Morphology Betol Pyer!!!
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Transcript of Morphology Betol Pyer!!!
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MORPHOLOGYGROUP MEMBERS :
ASMAA LIYANA BINTI JAAFAR
SITI KHADIJAH BINTI MOHD HASSAN
SYAZANA LIYANA BINTI AHMAD
WAN HAFIZAH BINTI WAN ABD RAHIM
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MORPHOLOGYTYPES OF
MORPHEMES
BOUND & FREE
MORPHEMES
PREFIXES &
SUFFIXES
ROOTS &
STEMS
DERIVATIONAL
& INFLECTIONAL
MORPHEMES
WORD FORMATION
PROCESS
EPONYMSBACK-
FORMATION
COMPOUNDING BLENDING
CLIPPING ACRONYMS
ABBREVIATIONS AFFIXATION
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Morphology study ofMorphology study ofword formationword formation
MonomorphemicMonomorphemic
1 morpheme1 morpheme
e.ge.g: pizza, ceiling: pizza, ceiling
PolymorphemicPolymorphemic
more than 1 morphememore than 1 morpheme
unexpectedunexpected
MorphemeMorphemesmallest unit of asmallest unit of aword/ meaningword/ meaning
Morphology = study of word formationMorphology = study of word formationMorpheme = smallest unit of a word/ meaningMorpheme = smallest unit of a word/ meaning
=words, word stems, and affixes, basically theunit of language one up from phonemes
MorphemeMorphememonomorphemicmonomorphemic = 1 morpheme= 1 morpheme
e.ge.g: pizza, ceiling: pizza, ceilingpolymorphemicpolymorphemic= more than morpheme= more than morpheme
e.ge.g unexpected = 4unexpected = 4 syllsyll/ 3 morph/ 3 morph
discrimination = 5discrimination = 5 syllsyll/ 2/ 2 morpmorp
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BOUNDBOUND
MOR
PHEMEMOR
PHEME
AffixesAffixes cannot standcannot standalonealone (independent)(independent)
only appear as part of aonly appear as part of alarger, multilarger, multi--morphemicmorphemic
word.word.
Bound morphemeBound morphemeAffixesAffixescannot stand alone (independent)cannot stand alone (independent)only appear as part of a larger, multionly appear as part of a larger, multi--morphemicmorphemicword.word.
Bound morphemes may be derivationalBound morphemes may be derivationaloror inectionalinectional
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FREE MORPHEMEFREE MORPHEME
rootrootcancan
standstand
alonealone(dependent)(dependent)
able to appearable to appearas a word byas a word by
itself.itself.
Free morphemeFree morpheme
rootrootcan stand alone (dependent)can stand alone (dependent)able to appear as a word by itself.able to appear as a word by itself.
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DERIVATIONAL MORPHEMESDERIVATIONAL MORPHEMES
create new words. (derive new words from othercreate new words. (derive new words from otherwords.)words.)
e.ge.g:: preview pre + view.preview pre + view.
change part of speech or the meaning of a wordchange part of speech or the meaning of a word
part of speech: judgepart of speech: judge--mentment (V
(V
-->N
)>N
)usually occur beforeusually occur before inectionalinectional suffixes: worksuffixes: work--
erer--ss
can be either suffixes or prefixescan be either suffixes or prefixes
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INECTIONALINECTIONAL MORPHEMEMORPHEME
make minor grammatical changes necessary formake minor grammatical changes necessary foragreement with other words.agreement with other words.
e.ge.g : cats cat + s: cats cat + s
There are only eightThere are only eight inectionalinectional morphemes:morphemes: --s,s,--eded,, --inging,, --en,en, --s,s, --'s,'s, --erer,, --eses
do not change meaning or part of speech: catdo not change meaning or part of speech: cat --catscats -- cat'scat's --> nouns> nouns
can only be suffixescan only be suffixes
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AFFIXES
}Suffixes are attached to the endof the stem;
}Prefixes are attached to the frontof the stem;
}Infixes are put in the middle of the
word;
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ROOT
}}core of the word.core of the word.
}}Carries the main part of itsCarries the main part of itsmeaning.meaning.
}}Belong to aBelong to a lexicallexicalcategorycategory (noun, verb,(noun, verb,preposition, etc).preposition, etc).
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STEM
}}root to which an affix can be added.root to which an affix can be added.
}}
the rootthe root dog is also a stem,dog is also a stem, because,because,even though it contains no affix(even though it contains no affix(eses),),an affix could be added to itan affix could be added to it -- totoform, e.g., dogform, e.g., dog--s.s.
