Mobile Internet

Professor Gennady Yanovsky,

State University of Telecommunications

St. Petersburg, Russia

yanovsky@sut.ru

ICTP School on Radio Usefor Information and Communication Technology

The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics ICTP Trieste (Italy) 3 - 21 February 2003

1. INTRODUCTIONTwo concepts•Internet

•Mobile

Internet – short history (fixed networks)

1969 – ARPA

Noncommercial apps

and

Weak development (1970-1990)

Exponential grows after beginning of 90-th (some figures)

Plans for NGN

Internet development’s illustration

•Mobile – short history

70-th – first mobile networks (analog) – 1G

90-th – digital mobile networks – (2G, GSM)

Beginning of current decade – (2,5G, EGSM)

Expectations – 3G (broadband access, HBRs in air interface)

Exponential grows (some figures)

Constant time-lag between fixed and mobile network applications

1991 1994 1997 2000 2003

Start of the World Wide Web

Functionality

Year

Functionality

Speed

Cost

3 - 5 Years

Audio & Videobroadband (DSL,

CATV, etc.)

Audio & Videonarrowband

Pictures Graphics WWW

Text

SMS

Pictures Graphics HSCSD WAP

Audio & Videonarrowband(GPRS)

Audio & Videobroadband(UMTS)

Fixed networks are leading

Time to reach 50 mln customers

120

100

80

60

40

20

01922 1950 1980 1995

RadioRadio(40 years)(40 years)

TVTV(15 years)(15 years)

Cable TVCable TV(10 years)(10 years)

ComputerComputer

InternetInternet(<5 years)(<5 years)

Mobile PhoneMobile Phone

TelephoneTelephone(90 years)(90 years)

mil

lio

ns

of

cu

sto

me

rs

Products have an accelerated market penetration.

Penetration rates for different services (for the US market)

2. Key forces for broadband access Public Network Principles

Backbone Network

Transmission

Network Terminations

Access Gateway

WirelessTechnologies

Access Network

Twisted Pair

Cable/Coax

Power line

Optical Fiber

Switching Transmission

How long does it take to download

CableWLAN

30

UMTSADSL

Fiber

GSM

PSTN

GPRSISDN

bit/sByte

1

0,01

30 3

2,5

0,4

0,2

1 30

secs

mins

mins

20

9,6 k

56 k

115 k128 k

2 M8 M

30 M80 M

800 G

secs

secs

secs

secs

msec

nsecs

7

3,5

12

sec

µsecs

mins

secs

msecs

Liv

e V

ideo

co

dec

s st

arti

ng

wit

h 3

2 kb

it/s

days

hours

3

12

hours6

mins42

3 k (EM) 3 M (S/HRP)

300 M (1hV)

Broadband to the customer via different techniques

Backbone Networks

SatellitesSky Stations

Access Network

Twisted Pair

xDSL/ Cable/Coax

Optical fiber

GSM/GPRS/UMTS

WLAN

Two general typesto access the informational Resourcesthrough Net

Technological limitations of different transmission media

Mbit/s Limits of Transmission Media

0,1

1

10

100

1000

10000

0,1 1 10 100

Distance [km]

Tra

nsm

issio

n C

ap

acit

y [

Mb

it/s

]

Mbit/s Limits of Transmission Media

0,1

1

10

100

1000

10000

0,1 1 10 100

Distance [km]

Tra

nsm

issio

n C

ap

acit

y [

Mb

it/s

]

Fiber

Coax

Cellular Wireless*

*Capacity in Mbit/s/sqkm

250

Copper Twisted Pair

Wireless access technologies

Cellular

WLLSatellite

VSAT

TV

AMPS

CDMAGSM

PCS

HSCSD

EDGE GPRS

3G - UMTS

PMP CDMA

BluetoothDECT

WLAN

Networks go broadband

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

1G

100M

10M

1M

100K

10K

1K

Year

xDSL

Cable modem

Analog modem

ISDN

56K33.6K

128K

Plan

in Operation

Tra

nsm

issi

on R

ate

(b/s

)

9.6K

GPRS

UMTS

Satellite 40M

(Outdoor)30M

(Indoor)156M

Satellite 1.2G

MMAC

office

home

Sou

rce:

SR

I Int

erna

tiona

l

250 Mbs

How long does it take to download

CableWLAN

30

UMTSADSL

Fiber

GSM

PSTN

GPRSISDN

bit/sByte

1

0,01

30 3

2,5

0,4

0,2

1 30

secs

mins

mins

20

9,6 k

56 k

115 k128 k

2 M8 M

30 M80 M

800 G

Wirelesswired

secs

secs

secs

secs

msec

nsecs

7

3,5

12

sec

µsecs

mins

secs

msecs

days

hours

3

12

hours6

mins42

3 k (EM) 3 M (S/HRP)

300 M (1hV)

Liv

e V

ideo

co

dec

s st

arti

ng

wit

h 3

2 kb

it/s

Mobile access will dominate

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

1995 2000 2005 2010

Subscriptions worldwide (millions)

