Mohenjo-daro (Sindhi: , IPA: [mun do do], lit. Mound of the Dead; English pronunciation: /mohn.do d.ro/) is an archeological site in the province of Sindh, Pakistan. Built around 2600 BCE, it was one of the largest settlements of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, and one of the world's earliest major urban settlements, contemporaneous with the civilizations of ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Crete, and Norte Chico . Mohenjo-daro was abandoned in the 19th century BCE, and was not rediscovered until 1922. Significant excavation has since been conducted at the site of the city, which was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1980.[2] The site is currently threatened by erosion and improper restoration

Presentation of URP 111:Mohenjodaro-harappa and agean cityBy:st.id:1405012,1405014,1405020

Mohenjodaro, is an archeological site in the province of Sindh , Pakistan. It was one of the largest settlements of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, and one of the world's earliest major urban settlements. TIME PERIOD AND DISCOVERY: Mohenjodaro was built around 2600 B.C. Mohenjodaro was abandoned in the 19th century BCE, and was not rediscovered until 1922. Significant excavation has since been conducted at the site of the city, which was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1980.Harappa is an archaeological siteinPunjab,Pakistan, about 24km (15mi) west ofSahiwal. The site takes its name from a modern village located near the former course of theRavi River.

TIME PERIOD:The excavators of the site have proposed the followingchronologyof Harappa's occupation:

Ravi Aspect of the Hakra phase, c. 3300 2800BC.Kot Dijian (Early Harappan) phase, c. 2800 2600BC.Harappan Phase, c. 2600 1900BC.Transitional Phase, c. 1900 1800BC.Late Harappan Phase, c. 1800 1300BC.

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LocationSahiwal District,Punjab, PakistanCoordinates303744N725150ETypeSettlementArea150ha (370 acres)

LocationSindh,PakistanCoordinates271945N680820ETypeSettlementArea200ha (490 acres)

MOHENJODARO:HARAPPA:Fig 1:.Location map of mohenjodaro and harappa

GEOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION:Environmental factor influences where people chose to settle in ancient time. There important environmental factor were water, topology and vegetation. RIVER: This great Trans-Himalayan river has an astonishing length of 2900 km. Rising in south-western Tibet, at an altitude of 16,000 feet, Sindhu enters the Indian territory near Lech in Ladakh .The river has total drainage area of about 4,50,000 square miles, of which 1,75,000 square miles, lie in the Himalayan mountains and foothills . WATER: Water is one of the basic needs of any settlement. Harappan civilization they get water from Indus River. Just as life arose from the waters of the Himalaya, so the waters of the Indus gave birth to the pharaonic kingdom. A gift to the people of Indus.GEOGRAPHY: The Indus Valley Civilization encompassed most of Pakistan, extending from Balochistan to Sindh, and extending into modern day Indian states of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Haryana, and Punjab, with an upward reach to Rupar on the upper Sutlej. The geography of the Indus Valley put the civilizations that arose there in a highly similar situation to those in Egypt and Peru, with rich agricultural lands being surrounded by highlands, desert, and ocean. . The most obvious environmental factor would have to be the monsoons that frequent the region. This different form of irrigating the land for crops also had a major impact on Harappan life.

Houses:This view into two small rooms shows tapered walls that were built to support a second floor. Later rooms were built directly on top of these walls because they provided a strong foundation. The wall of the building across the street shows multiple phases of rebuilding

As houses were built on top of earlier structures, the windows and doorways were blocked up. Notice the changing alignments as the walls were remodeled.

STREET:

Looking north along First Street. The area to the left has been fully excavated and the area to the right is unexcavated.

Narrow streets and drains:

The streets and alleyways wind through the neighborhood and are oriented along a strict grid plan. background.

DRAINAGE:The ground floor drain of the bathing platform empties out into the street next to tapered chute from a roof drain or a second storey bathing area.

Close-up view of ground floor drain Outlet from the street side, showing a brick on edge with a notch was placed across the drain hole to keep objects from flowing out with the bath water.

ECONOMY:Agriculture:Most of people were engaged in Agri-based works. The Indus people sowed seeds in the flood plain in November, when the flood water receded, and reaped their harvests of wheat and barley in April before the advent of the next flood. The Harappans probably used the wooden plough with wooden or copper plough ware. The Indus people produced wheat, barley, peas, kodon, sanwa, jowar, ragi, etc. They produced two typles of wheat and barley. A good quantity of barley has been discovered at banwali. TRADE,COMMERCE AND CRAFFTS: They first invented measurement process. They used different scales in measurement.

MAKING SEAL: They made different types of seals

POLITICS:1. Little indication of political hierarchy or centralized states.2.Small republics, ruled by priests, and early form of caste system.3.No palaces, temples, elaborate graves, kings or warrior classes.

SOCIAL STRUCTURE: - Consisted of three classes. - At the top were the warriors. - Then the priests. - At the bottom were the peasants.. Later the merchant class was added above the peasants. - Also the priests move above the warriors because they were said to be closer to the gods. - Social mobility was allowed. - Later on the social structure became much more complex and ridged.

Pic 1:Ancient king of Mohenjodaro who was a priest.

