mßg el© cÖ g msL¨v ˆR¨ô-Avlvp 1417, Ryb 2010 · cÖ_g msL¨v ˆR¨ô-Avlvp 1417, Ryb 2010....
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cÖ_g msL¨v mßg el© ˆR¨ô-Avlvp 1417, Ryb 2010 ISSN 1991-6655
Transcript of mßg el© cÖ g msL¨v ˆR¨ô-Avlvp 1417, Ryb 2010 · cÖ_g msL¨v ˆR¨ô-Avlvp 1417, Ryb 2010....
cÖ_g msL¨vmßg el© ˆR¨ô-Avlvp 1417, Ryb 2010
ISSN 1991-6655
mßg el©
Dc‡`óv m¤úv`K
m¤úv`KAvey nvwg` jwZd
wbe©vnx m¤úv`KkwdDj Avjg
gbRyi Avng`
cÖ_g msL¨v ˆR¨ô-Avlvp 1417, Ryb 2010
mßg el©
Dc‡`óv m¤úv`K
m¤úv`KAvey nvwg` jwZd
wbe©vnx m¤úv`KkwdDj Avjg
gbRyi Avng`
cÖ_g msL¨v ˆR¨ô-Avlvp 1417, Ryb 2010
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKxBD‡b‡¯‹vi mn‡hvwMZvq ev‡dW I weBD-AvBBwW-Gi †hŠ_ cÖKvkbv
Bangladesh Shiskha Samoiki (Bangla Periodical), year-7, number-1, June, 2010 edited by Abu Hamid Latif and Shafiul Alam. Published by Nazmul Haq, Executive Secretary, BAFED, on behalf of Bangladesh Forum for Educational Development (BAFED) and BRAC University Institute of Educational Development (BU-IED)278/3 Elephant Road (3rd Floor), Kataban, Dhaka 1205. Phone: 9668593, E-mail: [email protected], Website: www.bafed.net
Printed by Arka, 1/3, Block-E, Lalmatia, Dhaka. Phone: 9126171.
Price Tk. 100.00 US$ 5.00
Dc‡`óv m¤úv`K : m¤úv`K : Avey nvwg` jwZdwbe©vnx m¤úv`K : kwdDj Avjgm`m¨ : ggZvR Rvnvb
k¨vgjx AvKei we‡eKvb›` nvIjv`vi
cÖ”Q`Aveyj gbmyi
gbRyi Avng`
m¤úv`Kxq cwil`
m¤úv`Kxq
el© cwiµgvi wn‡me Abyhvqx evsjv‡`k wkÿv mvgwqKx mßg e‡l© c`vc©Y Ki‡jv| GUv wbtm‡›`‡n Avb›` I køvNvi welq| bvbv PovB DZivB cvi n‡q Avgv‡`i mvg‡bi w`‡K G¸‡Z n‡q‡Q| ev‡dW G‡ÿ‡Î BD‡b‡¯‹v I weBD-AvBBwWi †h mn‡hvwMZv †c‡q‡Q Zv D‡jøL Kivi g‡Zv|
Avgv‡`i †`‡k wkÿv wel‡q †h bvbvgyLx wPšÍvfvebv I M‡elYv Pj‡Q Zvi wKQzUv cÖwZdjb evsjv‡`k wkÿv mvgwqKx‡Z cÖKvwkZ n‡q Avm‡Q|
Avgv‡`i we`¨vjq ch©v‡q we‡klZ cÖv_wg‡Ki ci wbgœ-gva¨wgK ͇ii wkÿv¯Í‡ii wkÿv wb‡q Avgiv Lye GKUv fvweZ nB bv| msMZ Kvi‡Y Avgv‡`i †ewk g‡bv‡hvM †K‡o‡Q cÖv_wgK wkÿv| cÖv_wgK wkÿv¯Í‡i B‡Zvg‡a¨ S‡i covi nvi A‡bKUv K‡g‡Q, we`¨vjq Mg‡bvc‡hvMx wkï-wkÿv_x©i msL¨v Avkvbyiƒc e„w× †c‡q‡Q, hw`I G ͇ii wkÿvi YMZ gvb wb‡q Avgv‡`i D‡ØM Kv‡U wb| Ab¨w`‡K wbgœ-gva¨wgK ͇ii wkÿvi bvbv w`K wb‡qI wkÿv M‡elKiv D‡`¨vMx I Drmvnx n‡q DV‡Qb| G ͇i †kªYxK‡ÿ wkÿv_©x‡`i mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿv †ÿ‡Î wKQz AbymwÜrmy M‡elYvi d‡j bZyb Z_¨ †ewi‡q G‡m‡Q G msL¨vq cÖKvwkZ Ôevsjv‡`‡k wbgœ-gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i mvgvwRK weÁvb: †kªYxK‡ÿ mvgvwRK MVbev‡`i PP©vÕ kxl©K cÖeÜwU‡Z| Avgv‡`i wbgœ-gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i ÔmvgwRK weÁvbÕ bvgK †h-welqwU cov‡bv n‡”Q Zv g~jZ mgvR weÁvb, BwZnvm, †cŠibxwZ, A_©bxwZ, f~‡Mvj I RbmsL¨v wel‡qi mgwš^Z GKwU iƒc| e¯‘Z mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿv`v‡bi †h gyL¨ D‡Ïk¨ Ôwkÿv_©x‡`i‡K mgv‡Ri Rb¨ Kj¨vYKi I Kvh©Ki mybvMwi‡K cwiYZ KivÕ Zv wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b cÖPwjZ wkÿK-†Kw›`ªK gyL¯’we`¨v- wbf©i wkLb-†kLv‡bv c×wZ‡Z n‡”Q bv| d‡j mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿv `v‡bi g~j D‡Ïk¨wUB e¨_© n‡”Q|
G ¯Í‡ii wkÿv_©x‡`i we`¨vjq K…wZ‡Z¡i mv‡_ AvPiwYK m¤úK© wbY©‡qi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q eZ©gvb msL¨vi Av‡iKwU cÖeÜ ÔMÖvgxY wbgœ-gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii wkÿv_x©‡`i AvPiwYK mgm¨v Ges we`¨vjq K…wZ‡Z¡i mv‡_ Gi m¤úK©Õ kxl©K †jLvq| †Zgwb wkÿvc×wZ wb‡qI Pj‡Q bvbv cixÿv- wbixÿv I M‡elYv| Rxebe¨vcx wkÿvi GKwU AskMÖnYg~jK cš’v n‡jv Ôwi‡d¬± c×wZÕ| G wel‡q M‡elYv n‡q‡Q, M‡elYvq BwZevPK djvdjI cvIqv †M‡Q| e¯‘Z eq¯‹ mvÿiZv Kg©m~wP cÖ‡qv‡M GwU GKwU weÁvbm¤§Z c×wZ| wi‡d¬± c×wZ‡Z cvI‡jv †d«Bwii wkÿvZË¡ Ges AskMÖnYg~jK MÖvgxY mgxÿv c×wZ‡K GKxf~Z Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Avgv‡`i †`‡k wkÿv wb‡q bvbv cÖKí n‡”Q Ñ †Kv‡bvwU ¯^í †gqvw`, †Kv‡bvwU `xN© †gqvw`, †Kv‡bv cÖK‡íi cybt cybt bevqbI n‡”Q| Gme †Póv wbtm‡›`‡n wkÿvi Dbœqb I weKv‡ki ¯^v‡_©B| Avgiv Avkv Ki‡ev Ñ Gme cÖKí †hb wKQzUv n‡jI mdj nq| Avgv‡`i mvg‡b GLb me‡Pq eo P¨v‡jÄ n‡”Q Ñ RvZxq wkÿvbxwZi ev¯Íevqb| miKvi wkÿvbxwZ ev¯Íevq‡b †h `„p cÖZ¨q I c`‡ÿc MÖnY K‡i‡Q Zv‡Z Avgiv Avkvev`x n‡Z cvwi ¯^vaxbZvi AvUwÎk eQi ci Avgv‡`i wkÿve¨e¯’vq GKwU eûcÖZ¨vwkZ BwZevPK cwieZ©b NU‡Z hv‡”Q|
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKxBD‡b‡¯‹vi mn‡hvwMZvq ev‡dW I weBD-AvBBwW-Gi †hŠ_ cÖKvkbv
Bangladesh Shiskha Samoiki (Bangla Periodical), year-7, number-1, June, 2010 edited by Abu Hamid Latif and Shafiul Alam. Published by Nazmul Haq, Executive Secretary, BAFED, on behalf of Bangladesh Forum for Educational Development (BAFED) and BRAC University Institute of Educational Development (BU-IED)278/3 Elephant Road (3rd Floor), Kataban, Dhaka 1205. Phone: 9668593, E-mail: [email protected], Website: www.bafed.net
Printed by Arka, 1/3, Block-E, Lalmatia, Dhaka. Phone: 9126171.
Price Tk. 100.00 US$ 5.00
Dc‡`óv m¤úv`K : m¤úv`K : Avey nvwg` jwZdwbe©vnx m¤úv`K : kwdDj Avjgm`m¨ : ggZvR Rvnvb
k¨vgjx AvKei we‡eKvb›` nvIjv`vi
cÖ”Q`Aveyj gbmyi
gbRyi Avng`
m¤úv`Kxq cwil`
m¤úv`Kxq
el© cwiµgvi wn‡me Abyhvqx evsjv‡`k wkÿv mvgwqKx mßg e‡l© c`vc©Y Ki‡jv| GUv wbtm‡›`‡n Avb›` I køvNvi welq| bvbv PovB DZivB cvi n‡q Avgv‡`i mvg‡bi w`‡K G¸‡Z n‡q‡Q| ev‡dW G‡ÿ‡Î BD‡b‡¯‹v I weBD-AvBBwWi †h mn‡hvwMZv †c‡q‡Q Zv D‡jøL Kivi g‡Zv|
Avgv‡`i †`‡k wkÿv wel‡q †h bvbvgyLx wPšÍvfvebv I M‡elYv Pj‡Q Zvi wKQzUv cÖwZdjb evsjv‡`k wkÿv mvgwqKx‡Z cÖKvwkZ n‡q Avm‡Q|
Avgv‡`i we`¨vjq ch©v‡q we‡klZ cÖv_wg‡Ki ci wbgœ-gva¨wgK ͇ii wkÿv¯Í‡ii wkÿv wb‡q Avgiv Lye GKUv fvweZ nB bv| msMZ Kvi‡Y Avgv‡`i †ewk g‡bv‡hvM †K‡o‡Q cÖv_wgK wkÿv| cÖv_wgK wkÿv¯Í‡i B‡Zvg‡a¨ S‡i covi nvi A‡bKUv K‡g‡Q, we`¨vjq Mg‡bvc‡hvMx wkï-wkÿv_x©i msL¨v Avkvbyiƒc e„w× †c‡q‡Q, hw`I G ͇ii wkÿvi YMZ gvb wb‡q Avgv‡`i D‡ØM Kv‡U wb| Ab¨w`‡K wbgœ-gva¨wgK ͇ii wkÿvi bvbv w`K wb‡qI wkÿv M‡elKiv D‡`¨vMx I Drmvnx n‡q DV‡Qb| G ͇i †kªYxK‡ÿ wkÿv_©x‡`i mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿv †ÿ‡Î wKQz AbymwÜrmy M‡elYvi d‡j bZyb Z_¨ †ewi‡q G‡m‡Q G msL¨vq cÖKvwkZ Ôevsjv‡`‡k wbgœ-gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i mvgvwRK weÁvb: †kªYxK‡ÿ mvgvwRK MVbev‡`i PP©vÕ kxl©K cÖeÜwU‡Z| Avgv‡`i wbgœ-gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i ÔmvgwRK weÁvbÕ bvgK †h-welqwU cov‡bv n‡”Q Zv g~jZ mgvR weÁvb, BwZnvm, †cŠibxwZ, A_©bxwZ, f~‡Mvj I RbmsL¨v wel‡qi mgwš^Z GKwU iƒc| e¯‘Z mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿv`v‡bi †h gyL¨ D‡Ïk¨ Ôwkÿv_©x‡`i‡K mgv‡Ri Rb¨ Kj¨vYKi I Kvh©Ki mybvMwi‡K cwiYZ KivÕ Zv wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b cÖPwjZ wkÿK-†Kw›`ªK gyL¯’we`¨v- wbf©i wkLb-†kLv‡bv c×wZ‡Z n‡”Q bv| d‡j mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿv `v‡bi g~j D‡Ïk¨wUB e¨_© n‡”Q|
G ¯Í‡ii wkÿv_©x‡`i we`¨vjq K…wZ‡Z¡i mv‡_ AvPiwYK m¤úK© wbY©‡qi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q eZ©gvb msL¨vi Av‡iKwU cÖeÜ ÔMÖvgxY wbgœ-gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii wkÿv_x©‡`i AvPiwYK mgm¨v Ges we`¨vjq K…wZ‡Z¡i mv‡_ Gi m¤úK©Õ kxl©K †jLvq| †Zgwb wkÿvc×wZ wb‡qI Pj‡Q bvbv cixÿv- wbixÿv I M‡elYv| Rxebe¨vcx wkÿvi GKwU AskMÖnYg~jK cš’v n‡jv Ôwi‡d¬± c×wZÕ| G wel‡q M‡elYv n‡q‡Q, M‡elYvq BwZevPK djvdjI cvIqv †M‡Q| e¯‘Z eq¯‹ mvÿiZv Kg©m~wP cÖ‡qv‡M GwU GKwU weÁvbm¤§Z c×wZ| wi‡d¬± c×wZ‡Z cvI‡jv †d«Bwii wkÿvZË¡ Ges AskMÖnYg~jK MÖvgxY mgxÿv c×wZ‡K GKxf~Z Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Avgv‡`i †`‡k wkÿv wb‡q bvbv cÖKí n‡”Q Ñ †Kv‡bvwU ¯^í †gqvw`, †Kv‡bvwU `xN© †gqvw`, †Kv‡bv cÖK‡íi cybt cybt bevqbI n‡”Q| Gme †Póv wbtm‡›`‡n wkÿvi Dbœqb I weKv‡ki ¯^v‡_©B| Avgiv Avkv Ki‡ev Ñ Gme cÖKí †hb wKQzUv n‡jI mdj nq| Avgv‡`i mvg‡b GLb me‡Pq eo P¨v‡jÄ n‡”Q Ñ RvZxq wkÿvbxwZi ev¯Íevqb| miKvi wkÿvbxwZ ev¯Íevq‡b †h `„p cÖZ¨q I c`‡ÿc MÖnY K‡i‡Q Zv‡Z Avgiv Avkvev`x n‡Z cvwi ¯^vaxbZvi AvUwÎk eQi ci Avgv‡`i wkÿve¨e¯’vq GKwU eûcÖZ¨vwkZ BwZevPK cwieZ©b NU‡Z hv‡”Q|
m~wP
evsjv‡`‡k wbgœ-gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i mvgvwRK weÁvb: †kªYxK‡ÿ mvgvwRK MVbev‡`i PP©v
wRbœvZ Aviv LvZzb7-25
MÖvgxY wbgœ-gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii wkÿv_x©‡`i AvPiwYK mgm¨v Ges we`¨vjq K…wZ‡Z¡i mv‡_ Gi m¤úK©
gynv¤§` gvneye †gv‡k©`my‡giv Avnmvb
27-36
wi‡d¬±: Rxebe¨vcx wk¶vi GKwU AskMÖnYg~jK cš’v†gvnv¤§` gwReyi ingvb
37-57
Áv‡bi K_v mnR K‡i ejv Abyfe w`‡q ejv kwdDj Avjg
59-60
m~wP
evsjv‡`‡k wbgœ-gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i mvgvwRK weÁvb: †kªYxK‡ÿ mvgvwRK MVbev‡`i PP©v
wRbœvZ Aviv LvZzb7-25
MÖvgxY wbgœ-gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii wkÿv_x©‡`i AvPiwYK mgm¨v Ges we`¨vjq K…wZ‡Z¡i mv‡_ Gi m¤úK©
gynv¤§` gvneye †gv‡k©`my‡giv Avnmvb
27-36
wi‡d¬±: Rxebe¨vcx wk¶vi GKwU AskMÖnYg~jK cš’v†gvnv¤§` gwReyi ingvb
37-57
Áv‡bi K_v mnR K‡i ejv Abyfe w`‡q ejv kwdDj Avjg
59-60
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 07
f~wgKvevsjv‡`‡k 1995 mv‡ji wkÿvµg I cvV¨mw~ P cwigvR‡b© i ci 1996 mvj †_‡K wbg-œ gva¨wgK ‡Í i mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi AšfÍ ³©z QqwU ¸iæZc¡ Y~ © wel‡qi (†hgb: mgvRweÁvb, BwZnvm, †cŠibxwZ, A_b© xwZ, f‡~ Mvj I RbmsL¨v) mgš‡q ÔmvgvwRK weÁvbÕ bv‡g GKwU Avewk¨K welq cVb-cvVb Kiv n‡”Q| e¯Z‘ mvgvwRK weÁvb cv‡Vi gva¨‡g wkÿv_x© iv Rvb‡Z cv‡i †`k I RvwZi BwZnvm, ms¯‹w… Zi iƒc‡iLv, †fŠ‡MvwjK cwiPq, A_‰© bwZK aviYv, RbmsL¨vi aviYv BZ¨vw` bvbv welq| Z‡e, mvgvwRK weÁvb welq wkÿ‡Yi gLy ¨ D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv wkÿv_x© ‡`i‡K mgv‡Ri Rb¨ Kj¨vYKi I KvhK© i mby vMwi‡K cwiYZ Kiv (Brown, 1999)| wKš‘ mbvZb c×wZ‡Z mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿ‡Y wkÿK-†Kw›`Kª †h Kvhµ© g e¨eüZ nq Zv‡Z wewfbœ NUbv Ges cZÖ ¨q gLy ¯K’ i‡Yi IciI ¸iæZ¡ †`Iqv nq| wkÿ‡Ki e³Z… v-†Kw›`Kª G c×wZ‡Z wkÿv_xi© †gav, mvg_ © I AvMnÖ A‡bKvs‡k D‡cwÿZ nq e‡j mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi gZ welq wkL‡bi cKÖ Z… cwi‡ek mw„ ó nq bv| wkÿv_xi© g‡b AaxZ welqe¯i‘ mv‡_ G¸‡jvi ev¯eÍ c‡Ö qvM I c‡Ö qvRbxqZv m¤ú‡K© Dcjwä Rb¥ †bq bv| e¨envwiK Rxe‡b wkÿv_xi© v cvÖ qk Zvi AwRZ© Ávb c‡Ö qvM K‡i h_vh_ wm×všÍ MnÖ ‡Y e¨_© nq e‡j mvgvwRK weÁvb cv‡Vi gLy ¨ D‡Ïk¨B e¨_© nq - KvhK© i mby vMwiK ˆZwi nq bv| d‡j, mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿ‡Ki Ici †h ¸iæ`vwqZ¡ AwcZ© (wkÿv_x© ‡`i‡K KvhK© i mby vMwi‡K cwiYZ Kiv) Zvi cY~ © ev¯eÍ vqb m¤e¢ nq bv| GRb¨ mbvZb wkÿv- c×wZ †_‡K m‡i G‡m Ggb h‡y Mvc‡hvMx c×wZ MnÖ Y Kiv c‡Ö qvRb hv‡Z K‡i wkÿv_xi© v ev¯eÍ gLy x I KvhK© i Ávb ARb© Ki‡Z cv‡i (Dewey, 1938)| GB cwieZ‡© bi GKwU Dcvq n‡Z cv‡i †kYª xK‡ÿ mvgvwRK MVbev‡`i (Social Constructivism) c‡Ö qvM|
mvgvwRK weÁvb welq wkLb I wkÿ‡Y MVbev`x `w„ ófw½ c‡Ö qv‡Mi jÿ¨ n‡jv mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi mgm¨v I c×wZmg‡~ ni Mfxi Dcjwä ARb© Ges mgv‡Ri iæZc¡ Y~ © cZÖ ¨qmgn~ m¤ú‡K© gReZy wekv¦ m MVb| wkÿv_xi© v hLb mgm¨vmgn~ ‡K wewfbœ w„ ó‡KvY †_‡K wePvi Ki‡Z †k‡L Ges wkL‡bi welqe¯i‘ wfZ‡i I evB‡i wewfbœ †cwÖ ÿZ kbv³ Ki‡Z cv‡i ZLbB Zvi Ávbxq weKvk Zi¡ vwšZ^ nq (Scheurman, 1998)| GRb¨ iKvi Ggb cwi‡ek †hLv‡b †Kv‡bv wkï hw` †kYª xK‡ÿ nƇMvj K‡i Z‡e Zv‡K †W‡K evB‡i G‡b ejv Pj‡e †Kv_vI wM‡q †Ljv Ki‡Z (iv‡mj, 2007)| mvgvwRK MVbev`x wkÿK g³y Abmy Üv‡bi w`‡K wkÿv_x‡© `i avweZ K‡ib Ges e¯,‘ NUbv I mvs¯‹w… ZK AwfÁZv wb‡q mw„ ókxj wPšbÍ ‡K DrmvwnZ K‡ib| d‡j wZwb mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi KvhK© i wkÿK wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ n‡Z cv‡ib|
M‡elYvi Zvrch©
1995 mv‡ji gva¨wgK ͇ii cwigvwR©Z wkÿvµ‡gI mvgvwRK w`K¸‡jv iæZ¡ †c‡q‡Q Ges †mL‡b †ZBkwU mvaviY D‡Ï‡k¨i g‡a¨ bqwU Nwbôfv‡e mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z
evsjv‡`‡k wbgœ-gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i mvgvwRK weÁvb: †kªYxK‡ÿ mvgvwRK MVbev‡`i PP©v
* mnKvix Aa¨vcK, Bbw÷wUDU Ae GW‡y Kkb,`viæj Bnmvb wekw¦ e`¨vjq, XvKv|
*wRbvœ Z Aviv LvZbz
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 07
