MIT LL No. MS-43282, ESC No. 09-1097
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Transcript of MIT LL No. MS-43282, ESC No. 09-1097
![Page 1: MIT LL No. MS-43282, ESC No. 09-1097](https://reader035.fdocument.pub/reader035/viewer/2022070502/56813673550346895d9dfe1f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Zero Read Noise Detectors for the TMTDon Figer, Brian Ashe , John Frye, Brandon Hanold, Tom Montagliano, Don Stauffer (RIDL), Brian Aull, Bob Reich, Dan Schuette, Jim Gregory, Erik Duerr, Joseph Donnelly (MIT/LL)
MIT LL No. MS-43282, ESC No. 09-1097
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Outline
• Motivation– Why pursue photon-counting technology?– Why use Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes
(APDs)?• Moore Detector for TMT• Heritage: LIDAR• Conclusions
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Outline
• Motivation– Why pursue photon-counting technology?– Why use Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes
(APDs)?• Moore Detector for TMT• Heritage: LIDAR• Conclusions
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Why pursue photon-counting technology?• Photon-counting detectors effectively have
zero read noise.• In low light applications, read noise can
dominate signal-to-noise ratio.• Many applications can become low light
applications with higher resolutions.– spectroscopy– time-resolved photometry– fast wavefront sensing and guiding
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Detectivity (higher is better)
.)(411
2yDetectivit
1ysensitivit
1yDetectivit
1SNRat which flux y Sensitivit
noise) read(noise)dark (flux backgroundflux signal
flux signal
dominated noise read
2,
1,
2,
2,
22
pixreadreaddarkbackgroundpix
SNR
readpixdarkpixbackgroundpix
readdarkbackinstinst
inst
nN
tQE
NtitQENntQE
N
NntintQENntQEN
tQEN
NtitQEFh
AtQEFh
A
tQEFh
A
NSSNR
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Exposure Time to SNR=1
.
)(2
)(4)()(
for t.equation SNR Solve SNR. particular areach to timeexposure
0 and 0 and 1
2
222,
4,
2
,
QEN
nN
QEN
SNRNQEnNinQENnQENSNRinQENnQENSNR
pixreadiNSNR
readpixdarkpixbackgroundpixdarkpixbackgroundpix
darkbackground
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Example for Planet Imaging
• The exposure time required to achieve SNR=1 is dramatically reduced for a zero noise detector compared to detectors with state of the art read noise.
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%0 6,600 2,300 1,311 900 680 544 453 388 338 300 1 7,159 2,674 1,591 1,123 865 703 591 510 448 400 2 8,486 3,457 2,141 1,547 1,209 992 841 730 645 577 3 10,148 4,363 2,760 2,016 1,587 1,309 1,113 968 857 768 4 11,954 5,312 3,402 2,500 1,976 1,633 1,392 1,212 1,074 964 5 13,830 6,281 4,053 2,990 2,369 1,961 1,673 1,459 1,293 1,161 6 15,745 7,259 4,709 3,484 2,764 2,291 1,956 1,706 1,513 1,359 7 17,684 8,244 5,368 3,979 3,161 2,621 2,239 1,954 1,734 1,558
read
noi
se
mag_star=5, mag_planet=30, R=100, i_dark=0.0010
Exposure Time (seconds) for SNR = 1
FOM Quantum Efficiency
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Why use Geiger-Mode Avalanche Photodiodes (GM-APDs)?• produce easily distinguishable high voltage
pulse per photon• have zero “excess noise factor”• allow for hybridization and bonding to non-
optical detecting materials• allow photon counting inside each pixel for
high frame rates and time tagging• have demonstrated excellent performance for
LIDAR applications
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Gain of an APD
1
10
100
M
Breakdown0
Ordinary photodiode
Linear-mode APD
Geiger-mode APD
Response to a photon M1
∞ I(t)
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Geiger-Mode Imager: Photon-to-Digital Conversion
Quantum-limited sensitivityNoiseless readout Photon counting or timing
APD
Digitaltimingcircuit
Digitallyencodedphotonflight time
photon
Lensletarray
APD/CMOS array
Focal-plane
Pixel circuit
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Outline
• Motivation– Why pursue photon-counting technology?– Why use Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes
(APDs)?• Moore Detector for TMT• Heritage: LIDAR• Conclusions
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Moore Detector Project Goals• Operational
– Photon-counting– Wide dynamic range: flux limit to 108 photons/pixel/s– Streaming readout
• adaptive optics imaging • multiple target tracking
– Time delay and integrate• Technical
– Backside illumination for high fill factor– Demonstrate 25 m pitch imager with streaming, single
photon, readout
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Moore Photon Counting ImagerOptical (Silicon) Detector Performance
Parameter Phase 1 Goal
Phase 2 Goal
Format 256x256 1024x1024Pixel Size 25 µm 20 µmRead Noise zero zeroDark Current (@140 K) <10-3 e-/s/pixel <10-3 e-/s/pixelQEa Silicon (350nm,650nm,1000nm) 30%,50%,25% 55%,70%,35%Operating Temperature 90 K – 293 K 90 K – 293 KFill Factor 100% 100%aProduct of internal QE and probability of initiating an event. Assumes
antireflection coating match for wavelength region.