Mobile Internetsubscriptions

Mobilesubscriptions

Mobile

Fixed

Mobile Internet

Fixed Internet

Source: Siemens

Mobile Messaging Market

0

500

1000

1500

2000

SMSC 253 460 679 984 1246 1196 943 698 457

MMSC 10 69 184 460 805 1100

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

• SMSC/MMSC Supplier Revenues [€m], worldwide

Source: UBS Warburg, 01/02

SMSC:Short MessagingService CenterMMSC:Multimedia MessagingService Center

Mobile Devices’ Market

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700Un

its

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Online capablemobile devices

PCs

Source: Dataquest and UBS Warburg

Source: Siemens

Mobile and Internet Penetration in Western European Countries (YE 2000)

(Fixed) Internet Penetration (in %)

Mob

ile P

enet

ratio

n (in

%)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40%

CH

FIN

SWE

GRE

POR

ITA AUTNOR

LUXNLSPA

IRL

FRA

BEL

GER

UK DK

50%

50%

60%

70%

80%

40%

3. Evolution of mobile technologies – general picture

100Information Rate (Mbit/s)

Vehicular

2G

GSM

0.1 1 10

FWA (Fixed Wireless Access)

Mobility

Fixed

Pedestrian

Portable CordlessDECT

UMTS FDD

Deployment2000-2006

Large Area coverageup to 384

kbit/s

GPRSEDGE

2.5G

Bluetooth

FutureDeployment

Pedestrian-portable

up to 20Mbit/s

BRAN, Hyperaccess

BWAUMTS TDD

Indoorup to 2 Mbit/s

Beyond 3G

MMAC

Wireless LANHyper an 2, IEEE 802.11a/b

4. IP Mobility

4.1. GPRS

General Packet Radio Services (GPRS) is a packet-based wireless

communication service that provides data rates from 56 up to 114 Kbps

and continuous connection to the Internet for mobile phone and

computer users.

GPRS Main Features-11. GPRS is based on Global System for Mobile (GSM) communication and supports Internet Protocol

Evolution of 2G to 3G for data transmission protocols

2. GPRS will complement existing services such circuit-switched cellular phone connections and the Short Message Service (SMS).

3. GPRS will also complement Bluetooth, a standard for replacing wired connections between home devices with wireless radio connections.

4. In addition to the Internet Protocol (IP), GPRS supports X.25, a packet-based protocol. GPRS is an evolutionary step toward Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE) and Universal Mobile Telephone Service (UMTS).

GPRS Main Features-2

EDGE is a new radio interface that employs a combination

of new coding schemes, new modulation, and the ability

to dynamically choose the best possible combination

of coding scheme and modulation, based on instantaneous error rates.

Total maximum theoretical throughput of EDGE is 470Kbits/sec.

GPRS Network (1)

GPRS Network (2)

SGSN – Serving GPRS Support NodeSGSN – Gateway GPRS Support Node

GPRS Architecture

MSC - Mobile Switching CenterBSC – Base Station Controller

SGSN – Serving GPRS Support NodeSGSN – Gateway GPRS Support Node

GSM-based 2.5/3G network fragment referred to GPRS architecture - 1

GSM-based all-IP network fragment referred to UMTS architecture

GPRS Applications

•General-purpose IP networking•WAP-based applications

Services (using mobile handheld devices as well as notebook

computers):•Video conferences

•Interactive communications with MM Web sites

Time frame•GPRS won't roll out instantaneously around the world.

•Many GSM carriers start trials by the end of 2000 and continued in 2001/02, but only small portion of their provide total coverage areas. May be on 2003 users can roam on a widespread basis.

4.2 Mobile IPv6Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) is a protocol developed as a subset of Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6)

to support mobile connections. MIPv6 is an update of the IETF (Internet Engineering Task

Force) Mobile IP standard (RFC 2002) designed to authenticate mobile devices (known as

mobile nodes) using IPv6 addresses.

Traditional IP routing (IPv4):

•IP addresses represent a topology.

•Each node's IP address identifies the network link where the node is connected.

•If a mobile device is disconnected from the own Internet and want to reconnect through a

other (visiting) network, user have to configure the device with a new IP address

• IP mobility is the add-on feature and the vast majority of IPv6 nodes do not support MoIP

MIPv6 allows a mobile node to maintain connections transparently while moving from one

subnet to another. Each device is identified by its home address although it may be

connecting to through another network. When connecting through a foreign network, a

mobile device sends its location information to a home agent, which intercepts packets,

intended for the device and tunnels them to the current location.  