f~wgKvevsjv‡`‡k 1995 mv‡ji wkÿvµg I cvV¨mw~ P cwigvR‡b© i ci 1996 mvj †_‡K wbg-œ gva¨wgK ‡Í i mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi AšfÍ ³©z QqwU ¸iæZc¡ Y~ © wel‡qi (†hgb: mgvRweÁvb, BwZnvm, †cŠibxwZ, A_b© xwZ, f‡~ Mvj I RbmsL¨v) mgš‡q ÔmvgvwRK weÁvbÕ bv‡g GKwU Avewk¨K welq cVb-cvVb Kiv n‡”Q| e¯Z‘ mvgvwRK weÁvb cv‡Vi gva¨‡g wkÿv_x© iv Rvb‡Z cv‡i †`k I RvwZi BwZnvm, ms¯‹w… Zi iƒc‡iLv, †fŠ‡MvwjK cwiPq, A_‰© bwZK aviYv, RbmsL¨vi aviYv BZ¨vw` bvbv welq| Z‡e, mvgvwRK weÁvb welq wkÿ‡Yi gLy ¨ D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv wkÿv_x© ‡`i‡K mgv‡Ri Rb¨ Kj¨vYKi I KvhK© i mby vMwi‡K cwiYZ Kiv (Brown, 1999)| wKš‘ mbvZb c×wZ‡Z mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿ‡Y wkÿK-†Kw›`Kª †h Kvhµ© g e¨eüZ nq Zv‡Z wewfbœ NUbv Ges cZÖ ¨q gLy ¯K’ i‡Yi IciI ¸iæZ¡ †`Iqv nq| wkÿ‡Ki e³Z… v-†Kw›`Kª G c×wZ‡Z wkÿv_xi© †gav, mvg_ © I AvMnÖ A‡bKvs‡k D‡cwÿZ nq e‡j mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi gZ welq wkL‡bi cKÖ Z… cwi‡ek mw„ ó nq bv| wkÿv_xi© g‡b AaxZ welqe¯i‘ mv‡_ G¸‡jvi ev¯eÍ c‡Ö qvM I c‡Ö qvRbxqZv m¤ú‡K© Dcjwä Rb¥ †bq bv| e¨envwiK Rxe‡b wkÿv_xi© v cvÖ qk Zvi AwRZ© Ávb c‡Ö qvM K‡i h_vh_ wm×všÍ MnÖ ‡Y e¨_© nq e‡j mvgvwRK weÁvb cv‡Vi gLy ¨ D‡Ïk¨B e¨_© nq - KvhK© i mby vMwiK ˆZwi nq bv| d‡j, mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿ‡Ki Ici †h ¸iæ`vwqZ¡ AwcZ© (wkÿv_x© ‡`i‡K KvhK© i mby vMwi‡K cwiYZ Kiv) Zvi cY~ © ev¯eÍ vqb m¤e¢ nq bv| GRb¨ mbvZb wkÿv- c×wZ †_‡K m‡i G‡m Ggb h‡y Mvc‡hvMx c×wZ MnÖ Y Kiv c‡Ö qvRb hv‡Z K‡i wkÿv_xi© v ev¯eÍ gLy x I KvhK© i Ávb ARb© Ki‡Z cv‡i (Dewey, 1938)| GB cwieZ‡© bi GKwU Dcvq n‡Z cv‡i †kYª xK‡ÿ mvgvwRK MVbev‡`i (Social Constructivism) c‡Ö qvM|
mvgvwRK weÁvb welq wkLb I wkÿ‡Y MVbev`x `w„ ófw½ c‡Ö qv‡Mi jÿ¨ n‡jv mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi mgm¨v I c×wZmg‡~ ni Mfxi Dcjwä ARb© Ges mgv‡Ri iæZc¡ Y~ © cZÖ ¨qmgn~ m¤ú‡K© gReZy wekv¦ m MVb| wkÿv_xi© v hLb mgm¨vmgn~ ‡K wewfbœ w„ ó‡KvY †_‡K wePvi Ki‡Z †k‡L Ges wkL‡bi welqe¯i‘ wfZ‡i I evB‡i wewfbœ †cwÖ ÿZ kbv³ Ki‡Z cv‡i ZLbB Zvi Ávbxq weKvk Zi¡ vwšZ^ nq (Scheurman, 1998)| GRb¨ iKvi Ggb cwi‡ek †hLv‡b †Kv‡bv wkï hw` †kYª xK‡ÿ nƇMvj K‡i Z‡e Zv‡K †W‡K evB‡i G‡b ejv Pj‡e †Kv_vI wM‡q †Ljv Ki‡Z (iv‡mj, 2007)| mvgvwRK MVbev`x wkÿK g³y Abmy Üv‡bi w`‡K wkÿv_x‡© `i avweZ K‡ib Ges e¯,‘ NUbv I mvs¯‹w… ZK AwfÁZv wb‡q mw„ ókxj wPšbÍ ‡K DrmvwnZ K‡ib| d‡j wZwb mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi KvhK© i wkÿK wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ n‡Z cv‡ib|
M‡elYvi Zvrch©
1995 mv‡ji gva¨wgK ͇ii cwigvwR©Z wkÿvµ‡gI mvgvwRK w`K¸‡jv iæZ¡ †c‡q‡Q Ges †mL‡b †ZBkwU mvaviY D‡Ï‡k¨i g‡a¨ bqwU Nwbôfv‡e mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z
evsjv‡`‡k wbgœ-gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i mvgvwRK weÁvb: †kªYxK‡ÿ mvgvwRK MVbev‡`i PP©v
* mnKvix Aa¨vcK, Bbw÷wUDU Ae GW‡y Kkb,`viæj Bnmvb wekw¦ e`¨vjq, XvKv|
*wRbvœ Z Aviv LvZbz
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx08
(Gb.wm.wUwe:1995:12-13)| ZvQvov, evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ wkÿvbxwZ‡ZI D‡Ïk¨ wba©vi‡Y mvgvwRK weÁvb‡K iæZ¡ †`Iqv n‡q‡Q (Maleq, 2002) | c„w_exi wewfbœ †`‡ki gZ evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿv RM‡ZI Ô¸YMZ wkÿvÕ GKwU e¨vcKfv‡e Av‡jvwPZ welq| cwigvYMZfv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿv wbtm‡›`‡n AMÖMwZ jvf K‡i‡Q| 2004 mv‡ji miKvwi wnmve Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡k 15 eQi-EaŸ© Rb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ wkÿvi nvi 51.6%| wKš‘ wkÿvi ¸YMZ gv‡b DbœwZ n‡q‡Q GK_v ejv hv‡e bv| Gm.Gm.wm. cixÿvi djvd‡ji †ÿ‡ÎI G-K_v cÖ‡hvR¨ hw`I cv‡mi nvi B`vwbs †e‡o‡Q| ¸YMZ gvb Dbœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ evsjv‡`‡k gva¨wgK wkÿv¯Í‡i welqwfwËK wkLb-dj wbav©iY Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e GB wkLb-dj AR©‡bi wPÎ †gv‡UB m‡šÍlRbK bq| ejv hvq, gva¨wgK wkÿvi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡b evsjv‡`k A‡bKUv wcwQ‡q i‡q‡Q|
wkÿvi gvb Dbœq‡b evsjv‡`k miKvi cÖv_wgK ͇ii b¨vq gva¨wgK ͇iI †ek wKQz cÖKí ev Kg©m~wP nv‡Z wb‡q‡Q (gv‡jK I Ab¨vb¨, 2007)| †hgb- SEDP, SESIP: I, SESIP - II, FSSAP,
PROMOTE| GQvov, wkÿvi ¸YMZ gvb AR©‡b wkÿ‡Ki gvb e„w×i cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi †eva †_‡K evsjv‡`k miKvi we‡`wk Avw_©K mnvqZvq Ôgva¨wgK wkÿvq wkÿY gv‡bvbœqb cÖKíÕ (TQI-SEP) MÖnY K‡i †hLv‡b wkÿv cÖwµqvq MVbev` e¨env‡ii Bw½Z i‡q‡Q (gva¨wgK mvgvwRK weÁvb cÖwkÿY g¨vbyqvj, 2007)| Dciš‘‘ RvZxq wek¦we`¨vj‡qi AšÍf©y³ wkÿK cÖwkÿY cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi eZ©gvb wkÿvµ‡g Avewk¨Kfv‡e mvgvwRK MVbev` (ES-102 wkLb, g~j¨hvPvB Ges cÖwZdjbg~jK Abykxjb bvgK †Kvm©) cvV`vb Kiv n‡”Q|
wkÿvi YMZ gvb Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ miKvwi I †emiKvwi wewfbœ Kg©m~wP †`‡ki _vbv, †Rjv, wefvM ev ivóªxq ch©v‡q cwiPvwjZ n‡”Q| wKš‘ wkLb _vbv, †Rjv, wefvM ev ivóªxq ch©v‡q N‡U bv, eis GwU †kªYxK‡ÿ N‡U _v‡K| 2000 mv‡j cwiPvwjZ Avi GK M‡elYvq Rvbv hvq, wbe©vwPZ mKj wkÿKB (100%) mvgvwRK weÁvb †kªYxK‡ÿ e³…Zv`vb c×wZ e¨envi K‡ib Ges wKQzmsL¨K wkÿK Av‡jvPbv (65%), cÖ‡kœvËi (80%), wgkª c×wZ (90%) Ges evwoi KvR (45%) cÖ`vb K‡ib| M‡elYvq AviI †`Lv‡bv nq †h, wkÿKMY †KDB †Kv‡bv AvaywbK c×wZ ev †KŠkj (†hgb-DcKiY e¨envi, †eªb ÷wg©s) e¨envi K‡ib bv (Maleq, 2002)| 2000 mv‡j cwiPvwjZ Avi GK M‡elYvq Rvbv hvq, 40 Rb wbe©vwPZ wkÿ‡Ki g‡a¨ mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡q Ávbm¤úbœ wkÿK 40% M‡oi †P‡q fvj, 13% Mo, 5% M‡oi wb‡P (Maleq, Begum and Hossain, 2004)|
myZivs G‡`‡k ¸YMZ wkÿv‡K wbwðZ Kivi †ÿ‡Î GKwU Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb n‡jv, MZvbyMwZK †kªYxK‡ÿi aviv cwieZ©b K‡i †kªYxKÿ‡K wkÿv_©xi Rb¨ wkLb-evÜe Kiv| †kªYxK‡ÿ mvgvwRK MVbev` cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g GKwU DrK…ó wkLb-evÜe cwi‡ek m„wó Kiv m¤¢e| G ai‡bi cwi‡ek m„wói Rb¨ wkÿ‡Ki mvgvwRK MVbev` Ges Gi cÖ‡qvM m¤ú‡K© ch©vß Ávb _vK‡Z n‡e| myZivs eZ©gv‡b G‡`‡ki wkÿKMY †kªYxK‡ÿ (1) m‡PZbfv‡e wKsev wb‡Ri ARv‡šÍ mvgvwRK MVbev` KZUzKz e¨envi Ki‡Qb, (2) mvgvwRK MVbev` KZUzKz e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges 3) we`¨gvb †fŠZ welqvewj I A‡fŠZ A_©vr wkÿvµwgK welqvewj (eZ©gvb cvV¨cy¯ÍK) GB gZev` cÖ‡qv‡M KZUzKz Kvh©Ki f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i Zv Rvb‡Z eZ©gvb M‡elYvwUi Zvrch© i‡q‡Q|
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 09
we‡kl D‡Ïk¨eZ©gvb M‡elYvwU mywbw`©ó KZMy‡jv we‡kl D‡Ïk¨ kbv³ K‡i cwiPvwjZ n‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv wbgœiƒc:
K) gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿKMY Zuv‡`i †kªYxK‡ÿ mvgvwRK MVbev` KZUzKz PP©v Ki‡Qb Zv wbav©iY Kiv|
L) †kªYxK‡ÿ mvgvwRK MVbev` PP©v I wkÿv_©x‡`i AR©‡bi g‡a¨ m¤úK© wbY©q Kiv| M) †kªYxK‡ÿ mvgvwRK MVbev` cÖ‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vb Kx cwigvY i‡q‡Q Zv kbv³
Kiv|N) mvgvwRK MVbev` cÖ‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î wkÿvµwgK Dcv`v‡bi cÖfve wPwýZ Kiv|O) mvgvwRK MVbev` cÖ‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î we`¨vjq I †kªYxK‡ÿi †fŠZ Dcv`v‡bi cÖfve wPwýZ
Kiv|
M‡elYv c×wZ GKwU avivevwnK c×wZi gva¨‡g GB M‡elYvKg©wU cwiPvwjZ n‡q‡Q| M‡elYvi ¯Íi I welq wbe©vP‡bi ci mswkøó M‡elYv wi‡cvU©, Rvb©vj I cy¯ÍK ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
M‡elYvi Rb¨ D‡Ïk¨wfwËK bgybvqb c×wZ AbymiY K‡i Gm.Gm.wm cixÿvi djvd‡ji wfwˇZ XvKv kn‡ii kxl©¯’vbxq `kwU miKvwi I †emiKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vjq‡K wbe©vPb Kiv n‡q‡Q| wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwU we`¨vj‡qi mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿKM‡Yi ga¨ †_‡K D‡Ïk¨g~jK bgybvqb c×wZ e¨envi K‡i `yRb wkÿK‡K bgybv wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| †mme wkÿ‡Ki mv‡_ mswkøó wkÿv_©x‡`i ga¨ †_‡K ˆ`ePwqZ bgybvq‡bi gva¨‡g M‡o wÎk Rb K‡i wkÿv_©x‡KI bgybv wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| ZvQvov wbe©vwPZ kwU we`¨vjq Ges †mme we`¨vjq I we`¨vj‡qi Aóg †kªYxi mvgvwRK weÁvb †kªYxKÿ‡K bgybv wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
GB M‡elYvK‡g©i cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ Aóg †kªYxi mvgvwRK weÁvb welq-wkÿK Ges mswkøó wkÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ 25wU cÖkœ msewjZ c„_K c„_K `yÕwU cÖ‡kœvËwiKv (questionnaire) e¨envi K‡i Zv‡`i KvQ ‡_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv n‡q‡Q| wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwU we`¨vjq I mvgvwRK weÁvb †kªYxKÿ ch©‡eÿY K‡i wkÿvµwgK I †fŠZ welqvewj msµvšÍ 25 AvB‡U‡gi GKwU †PKwj÷ c~iY Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡Z †gvU †¯‹vi aiv n‡q‡Q 25| Gi g‡a¨ wkÿvµwgK Dcv`vb i‡q‡Q 9wU Ges †fŠZ Dcv`vb i‡q‡Q 16wU| †PKwj÷wU M‡elK wb‡R ch©‡eÿY K‡i Ges cÖ‡qvR‡b wkÿK I wkÿv_x©‡`i mv‡_ K_v e‡j c~iY K‡ib|
Rwic cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ cÖkœcÎ cÖYq‡b e×-cÖkœ (closed question) e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœvËwiKvq wjKv‡U©i 4 avcwewkó †¯‹j e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœi m¤¢ve¨ DËi wQj - †gv‡UI bv (†¯‹vi 1), mvgvb¨ (†¯‹vi 2), wKQzUv (†¯‹vi 3) Ges m¤ú~Y© (†¯‹vi 4)| D‡jøL¨, wkÿ‡Ki Rb¨ cÖYqbK…Z cÖ‡kœvËwiKvq `ywU cÖ‡kœi †¯‹vi wQj wecixZgyLx A_v©r G 2wU cÖ‡kœi Rb¨ †gv‡UI bv (†¯‹vi 4), mvgvb¨ (†¯‹vi 3), wKQzUv (†¯‹vi 2) Ges m¤ú~Y© (†¯‹vi 1)| wkÿK I wkÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ e¨eüZ cÖ‡kœvËwiKvi cÖ‡Z¨KwUi Rb¨ m‡ev©”P †¯‹vi wQj 100 Ges me©wbgœ †¯‹vi 25| ZvQvov, Aóg †kªYxi mvgvwRK weÁvb welq wkÿK‡`i Rb¨ mvÿvrKvi c×wZ e¨envi K‡i eZ©gvb mvgvwRK weÁvb
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx08
(Gb.wm.wUwe:1995:12-13)| ZvQvov, evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ wkÿvbxwZ‡ZI D‡Ïk¨ wba©vi‡Y mvgvwRK weÁvb‡K iæZ¡ †`Iqv n‡q‡Q (Maleq, 2002) | c„w_exi wewfbœ †`‡ki gZ evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿv RM‡ZI Ô¸YMZ wkÿvÕ GKwU e¨vcKfv‡e Av‡jvwPZ welq| cwigvYMZfv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿv wbtm‡›`‡n AMÖMwZ jvf K‡i‡Q| 2004 mv‡ji miKvwi wnmve Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡k 15 eQi-EaŸ© Rb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ wkÿvi nvi 51.6%| wKš‘ wkÿvi ¸YMZ gv‡b DbœwZ n‡q‡Q GK_v ejv hv‡e bv| Gm.Gm.wm. cixÿvi djvd‡ji †ÿ‡ÎI G-K_v cÖ‡hvR¨ hw`I cv‡mi nvi B`vwbs †e‡o‡Q| ¸YMZ gvb Dbœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ evsjv‡`‡k gva¨wgK wkÿv¯Í‡i welqwfwËK wkLb-dj wbav©iY Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e GB wkLb-dj AR©‡bi wPÎ †gv‡UB m‡šÍlRbK bq| ejv hvq, gva¨wgK wkÿvi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡b evsjv‡`k A‡bKUv wcwQ‡q i‡q‡Q|
wkÿvi gvb Dbœq‡b evsjv‡`k miKvi cÖv_wgK ͇ii b¨vq gva¨wgK ͇iI †ek wKQz cÖKí ev Kg©m~wP nv‡Z wb‡q‡Q (gv‡jK I Ab¨vb¨, 2007)| †hgb- SEDP, SESIP: I, SESIP - II, FSSAP,
PROMOTE| GQvov, wkÿvi ¸YMZ gvb AR©‡b wkÿ‡Ki gvb e„w×i cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi †eva †_‡K evsjv‡`k miKvi we‡`wk Avw_©K mnvqZvq Ôgva¨wgK wkÿvq wkÿY gv‡bvbœqb cÖKíÕ (TQI-SEP) MÖnY K‡i †hLv‡b wkÿv cÖwµqvq MVbev` e¨env‡ii Bw½Z i‡q‡Q (gva¨wgK mvgvwRK weÁvb cÖwkÿY g¨vbyqvj, 2007)| Dciš‘‘ RvZxq wek¦we`¨vj‡qi AšÍf©y³ wkÿK cÖwkÿY cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi eZ©gvb wkÿvµ‡g Avewk¨Kfv‡e mvgvwRK MVbev` (ES-102 wkLb, g~j¨hvPvB Ges cÖwZdjbg~jK Abykxjb bvgK †Kvm©) cvV`vb Kiv n‡”Q|
wkÿvi YMZ gvb Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ miKvwi I †emiKvwi wewfbœ Kg©m~wP †`‡ki _vbv, †Rjv, wefvM ev ivóªxq ch©v‡q cwiPvwjZ n‡”Q| wKš‘ wkLb _vbv, †Rjv, wefvM ev ivóªxq ch©v‡q N‡U bv, eis GwU †kªYxK‡ÿ N‡U _v‡K| 2000 mv‡j cwiPvwjZ Avi GK M‡elYvq Rvbv hvq, wbe©vwPZ mKj wkÿKB (100%) mvgvwRK weÁvb †kªYxK‡ÿ e³…Zv`vb c×wZ e¨envi K‡ib Ges wKQzmsL¨K wkÿK Av‡jvPbv (65%), cÖ‡kœvËi (80%), wgkª c×wZ (90%) Ges evwoi KvR (45%) cÖ`vb K‡ib| M‡elYvq AviI †`Lv‡bv nq †h, wkÿKMY †KDB †Kv‡bv AvaywbK c×wZ ev †KŠkj (†hgb-DcKiY e¨envi, †eªb ÷wg©s) e¨envi K‡ib bv (Maleq, 2002)| 2000 mv‡j cwiPvwjZ Avi GK M‡elYvq Rvbv hvq, 40 Rb wbe©vwPZ wkÿ‡Ki g‡a¨ mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡q Ávbm¤úbœ wkÿK 40% M‡oi †P‡q fvj, 13% Mo, 5% M‡oi wb‡P (Maleq, Begum and Hossain, 2004)|
