Mid Eval Report

7/31/2019 Mid Eval Report

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Micro controller based automated irrigation system

OVERVIEW

1.1 Introduction:

Irrigation system uses valves to turn irrigation ON and OFF. These valves may be

easily automated by using controllers and solenoids. Automating farm or nursery irrigation

allows farmers to apply the right amount of water at the right time, regardless of the

availability of labor to turn valves on and off. In addition, farmers using automation

equipment are able to reduce runoff from over watering saturated soils, avoid irrigating at

the wrong time of day, which will improve crop performance by ensuring adequate water

and nutrients when needed. Automatic Drip Irrigation is a valuable tool for accurate soil

moisture control in highly specialized greenhouse vegetable production and it is a simple,

precise method for irrigation. It also helps in time saving, removal of human error in

adjusting available soil moisture levels and to maximize their net profits.

Dept. Of E&C, MCE, Hassan Page 1


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Block Diagram:

Fig: 1.1 Block diagram

1.2 Problem Definition:

Farm Lands & Fields situated miles away from your home. Extensive travel

required, sometimes several times in a day to start & stop the irrigation water pumps.

Rough & Tough terrains and bad roads in country sides make the travel all the more

tedious. Long walk-ways in remote agricultural lands also face associated threats from wildanimals, bugs, bees, spiders, snakes, scorpions and other potential hazards from lightning

or electrical shock. Hostile weather can play a havoc endangering the life of Farmers.

Reaching pump house at times can turn out to be a night mare. Availability of non-stop

power is scarce in many of the villages around India, resulting in several trips a day to



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operate the pumps. Protecting your equipment from theft and power fluctuations could also

be a serious concern for many.

1.3 Methodology:

Implemented project is carried out using an ATMEL 89S52 microcontroller ,

which is programmed using the Keil microvision2 software .the LCD is connected to port0

of the micro controller to display the alert message. The microcontroller is connected to the

GSM modem using DB9 cable. The sending of information across network via sms is

possible using AT (attention) commands serially to the GSM module.

1.4 Working:

Here we have designed a module using a microcontroller and GSM. Once the three

phase power comes module will send an SMS to authenticated users. If the farmer wants to

switch on the motor he just needs to give a ring to the particular modem no which is

implemented near the motor. microcontroller checks whether the call is coming from

authenticated person, if it matches it will start the motor. If the password doesnt match

means some other person is calling then no action will be taken. In every stage it will send

the status to the farmer(authenticated user).i.e., whether the motor is on or off by the ring.

If the motor is on by ring and the farmer needs to switch off he just needs to call back to

the same number. The complete operation can be handled by sending SMS also that is by

sending ON motor gets on, and by sending OFF motor gets OFF. As the farmers dont have

sufficient knowledge for sending SMS we implemented calling future here.

We have one more future called auto switch. If this switch is in ON STATE the

motor gets on instantly the three phase power comes .i.e there is no need of calling or

sending the SMS. Once the motor is on the module send sms like motor is on by auto

switch. If the farmer wants to switch off he just needs to call back to the particular GSM

number which we have implemented in module.



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1.5 Limitation of the project:

The system works wherever there is coverage of a local Mobile Network (GSM).

The loss of user cell phone would lead to the miss handling of the device.

1.6 Literature survey:

To carry out the project in a phased manner it is necessary to conduct the literature

survey. To establish communication we use the concept of wireless communication. The

fundamental concept and information about wireless communication is excellently

described by Theodre S Rappaport. Mobile computing service creation are completely

discussed by Asoke K Talukder, Roopa R Yavagal in Mobile computing, Technology

Applications and Service creations. The information regarding the latest developments in

GSM have been obtained from the websites www.gsmworld.com. Various websites have

been visited to get necessary information.

The project is implemented using Embedded C language. To develop the code for

establishing communication between the terminals, we have refer to the books of The

Complete Reference C. Knowledge about the usage of AT commands to exchange Short

Message Service (SMS) was learnt from AT commands Manual.