4.2.1. IPv4 and IPv6 (General view)

IPv4 Header

Source IP address

Destination IP address

Trafficclass (8)

Flow label (20)

Payload length(16)

Next header (8)

Hope limit(8)

IPv4 and IPv6 headers

Source IP address

Destination IP address

0 310 31

1

2

3

4

6

5

1

2

6

10

V(4)

4.2.2. Main advantages of IPv6 vs. IPv4

•Scalability (Extended address space [128 bits])

•Security (Authentication and security – Next header field capability)

•Mobility (Destination and routing options - Next header field capability)

•QoS (Differentiated services, incl. RT operations - Flow label field capability)

Need for IP access

PERSONAL DEVICES•Mobile phone•LT PC•PDA•MP3 MP•Web browser•Digital camera

VEHICLES •Car•Boat•Train•Airplane

HOME ELECTRONICS•PC•TV set•Micro oven•Set-top box•Video player•Bluetooth devices

AUTOMATION •Alarm systems•Heating•Electricity•Remote monitoring

In the near future, many devices will require their own Internet address

4.2.3_1. Mobile Internet Scenario for IPv4 (RFC 2002)

4.2.3_2. Mobile Internet Scenario for IPv6 (an update

of RFC 2002)

ER

ER

ER

ER

4.4. Main Definitions of Mobile IPBindingThe association/mapping between the mobile node's home address and a care-of address

Care-of AddressA temporary IP address associated with a mobile node while visiting a foreign network (see Appendix 2 for details)

Correspondent NodeA node that is communicating with the mobile node (for example, a WWW server)

Home Address

A static IP address assigned to the mobile node in the home network

Home Agent

A router on the mobile node's home network with which the mobile node has registered its current care-of address. The mobile node's home address is associated with the home agent

Mobile Node

A terminal that can change its point of attachment in the IP network. A mobile node can be reached via its static home address

 

The benefits of Mobile IPv6 compared to Mobile IPv4 include:

• The huge address space of IPv6 makes Mobile IPv6 deployment more straightforward• IPv6 address autoconfiguration simplifies the care-of address assignment for the mobile node. It also eases the address management in a large network infrastructure• Optimized routing: Mobile IPv6 avoids so-called triangular routing

• 

5. Example: i-mode - Shift Strategy to 3G

Open standards

Java

IMT 2000 (3G)

Feb.1999

Fall,1999

Fall,2000

Spring, 2001

i-m

od

e la

un

ch

Home-page

Home-page

e-maile-mail

PicturesPictures

VideoVideo

MusicMusic

GamesGames

Colored LCD

Winter,1999

Source: NTT DoCoMo, Siemens

Increasin

g b

and

wid

thMobile TVMobile TV

VideoTelephone

VideoTelephone

VideoConference

VideoConference

Example: i-mode – subscriber and information site evolution

Number of subscribers raised from 0 to

5.6 million within one year

Number of sites increased to 7.000 sites

within one year

Number of subscribers raised from 0 to

5.6 million within one year

Number of sites increased to 7.000 sites

within one year

Success in mobile data is driven by open accessSuccess in mobile data is driven by open access

Source: Goldman Sachs, ING Barings, Communications International

i-mode information sites (absolute) i-mode information sites (absolute)

i-mode subscriber growth & percentage of DoCoMo subscribers (‘000 / %)

i-mode subscriber growth & percentage of DoCoMo subscribers (‘000 / %)

312 470 501 519 578421341

5.052

6.357

8.224

10.000

12.940

15.609

18.273

0

5.000

10.000

15.000

20.000

Jan 00Feb 00Mar 00Apr 00Mai 00Jun 00Jul 00

# of Voluntary Sites

# of Official Sites

37434463

5603

65107114

8289

26,8%

23,4%21,7%

19,1%

15,6%

13,3%

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

Jan. 00Feb. 00Mar 00Apr 00Mai 00 Jun 000%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

Appendix 1Care-of address

 

•The care-of address is a temporary IP address for a mobile node (mobile device) that enables message delivery when the device is connecting from somewhere other than its home network.

•The care-of address identifies a mobile node's current point of attachment to the Internet and makes it possible to connect from a different location without changing the device's home address (permanent IP address) – like the postal system.  •When a mobile device is away from its home network, it is assigned a care-of address.  •Mobile IP registers the care-of address with a home agent, which resides on the home network. When a message for the mobile node is delivered to the home network, the home agent intercepts the message and tunnels it to the recipient at the care-of address.

Appendix 2 ABBREVIATIONS-1

2G Second Generation Mobile Telecommunications (including GSM and GPRS technologies)3G Third Generation Mobile Telecommunications (including WCDMA/UMTS technology)BG Border GatewayCN Correspondent NodeCoA Care-of AddressDHCPv6 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 DNS Domain Name SystemER Edge RouterFA Foreign AgentGGSN Gateway GPRS Support NodeGPRS General Packet Radio ServiceGTP GPRS Tunneling Protocol

ABBREVIATIONS-2

HA Home AgentHLR Home Location RegisterICMP(v6) Internet Control Message Protocol (for IPv6)IETF Internet Engineering Task ForceIPsec IP securityIPv4 Internet Protocol, version 4IPv6 Internet Protocol, version 6ISP Internet Service ProviderMN Mobile NodeMT Mobile TerminalPLMN Public Land Mobile NetworkRFC Request For Comments (a specification by IETF)

ABBREVIATIONS-3

SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System

WAP Wireless Application Protocol

WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

WLAN Wireless LAN

WWW World Wide Web