myZivs G‡`‡k ¸YMZ wkÿv‡K wbwðZ Kivi †ÿ‡Î GKwU Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb n‡jv, MZvbyMwZK †kªYxK‡ÿi aviv cwieZ©b K‡i †kªYxKÿ‡K wkÿv_©xi Rb¨ wkLb-evÜe Kiv| †kªYxK‡ÿ mvgvwRK MVbev` cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g GKwU DrK…ó wkLb-evÜe cwi‡ek m„wó Kiv m¤¢e| G ai‡bi cwi‡ek m„wói Rb¨ wkÿ‡Ki mvgvwRK MVbev` Ges Gi cÖ‡qvM m¤ú‡K© ch©vß Ávb _vK‡Z n‡e| myZivs eZ©gv‡b G‡`‡ki wkÿKMY †kªYxK‡ÿ (1) m‡PZbfv‡e wKsev wb‡Ri ARv‡šÍ mvgvwRK MVbev` KZUzKz e¨envi Ki‡Qb, (2) mvgvwRK MVbev` KZUzKz e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges 3) we`¨gvb †fŠZ welqvewj I A‡fŠZ A_©vr wkÿvµwgK welqvewj (eZ©gvb cvV¨cy¯ÍK) GB gZev` cÖ‡qv‡M KZUzKz Kvh©Ki f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i Zv Rvb‡Z eZ©gvb M‡elYvwUi Zvrch© i‡q‡Q|
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 09
we‡kl D‡Ïk¨eZ©gvb M‡elYvwU mywbw`©ó KZMy‡jv we‡kl D‡Ïk¨ kbv³ K‡i cwiPvwjZ n‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv wbgœiƒc:
K) gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿKMY Zuv‡`i †kªYxK‡ÿ mvgvwRK MVbev` KZUzKz PP©v Ki‡Qb Zv wbav©iY Kiv|
L) †kªYxK‡ÿ mvgvwRK MVbev` PP©v I wkÿv_©x‡`i AR©‡bi g‡a¨ m¤úK© wbY©q Kiv| M) †kªYxK‡ÿ mvgvwRK MVbev` cÖ‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vb Kx cwigvY i‡q‡Q Zv kbv³
Kiv|N) mvgvwRK MVbev` cÖ‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î wkÿvµwgK Dcv`v‡bi cÖfve wPwýZ Kiv|O) mvgvwRK MVbev` cÖ‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î we`¨vjq I †kªYxK‡ÿi †fŠZ Dcv`v‡bi cÖfve wPwýZ
Kiv|
M‡elYv c×wZ GKwU avivevwnK c×wZi gva¨‡g GB M‡elYvKg©wU cwiPvwjZ n‡q‡Q| M‡elYvi ¯Íi I welq wbe©vP‡bi ci mswkøó M‡elYv wi‡cvU©, Rvb©vj I cy¯ÍK ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
M‡elYvi Rb¨ D‡Ïk¨wfwËK bgybvqb c×wZ AbymiY K‡i Gm.Gm.wm cixÿvi djvd‡ji wfwˇZ XvKv kn‡ii kxl©¯’vbxq `kwU miKvwi I †emiKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vjq‡K wbe©vPb Kiv n‡q‡Q| wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwU we`¨vj‡qi mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿKM‡Yi ga¨ †_‡K D‡Ïk¨g~jK bgybvqb c×wZ e¨envi K‡i `yRb wkÿK‡K bgybv wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| †mme wkÿ‡Ki mv‡_ mswkøó wkÿv_©x‡`i ga¨ †_‡K ˆ`ePwqZ bgybvq‡bi gva¨‡g M‡o wÎk Rb K‡i wkÿv_©x‡KI bgybv wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| ZvQvov wbe©vwPZ kwU we`¨vjq Ges †mme we`¨vjq I we`¨vj‡qi Aóg †kªYxi mvgvwRK weÁvb †kªYxKÿ‡K bgybv wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
GB M‡elYvK‡g©i cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ Aóg †kªYxi mvgvwRK weÁvb welq-wkÿK Ges mswkøó wkÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ 25wU cÖkœ msewjZ c„_K c„_K `yÕwU cÖ‡kœvËwiKv (questionnaire) e¨envi K‡i Zv‡`i KvQ ‡_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv n‡q‡Q| wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwU we`¨vjq I mvgvwRK weÁvb †kªYxKÿ ch©‡eÿY K‡i wkÿvµwgK I †fŠZ welqvewj msµvšÍ 25 AvB‡U‡gi GKwU †PKwj÷ c~iY Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡Z †gvU †¯‹vi aiv n‡q‡Q 25| Gi g‡a¨ wkÿvµwgK Dcv`vb i‡q‡Q 9wU Ges †fŠZ Dcv`vb i‡q‡Q 16wU| †PKwj÷wU M‡elK wb‡R ch©‡eÿY K‡i Ges cÖ‡qvR‡b wkÿK I wkÿv_x©‡`i mv‡_ K_v e‡j c~iY K‡ib|
Rwic cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ cÖkœcÎ cÖYq‡b e×-cÖkœ (closed question) e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœvËwiKvq wjKv‡U©i 4 avcwewkó †¯‹j e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœi m¤¢ve¨ DËi wQj - †gv‡UI bv (†¯‹vi 1), mvgvb¨ (†¯‹vi 2), wKQzUv (†¯‹vi 3) Ges m¤ú~Y© (†¯‹vi 4)| D‡jøL¨, wkÿ‡Ki Rb¨ cÖYqbK…Z cÖ‡kœvËwiKvq `ywU cÖ‡kœi †¯‹vi wQj wecixZgyLx A_v©r G 2wU cÖ‡kœi Rb¨ †gv‡UI bv (†¯‹vi 4), mvgvb¨ (†¯‹vi 3), wKQzUv (†¯‹vi 2) Ges m¤ú~Y© (†¯‹vi 1)| wkÿK I wkÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ e¨eüZ cÖ‡kœvËwiKvi cÖ‡Z¨KwUi Rb¨ m‡ev©”P †¯‹vi wQj 100 Ges me©wbgœ †¯‹vi 25| ZvQvov, Aóg †kªYxi mvgvwRK weÁvb welq wkÿK‡`i Rb¨ mvÿvrKvi c×wZ e¨envi K‡i eZ©gvb mvgvwRK weÁvb
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx10
cvV¨cy¯ÍK, cvV`v‡bi Rb¨ eivÏ mgq I my‡hvM-myweav m¤ú‡K© Zuv‡`i civgk© I gZvgZ PvIqv n‡q‡Q| GB M‡elYvi Rb¨ Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qvRbxq mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Kiv n‡q‡Q|
DcvË we‡kølY cÖvß DcvËmg~‡ni cwimsL¨vwbK we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ Mo, Av`k© wePz¨wZ, mn-m¤úK© wbY©q Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖ_g As‡k wkÿK‡`i wbKU †_‡K cÖvß DcvË we‡kølY, wØZxq As‡k wkÿv_x©‡`i wbKU †_‡K cÖvß DcvË we‡kølY, Z…Zxq As‡k wkÿK-wkÿv_x©‡`i Dcv‡Ëi Zzjbvg~jK we‡kølY Ges PZz_© As‡k wkÿvµwgK I †fŠZ Dcv`v‡bi †PKwj÷ †_‡K cÖvß DcvË we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q| DcvË we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ gvB‡µvmdU G‡·j †cÖvMÖvg e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
wkÿK‡`i wbKU †_‡K cÖvß DcvËM‡elYvi Rb¨ wbe©vwPZ XvKv kn‡ii `kwU miKvwi I †emiKvwi gva¨wgK ¯‹y‡ji Aóg †kªYxi †gvU wek Rb mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿK‡ÿ cÖ‡kœvËwiKv mieivn Kiv n‡qwQj| Zuv‡`i g‡a¨ 8 Rb (40%) cyiæl I 12 Rb (60%) gwnjv| 1 Rb (5%) wkÿ‡Ki wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zv mœvZK chv©‡qi (we.G. / we.Gm.Gm. / we.Gmwm.) Ges 19 Rb (9.5%) wkÿ‡Ki wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zv mœvZ‡KvËi chv©‡qi (Gg.G. / Gg.Gm.Gm. / Gg.Gmwm.)| G‡`i g‡a¨ 3 Rb (15%) wkÿK mœvZK I mœvZ‡KvËi chv©‡q mvgvwRK weÁvb mswkøó wel‡q Aa¨qb K‡ib wb| wbev©wPZ 20 Rb wkÿ‡Ki g‡a¨ 14 Rb (70%) ïay we.GW, 4 Rb (20%) Gg.GW Ges 2 R‡bi (10%) wkÿv wel‡q †Kv‡bv wWwMÖ †bB| †gvU 12 Rb (60%) wkÿK wU.wKD.AvB cÖwkÿYcÖvß Ges 3 Rb (15%) wkÿK wkÿvmsµvšÍ wewfbœ ¯^íKvjxb cÖwkÿY MÖnY K‡i‡Qb|
wbgœ-gva¨wgK ͇ii mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿK‡`i Rb¨ Zwi cÖ‡kœvËwiKvi cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœ 1, 2, 3 A_ev 4 †¯‹vi msewjZ †gvU 25wU cÖ‡kœ m‡ev©”P 25x4=100 †¯‹vi Kiv m¤¢e| 20 Rb wkÿ‡Ki me©‡gvU AwR©Z †¯‹vi n‡q‡Q 1524 (wPÎ bs 1); m‡ev©”P †¯‹vi 86; me©wbgœ †¯‹vi 68; Mo †¯‹vi 76.2 (Av`k© wePz¨wZ 5.63)|
wPÎ bs 1: wkÿK‡`i AwR©Z me©‡gvU †¯‹vi
wkÿK‡`i Mo †¯‹vi‡K wbgœ-gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i mvgvwRK weÁvb †kªYxK‡ÿ mvgvwRK MVbev` cÖ‡qv‡Mi gvb`Ð wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, Rwi‡ci AvIZvaxb ¯‹zj¸‡jv‡Z gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡q mvgvwRK MVbev‡`i cÖ‡qvM m‡šÍvlRbK chv©‡q Av‡Q|
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73 71 7272
85 86
71 76 78
82
73 72
80
75 76
83
75
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 11
†RÛvi Abyhvqx we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, cyiæl wkÿK‡`i †gvU †¯‹vi 627 (Mo 78.37, Av`k© wePz¨wZ 4.92) I gwnjv wkÿK‡`i †gvU †¯‹vi 897 (Mo 74.75, Av`k© wePz¨wZ 5.80)| G yB ‡ji †¯‹v‡ii M‡oi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ cwimsL¨vbMZfv‡e Zvrch©c~Y© bq (p = 0.68); A_v©r gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i mvgvwRK weÁvb †kªYxK‡ÿ gwnjv I cyiæl wkÿ‡Ki g‡a¨ mvgvwRK MVbev‡`i PPv©q Zvrch©c~Y© cv_©K¨ †bB|
wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zv Abyhvqx wbe©vwPZ wkÿKMY‡K wZbwU †kªYx‡Z wef³ Kiv n‡q‡Q: 1. we.G. (cvm), 2. we.G (cvm), Gg.G Ges 3. we.G (Abvm©), Gg.G| GB wefvRb Abyhvqx wkÿK‡`i AwR©Z †¯‹vi †_‡K ejv hvq †h, mvgvwRK weÁvb †kªYxK‡ÿ MVbev` cÖ‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î wkÿK‡`i wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zv †Kv‡bv cÖfve †d‡j wb| wkÿv wel‡q †ckvMZ wWwMÖ Abyhvqx wbe©vwPZ wkÿKMY‡K wZbwU †kªYx‡Z wef³ Kiv n‡q‡Q: 1. ïay we.GW 2. Gg.GW Ges 3. †Kv‡bv wWwMÖ †bB| GB wefvRb Abyhvqx wkÿK‡`i AwR©Z †¯‹vi we‡kølY †_‡K ejv hvq, mvgvwRK weÁvb †kªYxK‡ÿ MVbev` cÖ‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î wkÿK‡`i †ckvMZ wWwMÖ †Zgb †Kv‡bv cÖfve †d‡j wb| wbev©wPZ 20 Rb wkÿ‡Ki g‡a¨ †gvU 12 Rb (60%) wkÿK wU.wKD.AvB cÖwkÿYcÖvß| wU.wKD.AvB cÖwkÿYcÖvß wkÿK‡`i AwR©Z Mo †¯‹vi 75.41 Ges wU.wKD.AvB cÖwkÿYwenxb wkÿK‡`i AwR©Z Mo †¯‹vi 77.37| GB `yB `‡ji †¯‹v‡i `yB-bgybv ANOVA Test e¨envi K‡i †`Lv hvq, `yB `‡ji †¯‹v‡i †Kv‡bv Zvrch©c~Y© cv_©K¨ †bB (p=0.413)|
wbe©vwPZ wbgœ-gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿKMY ˆ`wbK M‡o 5wU K¬vm †bb (m‡ev©”P 7wU, me©wbgœ 4wU, K¬v‡m ˆ`wbK e¨wqZ Mo mgq 193 wgwbU)| Aóg †kªYxi mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿKM‡Yi ˆ`wbK Mo K¬v‡mi msL¨vi mv‡_ Zv‡`i AwR©Z †¯‹v‡ii ye©j mn-m¤úK© (r = 0.26) cvIqv †M‡Q (wPÎ bs 2) A_v©r wkÿK‡`i `wbK Mo cv‡Vi msL¨v †kªYxK‡ÿ mvgvwRK MVbev` PPv©i Ici †Zgb cÖfve †d‡j bv|
wPÎ bs 2 : wkÿK‡`i `wbK K¬v‡mi msL¨v I Zuv‡`i AwR©Z †¯‹v‡ii mn-m¤úK©
wkÿKM‡Yi Rb¨ e¨eüZ cÖ‡kœvËwiKvq cÖkœ mwbœweó Kivi Rb¨ mvgvwRK weÁvb †kªYxK‡ÿ MVbev` cÖ‡qv‡Mi PviwU g~jbxwZi (Woolfolk, A, 2004) cÖwZ jÿ ivLv n‡qwQj| G¸‡jv n‡jv: 1) wkÿK †Kej GKRb mnvqZvKvix, 2) wkÿv_x©i mvnvh¨-wbf©i weKvk AÂj (ZPD), 3) Aej¤^b
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evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx10
cvV¨cy¯ÍK, cvV`v‡bi Rb¨ eivÏ mgq I my‡hvM-myweav m¤ú‡K© Zuv‡`i civgk© I gZvgZ PvIqv n‡q‡Q| GB M‡elYvi Rb¨ Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qvRbxq mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Kiv n‡q‡Q|
DcvË we‡kølY cÖvß DcvËmg~‡ni cwimsL¨vwbK we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ Mo, Av`k© wePz¨wZ, mn-m¤úK© wbY©q Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖ_g As‡k wkÿK‡`i wbKU †_‡K cÖvß DcvË we‡kølY, wØZxq As‡k wkÿv_x©‡`i wbKU †_‡K cÖvß DcvË we‡kølY, Z…Zxq As‡k wkÿK-wkÿv_x©‡`i Dcv‡Ëi Zzjbvg~jK we‡kølY Ges PZz_© As‡k wkÿvµwgK I †fŠZ Dcv`v‡bi †PKwj÷ †_‡K cÖvß DcvË we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q| DcvË we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ gvB‡µvmdU G‡·j †cÖvMÖvg e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
wkÿK‡`i wbKU †_‡K cÖvß DcvËM‡elYvi Rb¨ wbe©vwPZ XvKv kn‡ii `kwU miKvwi I †emiKvwi gva¨wgK ¯‹y‡ji Aóg †kªYxi †gvU wek Rb mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿK‡ÿ cÖ‡kœvËwiKv mieivn Kiv n‡qwQj| Zuv‡`i g‡a¨ 8 Rb (40%) cyiæl I 12 Rb (60%) gwnjv| 1 Rb (5%) wkÿ‡Ki wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zv mœvZK chv©‡qi (we.G. / we.Gm.Gm. / we.Gmwm.) Ges 19 Rb (9.5%) wkÿ‡Ki wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zv mœvZ‡KvËi chv©‡qi (Gg.G. / Gg.Gm.Gm. / Gg.Gmwm.)| G‡`i g‡a¨ 3 Rb (15%) wkÿK mœvZK I mœvZ‡KvËi chv©‡q mvgvwRK weÁvb mswkøó wel‡q Aa¨qb K‡ib wb| wbev©wPZ 20 Rb wkÿ‡Ki g‡a¨ 14 Rb (70%) ïay we.GW, 4 Rb (20%) Gg.GW Ges 2 R‡bi (10%) wkÿv wel‡q †Kv‡bv wWwMÖ †bB| †gvU 12 Rb (60%) wkÿK wU.wKD.AvB cÖwkÿYcÖvß Ges 3 Rb (15%) wkÿK wkÿvmsµvšÍ wewfbœ ¯^íKvjxb cÖwkÿY MÖnY K‡i‡Qb|
wbgœ-gva¨wgK ͇ii mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿK‡`i Rb¨ Zwi cÖ‡kœvËwiKvi cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœ 1, 2, 3 A_ev 4 †¯‹vi msewjZ †gvU 25wU cÖ‡kœ m‡ev©”P 25x4=100 †¯‹vi Kiv m¤¢e| 20 Rb wkÿ‡Ki me©‡gvU AwR©Z †¯‹vi n‡q‡Q 1524 (wPÎ bs 1); m‡ev©”P †¯‹vi 86; me©wbgœ †¯‹vi 68; Mo †¯‹vi 76.2 (Av`k© wePz¨wZ 5.63)|
wPÎ bs 1: wkÿK‡`i AwR©Z me©‡gvU †¯‹vi
wkÿK‡`i Mo †¯‹vi‡K wbgœ-gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i mvgvwRK weÁvb †kªYxK‡ÿ mvgvwRK MVbev` cÖ‡qv‡Mi gvb`Ð wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, Rwi‡ci AvIZvaxb ¯‹zj¸‡jv‡Z gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡q mvgvwRK MVbev‡`i cÖ‡qvM m‡šÍvlRbK chv©‡q Av‡Q|
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73 71 7272
85 86
71 76 78
82
73 72
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75 76
83
75
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 11
†RÛvi Abyhvqx we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, cyiæl wkÿK‡`i †gvU †¯‹vi 627 (Mo 78.37, Av`k© wePz¨wZ 4.92) I gwnjv wkÿK‡`i †gvU †¯‹vi 897 (Mo 74.75, Av`k© wePz¨wZ 5.80)| G yB ‡ji †¯‹v‡ii M‡oi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ cwimsL¨vbMZfv‡e Zvrch©c~Y© bq (p = 0.68); A_v©r gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i mvgvwRK weÁvb †kªYxK‡ÿ gwnjv I cyiæl wkÿ‡Ki g‡a¨ mvgvwRK MVbev‡`i PPv©q Zvrch©c~Y© cv_©K¨ †bB|
wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zv Abyhvqx wbe©vwPZ wkÿKMY‡K wZbwU †kªYx‡Z wef³ Kiv n‡q‡Q: 1. we.G. (cvm), 2. we.G (cvm), Gg.G Ges 3. we.G (Abvm©), Gg.G| GB wefvRb Abyhvqx wkÿK‡`i AwR©Z †¯‹vi †_‡K ejv hvq †h, mvgvwRK weÁvb †kªYxK‡ÿ MVbev` cÖ‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î wkÿK‡`i wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zv †Kv‡bv cÖfve †d‡j wb| wkÿv wel‡q †ckvMZ wWwMÖ Abyhvqx wbe©vwPZ wkÿKMY‡K wZbwU †kªYx‡Z wef³ Kiv n‡q‡Q: 1. ïay we.GW 2. Gg.GW Ges 3. †Kv‡bv wWwMÖ †bB| GB wefvRb Abyhvqx wkÿK‡`i AwR©Z †¯‹vi we‡kølY †_‡K ejv hvq, mvgvwRK weÁvb †kªYxK‡ÿ MVbev` cÖ‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î wkÿK‡`i †ckvMZ wWwMÖ †Zgb †Kv‡bv cÖfve †d‡j wb| wbev©wPZ 20 Rb wkÿ‡Ki g‡a¨ †gvU 12 Rb (60%) wkÿK wU.wKD.AvB cÖwkÿYcÖvß| wU.wKD.AvB cÖwkÿYcÖvß wkÿK‡`i AwR©Z Mo †¯‹vi 75.41 Ges wU.wKD.AvB cÖwkÿYwenxb wkÿK‡`i AwR©Z Mo †¯‹vi 77.37| GB `yB `‡ji †¯‹v‡i `yB-bgybv ANOVA Test e¨envi K‡i †`Lv hvq, `yB `‡ji †¯‹v‡i †Kv‡bv Zvrch©c~Y© cv_©K¨ †bB (p=0.413)|
wbe©vwPZ wbgœ-gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿKMY ˆ`wbK M‡o 5wU K¬vm †bb (m‡ev©”P 7wU, me©wbgœ 4wU, K¬v‡m ˆ`wbK e¨wqZ Mo mgq 193 wgwbU)| Aóg †kªYxi mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿKM‡Yi ˆ`wbK Mo K¬v‡mi msL¨vi mv‡_ Zv‡`i AwR©Z †¯‹v‡ii ye©j mn-m¤úK© (r = 0.26) cvIqv †M‡Q (wPÎ bs 2) A_v©r wkÿK‡`i `wbK Mo cv‡Vi msL¨v †kªYxK‡ÿ mvgvwRK MVbev` PPv©i Ici †Zgb cÖfve †d‡j bv|
wPÎ bs 2 : wkÿK‡`i `wbK K¬v‡mi msL¨v I Zuv‡`i AwR©Z †¯‹v‡ii mn-m¤úK©
wkÿKM‡Yi Rb¨ e¨eüZ cÖ‡kœvËwiKvq cÖkœ mwbœweó Kivi Rb¨ mvgvwRK weÁvb †kªYxK‡ÿ MVbev` cÖ‡qv‡Mi PviwU g~jbxwZi (Woolfolk, A, 2004) cÖwZ jÿ ivLv n‡qwQj| G¸‡jv n‡jv: 1) wkÿK †Kej GKRb mnvqZvKvix, 2) wkÿv_x©i mvnvh¨-wbf©i weKvk AÂj (ZPD), 3) Aej¤^b
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(scaffolding) cÖ`vb, I 4) cÖwZôvb-ewnf©~Z AwfÁZv| GB PviwU g~jbxwZi wfwˇZ cÖ‡kœvËwiKvq cÖvß DcvËmg~‡ni we‡kølY wbgœiƒc:
K) wkÿK †Kej GKRb mnvqZvKvix GB bxwZ hvPvB‡q e¨eüZ `ywU cÖ‡kœi Dˇii Rb¨ wbav©wiZ PviwU †¯‹‡ji †KvbwU‡Z wkÿKMY wUK †`b Zvi wfwˇZ we‡kølY Ki‡j wb‡Pi wPÎwU (wPÎ bs 3) cvIqv hvq:
wPÎ bs 3 : wkÿK †Kej GKRb mnvqZvKvix - GB bxwZ hvPvB‡q e¨eüZ cÖ‡kœ wkÿKM‡Yi †¯‹jwfwËK DËi
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx12
GB As‡k 32% Dˇii †¯‹vi wQj 1| we‡kl K‡i 2 bs cÖkœ (Avcwb wK g‡b K‡ib wbgœ-gva¨wgK ͇i mvgvwRK weÁvb cvV`v‡b wkÿ‡Ki f~wgKvB †ewk Dc‡hvMx ?)-Gi Dˇi 10 Rb (25%) 4-†¯‹viwewkó N‡i wUK w`‡q‡Qb| G‡Z cÖZxqgvb nq †h, Rwi‡c AšÍfy©³ wkÿKM‡Yi GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ask GL‡bv mbvZb wkÿK-†Kw›`ªK wkÿY c×wZ‡Z wek¦vmx|
L) mvnvh¨-wbf©i weKvk AÂj (ZPD) Gi cÖ‡qvM hvPvB‡q e¨eüZ †gvU 7wU cÖ‡kœi Dˇii Rb¨ wbav©wiZ PviwU †¯‹‡ji †KvbwU‡Z wkÿKMY wUK †`b Zvi wfwˇZ we‡kølY Ki‡j wb‡Pi wPÎwU (wPÎ bs 4) cvIqv hvq:
wPÎ bs 4 : mvnvh¨-wbf©i weKvk A‡ji cÖ‡qvM hvPvB‡q e¨eüZ cÖ‡kœ wkÿKM‡Yi †¯‹jwfwËK DËi
9 (23%)
10 (25%)
8 (20%)
13 (32%)
†¯‹vi 2
†¯‹vi 3
†¯‹vi 4
†¯‹vi 1
†¯‹vi 1
†¯‹vi 3
†¯‹vi 4
†¯‹vi 2
45 (19%)
(45%)
65 (27%)
22 (9%)108
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 13
GB As‡k 45% Dˇii †¯‹vi wQj 4 Ges Av‡iv 27% Dˇii †¯‹vi wQj 3| A_v©r Rwi‡c AskMÖnYKvix wkÿKM‡Yi GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ask wkÿv_x©‡`i mvnvh¨-wbf©i weKvk AÂj wbY©q Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ cš’v Aej¤^b K‡i _v‡Kb| G KvRwU Zuviv mvgvwRK MVbev` m¤ú‡K© †R‡b m‡PZbfv‡e K‡ib, bvwK wb‡RivB wb‡R‡`i wkÿY-†KŠkj wVK K‡i wb‡q K‡ib GB †¯‹vi †`‡L Zv ejv m¤¢e bq|
M) Aej¤^b (scaffolding) cÖ`vb hvPvB‡q e¨eüZ †gvU 12wU cÖ‡kœi Dˇii Rb¨ wbav©wiZ PviwU †¯‹‡ji †KvbwU‡Z wkÿKMY wUK †`b Zvi wfwˇZ we‡kølY Ki‡j wb‡Pi wPÎwU (wPÎ bs 5) cvIqv hvq:
wPÎ bs 5 : Aej¤^b cÖ`vb hvPvB‡q e¨eüZ cÖ‡kœ wkÿKM‡Yi †¯‹jwfwËK DËi
GB As‡k 70% Dˇii †¯‹vi wQj 4 Ges Av‡iv 26% Dˇii †¯‹vi wQj 3| A_v©r Rwi‡c AskMÖnYKvix wkÿKM‡Yi AwaKvskB wkÿv_x©‡`i cÖ‡qvR‡b wewfbœ cÖKvi Aej¤^b cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡Kb e‡j Rvwb‡q‡Qb| G KvRwU Zuviv mvgvwRK MVbev` m¤ú‡K© †R‡b m‡PZbfv‡e K‡ib, bvwK wb‡RivB wb‡R‡`i wkÿY-†KŠkj wVK K‡i wb‡q K‡ib GB †¯‹vi †`‡L Zv ejv m¤¢e bq|
N) cÖwZôvb- ewnf©~Z AwfÁZv hvPvB‡q e¨eüZ †gvU 4wU cÖ‡kœi Dˇii Rb¨ wbav©wiZ PviwU †¯‹‡ji †KvbwU‡Z wkÿKMY wUK †`b Zvi wfwˇZ we‡kølY Ki‡j wb‡Pi wPÎwU (wPÎ bs 6) cvIqv hvq:
wPÎ bs 6 : cÖwZôvb-ewnf©~Z AwfÁZv hvPvB‡q e¨eüZ cÖ‡kœ wkÿKM‡Yi †¯‹jwfwËK DËi
37 (26%)
97 (70%)
3 (2%)3 (2%)
†¯‹vi 1
†¯‹vi 3
†¯‹vi 4
†¯‹vi 2
19 (24%)
14 (18%)28 (34%)
19 (24%)
†¯‹vi 1
†¯‹vi 3
†¯‹vi 4
†¯‹vi 2
(scaffolding) cÖ`vb, I 4) cÖwZôvb-ewnf©~Z AwfÁZv| GB PviwU g~jbxwZi wfwˇZ cÖ‡kœvËwiKvq cÖvß DcvËmg~‡ni we‡kølY wbgœiƒc:
K) wkÿK †Kej GKRb mnvqZvKvix GB bxwZ hvPvB‡q e¨eüZ `ywU cÖ‡kœi Dˇii Rb¨ wbav©wiZ PviwU †¯‹‡ji †KvbwU‡Z wkÿKMY wUK †`b Zvi wfwˇZ we‡kølY Ki‡j wb‡Pi wPÎwU (wPÎ bs 3) cvIqv hvq:
wPÎ bs 3 : wkÿK †Kej GKRb mnvqZvKvix - GB bxwZ hvPvB‡q e¨eüZ cÖ‡kœ wkÿKM‡Yi †¯‹jwfwËK DËi
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx12
GB As‡k 32% Dˇii †¯‹vi wQj 1| we‡kl K‡i 2 bs cÖkœ (Avcwb wK g‡b K‡ib wbgœ-gva¨wgK ͇i mvgvwRK weÁvb cvV`v‡b wkÿ‡Ki f~wgKvB †ewk Dc‡hvMx ?)-Gi Dˇi 10 Rb (25%) 4-†¯‹viwewkó N‡i wUK w`‡q‡Qb| G‡Z cÖZxqgvb nq †h, Rwi‡c AšÍfy©³ wkÿKM‡Yi GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ask GL‡bv mbvZb wkÿK-†Kw›`ªK wkÿY c×wZ‡Z wek¦vmx|
L) mvnvh¨-wbf©i weKvk AÂj (ZPD) Gi cÖ‡qvM hvPvB‡q e¨eüZ †gvU 7wU cÖ‡kœi Dˇii Rb¨ wbav©wiZ PviwU †¯‹‡ji †KvbwU‡Z wkÿKMY wUK †`b Zvi wfwˇZ we‡kølY Ki‡j wb‡Pi wPÎwU (wPÎ bs 4) cvIqv hvq:
wPÎ bs 4 : mvnvh¨-wbf©i weKvk A‡ji cÖ‡qvM hvPvB‡q e¨eüZ cÖ‡kœ wkÿKM‡Yi †¯‹jwfwËK DËi
9 (23%)
10 (25%)
8 (20%)
13 (32%)
†¯‹vi 2
†¯‹vi 3
†¯‹vi 4
†¯‹vi 1
†¯‹vi 1
†¯‹vi 3
†¯‹vi 4
†¯‹vi 2
45 (19%)
(45%)
65 (27%)
22 (9%)108
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 13
GB As‡k 45% Dˇii †¯‹vi wQj 4 Ges Av‡iv 27% Dˇii †¯‹vi wQj 3| A_v©r Rwi‡c AskMÖnYKvix wkÿKM‡Yi GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ask wkÿv_x©‡`i mvnvh¨-wbf©i weKvk AÂj wbY©q Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ cš’v Aej¤^b K‡i _v‡Kb| G KvRwU Zuviv mvgvwRK MVbev` m¤ú‡K© †R‡b m‡PZbfv‡e K‡ib, bvwK wb‡RivB wb‡R‡`i wkÿY-†KŠkj wVK K‡i wb‡q K‡ib GB †¯‹vi †`‡L Zv ejv m¤¢e bq|
M) Aej¤^b (scaffolding) cÖ`vb hvPvB‡q e¨eüZ †gvU 12wU cÖ‡kœi Dˇii Rb¨ wbav©wiZ PviwU †¯‹‡ji †KvbwU‡Z wkÿKMY wUK †`b Zvi wfwˇZ we‡kølY Ki‡j wb‡Pi wPÎwU (wPÎ bs 5) cvIqv hvq:
wPÎ bs 5 : Aej¤^b cÖ`vb hvPvB‡q e¨eüZ cÖ‡kœ wkÿKM‡Yi †¯‹jwfwËK DËi
GB As‡k 70% Dˇii †¯‹vi wQj 4 Ges Av‡iv 26% Dˇii †¯‹vi wQj 3| A_v©r Rwi‡c AskMÖnYKvix wkÿKM‡Yi AwaKvskB wkÿv_x©‡`i cÖ‡qvR‡b wewfbœ cÖKvi Aej¤^b cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡Kb e‡j Rvwb‡q‡Qb| G KvRwU Zuviv mvgvwRK MVbev` m¤ú‡K© †R‡b m‡PZbfv‡e K‡ib, bvwK wb‡RivB wb‡R‡`i wkÿY-†KŠkj wVK K‡i wb‡q K‡ib GB †¯‹vi †`‡L Zv ejv m¤¢e bq|
N) cÖwZôvb- ewnf©~Z AwfÁZv hvPvB‡q e¨eüZ †gvU 4wU cÖ‡kœi Dˇii Rb¨ wbav©wiZ PviwU †¯‹‡ji †KvbwU‡Z wkÿKMY wUK †`b Zvi wfwˇZ we‡kølY Ki‡j wb‡Pi wPÎwU (wPÎ bs 6) cvIqv hvq:
wPÎ bs 6 : cÖwZôvb-ewnf©~Z AwfÁZv hvPvB‡q e¨eüZ cÖ‡kœ wkÿKM‡Yi †¯‹jwfwËK DËi
37 (26%)
97 (70%)
3 (2%)3 (2%)
†¯‹vi 1
†¯‹vi 3
†¯‹vi 4
†¯‹vi 2
19 (24%)
14 (18%)28 (34%)
19 (24%)
†¯‹vi 1
†¯‹vi 3
†¯‹vi 4
†¯‹vi 2
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx14
GB As‡k Dˇii †¯‹vi me‡P‡q †ewk mgfv‡e ewÈZ n‡q‡Q| 24% Dˇii †¯‹vi wQj 1, 18% Dˇii †¯‹vi wQj 2, 34% Dˇii †¯‹vi wQj 3 Ges 24% Dˇii †¯‹vi wQj 4| 24 bs cÖkœ (Avcbvi cÖwZôv‡b mgv‡R cÖwZwôZ e¨w³MY‡K †kªYxK‡ÿ Avgš¿Y Rvwb‡q wkÿv_©x‡`i D‡Ï‡k¨ wKQz ej‡Z ejvi my‡hvM i‡q‡Q wK?) -Gi Dˇi 10 Rb (50%) e‡j‡Qb Ô†gv‡UI bvÕ, 6 Rb (30%) e‡j‡Qb Ômvgvb¨Õ, 3 Rb (15%) e‡j‡Qb ÔwKQzUvÕ Ges gvÎ 1 Rb (5%) e‡j‡Qb Ôm¤ú~Y©Õ| 25 bs cÖkœ (Avcwb wK wkÿv_©x‡`i wb‡q wkÿv md‡i hvIqvi my‡hvM cvb?) -Gi Dˇi 9 Rb (45%) e‡j‡Qb Ô†gv‡UI bvÕ, 1 Rb (5%) e‡j‡Qb Ômvgvb¨Õ, 7 Rb (35%) e‡j‡Qb ÔwKQzUvÕ Ges gvÎ 3 Rb (15%) e‡j‡Qb Ôm¤ú~Y©Õ| A_v©r Rwi‡c AskMÖnYKvix wkÿKM‡Yi GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ask wkÿv_x©‡`i cÖwZôvb-ewnf~©Z AwfÁZvi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ Kivi †Zgb †Kv‡bv my‡hvM cvb bv e‡j Rvwb‡q‡Qb|
wkÿv_©x‡`i wbKU †_‡K cÖvß DcvËM‡elYvi Rb¨ wbe©vwPZ XvKv kn‡ii `kwU miKvwi I †emiKvwi gva¨wgK ¯‹y‡ji †gvU wek Rb mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿ‡Ki mv‡_ mswkøó Aóg †kªYxi wkÿv_x©‡`i ga¨ †_‡K ˆ`ePq‡bi gva¨‡g wÎk Rb K‡i wkÿv_x©‡K cÖ‡kœvËwiKv mieivn Kiv n‡qwQj|
wkÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ Zwi cÖ‡kœvËwiKvi cÖwZwU‡Z 1, 2, 3 A_ev 4 †¯‹vi msewjZ †gvU 25wU cÖ‡kœ m‡ev©”P 25x4=100 †¯‹vi Kiv m¤¢e| wZbkZ Rb wkÿv_x©i me©‡gvU AwR©Z †¯‹vi n‡q‡Q 18804 (wPÎ bs 7) ; m‡ev©”P †¯‹vi 86 ; me©wbgœ †¯‹vi 36 ; Mo †¯‹vi 63 (Av`k© wePz¨wZ 11.0)|
wPÎ bs 7: wkÿv_x©‡`i AwR©Z me©‡gvU †¯‹vi
wkÿv_x©‡`i Mo †¯‹vi‡K wbgœ-gva¨wgK ͇i mvgvwRK weÁvb †kªYxK‡ÿ mvgvwRK MVbev` cÖ‡qv‡Mi gvb`Ð wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, Rwi‡ci AvIZvaxb ¯‹zj¸‡jv‡Z Aóg †kªYx‡Z mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡q mvgvwRK MVbev‡`i cÖ‡qvM m‡šÍvlRbK chv©‡q Av‡Q|
wkÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ e¨eüZ cÖ‡kœvËwiKvi DËimg~n‡K c~‡ev©wjøwLZ PviwU g~jbxwZi (Woolfolk, A,
2004) wfwˇZ we‡kølY K‡i wb‡gœi djvdj cvIqv wM‡q‡Q:
86
35
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
wk¶v_x©
me©‡
gvU
†¯‹vi
1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101
111
121
131
141
151
161
171
181
191
201
211
221
231
241
251
261
271
281
291
300
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 15
K) wkÿK †Kej GKRb mnvqZvKvix GB bxwZ hvPvB‡q e¨eüZ †gvU 2wU cÖ‡kœi Dˇii Rb¨ wbav©wiZ PviwU †¯‹‡ji †KvbwU‡Z wkÿKMY wUK †`b Zvi wfwˇZ we‡kølY Ki‡j wb‡Pi wPÎwU (wPÎ bs: 8) cvIqv hvq:
wPÎ bs 8: wkÿK †Kej GKRb mnvqZvKvix - GB bxwZ hvPvB‡q e¨eüZ cÖ‡kœ wkÿv_x©‡`i †¯‹jwfwËK DËi
GB As‡k 66% Dˇii †¯‹vi wQj 4| A_v©r D‡jøL‡hvM¨ msL¨K wkÿv_x© wkÿK‡K GKRb mnvqZvKvixi f~wgKvq †c‡q _v‡K e‡j g‡b K‡i|
L) mvnvh¨-wbf©i weKvk AÂj Gi cÖ‡qvM hvPvB‡q e¨eüZ †gvU 5wU cÖ‡kœi Dˇii Rb¨ wbav©wiZ PviwU †¯‹‡ji †KvbwU‡Z wkÿKMY wUK †`b Zvi wfwˇZ we‡kølY Ki‡j wb‡Pi wPÎwU (wPÎ bs: 9) cvIqv hvq:
wPÎ bs 9: mvnvh¨-wbf©i weKvk A‡ji cÖ‡qvM hvPvB‡q e¨eüZ cÖ‡kœ wkÿv_x©‡`i †¯‹jwfwËK DËi
†¯‹vi 1
†¯‹vi 2
†¯‹vi 3
†¯‹vi 4
(66%)
46 (8%)
(12%)
401
70
83 (14%)
(30%)
608 (40%)
451
173 (12%) 268
(18%)
†¯‹vi 1
†¯‹vi 2
†¯‹vi 3
†¯‹vi 4
GB As‡k 40% Dˇii †¯‹vi wQj 4 Ges 30% Dˇii †¯‹vi wQj 3| A_v©r AwaKvsk wkÿv_x©i wkÿK Zv‡`i wkÿv_x©i mvnvh¨-wbf©i weKvk AÂj kbv³ Kivi wewfbœ cš’v Aej¤^b K‡ib e‡j cÖZxqgvb nq |
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx14
GB As‡k Dˇii †¯‹vi me‡P‡q †ewk mgfv‡e ewÈZ n‡q‡Q| 24% Dˇii †¯‹vi wQj 1, 18% Dˇii †¯‹vi wQj 2, 34% Dˇii †¯‹vi wQj 3 Ges 24% Dˇii †¯‹vi wQj 4| 24 bs cÖkœ (Avcbvi cÖwZôv‡b mgv‡R cÖwZwôZ e¨w³MY‡K †kªYxK‡ÿ Avgš¿Y Rvwb‡q wkÿv_©x‡`i D‡Ï‡k¨ wKQz ej‡Z ejvi my‡hvM i‡q‡Q wK?) -Gi Dˇi 10 Rb (50%) e‡j‡Qb Ô†gv‡UI bvÕ, 6 Rb (30%) e‡j‡Qb Ômvgvb¨Õ, 3 Rb (15%) e‡j‡Qb ÔwKQzUvÕ Ges gvÎ 1 Rb (5%) e‡j‡Qb Ôm¤ú~Y©Õ| 25 bs cÖkœ (Avcwb wK wkÿv_©x‡`i wb‡q wkÿv md‡i hvIqvi my‡hvM cvb?) -Gi Dˇi 9 Rb (45%) e‡j‡Qb Ô†gv‡UI bvÕ, 1 Rb (5%) e‡j‡Qb Ômvgvb¨Õ, 7 Rb (35%) e‡j‡Qb ÔwKQzUvÕ Ges gvÎ 3 Rb (15%) e‡j‡Qb Ôm¤ú~Y©Õ| A_v©r Rwi‡c AskMÖnYKvix wkÿKM‡Yi GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ask wkÿv_x©‡`i cÖwZôvb-ewnf~©Z AwfÁZvi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ Kivi †Zgb †Kv‡bv my‡hvM cvb bv e‡j Rvwb‡q‡Qb|
wkÿv_©x‡`i wbKU †_‡K cÖvß DcvËM‡elYvi Rb¨ wbe©vwPZ XvKv kn‡ii `kwU miKvwi I †emiKvwi gva¨wgK ¯‹y‡ji †gvU wek Rb mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿ‡Ki mv‡_ mswkøó Aóg †kªYxi wkÿv_x©‡`i ga¨ †_‡K ˆ`ePq‡bi gva¨‡g wÎk Rb K‡i wkÿv_x©‡K cÖ‡kœvËwiKv mieivn Kiv n‡qwQj|
wkÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ Zwi cÖ‡kœvËwiKvi cÖwZwU‡Z 1, 2, 3 A_ev 4 †¯‹vi msewjZ †gvU 25wU cÖ‡kœ m‡ev©”P 25x4=100 †¯‹vi Kiv m¤¢e| wZbkZ Rb wkÿv_x©i me©‡gvU AwR©Z †¯‹vi n‡q‡Q 18804 (wPÎ bs 7) ; m‡ev©”P †¯‹vi 86 ; me©wbgœ †¯‹vi 36 ; Mo †¯‹vi 63 (Av`k© wePz¨wZ 11.0)|
wPÎ bs 7: wkÿv_x©‡`i AwR©Z me©‡gvU †¯‹vi
wkÿv_x©‡`i Mo †¯‹vi‡K wbgœ-gva¨wgK ͇i mvgvwRK weÁvb †kªYxK‡ÿ mvgvwRK MVbev` cÖ‡qv‡Mi gvb`Ð wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, Rwi‡ci AvIZvaxb ¯‹zj¸‡jv‡Z Aóg †kªYx‡Z mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡q mvgvwRK MVbev‡`i cÖ‡qvM m‡šÍvlRbK chv©‡q Av‡Q|
wkÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ e¨eüZ cÖ‡kœvËwiKvi DËimg~n‡K c~‡ev©wjøwLZ PviwU g~jbxwZi (Woolfolk, A,
2004) wfwˇZ we‡kølY K‡i wb‡gœi djvdj cvIqv wM‡q‡Q:
86
35
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
wk¶v_x©
me©‡
gvU