The information regarding programming in C was referred from Muhammed Ali

Mazidi, Janice Gillispie Mazidi, Rollin D. Mc Kinlay, The 8051 Microcontroller and

Embedded System using Assembly and C and the 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded

System, by Kenneth J Ayala.

1.7 Merits:

http://www.gsmworld.com/http://www.gsmworld.com/


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2.1 Introduction to ATMEL 89S52 microcontroller:

The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with

4K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is

manufactured using Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is

compatible with the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set and pinout. The on chip

Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional

nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a

monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a

highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.

The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit

microcomputer with 4Kbytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory

(EPROM). The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory

technology and is compatible with the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set and pin

out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a

conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with

Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcomputer which

provides highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control

applications.

The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128

bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt

architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the

AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports

two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing

the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The

Power-down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other

chip functions until the next hardware reset

2.2 Pin Diagram



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Fig: 2.1 Pin diagram of 89S52

2.3 Block Diagram



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Fig: 2.2 Block diagram of 89S52

2.4 Ports



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Port 0

Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can

sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high-

impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low order

address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0

has internal pullups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and

outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pullups are required during

program verification.

Port 1

Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 1 output

buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are pulled

high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are

externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups. Port 1

also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.

Port 2



high byte internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are

externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups. Port 2

emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during

accesses to external data memory that uses 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this

application, it uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external

data memory that uses 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2

Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control

signals during Flash programming and verification.

Port 3



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high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are

externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pullups. Port 3 also

serves the functions of

Table 2.1 Port3 Pin Description

2.5Oscillator Characteristics

XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier

which can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Fig 2.3. Either a

quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock

source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in Fig 2.4.

There are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to

the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and

maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed.



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Fig: 2.3 Oscillator connection

Fig: 2.4 External clock drive configuration

2.6 RS 232 STANDARDS

To allow compatibility among data communication equipment made by various

manufacturers, an interfacing standard called RS232 was set by the Electronics Industries

Association (EAI) in 1960.In 1963 it was modified and called RS 232A, RS232B and

RS232C.This standard is used in PCs and numerous types of equipment. However, since

the standard was set long before the advent of TTL logic family, its input and output

voltage levels are not TTL compatible. In RS 232, a 1is represented by -3 to -25 volt, while

0 bit is +3 to +25 v, making -3 to +3 undefined. For this reason, to connect any RS232 to



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microcontroller system we must use voltage converter such as MAX232 to convert the

TTL logic level 2 to the RS232 voltage level, and vice versa.

RS232 HANDSHAKING SIGNALING

To ensure fast and reliable data transmission between two devices, data transfer

must be coordinated. Just as in case of printer , due to the fact that in serial data

communication the receiving device may have no room for the data, there must a way to

inform the sender to stop sending data. Many of the pins of the RS232 connector are used

for handshaking signals.

DTR (data terminal ready).When the terminal (or a PC COM port) is turned on,

after going through a self-test, it sends out signal DTR to indicate that it is ready for

communication.

DSR (data set ready).When DC (modem) is turned on and has gone through the

self-test, it asserts DSR to indicate that it is ready to communicate.

RTS(request to send).When the DTE device(such as PC)has a byte to transmit it

asserts RTS to signal modem that it has byte or data to transmit.RTS is an active-

low output from the DTE and an input to the modem.

CTS(clear to send ) .In response to RTS, when the modem has room for storing the

data it is to receive, it sends out signal CTS to the DTE (PC) to indicate that it can

receive data now.