RELIGION:1.Hinduism 2.Buddhism3.Jainism Many Indus valley seals show animals. One motif shows a horned PICTURE seated in a posture reminiscent of the Lotus position and surrounded by animals was named by early excavators Pashupati (lord of cattle), an epithet of the later Hindu gods Shiva and Rudra

CULTURAL CONDITION:

OPEN SPACE:There was many open space.SPECIAL STRUCTURE:The Great Bath was entered using two wide staircases, one from the north and one from the south. The floor of the tank is watertight due to finely fitted bricks laid on edge with gypsum plaster. Brick colonnades were discovered on the eastern, northern and southern edges, but the western edge (at the left) was missing. Sir John Marshall assumed that they would have been present and subsequent reconstructions have replaced these missing columns.

Great bath

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Urban Planning: At first, Mohenjodaro and Harappa had given planned city in the history of civlizations. There was two and three stories building. Every house has attached bath room. There was paved drainage systems in thus cities. Estimated population of Mohenjodaro was about 60000 and population of Harrapa was 23,500. Mohenjodaro was obviously a cosmopoliton city.SETTLEMENT Pattern:MOHENJODARO:Grid patternHarappa:Dispersed Pattern

Agean Civilization

Geological and Environmental condition: 1.rivers,lakes,ocean:

2.Mountains,valleys:

Major features of Aegean City cities were irregular in form Streets were narrow and paved with stone Excavation has revealed that systems of water supply , sanitation ,and drainage for the palace and houses were highly developed Most dwellings were one story in height and densely built Congestion was apparent in these cities

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Special feature of Agean Civilization:Knossos City:its population was in the range of 100000Close to the palace ,house were large The buildings reached a height of four or even five stories The central court had an area of 20000 sq. feet Paved roads for wheeled carts were installed for the first time on record Communal buildings were arranged in compact and coherent form The city was naturally protected by sea . So ,no wall was needed ,however ,city needed the protection of ramparts

SETTLEMENT PATTERN OF KNOSSOS:Concentrick and grid pattern

Houses: Drainage: There was no obvious outlet but used water was removed and discarded into a hole in the floor which connected to the main drain which discarged into the river.

Roads: A old road in Agean Civilization.

Art and Cultural Condition:

The Minoan dress

Economy:Archaeologists tend to emphasize the more durable items of trade: ceramics, copper, and tin, and dramatic luxury finds of gold and silver.Small all-purpose stores predominate in the Villages; in the towns, supermarkets are threatening their survival. Itinerant vendors, often Gypsies from the Greek mainland, provide cheap goods and also work as metalworkers and chair makers, but they are treated with contempt. The village woven goods, produced by women at home, are distributed to tourist markets by wholesalers from the home villages. Produce is distributed through Cooperatives and markets.

Time period :MainlandMain article: Helladic periodEarly Helladic (EH): 3200/31002050/2000 BCEMiddle Helladic (MH): 2000/19001550 BCELate Helladic (LH): 15501050 BCECreteMain article: Minoan civilizationEarly Minoan (EM): 36502160 BCEMiddle Minoan (MM): 21601600 BCELate Minoan (LM): 16001170 BCECycladesMain article: Cycladic civilizationEarly Cycladic (EC): 33002000 BCEKastri (EH IIEH III): ca. 25002100 BCEConvergence with MM from ca. 2000 BCE

LocationAegean civilization is a general term for the Bronze Age civilizations of Greece around the Aegean Sea. There are three distinct but communicating and interacting geographic regions covered by this term: Crete, the Cyclades and the Greek mainland. Crete is associated with the Minoan civilization from the Early Bronze Age. The Cyclades converge with the mainland during the Early Helladic ("Minyan") period and with Crete in the Middle Minoan period. From ca. 1450 BC (Late Helladic, Late Minoan), the Greek Mycenaean civilization spreads to Crete.

Geological and Environmental condition: 1.rivers,lakes,ocean:

2.Mountains,valleys:

Major features of Aegean City cities were irregular in form Streets were narrow and paved with stone Excavation has revealed that systems of water supply , sanitation ,and drainage for the palace and houses were highly developed Most dwellings were one story in height and densely built Congestion was apparent in these cities

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Special feature of Agean Civilization:Knossos City:its population was in the range of 100000Close to the palace ,house were large The buildings reached a height of four or even five stories The central court had an area of 20000 sq. feet Paved roads for wheeled carts were installed for the first time on record Communal buildings were arranged in compact and coherent form The city was naturally protected by sea . So ,no wall was needed ,however ,city needed the protection of ramparts

SETTLEMENT PATTERN OF KNOSSOS:Concentrick and grid pattern

Houses:Drainage: There was no obvious outlet but used water was removed and discarded into a hole in the floor which connected to the main drain which discarged into the ...

Roads: A old road in Agean Civilization

Art and Cultural Condition:

The Minoan dress

Economy:Archaeologiststend to emphasize the more durable items of trade: ceramics, copper, and tin, and dramatic luxury finds of gold and silver.Small all-purpose stores predominate in the Villages; in the towns, supermarkets are threatening their survival. Itinerant vendors, often Gypsies from the Greek mainland, provide cheap goods and also work as metalworkers and chair makers, but they are treated with contempt. The village woven goods, produced by women at home, are distributed to tourist markets by wholesalers from the home villages. Produce is distributed through Cooperatives and markets.