†¯‹vi
1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101
111
121
131
141
151
161
171
181
191
201
211
221
231
241
251
261
271
281
291
300
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 15
K) wkÿK †Kej GKRb mnvqZvKvix GB bxwZ hvPvB‡q e¨eüZ †gvU 2wU cÖ‡kœi Dˇii Rb¨ wbav©wiZ PviwU †¯‹‡ji †KvbwU‡Z wkÿKMY wUK †`b Zvi wfwˇZ we‡kølY Ki‡j wb‡Pi wPÎwU (wPÎ bs: 8) cvIqv hvq:
wPÎ bs 8: wkÿK †Kej GKRb mnvqZvKvix - GB bxwZ hvPvB‡q e¨eüZ cÖ‡kœ wkÿv_x©‡`i †¯‹jwfwËK DËi
GB As‡k 66% Dˇii †¯‹vi wQj 4| A_v©r D‡jøL‡hvM¨ msL¨K wkÿv_x© wkÿK‡K GKRb mnvqZvKvixi f~wgKvq †c‡q _v‡K e‡j g‡b K‡i|
L) mvnvh¨-wbf©i weKvk AÂj Gi cÖ‡qvM hvPvB‡q e¨eüZ †gvU 5wU cÖ‡kœi Dˇii Rb¨ wbav©wiZ PviwU †¯‹‡ji †KvbwU‡Z wkÿKMY wUK †`b Zvi wfwˇZ we‡kølY Ki‡j wb‡Pi wPÎwU (wPÎ bs: 9) cvIqv hvq:
wPÎ bs 9: mvnvh¨-wbf©i weKvk A‡ji cÖ‡qvM hvPvB‡q e¨eüZ cÖ‡kœ wkÿv_x©‡`i †¯‹jwfwËK DËi
†¯‹vi 1
†¯‹vi 2
†¯‹vi 3
†¯‹vi 4
(66%)
46 (8%)
(12%)
401
70
83 (14%)
(30%)
608 (40%)
451
173 (12%) 268
(18%)
†¯‹vi 1
†¯‹vi 2
†¯‹vi 3
†¯‹vi 4
GB As‡k 40% Dˇii †¯‹vi wQj 4 Ges 30% Dˇii †¯‹vi wQj 3| A_v©r AwaKvsk wkÿv_x©i wkÿK Zv‡`i wkÿv_x©i mvnvh¨-wbf©i weKvk AÂj kbv³ Kivi wewfbœ cš’v Aej¤^b K‡ib e‡j cÖZxqgvb nq |
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx16
M) Aej¤^b cÖ`vb hvPvB‡q e¨eüZ †gvU 13wU cÖ‡kœi Dˇii Rb¨ wbav©wiZ PviwU †¯‹‡ji †KvbwU‡Z wkÿKMY wUK †`b Zvi wfwˇZ we‡kølY Ki‡j wb‡Pi wPÎwU (wPÎ bs 10) cvIqv hvq:
wPÎ bs 10: Aej¤^b cÖ`vb hvPvB‡q e¨eüZ cÖ‡kœ wkÿv_x©‡`i †¯‹jwfwËK DËi
GB As‡k 41% Dˇii †¯‹vi wQj 1| A_v©r D‡jøL‡hvM¨-msL¨K wkÿv_x©i AwfgZ wQj †h Zv‡`i wkÿKMY wkL‡b h‡_ó Aej¤^b cÖ`vb Ki‡Qb bv|
N) cÖwZôvb-ewnf©~Z AwfÁZv hvPvB‡q e¨eüZ †gvU 5wU cÖ‡kœi Dˇii Rb¨ wbav©wiZ PviwU †¯‹‡ji †KvbwU‡Z wkÿKMY wUK †`b Zvi wfwˇZ we‡kølY Ki‡j wb‡Pi wPÎwU (wPÎ bs 11) cvIqv hvq:
wPÎ bs 11: cÖwZôvb-ewnf©~Z AwfÁZv hvPvB‡q e¨eüZ cÖ‡kœ wkÿv_x©‡`i †¯‹jwfwËK DËi
GB As‡k 45% Dˇii †¯‹vi wQj 1| A_v©r D‡jøL‡hvM¨-msL¨K wkÿv_x©i g‡Z Zv‡`i wkL‡b cÖwZôvb-ewnf©~Z AwfÁZv m¤ú„³ Kivi Rb¨ h‡_ó D‡`¨vM M„nxZ nq bv|
wkÿK I wkÿv_x©‡`i cª`Ë Dcv‡Ëi Zzjbvg~jK we‡kølYmsM„nxZ Dˇi cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki me©‡gvU †¯‹vi wb‡q ANOVA Test e¨envi K‡i wkÿK I wkÿv_x©‡`i djvdj Zzjbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, G y`‡ji †¯‹v‡i Zvrch©c~Y© cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q (p=0.0006)| Rwi‡c e¨eüZ mvgvwRK MVbev‡`i PviwU g~jbxwZi wfwˇZ c„_K c„_Kfv‡e we‡kølY Ki‡j wb‡Pi djvdj cvIqv hvq:
†¯‹vi 1
†¯‹vi 2
†¯‹vi 3
†¯‹vi 4
1618 (41%)
574 (15%)
702 (18%)
1006 (26%)
†¯‹vi 1
†¯‹vi 2
†¯‹vi 3
†¯‹vi 4
664
(45%)
396
193 (13%)
247
(26%)
(16%)
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 17
K) wkÿK †Kej GKRb mnvqZvKvix GB bxwZ hvPvB‡q e¨eüZ cÖkœmg~‡ni me©‡gvU †¯‹vi wb‡q ANOVA Test e¨envi K‡i wkÿK I wkÿv_x©‡`i DcvË Zzjbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq G `y `‡ji †¯‹v‡i Zvrch©c~Y© cv_©K¨ †bB (p =0.29) |
L) mvnvh¨-wbf©i weKvk AÂj Gi cÖ‡qvM hvPvB‡q e¨eüZ cÖkœmg~‡ni me©‡gvU †¯‹vi wb‡q ANOVA
Test e¨envi K‡i wkÿK I wkÿv_x©‡`i djvdj Zzjbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq G yB ‡ji †¯‹v‡i Zvrch©c~Y© cv_©K¨ †bB (p=0.097)|
M) Aej¤^b cÖ`vb hvPvB‡q e¨eüZ cÖkœmg~‡ni me©‡gvU †¯‹vi wb‡q ANOVA Test e¨envi K‡i wkÿK I wkÿv_x©‡`i djvdj Zzjbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, G `yB `‡ji †¯‹v‡i Zvrch©c~Y© cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q (p=0.004)| cÖ‡kœvËwiKv `ywUi c„_K we‡køl‡YI Abyiƒc dj †`Lv †M‡Q - Rwi‡c AskMÖnYKvix wkÿKM‡Yi AwaKvskB wkÿv_x©‡`i cÖ‡qvR‡b wewfbœ cÖKvi Aej¤^b cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡Kb e‡j Rvwb‡q‡Qb; wKš‘ D‡jøL‡hvM¨msL¨K wkÿv_x©i Z_¨ †_‡K cÖZxqgvb n‡q‡Q †h, Zv‡`i wkÿKMY wkL‡b h‡_ó Aej¤^b cÖ`vb K‡ib bv|
N) cÖwZôvb-ewnf©~Z AwfÁZv hvPvB‡q e¨eüZ cÖkœmg~‡ni me©‡gvU †¯‹vi wb‡q ANOVA Test e¨envi K‡i wkÿK I wkÿv_x©‡`i djvdj Zzjbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq G y ‡ji †¯‹v‡i Zvrch©c~Y© cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q (p =0.04)| wKš‘ cÖ‡kœvËwiKv ywUi c„_K we‡køl‡Y †`Lv †M‡Q - Rwi‡c AskMÖnYKvix wkÿKM‡Yi GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ask wkÿv_x©‡`i cÖwZôvb-ewnf~©Z AwfÁZvi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ Kivi †Zgb †Kv‡bv my‡hvM cvb bv e‡j Rvwb‡q‡Qb; D‡jøL‡hvM¨msL¨K wkÿv_x©i Z_¨ †_‡KI g‡b n‡q‡Q †h Zv‡`i wkÿKMY wkL‡b cÖwZôvb-ewnf©~Z AwfÁZv m¤ú„³ Kivi Rb¨ h‡_ó D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡ib bv ev Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv|
cÖwZwU we`¨vj‡qi wbev©wPZ 2 Rb wkÿ‡Ki †¯‹v‡ii Mo I mswkøó 30 Rb wkÿv_x©i †¯‹v‡ii M‡oi g‡a¨ mn-m¤úK© wbY©q Kiv n‡q‡Q (wPÎ bs 12)| wbYx©Z mn-m¤úK© 0.098| ZvB eZ©gvb M‡elYvq mvgvwRK weÁvb †kªYxK‡ÿ wkÿK‡`i mvgvwRK MVbev` PPv©i mv‡_ wkÿv_x©‡`i wkL‡b mvgwRK MVbev‡`i f~wgKvi Zvrch©c~Y© †Kv‡bv m¤úK© Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq bv|
wPÎ bs:12 we`¨vjqwfwËK wkÿK I mswkøó wkÿv_x©i †¯‹v‡ii M‡oi mn-m¤úK©
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70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84
we`¨vjqwfwËK wkÿv_x©‡`i Mo †¯‹vi
mswk
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evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx16
M) Aej¤^b cÖ`vb hvPvB‡q e¨eüZ †gvU 13wU cÖ‡kœi Dˇii Rb¨ wbav©wiZ PviwU †¯‹‡ji †KvbwU‡Z wkÿKMY wUK †`b Zvi wfwˇZ we‡kølY Ki‡j wb‡Pi wPÎwU (wPÎ bs 10) cvIqv hvq:
wPÎ bs 10: Aej¤^b cÖ`vb hvPvB‡q e¨eüZ cÖ‡kœ wkÿv_x©‡`i †¯‹jwfwËK DËi
GB As‡k 41% Dˇii †¯‹vi wQj 1| A_v©r D‡jøL‡hvM¨-msL¨K wkÿv_x©i AwfgZ wQj †h Zv‡`i wkÿKMY wkL‡b h‡_ó Aej¤^b cÖ`vb Ki‡Qb bv|
N) cÖwZôvb-ewnf©~Z AwfÁZv hvPvB‡q e¨eüZ †gvU 5wU cÖ‡kœi Dˇii Rb¨ wbav©wiZ PviwU †¯‹‡ji †KvbwU‡Z wkÿKMY wUK †`b Zvi wfwˇZ we‡kølY Ki‡j wb‡Pi wPÎwU (wPÎ bs 11) cvIqv hvq:
wPÎ bs 11: cÖwZôvb-ewnf©~Z AwfÁZv hvPvB‡q e¨eüZ cÖ‡kœ wkÿv_x©‡`i †¯‹jwfwËK DËi
GB As‡k 45% Dˇii †¯‹vi wQj 1| A_v©r D‡jøL‡hvM¨-msL¨K wkÿv_x©i g‡Z Zv‡`i wkL‡b cÖwZôvb-ewnf©~Z AwfÁZv m¤ú„³ Kivi Rb¨ h‡_ó D‡`¨vM M„nxZ nq bv|
wkÿK I wkÿv_x©‡`i cª`Ë Dcv‡Ëi Zzjbvg~jK we‡kølYmsM„nxZ Dˇi cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki me©‡gvU †¯‹vi wb‡q ANOVA Test e¨envi K‡i wkÿK I wkÿv_x©‡`i djvdj Zzjbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, G y`‡ji †¯‹v‡i Zvrch©c~Y© cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q (p=0.0006)| Rwi‡c e¨eüZ mvgvwRK MVbev‡`i PviwU g~jbxwZi wfwˇZ c„_K c„_Kfv‡e we‡kølY Ki‡j wb‡Pi djvdj cvIqv hvq:
†¯‹vi 1
†¯‹vi 2
†¯‹vi 3
†¯‹vi 4
1618 (41%)
574 (15%)
702 (18%)
1006 (26%)
†¯‹vi 1
†¯‹vi 2
†¯‹vi 3
†¯‹vi 4
664
(45%)
396
193 (13%)
247
(26%)
(16%)
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 17
K) wkÿK †Kej GKRb mnvqZvKvix GB bxwZ hvPvB‡q e¨eüZ cÖkœmg~‡ni me©‡gvU †¯‹vi wb‡q ANOVA Test e¨envi K‡i wkÿK I wkÿv_x©‡`i DcvË Zzjbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq G `y `‡ji †¯‹v‡i Zvrch©c~Y© cv_©K¨ †bB (p =0.29) |
L) mvnvh¨-wbf©i weKvk AÂj Gi cÖ‡qvM hvPvB‡q e¨eüZ cÖkœmg~‡ni me©‡gvU †¯‹vi wb‡q ANOVA
Test e¨envi K‡i wkÿK I wkÿv_x©‡`i djvdj Zzjbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq G yB ‡ji †¯‹v‡i Zvrch©c~Y© cv_©K¨ †bB (p=0.097)|
M) Aej¤^b cÖ`vb hvPvB‡q e¨eüZ cÖkœmg~‡ni me©‡gvU †¯‹vi wb‡q ANOVA Test e¨envi K‡i wkÿK I wkÿv_x©‡`i djvdj Zzjbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, G `yB `‡ji †¯‹v‡i Zvrch©c~Y© cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q (p=0.004)| cÖ‡kœvËwiKv `ywUi c„_K we‡køl‡YI Abyiƒc dj †`Lv †M‡Q - Rwi‡c AskMÖnYKvix wkÿKM‡Yi AwaKvskB wkÿv_x©‡`i cÖ‡qvR‡b wewfbœ cÖKvi Aej¤^b cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡Kb e‡j Rvwb‡q‡Qb; wKš‘ D‡jøL‡hvM¨msL¨K wkÿv_x©i Z_¨ †_‡K cÖZxqgvb n‡q‡Q †h, Zv‡`i wkÿKMY wkL‡b h‡_ó Aej¤^b cÖ`vb K‡ib bv|
N) cÖwZôvb-ewnf©~Z AwfÁZv hvPvB‡q e¨eüZ cÖkœmg~‡ni me©‡gvU †¯‹vi wb‡q ANOVA Test e¨envi K‡i wkÿK I wkÿv_x©‡`i djvdj Zzjbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq G y ‡ji †¯‹v‡i Zvrch©c~Y© cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q (p =0.04)| wKš‘ cÖ‡kœvËwiKv ywUi c„_K we‡køl‡Y †`Lv †M‡Q - Rwi‡c AskMÖnYKvix wkÿKM‡Yi GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ask wkÿv_x©‡`i cÖwZôvb-ewnf~©Z AwfÁZvi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ Kivi †Zgb †Kv‡bv my‡hvM cvb bv e‡j Rvwb‡q‡Qb; D‡jøL‡hvM¨msL¨K wkÿv_x©i Z_¨ †_‡KI g‡b n‡q‡Q †h Zv‡`i wkÿKMY wkL‡b cÖwZôvb-ewnf©~Z AwfÁZv m¤ú„³ Kivi Rb¨ h‡_ó D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡ib bv ev Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv|
cÖwZwU we`¨vj‡qi wbev©wPZ 2 Rb wkÿ‡Ki †¯‹v‡ii Mo I mswkøó 30 Rb wkÿv_x©i †¯‹v‡ii M‡oi g‡a¨ mn-m¤úK© wbY©q Kiv n‡q‡Q (wPÎ bs 12)| wbYx©Z mn-m¤úK© 0.098| ZvB eZ©gvb M‡elYvq mvgvwRK weÁvb †kªYxK‡ÿ wkÿK‡`i mvgvwRK MVbev` PPv©i mv‡_ wkÿv_x©‡`i wkL‡b mvgwRK MVbev‡`i f~wgKvi Zvrch©c~Y© †Kv‡bv m¤úK© Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq bv|
wPÎ bs:12 we`¨vjqwfwËK wkÿK I mswkøó wkÿv_x©i †¯‹v‡ii M‡oi mn-m¤úK©
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we`¨vjqwfwËK wkÿv_x©‡`i Mo †¯‹vi
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evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx18
mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡q ¯‹z‡ji cÖ_g mvgwqK I lvb¥vwmK cixÿvq wkÿv_x©‡`i AwR©Z b¤^i we‡kølY Ki‡j wb‡Pi QKwU (QK bs 1) cvIqv hvq:
QK bs 1: mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡q ‹z‡ji cixÿvq wkÿv_x©‡`i AwR©Z Mo b¤^i
cixÿv †gvU b¤^i Mo b¤^i m‡ev©”P b¤^i me©wbgœ b¤^i Av`k© wePz¨wZ
cÖ_g mvgwqK 100 69 92 28 13
lvb¥vwmK 100 70 94 32 13
wbev©wPZ 10wU ‹z‡ji cÖwZwU‡Z yBRb K‡i wkÿ‡Ki AwR©Z †¯‹v‡ii Mo I mvgvwRK weÁvb cixÿvq H ‹z‡ji wkÿv_x©‡`i cÖvß b¤^‡ii M‡oi g‡a¨ Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation wbY©q K‡i `ye©j FYvZœK mn-m¤úK© (r = -0.105) cvIqv †M‡Q (wPÎ bs 13)| A_v©r †kªYxK‡ÿ wkÿ‡Ki mvgwRK MVbev` PPv©i gvÎv wkÿv_x©‡`i cixÿvi djvdj‡K Zvrch©c~Y©fv‡e cÖfvweZ Ki‡Q bv|
wPÎ bs 13 : ‹z‡ji wkÿ‡Ki †¯‹vi I mvgvwRK weÁvb cixÿvq wkÿv_x©‡`i b¤^‡ii mn-m¤úK©
wkÿvµwgK I †fŠZ Dcv`v‡bi †PKwj÷ †_‡K cÖvß DcvËwbe©vwPZ cÖwZwU we`¨vjq I mvgvwRK weÁvb †kªYxKÿ ch©‡eÿY K‡i mvgvwRK MVbev` PPv©q mnvqK wkÿvµwgK I †fŠZ welqvewj msµvšÍ 25wU AvB‡U‡gi GKwU †PKwj÷ c~iY Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ 9wU wQj wkÿvµwgK Dcv`vb Ges 16wU wQj †fŠZ Dcv`vb| G‡Z †gvU †¯‹vi aiv n‡q‡Q 25| msM„nxZ Z_¨ QK bs 2-G cÖ`wk©Z n‡jv:
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mswkóø ¯‹‡z ji wk¶K‡`i AwRZ© Mo †¯‹vi
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QK bs 2: we`¨vjqmg~‡n we`¨gvb wkÿvµwgK I †fŠZ Dcv`v‡bi †¯‹vi
¯‹z‡ji †¯‹vi Mo †¯‹vi
¯‹zj bs wkÿvµwgK †fŠZ Dcv`vb †gvU (25) wkÿv-µwgK †fŠZ †gvUDcv`vb (9) (16)
1 3 12 15
2 4 11 15
3 5 11 16
4 3 7 10 4.4 9.5 13.9
5 6 11 17 (48.9%) (59.4%) (55.6%)
6 4 5 9
7 5 10 15
8 5 6 11
9 4 13 17
10 5 9 14
Rwi‡c AšÍ©fy³ 10wU we`¨vj‡qi g‡a¨ 2wU(20%) we`¨vj‡q mvgvwRK weÁv‡b welqwfwËK wkÿK wb‡qvwRZ †bB| gvÎ 1wU (10%) we`¨vj‡qi wkÿv_©xiv g‡b K‡i †h, mvgvwRK weÁvb cvV¨cy¯Í‡K wel‡qi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z AvKl©Yxq Qwe hy³ Av‡Q| †Kv‡bv ‹z‡jB wkÿv_x©iv Aa¨q‡bi Rb¨ Kw¤úDUvi I B›Uvi‡bU e¨envi Kivi my‡hvM cvq bv| †Kv‡bv ¯‹z‡jB †kªYxK‡ÿ †Uwej-†Pqvi¸‡jv e„ËvKv‡i mvRv‡bv †bB| †Kv‡bv ‹z‡jB †kªYxK‡ÿ eB‡qi †Kv‡bv msMÖn †bB| 6wU (60%) we`¨vj‡qi njiæ‡g wkÿv_x©‡`i `jxq ev e¨w³MZ KvR cÖ`wk©Z nq Ges gvÎ 4wU (40%) we`¨vj‡qi †kªYxK‡ÿ Giƒc e¨e¯’v Av‡Q|
msM„nxZ Dcv‡Ë †`Lv hvq, wkÿvµwgK I †fŠZ Dcv`vb 25wUi g‡a¨ ‹zj¸‡jvi AwR©Z †¯‹vi me©wbgœ 9 Ges m‡e©v”P 17 Ges Mo †¯‹vi 13.9 (55.6%)| wkÿvµwgK 9wU Dcv`v‡bi Mo †¯‹vi 4.4 (48.9%) Ges †fŠZ 16wU Dcv`v‡bi Mo †¯‹vi 9.5 (59.4%)| G‡Z cÖZxqgvb nq †h, mvgvwRK MVbev` PP©vi Rb¨ ¯‹zj¸‡jv‡Z wkÿvµwgK I †fŠZ myweavw` chv©ß cwigv‡Y we`¨gvb †bB Ges wkÿvµwgK Dcv`v‡bi Afve †fŠZ Dcv`v‡bi Zzjbvq AwaK|
M‡elYvq AšÍfy©³ we`¨vjq¸‡jv‡Z wkÿvµwgK I †fŠZ Dcv`v‡bi †¯‹vi I mswkøó we`¨vj‡qi wkÿKMY KZ„©K c~iYK…Z cÖ‡kœvËwiKvq AwR©Z Mo †gvU †¯‹v‡ii mn-m¤úK© wbY©q K‡i †`Lv hvq, ¯‹z‡ji wkÿK‡`i mvgvwRK MVbev` PP©vi †¯‹vi Ges ‹y‡ji wkÿvµwgK I †fŠZ Dcv`v‡bi †¯‹v‡ii g‡a¨ GKwU `ye©j mn-m¤úK© we`¨gvb (wPÎ bs 14, r = 0.027)| A_©vr ¯‹zj¸‡jv‡Z we`¨gvb wkÿvµwgK I †fŠZ myweavw`i gvÎv mvgvwRK MVbev` PPv©q †Zgb f~wgKv ivL‡Q bv|
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx18
mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡q ¯‹z‡ji cÖ_g mvgwqK I lvb¥vwmK cixÿvq wkÿv_x©‡`i AwR©Z b¤^i we‡kølY Ki‡j wb‡Pi QKwU (QK bs 1) cvIqv hvq:
QK bs 1: mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡q ‹z‡ji cixÿvq wkÿv_x©‡`i AwR©Z Mo b¤^i
cixÿv †gvU b¤^i Mo b¤^i m‡ev©”P b¤^i me©wbgœ b¤^i Av`k© wePz¨wZ
cÖ_g mvgwqK 100 69 92 28 13
lvb¥vwmK 100 70 94 32 13
wbev©wPZ 10wU ‹z‡ji cÖwZwU‡Z yBRb K‡i wkÿ‡Ki AwR©Z †¯‹v‡ii Mo I mvgvwRK weÁvb cixÿvq H ‹z‡ji wkÿv_x©‡`i cÖvß b¤^‡ii M‡oi g‡a¨ Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation wbY©q K‡i `ye©j FYvZœK mn-m¤úK© (r = -0.105) cvIqv †M‡Q (wPÎ bs 13)| A_v©r †kªYxK‡ÿ wkÿ‡Ki mvgwRK MVbev` PPv©i gvÎv wkÿv_x©‡`i cixÿvi djvdj‡K Zvrch©c~Y©fv‡e cÖfvweZ Ki‡Q bv|
wPÎ bs 13 : ‹z‡ji wkÿ‡Ki †¯‹vi I mvgvwRK weÁvb cixÿvq wkÿv_x©‡`i b¤^‡ii mn-m¤úK©
wkÿvµwgK I †fŠZ Dcv`v‡bi †PKwj÷ †_‡K cÖvß DcvËwbe©vwPZ cÖwZwU we`¨vjq I mvgvwRK weÁvb †kªYxKÿ ch©‡eÿY K‡i mvgvwRK MVbev` PPv©q mnvqK wkÿvµwgK I †fŠZ welqvewj msµvšÍ 25wU AvB‡U‡gi GKwU †PKwj÷ c~iY Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ 9wU wQj wkÿvµwgK Dcv`vb Ges 16wU wQj †fŠZ Dcv`vb| G‡Z †gvU †¯‹vi aiv n‡q‡Q 25| msM„nxZ Z_¨ QK bs 2-G cÖ`wk©Z n‡jv:
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mswkóø ¯‹‡z ji wk¶K‡`i AwRZ© Mo †¯‹vi
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QK bs 2: we`¨vjqmg~‡n we`¨gvb wkÿvµwgK I †fŠZ Dcv`v‡bi †¯‹vi
¯‹z‡ji †¯‹vi Mo †¯‹vi
¯‹zj bs wkÿvµwgK †fŠZ Dcv`vb †gvU (25) wkÿv-µwgK †fŠZ †gvUDcv`vb (9) (16)
1 3 12 15
2 4 11 15
3 5 11 16
4 3 7 10 4.4 9.5 13.9
5 6 11 17 (48.9%) (59.4%) (55.6%)
6 4 5 9
7 5 10 15
8 5 6 11
9 4 13 17
10 5 9 14
Rwi‡c AšÍ©fy³ 10wU we`¨vj‡qi g‡a¨ 2wU(20%) we`¨vj‡q mvgvwRK weÁv‡b welqwfwËK wkÿK wb‡qvwRZ †bB| gvÎ 1wU (10%) we`¨vj‡qi wkÿv_©xiv g‡b K‡i †h, mvgvwRK weÁvb cvV¨cy¯Í‡K wel‡qi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z AvKl©Yxq Qwe hy³ Av‡Q| †Kv‡bv ‹z‡jB wkÿv_x©iv Aa¨q‡bi Rb¨ Kw¤úDUvi I B›Uvi‡bU e¨envi Kivi my‡hvM cvq bv| †Kv‡bv ¯‹z‡jB †kªYxK‡ÿ †Uwej-†Pqvi¸‡jv e„ËvKv‡i mvRv‡bv †bB| †Kv‡bv ‹z‡jB †kªYxK‡ÿ eB‡qi †Kv‡bv msMÖn †bB| 6wU (60%) we`¨vj‡qi njiæ‡g wkÿv_x©‡`i `jxq ev e¨w³MZ KvR cÖ`wk©Z nq Ges gvÎ 4wU (40%) we`¨vj‡qi †kªYxK‡ÿ Giƒc e¨e¯’v Av‡Q|
msM„nxZ Dcv‡Ë †`Lv hvq, wkÿvµwgK I †fŠZ Dcv`vb 25wUi g‡a¨ ‹zj¸‡jvi AwR©Z †¯‹vi me©wbgœ 9 Ges m‡e©v”P 17 Ges Mo †¯‹vi 13.9 (55.6%)| wkÿvµwgK 9wU Dcv`v‡bi Mo †¯‹vi 4.4 (48.9%) Ges †fŠZ 16wU Dcv`v‡bi Mo †¯‹vi 9.5 (59.4%)| G‡Z cÖZxqgvb nq †h, mvgvwRK MVbev` PP©vi Rb¨ ¯‹zj¸‡jv‡Z wkÿvµwgK I †fŠZ myweavw` chv©ß cwigv‡Y we`¨gvb †bB Ges wkÿvµwgK Dcv`v‡bi Afve †fŠZ Dcv`v‡bi Zzjbvq AwaK|
M‡elYvq AšÍfy©³ we`¨vjq¸‡jv‡Z wkÿvµwgK I †fŠZ Dcv`v‡bi †¯‹vi I mswkøó we`¨vj‡qi wkÿKMY KZ„©K c~iYK…Z cÖ‡kœvËwiKvq AwR©Z Mo †gvU †¯‹v‡ii mn-m¤úK© wbY©q K‡i †`Lv hvq, ¯‹z‡ji wkÿK‡`i mvgvwRK MVbev` PP©vi †¯‹vi Ges ‹y‡ji wkÿvµwgK I †fŠZ Dcv`v‡bi †¯‹v‡ii g‡a¨ GKwU `ye©j mn-m¤úK© we`¨gvb (wPÎ bs 14, r = 0.027)| A_©vr ¯‹zj¸‡jv‡Z we`¨gvb wkÿvµwgK I †fŠZ myweavw`i gvÎv mvgvwRK MVbev` PPv©q †Zgb f~wgKv ivL‡Q bv|
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx20
e¨w³MZ ch©‡eÿY
Rwi‡c AšÍfy©³ wkÿKMY KZ…©K cÖ`Ë Z_¨ chv©‡jvPbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡q wkÿKMY †kªYxK‡ÿ m‡šÍvlRbK gvÎvq mvgvwRK MVbev` cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Qb| GwU Zuviv mvgvwRK MVbev` m¤ú‡K© †R‡b m‡PZbfv‡e K‡ib, bvwK wb‡RivB wb‡R‡`i wkÿY-†KŠkj wVK K‡i wb‡q K‡ib GB Rwic †_‡K Zv wbY©q Kiv m¤¢e bq| M‡elK DcvË msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ cÖwZwU we`¨vjq cwi`k©‡bi mgq †h e¨w³MZ AwfÁZv I aviYv jvf K‡ib †mwUi mv‡_ GB djvdj m½wZc~Y© bq| ev¯Í‡e mymsMwVZ c×wZ‡Z †kªYxK‡ÿ mvgvwRK MVbev‡`i PPv©i gvÎv †gv‡UI m‡šÍvlRbK bq| cÖ‡kœvËwiKvq Z_¨ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z wM‡q wkÿKMY cy‡ivcywi e¯‘wbô wQ‡jb e‡j g‡b nq wb| ZvQvov wkÿK‡`i cÖ`Ë Z‡_¨i aib †_‡K mvgvwRK MVbev` m¤ú‡K© Zuv‡`i A‡b‡KiB my¯úó aviYv †bB e‡jB g‡b nq|
wkÿK‡`i KvQ †_‡K cÖ‡kœvËwiKvi gva¨‡g Z_¨ msMÖn Kivi mgq g‡b n‡q‡Q, A‡b‡K cÖ‡kœi iæZ¡ ey‡S mwVK Z_¨ cÖ`v‡bi †P‡q †ewk †¯‹vi Kivi j‡ÿ¨ AwaK †¯‹v‡ii N‡i `vM †`Iqvi cÖwZB †ewk AvMÖnx wQ‡jb| D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv hvq, cÖ‡kœvËwiKvi cÖ_g cÖkœwU wQj: mvgvwRK MVbev` (Social
Constructivism) m¤ú‡K© Avcbvi aviYv wK gvÎvq i‡q‡Q? cÖ‡kœvËwiKvi wØZxq cÖ‡kœ Rvb‡Z PvIqv n‡qwQj wbgœ-gva¨wgK ͇i mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿ‡Y wkÿ‡Ki f~wgKvB †ewk wKbv| D‡jøL¨, G cÖkœwUi Dˇi †¯‹vi ivLv n‡qwQj wecixZgyLx| cÖ_g cÖ‡kœi Dˇi gvÎ 2 Rb Ô†gv‡UI bvÕ, 3 Rb Ômvgvb¨Õ, 8 Rb ÔwKQzUvÕ Ges 7 Rb Ôm¤ú~Y©Õ aviYv Av‡Q e‡j Rvwb‡q‡Qb| A_P wØZxq cÖ‡kœi Dˇi gvÎ 2 Rb e‡j‡Qb Ô†gv‡UI bvÕ, 1 Rb Ômvgvb¨Ô, 8 Rb ÔwKQzUvÕ Ges 9 Rb Ôm¤ú~Y©Õ| jÿYxq †h, cÖ_g cÖ‡kœi Dˇi †h 7 Rb Ôm¤ú~Y©Õ aviYv i‡q‡Q e‡j Rvwb‡q‡Qb Zuv‡`i 3 Rb wØZxq cÖ‡kœi Rev‡e Ô†gv‡UI bvÕ Ges 4 Rb Ômvgvb¨Õ Reve w`‡q‡Qb| GB cÖ‡kœi wfwˇZ cÖvß Z_¨ cÖgvY K‡i †h, mvgvwRK MVbev` m¤ú‡K© wkÿK‡`i aviYv †gv‡UB úó bq Ges Zuviv e¯‘wbôfv‡e cÖ‡kœi Z_¨ mieivn K‡ib wb| eis
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evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 21
bv Rvbv‡K wb‡R‡`i ye©jZv a‡i wb‡q Zvuiv †mB ye©jZv‡K Avovj Kivi cÖqvm †c‡q‡Qb| Ab¨w`‡K, wkÿv_©x‡`i KvQ †_‡K cÖ‡kœvËwiKvi gva¨‡g Z_¨ msMÖn Kivi mgq †`Lv †M‡Q, †ewki fvM †ÿ‡Î wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡b mskq wQj Zv‡`i †`qv Z_¨¸‡jv mswkøó wkÿK †`L‡eb wKbv| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î wkÿv_©x‡`i KvQ †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni mgq mswkøó mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿK †kªYxK‡ÿ Dcw¯’Z †_‡K wkÿv_©x‡`i Kv‡Q wM‡q †`LwQ‡jb| d‡j wkÿv_©xiv m¤¢eZ wbf©‡q Z_¨ mieivn Ki‡Z cv‡i wb| mvgvwRK MVbev` m¤ú‡K© chv©ß Áv‡bi Afve _vK‡jI wkÿv_x©‡`i h_vh_ wkL‡bi Rb¨ ¯‹z‡j mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿK‡`i ˆ`wbK K¬vm msL¨v (7 wcwiq‡Wi g‡a¨ M‡o 5 wcwiqW) Ges wcwiq‡Wi mgqmxgv evav m„wó Ki‡Q e‡j gZvgZ iv‡Lb AwaKvsk wkÿK| eZ©gv‡b cÖPwjZ ¯‹zj-†eBRW G‡mmg¨v›U (Gm.we.G)-Gi Kvi‡Y wkÿKM‡Yi Kv‡Ri Pvc †e‡o †M‡Q hv †kªYxK‡ÿ Zuv‡`i ¯^vfvweK cvV`vb‡K e¨vnZ Ki‡Q e‡jI gšÍe¨ K‡ib †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv wkÿK| ZvQvov, ch©vß wkÿv DcKiY I Ab¨vb¨ my‡hvM-myweaviI NvUwZ i‡q‡Q| M‡o 60 Rb wkÿv_©xi †kªYxK‡ÿ GKRb wkÿ‡Ki c‡ÿ mvgvwRK MVbev` cÖ‡qvM djcÖm~ n‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvQvov wkÿK wb‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡ÎI ÎæwU †`Lv hvq| †emiKvwi GKwU ‹z‡j ÔBs‡iwR mvwn‡Z¨Õ Abvm© I gv÷vm© wWwMÖavix e¨w³ Ges Ab¨ GKwU ¯‹z‡j Ôwkï ea©b I cvwievwiK m¤úK©Õ wel‡q Abvm© I gv÷vm© wWwMÖavix e¨w³ mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡qi wkÿK wn‡m‡e wb‡qvwRZ i‡q‡Qb| †hLv‡b mvgvwRK weÁvb GKwU mgwš^Z welq †m‡ÿ‡Î mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi AšÍfy©³ welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© whwb covïbv K‡ib wb wZwb mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡qi wkÿK wn‡m‡e KZUzKz mdj n‡eb Zv wb‡q h‡_ó m‡›`‡ni AeKvk i‡q‡Q| ZvQvov wbe©vwPZ ¯‹zj¸‡jvi mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿK‡`i KvQ †_‡K wkÿK wb‡`©wkKv Ges Gi e¨env‡ii iæZ¡ m¤ú‡K© BwZevPK mvov cvIqv hvq wb| Ab¨w`‡K wKQz BwZevPK welqI bR‡i c‡o‡Q| †hgb: GKRb wkÿK Zvui †kªYxKÿ‡K cÖvYešÍ Ki‡Z weZ‡K©i Av‡qvR‡bi cÖ¯‘wZ wn‡m‡e ZvrÿwYKfv‡e c‡KU †_‡K KvW© †ei K‡i †`Lvb, †hLv‡b mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi wewfbœ wel‡qi D‡jøL wQj| ZvQvov GKwU we`¨vj‡q mßv‡n GKw`b wUwdb wcwiq‡Wi cieZ©x K¬vm¸‡jv ÔnvDmÕ wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq| †mLv‡b wkÿv_©xiv cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki evB‡i wewfbœ Kg©m~wP‡Z wb‡R‡`i‡K e¨¯Í ivLvi my‡hvM cvq|
wm×všÍ mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿvi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ Ges Gi welqmg~‡ni Kvi‡YB wkÿvi Ab¨vb¨ ͇ii gZ wbgœ-gva¨wgK ͇iI mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿ‡Yi iæZ¡ GLb wek¦e¨vcx ^xK…Z (Maleq, 2002)| wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨ mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿvi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ KZUzKz AwR©Z n‡e Zv cÖavbZ wbf©i K‡i †kªYxK‡ÿ Dchy³ c×wZ e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g wkÿY cÖwµqvi Ici| Ab¨w`‡K, mvgvwRK MVbev‡`i g~j K_v n‡jv-wkÿv_©xi wkL‡bi Rb¨ wkÿKMY mbvZb c×wZ‡Z cvV¨cy¯ÍK I e³…Zvi Ici wbf©ikxj bv n‡q wkÿv_x©i g‡b Áv‡bi DrcwË, msMVb I weKv‡ki Dcvq m¤ú‡K© †R‡b wkÿv_x©i Ávb MV‡bi cÖwµqvq mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡eb|
ÔmbvZbÕ wkLb-wkÿY KvVv‡gv †_‡K mvgvwRK MVbev` A‡bKUvB wfbœ| mvgvwRK MVbev‡` Ávb MV‡b mvgvwRK wg_w¯Œqv‡K ¸iæZ¡ †`Iqv nq| GB G‡cÖvPwU wkÿv_©x-†Kw›`ªK, wkÿKMY †mLv‡b GKRb MvB‡Wi f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib gvÎ| †kªYxK‡ÿ mvgvwRK MVbev` cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g †kªYxKÿ‡K wkÿv_©xi Rb¨ wkLb-evÜe K‡i ¸YMZ wkÿv wbwðZ Kiv m¤¢e| †ek wKQz M‡elYvq G welqwU
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx20
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Rwi‡c AšÍfy©³ wkÿKMY KZ…©K cÖ`Ë Z_¨ chv©‡jvPbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡q wkÿKMY †kªYxK‡ÿ m‡šÍvlRbK gvÎvq mvgvwRK MVbev` cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Qb| GwU Zuviv mvgvwRK MVbev` m¤ú‡K© †R‡b m‡PZbfv‡e K‡ib, bvwK wb‡RivB wb‡R‡`i wkÿY-†KŠkj wVK K‡i wb‡q K‡ib GB Rwic †_‡K Zv wbY©q Kiv m¤¢e bq| M‡elK DcvË msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ cÖwZwU we`¨vjq cwi`k©‡bi mgq †h e¨w³MZ AwfÁZv I aviYv jvf K‡ib †mwUi mv‡_ GB djvdj m½wZc~Y© bq| ev¯Í‡e mymsMwVZ c×wZ‡Z †kªYxK‡ÿ mvgvwRK MVbev‡`i PPv©i gvÎv †gv‡UI m‡šÍvlRbK bq| cÖ‡kœvËwiKvq Z_¨ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z wM‡q wkÿKMY cy‡ivcywi e¯‘wbô wQ‡jb e‡j g‡b nq wb| ZvQvov wkÿK‡`i cÖ`Ë Z‡_¨i aib †_‡K mvgvwRK MVbev` m¤ú‡K© Zuv‡`i A‡b‡KiB my¯úó aviYv †bB e‡jB g‡b nq|
wkÿK‡`i KvQ †_‡K cÖ‡kœvËwiKvi gva¨‡g Z_¨ msMÖn Kivi mgq g‡b n‡q‡Q, A‡b‡K cÖ‡kœi iæZ¡ ey‡S mwVK Z_¨ cÖ`v‡bi †P‡q †ewk †¯‹vi Kivi j‡ÿ¨ AwaK †¯‹v‡ii N‡i `vM †`Iqvi cÖwZB †ewk AvMÖnx wQ‡jb| D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv hvq, cÖ‡kœvËwiKvi cÖ_g cÖkœwU wQj: mvgvwRK MVbev` (Social
Constructivism) m¤ú‡K© Avcbvi aviYv wK gvÎvq i‡q‡Q? cÖ‡kœvËwiKvi wØZxq cÖ‡kœ Rvb‡Z PvIqv n‡qwQj wbgœ-gva¨wgK ͇i mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿ‡Y wkÿ‡Ki f~wgKvB †ewk wKbv| D‡jøL¨, G cÖkœwUi Dˇi †¯‹vi ivLv n‡qwQj wecixZgyLx| cÖ_g cÖ‡kœi Dˇi gvÎ 2 Rb Ô†gv‡UI bvÕ, 3 Rb Ômvgvb¨Õ, 8 Rb ÔwKQzUvÕ Ges 7 Rb Ôm¤ú~Y©Õ aviYv Av‡Q e‡j Rvwb‡q‡Qb| A_P wØZxq cÖ‡kœi Dˇi gvÎ 2 Rb e‡j‡Qb Ô†gv‡UI bvÕ, 1 Rb Ômvgvb¨Ô, 8 Rb ÔwKQzUvÕ Ges 9 Rb Ôm¤ú~Y©Õ| jÿYxq †h, cÖ_g cÖ‡kœi Dˇi †h 7 Rb Ôm¤ú~Y©Õ aviYv i‡q‡Q e‡j Rvwb‡q‡Qb Zuv‡`i 3 Rb wØZxq cÖ‡kœi Rev‡e Ô†gv‡UI bvÕ Ges 4 Rb Ômvgvb¨Õ Reve w`‡q‡Qb| GB cÖ‡kœi wfwˇZ cÖvß Z_¨ cÖgvY K‡i †h, mvgvwRK MVbev` m¤ú‡K© wkÿK‡`i aviYv †gv‡UB úó bq Ges Zuviv e¯‘wbôfv‡e cÖ‡kœi Z_¨ mieivn K‡ib wb| eis
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evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 21