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6 9

Fig: 2.5 DB-9 9-PIN CONNECTORThe MAX232 has two sets of line drivers for transferring and receiving data, as

shown in fig. The line drivers used for TxD are called T1 and T2, while the line drivers for

RxD are designated as R1 and R2.IN many applications only one of each is used. InMAX232 that the T1 line driver has designation of T1 IN and T1 OUT on pin no 11 and

14, respectively. The T1 IN pin is the TTL side and is connected to TxD of the

microcontroller, while T1 OUT is the RS232 side that is connected to the RxD pin of

RS232 DB connector. The R1 line driver has a designation of R1 IN and R1 OUT on pin

no 13 and 12, respectively. R1 IN (pin 13) is the RS 232 side that is connected to the TxD

pin of the RS232 DB connector and R! OUT (pin 12)is the TTL side that is connected to

RxD pin of the microcontroller ,as shown in fig2.6. Max232 requires 4 capacitors ranging

from 1 to 22 microfarad. The most widely used value for these capacitors is 22 microfarad.



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Fig 2.6 INSIDE CONFIGURATION OF MAX232



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Idle Mode

In idle mode, the CPU puts itself to sleep while all the on chip peripherals remain

active. The mode is invoked by software. The content of the on-chip RAM and all thespecial functions registers remain unchanged during this mode. The idle mode can be

terminated by any enabled interrupt or by a hardware reset.

It should be noted that when idle is terminated by a hard ware reset, the device normally

resumes program execution, from where it left off, up to two machine cycles before the

internal reset algorithm takes control. On-chip hardware inhibits access to internal RAM in

this event, but access to the port pins is not inhibited. To eliminate the possibility of an

unexpected write to a port pin when Idle is terminated by reset, the instruction following

the one that invokes Idle should not be one that writes to a port pin or to external memory.

Power-down Mode

In the power-down mode, the oscillator is stopped, and the instruction that invokes

power-down is the last instruction executed. The on-chip RAM and Special Function

Registers retain their values until the power-down mode is terminated. The only exit from

power-down is a hardware reset. Reset redefines the SFRs but does not change the on-chip

RAM. The reset should not be activated before VCC is restored to its normal operating

level and must be held active long enough to allow the oscillator to restart and stabilize.

Program Memory Lock Bits



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On the chip are three lock bits which can be left unprogrammed (U) or can be

programmed (P) to obtain the additional features listed in the table below. When lock bit 1

is programmed, the logic level at the EA pin is sampled and latched during reset. If the

device is powered up without a reset, the latch initializes to a random value, and holds that

value until reset is activated. It is necessary that the latched value of EA be in agreement

with the current logic level at that pin in order for the device to function properly.

Lock Bit Protection Modes

Table2.1: protection modes

Programming the Flash

The AT89S52 is normally shipped with the on-chip Flash memory array in the

erased state (that is, contents = FFH) and ready to be programmed. The programming


Program Lock BitsProtection Type

LB1 LB2 LB3

1 U U U No program lock features

2 P U U

MOVC instructions executed from

external program memory are

disabled from fetching code bytes

from internal memory, EA is

sampled and latched on reset, and

further programming of the Flash is

disabled.

3 P P U Same as mode 2, also verify is

disabled

4 P P P Same as mode 3, also external

execution is disabled.


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Input the desired memory location on the address lines.

Input the appropriate data byte on the data lines.

Activate the correct combination of control signals.

Raise EA/VPP to 12V for the high-voltage programming mode. Pulse ALE/PROG once to program a byte in the Flash array or the lock bits. The

byte-write cycle is self-timed and typically takes no more than 1.5 ms.

Repeat steps 1 through 5, changing the address and data for the entire array or until the end

of the object file is reached.

Data Polling: The AT89S52 features Data Polling to indicate the end of a write

cycle. During a write cycle, an attempted read of the last byte written will result in

the complement of the written datum on PO.7. Once the write cycle has been

completed, true data are valid on all outputs, and the next cycle may begin. Data

Polling may begin any time after a write cycle has been initiated.

Ready/Busy: The progress of byte programming can also be monitored by the

RDY/BSY output signal. P3.4 is pulled low after ALE goes high during

programming to indicate BUSY. P3.4 is pulled high again when programming is

done to indicate READY.