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Moore Photon Counting ImagerInfrared (InGaAs) Detector PerformanceParameter Phase 1
Goal Phase 2
GoalFormat Single pixel 1024x1024Pixel Size 25 µm 20 µmRead Noise zero zeroDark Current (@140 K) TBD <10-3 e-/s/pixelQEa (1500nm) 50% 60%Operating Temperature 90 K – 293 K 90 K – 293 KFill Factor NA 100% w/o lensaProduct of internal QE and probability of initiating an event. Assumes
antireflection coating match for wavelength region.
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Moore Detector Project Status
• A 256x256x25m readout integrated circuit is being fabricated.
• InGaAs test diodes are being fabricated.• Silicon GM-APD arrays have been fabricated and will
be bump-bonded to the new readout circuit.• Photon-counting electronics are being built.• Testing will begin later in 2009.• Depending on results, megapixel silicon or InGaAs
arrays will be developed.
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Overview of Pixel OperationPixel Architecture
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ROIC Pixel Layout (2x2 pixels)
2 pixels, 50 m
2 pixels, 50 m
metal bump bond pad
core(active quench, discriminator, APD latch)
counter rollover latch
counters (4 pixels)
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InGaAs Development
• 3 APD designs grown and fabricated– 2-m-wide avalanche region (all InP)– 3-m-wide avalanche region (all InP)– 2-m-wide avalanche region (InGaAs absorber)
• Room-temperature CV measurements made• Devices in packaging for low temperature
measurements
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Outline
• Motivation– Why pursue photon-counting technology?– Why use Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes
(APDs)?• Moore Detector for TMT• Heritage: LIDAR• Conclusions
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Si APD/CMOS Development History
1996 2009
APD’s Discrete 4x4 arrays
4x4 arrays wire bonded to
16-channel CMOS readout
32x32 arraysfully integrated with 32x32 CMOS readout
64 x 64 arrays 3D-integrated with 2 tiers of SOI CMOS 256 x 256 arrays
not to scale
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• Imaging system photon starved. Each detector must precisely time a weak optical pulse.
Microchip laser
Geiger-mode APD array
Color-codedrange image
LIDAR Imaging System
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A LIDAR Imaging Detector for NASA Planetary Missions
• These arrays will be fabricated for back-illumination with bump bonding, enabling high performance in a space-qualifiable focal plane.
• The design of the ROIC will be finished by the end of 2009, with fabrication starting in early 2010.
• Funding: $546,000 • Duration: 3 years (2008-2010)
Low field
High fieldmultiplier
Medium low field
absorber
Parameter Current Goal
Space-Qualifiable NO YES
Scalable to Large Format NO YES
CMOS ROIC Timing Resolution 250 ps 250 ps
Pixel Size 50 m 50 m
Multiplied Dark Current (@14 K) unknown <10-3 e/s/pixel
QE (350nm,650nm,1000nm)a 45%,65%,5% 45%,65%,10%
Operating Temperature 293 K 90 K – 293 K
Radiation Limit unknown 50 Krad(Si)b
Technology Readiness Levelc 2 4
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32x32 APD/CMOS Array with Integrated GaP Microlenses
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Laser Radar Brassboard System (Gen I)
• 4 4 APD array• External rack-mounted timing circuits• Doubled Nd:YAG passively Q-switched microchip laser
(produces 30 µJ, 250 ps pulses at = 532 nm)• Transmit/receive field of view scanned to generate 128 128 images
Taken at noontime on a sunny day
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Conventional vs LIDAR Image
Conventional image
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3D Imaging of Model Airplane
• Multiple-frame coincidence processing of ~3-4 frames removes isolated dark counts
• Image quality excellent due to low optical cross-talk between pixels
Airplane hanging on 6 mm rope
Color-code:1 m range display
3D Display of Processed Image,Probability of Detection Color-code
Single Frame
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Rotatable 3D Images of Multiple Objects
• 128x128 images recorded with scanned 4x4 array at 1.06 m• Coincidence processed to remove background/dark counts• Dark blue equivalent to <2 photon average return (right image)
Color-coded by Distance Color-coded by Detection Probability
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Outline
• Motivation– Why pursue photon-counting technology?– Why use Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes
(APDs)?• Moore Detector for TMT• Heritage: LIDAR• Conclusions
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Conclusions
• Large-format photon-counting imaging detectors are within reach.
• We are funded to make 256x256 and megapixel devices.
• A 256x256 detector silicon-based array should be in testing by the end of the year.
• The devices will be implemented in a broad range of low light level and LIDAR timing applications.