bv Rvbv‡K wb‡R‡`i ye©jZv a‡i wb‡q Zvuiv †mB ye©jZv‡K Avovj Kivi cÖqvm †c‡q‡Qb| Ab¨w`‡K, wkÿv_©x‡`i KvQ †_‡K cÖ‡kœvËwiKvi gva¨‡g Z_¨ msMÖn Kivi mgq †`Lv †M‡Q, †ewki fvM †ÿ‡Î wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡b mskq wQj Zv‡`i †`qv Z_¨¸‡jv mswkøó wkÿK †`L‡eb wKbv| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î wkÿv_©x‡`i KvQ †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni mgq mswkøó mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿK †kªYxK‡ÿ Dcw¯’Z †_‡K wkÿv_©x‡`i Kv‡Q wM‡q †`LwQ‡jb| d‡j wkÿv_©xiv m¤¢eZ wbf©‡q Z_¨ mieivn Ki‡Z cv‡i wb| mvgvwRK MVbev` m¤ú‡K© chv©ß Áv‡bi Afve _vK‡jI wkÿv_x©‡`i h_vh_ wkL‡bi Rb¨ ¯‹z‡j mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿK‡`i ˆ`wbK K¬vm msL¨v (7 wcwiq‡Wi g‡a¨ M‡o 5 wcwiqW) Ges wcwiq‡Wi mgqmxgv evav m„wó Ki‡Q e‡j gZvgZ iv‡Lb AwaKvsk wkÿK| eZ©gv‡b cÖPwjZ ¯‹zj-†eBRW G‡mmg¨v›U (Gm.we.G)-Gi Kvi‡Y wkÿKM‡Yi Kv‡Ri Pvc †e‡o †M‡Q hv †kªYxK‡ÿ Zuv‡`i ¯^vfvweK cvV`vb‡K e¨vnZ Ki‡Q e‡jI gšÍe¨ K‡ib †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv wkÿK| ZvQvov, ch©vß wkÿv DcKiY I Ab¨vb¨ my‡hvM-myweaviI NvUwZ i‡q‡Q| M‡o 60 Rb wkÿv_©xi †kªYxK‡ÿ GKRb wkÿ‡Ki c‡ÿ mvgvwRK MVbev` cÖ‡qvM djcÖm~ n‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvQvov wkÿK wb‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡ÎI ÎæwU †`Lv hvq| †emiKvwi GKwU ‹z‡j ÔBs‡iwR mvwn‡Z¨Õ Abvm© I gv÷vm© wWwMÖavix e¨w³ Ges Ab¨ GKwU ¯‹z‡j Ôwkï ea©b I cvwievwiK m¤úK©Õ wel‡q Abvm© I gv÷vm© wWwMÖavix e¨w³ mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡qi wkÿK wn‡m‡e wb‡qvwRZ i‡q‡Qb| †hLv‡b mvgvwRK weÁvb GKwU mgwš^Z welq †m‡ÿ‡Î mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi AšÍfy©³ welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© whwb covïbv K‡ib wb wZwb mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡qi wkÿK wn‡m‡e KZUzKz mdj n‡eb Zv wb‡q h‡_ó m‡›`‡ni AeKvk i‡q‡Q| ZvQvov wbe©vwPZ ¯‹zj¸‡jvi mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿK‡`i KvQ †_‡K wkÿK wb‡`©wkKv Ges Gi e¨env‡ii iæZ¡ m¤ú‡K© BwZevPK mvov cvIqv hvq wb| Ab¨w`‡K wKQz BwZevPK welqI bR‡i c‡o‡Q| †hgb: GKRb wkÿK Zvui †kªYxKÿ‡K cÖvYešÍ Ki‡Z weZ‡K©i Av‡qvR‡bi cÖ¯‘wZ wn‡m‡e ZvrÿwYKfv‡e c‡KU †_‡K KvW© †ei K‡i †`Lvb, †hLv‡b mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi wewfbœ wel‡qi D‡jøL wQj| ZvQvov GKwU we`¨vj‡q mßv‡n GKw`b wUwdb wcwiq‡Wi cieZ©x K¬vm¸‡jv ÔnvDmÕ wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq| †mLv‡b wkÿv_©xiv cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki evB‡i wewfbœ Kg©m~wP‡Z wb‡R‡`i‡K e¨¯Í ivLvi my‡hvM cvq|
wm×všÍ mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿvi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ Ges Gi welqmg~‡ni Kvi‡YB wkÿvi Ab¨vb¨ ͇ii gZ wbgœ-gva¨wgK ͇iI mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿ‡Yi iæZ¡ GLb wek¦e¨vcx ^xK…Z (Maleq, 2002)| wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨ mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿvi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ KZUzKz AwR©Z n‡e Zv cÖavbZ wbf©i K‡i †kªYxK‡ÿ Dchy³ c×wZ e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g wkÿY cÖwµqvi Ici| Ab¨w`‡K, mvgvwRK MVbev‡`i g~j K_v n‡jv-wkÿv_©xi wkL‡bi Rb¨ wkÿKMY mbvZb c×wZ‡Z cvV¨cy¯ÍK I e³…Zvi Ici wbf©ikxj bv n‡q wkÿv_x©i g‡b Áv‡bi DrcwË, msMVb I weKv‡ki Dcvq m¤ú‡K© †R‡b wkÿv_x©i Ávb MV‡bi cÖwµqvq mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡eb|
ÔmbvZbÕ wkLb-wkÿY KvVv‡gv †_‡K mvgvwRK MVbev` A‡bKUvB wfbœ| mvgvwRK MVbev‡` Ávb MV‡b mvgvwRK wg_w¯Œqv‡K ¸iæZ¡ †`Iqv nq| GB G‡cÖvPwU wkÿv_©x-†Kw›`ªK, wkÿKMY †mLv‡b GKRb MvB‡Wi f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib gvÎ| †kªYxK‡ÿ mvgvwRK MVbev` cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g †kªYxKÿ‡K wkÿv_©xi Rb¨ wkLb-evÜe K‡i ¸YMZ wkÿv wbwðZ Kiv m¤¢e| †ek wKQz M‡elYvq G welqwU
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx22
my¯úófv‡e cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q †h †kªYxK‡ÿ mvgvwRK MVbev` wkÿvi ¸YMZ gv‡b Zvrch©c~Y© Dbœqb NUv‡Z cv‡i (nvwee I Ab¨vb¨, 2007; Strommen and Bruce Lincoln, 1998; Gillani, B. B.,
2003)|
XvKv kn‡ii wbev©wPZ kwU ‹zj, †mLv‡b Kg©iZ Aóg †kªYxi mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡qi wek Rb wkÿK I Zuv‡`i mv‡_ mswkøó wZb kZ Rb wkÿv_x© wb‡q cwiPvwjZ Rwic M‡elYvq cÖvß DcvË we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq -
K) Rwi‡ci AvIZvaxb ¯‹zj¸‡jv‡Z Aóg †kªYx‡Z mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡q mvgvwRK MVbev‡`i cÖ‡qvM m‡šÍvlRbK chv©‡q Av‡Q| Z‡e,GwU Zuviv mvgvwRK MVbev` m¤ú‡K© †R‡b m‡PZbfv‡e K‡ib, bvwK wb‡RivB wb‡R‡`i wkÿY†KŠkj wVK K‡i wb‡q K‡ib GB Rwic †_‡K Zv wbY©q Kiv m¤¢e bq| Rwi‡ci djvd‡j wkÿKM‡Yi †RÛvi, Zv‡`i wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zv, †ckvMZ cÖwkÿY wKsev Zuv‡`i `wbK M‡o †bIqv cv‡Vi msL¨vi †Kv‡bv Zvrch©c~Y© cÖfve cwijwÿZ nq wb|
wkÿKMY wkÿv_x©‡`i cÖ‡qvR‡b wewfbœ cÖKvi Aej¤^b cÖ`vb K‡ib e‡j Rvbv‡jI D‡jøL‡hvM¨-msL¨K wkÿv_x©i g‡Z wkÿKMY Zuv‡`i wkL‡b h‡_ó Aej¤^b cÖ`vb K‡ib bv| ZvQvov †kªYxK‡ÿi wkL‡b cÖwZôvb-ewnf©~Z AwfÁZv m¤ú„³ Kivi welqwU m‡šÍvlRbK bq|
L) †kªYxK‡ÿ wkÿ‡Ki mvgwRK MVbev` PPv©i gvÎv wkÿv_x©‡`i cixÿvi djvdj‡K Zvrch©c~Y fv‡e cÖfvweZ Ki‡Q bv|
M) mvgvwRK MVbev` PP©vi Rb¨ ¯‹zj¸‡jv‡Z wkÿvµwgK I †fŠZ myweavw` chv©ß cwigv‡Y we`¨gvb †bB Ges wkÿvµwgK Dcv`v‡bi Afve †fŠZ Dcv`v‡bi Zzjbvq AwaKZi cÖKU|
N) ¯‹y‡ji wkÿvµwgK Dcv`v‡b NvUwZ _vK‡jI Zv ¯‹z‡j mvgvwRK MVbev` PP©vq †Zgb cÖfve †dj‡Q bv|
O) ¯‹y‡ji †fŠZ Dcv`v‡bi cwigvY ‹z‡j mvgvwRK MVbev` PP©vq †Zgb cÖfve †dj‡Q bv|
mycvwikDcvË we‡kølY I djvd‡ji wfwˇZ evsjv‡`‡ki wbgœ-gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡q mvgvwRK MVbev` cÖ‡qvM K‡i wkÿv_x©‡`i G wel‡qi cÖwZ AvMÖnx K‡i †Zvjvi cÖqv‡m wb‡gœv³ mycvwik¸‡jv Kiv n‡jvÑ
1. mvgvwRK MVbev` m¤ú‡K© wkÿK‡`i cÖwkÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g AeMZ Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
2. mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿK wb‡qv‡M mvgvwRK weÁvb-mswkøó wel‡q mb`cÖv߇`i wbe©vPb Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
3. hy‡Mvc‡hvMx wkÿK wb‡`©wkKv cÖYqb I mieivn K‡i wkÿKMY †hb Zv AbymiY K‡ib Zv wbwðZ Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
4. cvV¨cy¯Í‡K Z‡_¨i Dc¯’vcbv Av‡iv g‡bvMÖnx I wPËvKl©K Ki‡Z n‡e|
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 23
5. wkÿv_x©‡`i jMZfv‡e KvR Kivi my‡hvM m„wó Ki‡Z n‡e|
6. ¯‹z‡j jvB‡eªwi Ges Kw¤úDUvi I B›Uvi‡bUmn AvaywbK cÖhyw³i e¨env‡ii my‡hvM m„wói gva¨‡g wkÿv_x©‡`i m„RbkxjZv‡K DrmvwnZ Kivi Rb¨ Kvh©µg MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|
7. cÖwZôvb-ewnf©~Z AwfÁZv m¤ú„³ Kivi e¨vcv‡i wkÿKMY wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi KZ©„c‡ÿi Kv‡Q welqwUi iæZ¡ Zz‡j a‡i G wel‡q h_vm¤¢e cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡ÿc MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
8. eZ©gv‡b cÖPwjZ 30, 35 ev 40 wgwb‡Ui mxwgZ wcwiqW-wfwËK wkÿY e¨e¯’vq mvgvwRK MVbev` Kvh©Kifv‡e PPv© Kiv m¤¢e bq| GRb¨ ¯‹z‡ji mgqUzKz wKfv‡e e¨eüZ n‡e †m e¨vcv‡i GKwU bgbxq iæwUb cÖYq‡bi e¨e¯’v _vKv cÖ‡qvRb|
we‡kl mycvwik evsjv‡`‡ki wbgœ-gva¨wgK ͇ii mvgvwRK weÁvb †kªYxK‡ÿ mvgvwRK MVbev` PP©vi gvÎv hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ †h ywU †¯‹j Zwi Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv mgq I Avw_©K mxgve×Zvi Kvi‡Y Av`k©vwqZ Kiv m¤¢e nq wb| myZivs e¨vcK msL¨K bgybv I c` (AvB‡Ug) e¨envi K‡i †¯‹jwU Av`k©vwqZ K‡i †bIqv DwPZ| ewntch©‡eÿKMY Øviv †¯‹jwUi wbf©i‡hvM¨Zv hvPvB Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i hv‡Z djvd‡ji wbf©i‡hvM¨Zv eRvq _v‡K |
†h‡nZz eZ©gvb Rwic M‡elYvwU †QvU AvKv‡ii (XvKv kn‡ii gvÎ `kwU miKvwi I †emiKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vjq‡K †K›`ª K‡i) bgybv e¨envi K‡i cwiPvjbv Kiv n‡q‡Q, myZivs wewfbœ mxgve×Zv we‡ePbvq †i‡L M‡elYvi djvdj mZK©Zvi mv‡_ MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|
M‡elYv Kv‡R †Kej Aóg †kªYxi mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿK, wkÿv_©x I †kªYxKÿ e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q †hLv‡b wbgœ-gva¨wgK ͇ii Ab¨vb¨ †kªYxi wPÎ cÖwZdwjZ nq bv| myZivs fwel¨‡Z GB wel‡qi Ici wbgœ-gva¨wg‡Ki wZbwU †kªYx‡KB (lô, mßg I Aóg) AšÍf©y³ K‡i M‡elYv Kiv DwPZ| mvgvwRK MVbev` wKfv‡e wkÿv_©xi wkLb‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i Zv cixÿvg~jK M‡elYvi gva¨‡g wbav©iY Kiv m¤¢e| myZivs, fwel¨‡Z GB wel‡qi Ici Zzjbvg~jK cixÿvg~jK wWRvB‡b M‡elYv cwiPvjbv Kiv DwPZ|
Dcmsnviwkÿvq mvgvwRK MVbev‡`i cÖ‡qvM Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e GKwU mv¤cÖwZK cÖZ¨q Ges DbœZ we‡k¦ MZ K‡qK `kK a‡i †kªYxK‡ÿ G gZev` cÖ‡qvM K‡i wkÿv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi D‡`¨vM ïiæ n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ Avgv‡`i †`‡k G ai‡bi D‡`¨vM Lye GKUv †Pv‡L c‡o bv| †mB w`KwU we‡ePbvq †i‡L eZ©gvb M‡elYvq evsjv‡`‡ki wbgœ-gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii mvgvwRK weÁvb †kªYxK‡ÿ mvgvwRK MVbev`-Gi Ae¯’vb AbymÜvb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK ͇i wkÿvi YMZ gvb Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ miKvwi I †emiKvwi wewfbœ Kg©m~wP †`‡ki _vbv, †Rjv, wefvM ev ivóªxq ch©v‡q cwiPvwjZ n‡”Q| Ab¨w`‡K ¸YMZ wkÿv‡K wbwðZ Kivi †ÿ‡Î GKwU Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb nj †kªYxK‡ÿ mvgvwRK MVbev` cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g †kªYxKÿ‡K wkÿv_©xi Rb¨ wkLb-evÜe K‡i †Zvjv| G ai‡bi cwi‡ek m„wói Rb¨ wkÿ‡Ki mvgvwRK
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx22
my¯úófv‡e cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q †h †kªYxK‡ÿ mvgvwRK MVbev` wkÿvi ¸YMZ gv‡b Zvrch©c~Y© Dbœqb NUv‡Z cv‡i (nvwee I Ab¨vb¨, 2007; Strommen and Bruce Lincoln, 1998; Gillani, B. B.,
2003)|
XvKv kn‡ii wbev©wPZ kwU ‹zj, †mLv‡b Kg©iZ Aóg †kªYxi mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡qi wek Rb wkÿK I Zuv‡`i mv‡_ mswkøó wZb kZ Rb wkÿv_x© wb‡q cwiPvwjZ Rwic M‡elYvq cÖvß DcvË we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq -
K) Rwi‡ci AvIZvaxb ¯‹zj¸‡jv‡Z Aóg †kªYx‡Z mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡q mvgvwRK MVbev‡`i cÖ‡qvM m‡šÍvlRbK chv©‡q Av‡Q| Z‡e,GwU Zuviv mvgvwRK MVbev` m¤ú‡K© †R‡b m‡PZbfv‡e K‡ib, bvwK wb‡RivB wb‡R‡`i wkÿY†KŠkj wVK K‡i wb‡q K‡ib GB Rwic †_‡K Zv wbY©q Kiv m¤¢e bq| Rwi‡ci djvd‡j wkÿKM‡Yi †RÛvi, Zv‡`i wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zv, †ckvMZ cÖwkÿY wKsev Zuv‡`i `wbK M‡o †bIqv cv‡Vi msL¨vi †Kv‡bv Zvrch©c~Y© cÖfve cwijwÿZ nq wb|
wkÿKMY wkÿv_x©‡`i cÖ‡qvR‡b wewfbœ cÖKvi Aej¤^b cÖ`vb K‡ib e‡j Rvbv‡jI D‡jøL‡hvM¨-msL¨K wkÿv_x©i g‡Z wkÿKMY Zuv‡`i wkL‡b h‡_ó Aej¤^b cÖ`vb K‡ib bv| ZvQvov †kªYxK‡ÿi wkL‡b cÖwZôvb-ewnf©~Z AwfÁZv m¤ú„³ Kivi welqwU m‡šÍvlRbK bq|
L) †kªYxK‡ÿ wkÿ‡Ki mvgwRK MVbev` PPv©i gvÎv wkÿv_x©‡`i cixÿvi djvdj‡K Zvrch©c~Y fv‡e cÖfvweZ Ki‡Q bv|
M) mvgvwRK MVbev` PP©vi Rb¨ ¯‹zj¸‡jv‡Z wkÿvµwgK I †fŠZ myweavw` chv©ß cwigv‡Y we`¨gvb †bB Ges wkÿvµwgK Dcv`v‡bi Afve †fŠZ Dcv`v‡bi Zzjbvq AwaKZi cÖKU|
N) ¯‹y‡ji wkÿvµwgK Dcv`v‡b NvUwZ _vK‡jI Zv ¯‹z‡j mvgvwRK MVbev` PP©vq †Zgb cÖfve †dj‡Q bv|
O) ¯‹y‡ji †fŠZ Dcv`v‡bi cwigvY ‹z‡j mvgvwRK MVbev` PP©vq †Zgb cÖfve †dj‡Q bv|
mycvwikDcvË we‡kølY I djvd‡ji wfwˇZ evsjv‡`‡ki wbgœ-gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡q mvgvwRK MVbev` cÖ‡qvM K‡i wkÿv_x©‡`i G wel‡qi cÖwZ AvMÖnx K‡i †Zvjvi cÖqv‡m wb‡gœv³ mycvwik¸‡jv Kiv n‡jvÑ
1. mvgvwRK MVbev` m¤ú‡K© wkÿK‡`i cÖwkÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g AeMZ Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
2. mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿK wb‡qv‡M mvgvwRK weÁvb-mswkøó wel‡q mb`cÖv߇`i wbe©vPb Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
3. hy‡Mvc‡hvMx wkÿK wb‡`©wkKv cÖYqb I mieivn K‡i wkÿKMY †hb Zv AbymiY K‡ib Zv wbwðZ Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
4. cvV¨cy¯Í‡K Z‡_¨i Dc¯’vcbv Av‡iv g‡bvMÖnx I wPËvKl©K Ki‡Z n‡e|
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 23
5. wkÿv_x©‡`i jMZfv‡e KvR Kivi my‡hvM m„wó Ki‡Z n‡e|
6. ¯‹z‡j jvB‡eªwi Ges Kw¤úDUvi I B›Uvi‡bUmn AvaywbK cÖhyw³i e¨env‡ii my‡hvM m„wói gva¨‡g wkÿv_x©‡`i m„RbkxjZv‡K DrmvwnZ Kivi Rb¨ Kvh©µg MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|
7. cÖwZôvb-ewnf©~Z AwfÁZv m¤ú„³ Kivi e¨vcv‡i wkÿKMY wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi KZ©„c‡ÿi Kv‡Q welqwUi iæZ¡ Zz‡j a‡i G wel‡q h_vm¤¢e cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡ÿc MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
8. eZ©gv‡b cÖPwjZ 30, 35 ev 40 wgwb‡Ui mxwgZ wcwiqW-wfwËK wkÿY e¨e¯’vq mvgvwRK MVbev` Kvh©Kifv‡e PPv© Kiv m¤¢e bq| GRb¨ ¯‹z‡ji mgqUzKz wKfv‡e e¨eüZ n‡e †m e¨vcv‡i GKwU bgbxq iæwUb cÖYq‡bi e¨e¯’v _vKv cÖ‡qvRb|
we‡kl mycvwik evsjv‡`‡ki wbgœ-gva¨wgK ͇ii mvgvwRK weÁvb †kªYxK‡ÿ mvgvwRK MVbev` PP©vi gvÎv hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ †h ywU †¯‹j Zwi Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv mgq I Avw_©K mxgve×Zvi Kvi‡Y Av`k©vwqZ Kiv m¤¢e nq wb| myZivs e¨vcK msL¨K bgybv I c` (AvB‡Ug) e¨envi K‡i †¯‹jwU Av`k©vwqZ K‡i †bIqv DwPZ| ewntch©‡eÿKMY Øviv †¯‹jwUi wbf©i‡hvM¨Zv hvPvB Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i hv‡Z djvd‡ji wbf©i‡hvM¨Zv eRvq _v‡K |