Program Verify: If lock bits LB1 and LB2 have not been programmed, the

programmed code data can be read back via the address and data lines for

verification. The lock bits cannot be verified directly. Verification of the lock bits is

achieved by observing that their features are enabled.

Chip Erase: The entire Flash array is erased electrically by using the proper

combination of control signals and by holding ALE/PROG low for 10 ms. The code

array is written with all 1s. The chip erase operation must be executed before the

code memory can be re-programmed.



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Write Code Data H L H/12V L H H H

Read Code Data H L H H L L H H

Write

Lock

Bit - 1 H L H/12V H H H H

Bit - 2 H L H/12V H H L L

Bit - 3 H L H/12V H L H L

Chip Erase H L (

1)

H/12V H L L L

Read Signature Byte H L H H L L L L

Table2.3: flash programming modes

2.7 Circuit Diagram



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Fig 2.7: Programming the Flash



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Fig 2.8:Verifying the Flash



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Flash Programming and Verification Waveforms - High-voltage Mode (VPP = 12V)

Flash Programming and Verification Waveforms - Low-voltage Mode (VPP = 5V)



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3. GSM AND AT COMMANDS

3.1 Overview and GSM architecture

The GSM network was designed keeping in mind the voice activities of the user

and its main purpose was to provide voice connectivity like Public Switched Telephone

Networks but with mobility. So Call Processing activities were the major criteria to decide

and fix the implementation standards of GSM. The data communication was of secondary

importance to this network but to support this also, designers have considered the circuit

switching itself the mechanism for transmitting data packets.

Fig. 3.1GSM architecture


SIM

ME

BTS

BTS

BSC

BSC

MSC

HLRRR

VLR

EIR AuC

PSTN,ISDN,PSPD

N

CSPDN

UmAbis

A

Mobile

StationBase Station Subsystem Network Subsystem


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Mobile Station

The mobile station (MS) consists of the mobile equipment (the terminal) and a

smart card called the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM). The SIM provides personal

mobility, so that the user can have access to subscribed services irrespective of a specific

terminal. By inserting the SIM card into another GSM terminal, the user is able to receive

calls at that terminal, make calls from that terminal, and receive other subscribed services.

The mobile equipment is uniquely identified by the International Mobile Equipment

Identity (IMEI). The SIM card contains the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)

used to identify the subscriber to the system, a secret key for authentication, and other

information. The IMEI and the IMSI are independent, thereby allowing personal mobility.

The SIM card may be protected against unauthorized use by a password or personal

identity number.

Base Station Subsystem

The Base Station Subsystem is composed of two parts, the Base Transceiver Station

(BTS) and the Base Station Controller (BSC). These communicate across the standardized

Abis interface, allowing (as in the rest of the system) operation between components made

by different suppliers. The Base Transceiver Station houses the radio transceivers that

define a cell and handles the radio-link protocols with the Mobile Station. In a large urban

area, there will potentially be a large number of BTSs deployed, thus the requirements for a

BTS are ruggedness, reliability, portability, and minimum cost.

The Base Station Controller manages the radio resources for one or more BTSs. It

handles radio-channel setup, frequency hopping, and handovers, as described below. The

BSC is the connection between the mobile station and the Mobile service Switching centre

(MSC).

Network Subsystem



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that stores a copy of the secret key stored in each subscribers SIM card, which is used for

authentication and encryption over the radio chanel.

3.2 The Switching System

The switching system (SS) is responsible for performing call processing and

subscriber-related functions. The switching system includes the following functional units:

Home locations register (HLR)The HLR is a database used for storage and

management of subscriptions. The HLR is considered the most important database,

as it stores permanent data about subscribers, including a subscriber's service profile,

location information, and activity status. When an individual buys a subscription

from one of the PCS operators, he or she is registered in the HLR of that operator.

