, Lauchringen, Germany Michael Jockers, 1993 skylight on the ridge

Skylight staves in pitch direction

In a big surface hall natural lighting can only be ensured by skylights

Plastic skylight domes - punctual > no problem with water diversion

Punctual skylights in a monolithic reinforced concrete structure

Skylight stave with opening element – heat and smoke vent

Shed roof (on reinforced concrete structure) Oriented shed skylight

Oriented shed skylight

Printing hall, Tours, France, Jean Prouve, 1950

Oriented shed skylight

Shedroof (on steel structure), using the structural height of the main truss

Shedroof (on steel structure), using the structural height of the main truss

Shedroof (on steel structure), using the structural height of the truss

Steel structure, skylight placed on the grid- traditional (tipical structure of warm plants ensuring natural ventilation)

Light Metal Works, Székesfehérvár Farkas Ipoly, Menyhárd István, 1958-1959

Railway engine depot, Basel, Switzerland Herzog & de Meuron, 1995

Skylights: profile-glass covered „light-trusses”

Trumpf Laser Factory, Ditzingen, Germany Barkow Leibinger, 2000

Lozenge-shaped skylights between folding roof surfaces

Warehouse A 12, Gennevilliers, France Manuelle Gautrand, 1999

Polycarbonate panels and lozenge-shaped skylights between folding roof surfaces

Cartier Watch Factory, Villeret, Switzerland, Jean Nouvel, 1992

Glazed roof and facade with louvres for solar protection

Partition walls of industrial buildings: Halls Multi-storey buildings aspects: can be joint only to the bearing structure! big clearance – stability accepting roof deflection mechanical withstand – hurtling building physical – technology requirements (eg. thermal insulation, acoustic) changeability, transferring of openings fire protection requirements > masonry: element size limit > assembled: frame+cladding

High-bay partition wall

High-bay partition wall – during construction

Built in (box with gallery) > different comfort circumstances (noise, temperature, humidity etc.)

Built in (box with gallery) > different comfort circumstances (noise, temperature, humidity etc.)

Openings of industrial buildings: Gates Traffic, loading Size: technology – subject, mean of transport, traffic Aspects: big opening > big gate hungs functioning + place demand mechanical withstand – hurtling building physical – technology requirements changeability, transferring of openings fire protection requirements lockability – safety Rollershutter gate:to be rolled Section gate: small car moving on rail (the whole surface must be located) Folding gate: foldable hungs Sliding gate: hanging or standing on rails, possibly made of elements Tilting door: horizontally turning leaves (place demand of the leaves) Telescopic gate: stripes sliding in one another Quick gate: lightweight, quick movement (defined by the technology)

Rollershutter lattice

Rollershutter gate (corrugated sheet)

Section gate (the whole surface must be located)

Truck dockage gate (level difference bridge)

Swinging gate – quick (internal, opened by the forklift)

Vertical sliding gate Kaufmann Wood Estate, Bobingen, Germany Florian Nagler, 1999

Industrial tilting door Knorr-Bremse headquarters, Itupeva - São Paulo, Brasil, LoebCapote Arquitetura, 2013

Articulated industrial tilting door, 2 leaves

Telescopic industrial gate

Truck dockage gate Erco High Bay Storage Lüdenscheid, Germany, Schneider + Schumacher, 2001

Bestseller Logistics Centre North, Haderslev, Denmark, C.F. Møller A., 2012 Truck dockage gate

(Hangar) sliding gate: size, allocation, statics, moving of gate hungs

Industrial sliding gate: extra size and function

Special „tiltng door” Santiago Calatrava

Canopies – loading ramps 1.

Loading ramp - road

Loading ramp - railway

Lashing rain protection

Lashing rain protection

headroom headroom

Canopies 2.

Cantilevering slab, shell

Ribbed slab, shell

Structure ribbed above

Canopy, loading dock / truck dockage gates

Canopy

Ricola Chocolate factory, plant building Mulhouse, Switzerland Herzog & de Meuron, 1993

Ricola Chocolate factory, plant building Mulhouse, Switzerland Herzog & de Meuron, 1993

Cantilevering building as „canopy”

Vehicle Depot, Davos, Switzerland Gigon & Guyer, 1999

Cantilevering building as „canopy”, truck dockage gates

Bestseller Logistics Centre North, Haderslev, Denmark, C.F. Møller A., 2012

Foundations of industrial buildings: Halls Multi-storey buildings pillars = point loads, vertical and horizontal loads technology = horizontal loads, thermal effect shallow foundation deep foundation ground relations, ground water, static function, joints usually reinforced concrete pin-connected, sleeve, welded, bolted joints strip foundation, beam foundation = inverted beam foundation slab = inverted mushroom slab ribbed foundation slab Machine bases to break the transmission of vibrations, movements or fastening

Foundation, tie beam

reinforced concrete cup/bucket foundation for restraining placed on distribution layer, foundation

Foundation detail of a steel frame pillar (the pillar has to be bolted) hinge (pin) connection

Floor finishes of industrial buildings requirements: load bearing, danger of punching > thick concrete – today rather rare > thin, flexible reinforced concrete surface, cleanability question of paving water proofing: ground water, moisture, technology proof thermal insulation: thermal bridges, cold stores technology: construction, dilatation

Cement screed

Synthetic resin floor finish, industrial suspended ceiling and partition wall

Synthetic resin floor finish, monolithic concrete walls and pillars

Thank you for your attention.