}}This notion is necessary because notThis notion is necessary because notall roots are such that affixes can beall roots are such that affixes can beadded to themadded to them -- e.g.,e.g., of,of,or, I, etc.or, I, etc.
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BACK FORMATION
}The addition at end of word which canchange the whole meaning (word class)
}Examples:
}Create (V) + tion = creation (Nn)
}Form (V) + tion = formation (Nn)
}Commute(V) + tion = communication (Nn)
Notes that the word class is usually changefrom a verb to a noun.
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ACRONYM
}Abbreviation formed by taking the initial letters of
the words of a phrase and uniting them to form apronounceable word:
} Examples:
LASER = light amplification by stimulated emissionof radiation
SCUBA = self-contained underwater breathingapparatus
RADAR = radio detecting and ranging
AIDS = Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
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EPONYM
}a word derived from the name of areal, fictional, mythical or spuriouscharacter or person.
}Examples:
}Alzheimer = Alois Alzhemier
} Augustus = Augustus Ceaser
} Boycott = Charles C. Boycott} Braille = Louis Braille
} Casanova = Giovanni Jacopo
Casanova, an Italian adventurer.
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CLIPPING
}Process of creating new words byshortening parts of longer words.
}The words is standardize in allregions.
}Examples:
}Doctor = doc} Professional = pro
} veterinarian = vet
}Laboratory = lab
o Advertisement= advso Dormitory = dorm
o Examination = exam
o Bicycle = bike
o Refrigerator = fridge
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COMPOUNDING
Union of two or more
words to convey a
special meaning that is
not as clearly or
quickly conveyed by
separated words.
May be hyphenated,
written open (asseparate words) /
written solid (closed).
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MIXTURE EXAMPLES
NOUN + NOUN bath towel; boy-friend; death
blow
VERB + NOUN pickpocket; breakfast
NOUN + VERB nosebleed; sunshine
VERB + VERB make-believe
ADJECTIVE + NOUN deep structure; fast-food
COMPOUND NOUNS
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MIXTURE EXAMPLES
PARTICLE + NOUN in-crowd; down-town
ADVERB + NOUN now generation
VERB + PARTICLE cop-out; drop-out
PHRASE COMPOUNDS son-in-law
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COMPOUND VERBSMIXTURE EXAMPLES
NOUN + ADJECTIVE card-carrying; childproof
VERB + ADJECTIVE fail safe
ADJECTIVE + ADJECTIVE open-ended
ADVERB + ADJECTIVE cross-modal
PARTICLE + ADJECTIVE over-qualified
NOUN + NOUN coffee-table
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MIXTURE EXAMPLES
VERB + NOUN roll-neck
ADJECTIVE + NOUN red-brick; blue-collar
PARTICLE + NOUN in-depth
VERB + VERB go-go; make-believe
ADJECTIVE/ ADVERB + VERB high-rise
VERB + PARTICLE see-through; tow-away
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COMPOUND ADJECTIVESMIXTURE EXAMPLES
NOUN + ADJECTIVE childproof
VERB + ADJECTIVE fail safe
ADJECTIVE + ADJECTIVE open-ended
ADVERB + ADJECTIVE cross-modal
PARTICLE + ADJECTIVE over-qualified
NOUN + NOUN coffee-table
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MIXTURE EXAMPLES
VERB + NOUN Roll neck
ADJECTIVE + NOUN red-brick; blue-collar
PARTICLE + NOUN in-depth
VERB + VERB make-believe
ADJECTIVE/ ADVERB + VERB high-rise
VERB + PARTICLE see-through; tow-away
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BLENDING
taking two or more
words, removing parts
of each, and joining the
residues together to
create a new word
whose form andmeaning are taken
from the source words
E.g: Smog (smoke +
fog)
Motel (motor + hotel)
Telecast (television +
broadcast)
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ABBREVIATION
Shortening of existing
words to create otherwords, usually informal
versions of the
originals
E.g: Pt (Private)
Prof (Professor)
Utd (United)
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AFFIXATIONS
morphological process whereby abound morpheme is attached to
a root or stem.
3 affix: Prefix (before)
Infix (within)
Suffix (end)
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PREFIX MEANING
Ad- To, toward
Circum- Around, about
Com- With, together
De- Away from, off
Dis- Away, apart
Ex- From, out
In- Not
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In - In, Into
Inter- Between
Mis- Wrong
Post- AfterRe- Back, again
Sub- Beneath, under
Trans- Across
Un- Not