Mobile services switching center (MSC)The MSC performs the telephony

switching functions of the system. It controls calls to and from other telephone and

data systems. It also performs such functions as toll ticketing, network interfacing,

common channel signaling, and others.

Visitor location register (VLR)The VLR is a database that contains temporary

information about subscribers that is needed by the MSC in order to service visiting

subscribers. The VLR is always integrated with the MSC. When a mobile station

roams into a new MSC area, the VLR connected to that MSC will request data about

the mobile station from the HLR. Later, if the mobile station makes a call,the VLR

will have the information needed for call setup without having to interrogate the HLR

each time.

Authentication center (AUC)A unit called the AUC provides authentication and

encryption parameters that verify the user's identity and ensure the confidentiality of

each call. The AUC protects network operators from different types of fraud found in

today's cellular world.



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Message center (MXE)The MXE is a node that provides integrated voice, fax,

and data messaging. Specifically, the MXE handles short message service, cell

broadcast, voice mail, fax mail, e-mail, and notification.

Mobile service node (MSN)The MSN is the node that handles the mobile

intelligent network (IN) services.

Gateway mobile services switching center (GMSC)A gateway is a node used

to interconnect two networks. The gateway is often implemented in an MSC. The

MSC is then referred to as the GMSC.

GSM interworking unit (GIWU)The GIWU consists of both hardware and

software that provides an interface to various networks for data communications.

3.3 AT commands



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Description:

This command allows the application to read stored messages. The messages are read from

the memory selected by +CPMS command.

Syntax:

Command syntax: AT+CMGR=

Response syntax for text mode:

+CMGR:,,[,] [,,,

,,,,] (forSMS-DELIVERonly)

+CMGR: ,,[,] [,,,,, [], ,

,] (forSMS-SUBMIT only)

+CMGR: ,,,[],[],,, (for SMS-STATUS

REPORT only)

Response syntax for PDU mode:

+CMGR: , [] ,

A message read with status REC UNREAD will be updated in memory with the status

REC READ.

Note:The parameter for SMS Status Reports is always READ.

Example:

Table:3.2 read message commands

3.3.3 Write Message to Memory +CMGW



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Description:

This command stores a message in memory (either SMS-SUBMIT or SMS-DELIVERS).

The memory location is returned (no choice possible as with phonebooks

+CPBW).

Text or PDU is entered as described for the Send Message +CMGS command.

Syntax:

Command syntax in text mode : ( is returned in both cases)

AT+CMGW= [, [, ] ]

enter text

Command syntax in PDU mode :

AT+CMGW= [,]

give PDU

Response syntax: +CMGW: or +CMS ERROR: if writing fails

Table:3.3 Write Message to Memory commands

Defined values:



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Parameter Definition:

: Originating or Destination Address Value in string format.

: Type of Originating / Destination Address.

: Integer type in PDU mode (default 2 for +CMGW), or string type in text mode

(default STO UNSENT for +CMGW). Indicates the status of message in memory. If

is omitted, the stored message is considered as a message to send.

0: REC UNREAD

1: REC READ

2: STO UNSENT

3: STO SENT

Length of the actual data unit in octets

Delete message +CMGD



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Description:

This command deletes one or several messages from preferred message storage (BM

SMS CB RAM storage, SM SMSPP storage SIM storage or SR SMS Status-Report

storage).

Syntax:

Command syntax: AT+CMGD= [,]

Table:3.4 Delete message commands

Defines values



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(1-20) When the preferred message storage is BM

Integer type values in the range of location numbers of SIM Message memory when the

preferred message storage is SM or SR.

0 Delete message at location .

1 Delete All READ messages

2 Delete All READ and SENT messages

3 Delete All READ, SENT and UNSENT messages

4 Delete All messages.

Note:When the preferred message storage is SR, as SMS status reports are assumed to

have a READ status, if is greater than 0, all SMS status reports will be

deleted.

Send Message From Storage +CMSS

Description:



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This command sends a message stored at location value .

Syntax:

Command syntax: AT+CMSS=[, [,] ]

Response syntax: +CMSS : or +CMS ERROR: if sending fails

If a new recipient address is given, it will be used instead of the one stored with the

message

Table:3.5 Send Message From Storage commands

4. FLOW CHART



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5. SOFTWARE DETAILS

In this project we use two software.



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1. Keil Software.

2. Atmel Flash Programmer.

5.1 KEIL SOFTWARE:

Configuring uVision2 to Use Any Drive

uVision2 places all files in the drive:/folder specified by the user when a New Project is

defined. The drive used must be one that can be written to. Identify or create a new folder on the

desired drive and start uVision2.

Open the Projects menu and select New Project. A Create New Project Window will appear

with a Save in box where the project files are to be stored. Browse until the desired disk and folder are

found and type in a project name. Click the Save button. A uVision2 project (.UV2) file has now been

created in the folder, along with a project log (.PLG) file.

Fig5.1:Snapshot showing the creation of new project



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The Files window will show a "Target 1" folder, and a "Select Device for Target 'Target 1'

" window will appear. Browse to the Intel folder, open it, and select 89S52. Expanding the

Target 1 folder in the Files window shows that it contains a sub-folder named "Source

Group 1.

Open the project menu. In that select the Targets, Groups, Files. Select the Groups/add

files which pop up the Add files to Group Source Group 1 window.

Fig5.2:Snapshot showing the edition of source file to project

Unless a C code source program with the same name as the one typed into the File

name box exists, it must be created. (A red "X" next to the source file name indicated

uVision2 cannot find it).



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EPROM Programming Using uVision2 HEX Output Files

If EPROMs are to be programmed, a project.HEX file must be created by uVision2. Go to the

Project menu and select Options for Target 'name'. From the Options window, select the Output tab

and check the Create HEX File box before closing the window.

Fig5.3: selecting output as HEX format



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To compile the code open the project menu. In that select the build target option.

The HEX file will be created at the specified location.

Fig5.4: compiled output

Variables within a processor are represented by either bits, bytes, words or long

words, corresponding to 1, 8, 16 and 32-bits per variable. C51 variables are similarly

based, for example:

Bit = 1 bit 0 - 1

char = 8 bits 0 - +/- 127

unsigned char = 8 bits 0 - 255int = 16 bits 0 - +/-32768

unsigned int = 16 bits 0 - 65535

long = 32 bits 0 - +/- 2.147483648x109

unsigned long = 32 bits 0 - 4.29496795x109

float = 32 bits +/-1.176E-38 to +/-3.4E+38



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pointer = 24/16/8 bits Variable address

5.2 Atmel Flash Programmer:

Flash programmer is a software used to load program into the memory of

microcontroller. It can be used for all 8051 family.

PROCEDURE

Connect the burner to the PC port.

Load the HEX file created by the Keil software into the Flash programmer.

Select the type of micro controller (AT89S52).

Lock the program bit to avoid any accidental changes (bit 1 & bit 2).

Now burn the HEX file by selecting write key.



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Fig5.5: snapshot showing the flash programmer window

6. Conclusion

6.1 Summary

In our project we have designed an model to help the farmers in rural zones.

Our Remote Controller could be installed on existing pump sets for a nominal cost.

Operating our Remote Controller does not require any special skills. It is as simple

as sending a SMS or a missed call.



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The user can send a SMS message from anywhere in the world to operate this

equipment. The security feature in the software will make sure that it works only

with pre-assigned phone numbers.

The system has various add-on features. It can notify you by return SMS, when the

pump starts or trips. It can even alert you if someone breaks into your pump room

to steal the equipment.

6.2 Limitations

The system works wherever there is coverage of a local Mobile Network(GSM).

The loss of user cell phone would lead to the miss handling of the device.

6.3 Future work

You can also incorporate a feature to turn-ON a flood-light remotely or initiate a

siren in case of a theft attempt.

APPENDIX A

INTERFACING AN LCD DISPLAY

In recent years the LCD is finding a wide spread use replacing LEDs. This is due to

declining prices of LCDs, the ability to display numbers, characters, and graphics. This is

in contrast to LEDs which are limited to numbers and a few characters. Due to

incorporation of refreshing controller into the LCD there by leaving the CPU from

refreshing and ease of programming for characters and graphics makes LCD more popular.



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BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig- lcd block diagram

PIN ASSIGNMENT

Pin No. Symbol Function

1 VSS Ground

2 VDDPowersupply

3 VLCDPower Supply forLCD

4 RS Select Display Data("H") or Instructions("L")


DB0~DB77-14

E 6LCD

R/W

5controlle

r

RS 4

VLCD 3VDD 2

VSS1


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5 R/WRead or Write SelectSignal

6 E Read/Write Enable Signal

7 DB0

8 DB1

9 DB2

10 DB3 Display Data Signal

11 DB4

12 DB5

13 DB6

14 DB7

15 KCathode ofBacklight

16 A Anode of Backlight

Table: Pin description

LIST OF LCD COMMANDS



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Command RS R/W DB7 DB6 DB5 DB4 DB3 DB2 DB1 DB0 Execution time Remark(fosc=270KHz)

c ear . mssp ay

Return L L L L L L L L H X 1.53ms Cursor move to first digitome

Entry mode L L L L L L L H I/D SH 39us I/D:set cursor move directionset ncrease

ecrease

: pec f es s ft of d sp ay

SH H Display is shifted

L Display is not shi fted

sp ay us sp ay

on/off D H Display on

control L Display off

Cursor

C H Cursor on

ursor off

n ng

B H Blinking on

L Blinking off

Cursor L L L L L H S/C R/L X X 39us SC H Display shift

or L Cursor move

Display Shift R/L H Right shift

eft s ft

function L L L L H DL N F X X 39us DL H 8bits interface

Set L 4bits interface

N H 2 line display

ne d spay

sp ay on

L Display off

et us data s sent and

a ress rece ve a er s se ngSet DDRAM L L H AC6 AC5 AC4 AC3 AC2 AC1 AC0 39us DDRAM data is sent and

address rece ved after t s sett ng

Read busy L H BF AC6 AC5 AC4 AC3 AC2 AC1 AC0 0us

f ag usy

address eady

-Reads BF indication

internal operating is being

performed

-Reads address countercon en s

r te data us r te data nto or o

Read data H H D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 43us Read data from DDRAM or from

Table: LCD Commands

REFERENCES



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[1] Asoke K Talukder, Roopa R Yavagal, TMH, 2006 Mobile computing,

technology, application and service creation.

[2] Atmel 8 bit microcontroller with 8k bytes in system programmable Flash [pdf],

http:// www.Atmel.com .

[3] GSM World: http://www.gsmworld.com .

[4] www.8052.com

[5] Muhammad Ali Mazidi and Janice Gillispie Mazidi, Pearson Education The 8051

Microcontroller and Embedded Systems, Pearson Education, 2003.

[6] Overview of Global System for Mobile Communication, http://www.wikipedia.com

.

[7] Theodre S Rappaport Wireless Communications, Principles and Practice.

[8] www.MicroDigitalEd.com

[9] Kennreth J Ayala The 8051 Microcontroller Architecture, Programming &

Applications, Penram International, 1996
http://www.atmel.com/http://www.gsmworld.com/http://www.8052.com/http://www.wikipedia.com/http://www.microdigitaled.com/http://www.atmel.com/http://www.gsmworld.com/http://www.8052.com/http://www.wikipedia.com/http://www.microdigitaled.com/

Mid Eval Report

Documents

Transcript of Mid Eval Report