†h‡nZz eZ©gvb Rwic M‡elYvwU †QvU AvKv‡ii (XvKv kn‡ii gvÎ `kwU miKvwi I †emiKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vjq‡K †K›`ª K‡i) bgybv e¨envi K‡i cwiPvjbv Kiv n‡q‡Q, myZivs wewfbœ mxgve×Zv we‡ePbvq †i‡L M‡elYvi djvdj mZK©Zvi mv‡_ MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|
M‡elYv Kv‡R †Kej Aóg †kªYxi mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿK, wkÿv_©x I †kªYxKÿ e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q †hLv‡b wbgœ-gva¨wgK ͇ii Ab¨vb¨ †kªYxi wPÎ cÖwZdwjZ nq bv| myZivs fwel¨‡Z GB wel‡qi Ici wbgœ-gva¨wg‡Ki wZbwU †kªYx‡KB (lô, mßg I Aóg) AšÍf©y³ K‡i M‡elYv Kiv DwPZ| mvgvwRK MVbev` wKfv‡e wkÿv_©xi wkLb‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i Zv cixÿvg~jK M‡elYvi gva¨‡g wbav©iY Kiv m¤¢e| myZivs, fwel¨‡Z GB wel‡qi Ici Zzjbvg~jK cixÿvg~jK wWRvB‡b M‡elYv cwiPvjbv Kiv DwPZ|
Dcmsnviwkÿvq mvgvwRK MVbev‡`i cÖ‡qvM Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e GKwU mv¤cÖwZK cÖZ¨q Ges DbœZ we‡k¦ MZ K‡qK `kK a‡i †kªYxK‡ÿ G gZev` cÖ‡qvM K‡i wkÿv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi D‡`¨vM ïiæ n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ Avgv‡`i †`‡k G ai‡bi D‡`¨vM Lye GKUv †Pv‡L c‡o bv| †mB w`KwU we‡ePbvq †i‡L eZ©gvb M‡elYvq evsjv‡`‡ki wbgœ-gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii mvgvwRK weÁvb †kªYxK‡ÿ mvgvwRK MVbev`-Gi Ae¯’vb AbymÜvb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK ͇i wkÿvi YMZ gvb Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ miKvwi I †emiKvwi wewfbœ Kg©m~wP †`‡ki _vbv, †Rjv, wefvM ev ivóªxq ch©v‡q cwiPvwjZ n‡”Q| Ab¨w`‡K ¸YMZ wkÿv‡K wbwðZ Kivi †ÿ‡Î GKwU Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb nj †kªYxK‡ÿ mvgvwRK MVbev` cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g †kªYxKÿ‡K wkÿv_©xi Rb¨ wkLb-evÜe K‡i †Zvjv| G ai‡bi cwi‡ek m„wói Rb¨ wkÿ‡Ki mvgvwRK
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx24
MVbev` Ges Gi cÖ‡qvM m¤ú‡K© ch©vß Ávb _vK‡Z n‡e| Rwi‡c cÖvß DcvË we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, eZ©gv‡b G‡`‡ki wkÿKMY Zuv‡`i Rvbv Ges ARvbvq †kªYxK‡ÿ m‡šÍvlRbK gvÎvq mvgvwRK MVbev` PP©v Ki‡Qb| mvgvwRK MVbev` PP©vq Zuviv wewfbœ Amyweav I NvUwZ wPwýZ K‡ib| ZvQvov, we`¨gvb wkÿvµwgK (eZ©gvb cvV¨cy¯ÍK) I †fŠZ Dcv`vb GB †kªYxK‡ÿ mvgvwRK MVbev` cÖ‡qv‡M Avkvbyiƒc mnvqK f~wgKv ivL‡Z cvi‡Q bv|
Z_¨m~wPLvb, †gv. jy. i. I gv‡jK, Av. (2000), mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿY, gva¨wgK wkÿv Dbœqb cÖKí, XvKv|
MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb|
cwigvwR©Z I bevqbK…Z evsjv‡`k RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨m~wP cÖYqb KwgwUi wi‡cvU©; cÖ_g LÐ: wbgœ-gva¨wgK Íi; RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW©; 1995; XvKv|
gva¨wgK mvgvwRK weÁvb cÖwkÿY g¨vbyqvj, wkÿK‡`i welqwfwËK cÖwkÿY cvBjU †cÖvMÖvg, wUwKD AvB †cÖv‡R±, wkÿv gš¿Yvjq, gva¨wgK I D”P wkÿv Awa`ßi, XvKv, 2007|
gv‡jK, Av. †eMg, g. Bmjvg, d. Ges wiqv`, †k.kv. (2007); wkÿvweÁvb I evsjv‡`‡k wkÿv; evsjv‡`k wek¦we`¨vjq gÄywi Kwgkb, XvKv|
iv‡mj, evU©ªvÛ (2007), wkÿv I mgvR KvVv‡gv, Abyev`: Avikv` AvwRR, Aemi cÖKvk, XvKv|
nvwee, Gg., Bmjvg, Gg.G., Avnmvb, Gm. (2007); wkLb, g~j¨ hvPvB Ges cÖwZdjbg~jK Abykxjb; wgZv †UªWvm©, XvKv|
BANBEIS Reports 2007
Bangladesh National Education Commission Report, February 1988.
Bosch, B. (2005). Using a Constructivist Simulation to Increase Student Learning and Enjoyment in a 10th Grade World History Class. Master's Thesis Paper. Graduate Division of Wayne State University, Detroit, MI. Spring. downloaded from http://ted.coe.wayne.edu/sse/finding/Bosch.doc on 15 September, 2008.
Brandwein, Paul F (1971). Principles and Practices in the Teaching of Social Sciences. California State Department of Education.
Brooks, J. G., & Brooks, M. G. (1993). In search of understanding: The case for constructivist classrooms. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
Brown, Robert G. (1999). Middle school social studies in the cognitive revolution. The Clearing House. Vol 72, 327-331.
Dewey, John. (1938). Experience & Education. New York: Touchstone.
Fosnot, C. T. (1996). æConstructivism: A Psychological Theory of Learning.” In Constructivism: Theory, Perspectives and Practice, ed. C. T. Fosnot, 8–33. New York: Teachers College Press.
Gillani, B. B. (2003). Learning Theories and the Design of E-learning Environments.Lanham, Md.: University Press of America.
Habib, Ahsan. (2008) A Search for Constructivism in Teaching of Government Primary Schools of Dhaka City. Teacher’s World, vol. 32, June 2008.
Hogan, K. & Pressley, M. (1997). Scaffolding Student Learning: Instructional Approaches and Issues. Brookline Books, Cambridge.
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 25
Jaramillo, J. (1996). Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory and contributions to the development of constructivist curricula. Education 117(1), 133-140.
Maleq, A., Begum, M. & Hossain, A. (2004) Classroom performance of secondary school Teachers in Bangladesh: An Evaluation, Teacher’s World, vol. 26-27, 2004 Maleq, A.(2002) Classroom Teaching in Social Science at the Secondary Schools of Bangladesh: A critical investigation, Teacher’s World, vol. 24-25, December 2000-June 2002, pp 69-101.
Maleq, A.(2001) Teaching Social Science at the Secondary Schools of Bangladesh: Direction and Development, Social Science Review (SSR), The Dhaka University Studies, Part-D, vol. 18, December 2001, pp 305-316.
Martorella, Peter H. (1997). Teaching social studies in the middle and secondary schools. Upper saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
McKenzie, J. (1999). Scaffolding for Success. From Now On: The Educational Journal, Vol. 9, No. 4. Retrieved November 1, 2008, from http://www.fno.org/dec99/scaffold.html.
Pourdavood, R., Svec, L. V., Cowen, L. M. (2005). Social constructivism in practice: case study of an elementary school's mathematics program. Focus on Learning Problems in Mathematics, Wntr-Spring, 2005 Rice, Margaret L., & Wilsion, Elizabeth K. (1999). How technology aid constructivism in the social studies classroom. The Social Studies. V90, 28-34.
Scheurman, G. (1998). From Behaviorist to Constructivist Teaching. Social Education, 62, 6-9.
Strommen, E. F. & Lincoln, B. (1998). Constructivism, Technology, and the Future of Classroom Learning. International Society for Technology in Education.
Vygotsky, L. (1962). Thought and language. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Vygotsky, L.S. (1978). Mind in Society: The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Wood, D., Bruner, J., & Ross, G., (1976). The role of tutoring in problem-solving. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 17, 89-100.
Woolfolk, A, (2004). Educational Psychology, Pearson Education, Inc. and Dorling Kindersley Publishing Inc, Delhi, India.
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx24
MVbev` Ges Gi cÖ‡qvM m¤ú‡K© ch©vß Ávb _vK‡Z n‡e| Rwi‡c cÖvß DcvË we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, eZ©gv‡b G‡`‡ki wkÿKMY Zuv‡`i Rvbv Ges ARvbvq †kªYxK‡ÿ m‡šÍvlRbK gvÎvq mvgvwRK MVbev` PP©v Ki‡Qb| mvgvwRK MVbev` PP©vq Zuviv wewfbœ Amyweav I NvUwZ wPwýZ K‡ib| ZvQvov, we`¨gvb wkÿvµwgK (eZ©gvb cvV¨cy¯ÍK) I †fŠZ Dcv`vb GB †kªYxK‡ÿ mvgvwRK MVbev` cÖ‡qv‡M Avkvbyiƒc mnvqK f~wgKv ivL‡Z cvi‡Q bv|
Z_¨m~wPLvb, †gv. jy. i. I gv‡jK, Av. (2000), mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿY, gva¨wgK wkÿv Dbœqb cÖKí, XvKv|
MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb|
cwigvwR©Z I bevqbK…Z evsjv‡`k RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨m~wP cÖYqb KwgwUi wi‡cvU©; cÖ_g LÐ: wbgœ-gva¨wgK Íi; RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW©; 1995; XvKv|
gva¨wgK mvgvwRK weÁvb cÖwkÿY g¨vbyqvj, wkÿK‡`i welqwfwËK cÖwkÿY cvBjU †cÖvMÖvg, wUwKD AvB †cÖv‡R±, wkÿv gš¿Yvjq, gva¨wgK I D”P wkÿv Awa`ßi, XvKv, 2007|
gv‡jK, Av. †eMg, g. Bmjvg, d. Ges wiqv`, †k.kv. (2007); wkÿvweÁvb I evsjv‡`‡k wkÿv; evsjv‡`k wek¦we`¨vjq gÄywi Kwgkb, XvKv|
iv‡mj, evU©ªvÛ (2007), wkÿv I mgvR KvVv‡gv, Abyev`: Avikv` AvwRR, Aemi cÖKvk, XvKv|
nvwee, Gg., Bmjvg, Gg.G., Avnmvb, Gm. (2007); wkLb, g~j¨ hvPvB Ges cÖwZdjbg~jK Abykxjb; wgZv †UªWvm©, XvKv|
BANBEIS Reports 2007
Bangladesh National Education Commission Report, February 1988.
Bosch, B. (2005). Using a Constructivist Simulation to Increase Student Learning and Enjoyment in a 10th Grade World History Class. Master's Thesis Paper. Graduate Division of Wayne State University, Detroit, MI. Spring. downloaded from http://ted.coe.wayne.edu/sse/finding/Bosch.doc on 15 September, 2008.
Brandwein, Paul F (1971). Principles and Practices in the Teaching of Social Sciences. California State Department of Education.
Brooks, J. G., & Brooks, M. G. (1993). In search of understanding: The case for constructivist classrooms. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
Brown, Robert G. (1999). Middle school social studies in the cognitive revolution. The Clearing House. Vol 72, 327-331.
Dewey, John. (1938). Experience & Education. New York: Touchstone.
Fosnot, C. T. (1996). æConstructivism: A Psychological Theory of Learning.” In Constructivism: Theory, Perspectives and Practice, ed. C. T. Fosnot, 8–33. New York: Teachers College Press.
Gillani, B. B. (2003). Learning Theories and the Design of E-learning Environments.Lanham, Md.: University Press of America.
Habib, Ahsan. (2008) A Search for Constructivism in Teaching of Government Primary Schools of Dhaka City. Teacher’s World, vol. 32, June 2008.
Hogan, K. & Pressley, M. (1997). Scaffolding Student Learning: Instructional Approaches and Issues. Brookline Books, Cambridge.
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 25
Jaramillo, J. (1996). Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory and contributions to the development of constructivist curricula. Education 117(1), 133-140.
Maleq, A., Begum, M. & Hossain, A. (2004) Classroom performance of secondary school Teachers in Bangladesh: An Evaluation, Teacher’s World, vol. 26-27, 2004 Maleq, A.(2002) Classroom Teaching in Social Science at the Secondary Schools of Bangladesh: A critical investigation, Teacher’s World, vol. 24-25, December 2000-June 2002, pp 69-101.
Maleq, A.(2001) Teaching Social Science at the Secondary Schools of Bangladesh: Direction and Development, Social Science Review (SSR), The Dhaka University Studies, Part-D, vol. 18, December 2001, pp 305-316.
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mvims‡ÿc
MÖvgxY wbgœ-gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨ wewfbœ AvPiwYK mgm¨vi (behavioral
difficulties) gvÎv (prevalence) Ges G¸‡jvi mv‡_ we`¨vjq K…wZ‡Z¡i m¤úK© wbY©q Kivi Rb¨ GB M‡elYvwU cwiPvjbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| AvPiwYK mgm¨vi †ÿ‡Î †RÛvi cv_©K¨ AbymÜvb KivI GB M‡elYvi GKwU D‡Ïk¨ wQj| M‡elYvwU 2wU `ePwqZ MÖvgxY gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi 7g I 8g †kªYxi 292 Rb wkÿv_x©‡`i AskMÖn‡Y cwiPvjbv Kiv nq †hLv‡b †Q‡j Ges †g‡qi msL¨v wQj h_vµ‡g 133 Ges 159| AvPiwYK mgm¨v cwigv‡ci Rb¨ mejZv I `ye©jZv wbYv©qK cÖkœgvjv (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire [SDQ]) Ges we`¨vjq K…wZZ¡ cwigv‡ci Rb¨ we`¨vj‡qi c~e©eZx© cixÿvmg~‡ni b¤^i e¨envi Kiv nq| M‡elYvi djvdj †_‡K †`Lv hvq, cÖvq 21% wkÿv_x© SDQ †¯‹j Abyhvqx nq A¯^vfvweK (abnormal) A_ev mxgvbv‡iLv (borderline) AvPiY `‡j Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q| †Q‡j Ges †g‡qiv GKB ai‡bi AvPiwYK mgm¨vi wee„wZ w`‡q‡Q Ges `yÕ`jB Ab¨vb¨ AvPiwYK †ÿθ‡jvi Zzjbvq Zvrch©c~Y© D”PgvÎvi Av‡ewMK mgm¨v (emotional problem) Ges wbgœgvÎvi KÛv± mgm¨vi (conduct problem) cÖwZ wb‡`©k K‡i‡Q| Z‡e †g‡q‡`i Av‡ewMK Ges mncvVx‡`i mv‡_ AvPiYmsµvšÍ mgm¨v †Q‡j‡`i Zzjbvq †ewk, Ab¨w`‡K †Q‡j‡`i AwZPv‡j¨i (hyperactivity) gvb †g‡q‡`i †P‡q †ewk cvIqv †M‡Q| hw`I †g‡q‡`i mvwe©K AvPiwYK mgm¨vi gvb †Q‡j‡`i †P‡q †ewk, wKš‘ GB cv_©K¨wU Zvrch©c~Y© bq| AvPiwYK mgm¨vi cÖwZwU †ÿ‡Îi mv‡_ we`¨vjq K…wZ‡Z¡i GKwU `ye©j wKš‘ wecixZagx© Zvrch©c~Y© m¤úK© we`¨gvb e‡j M‡elYvi djvd‡j †`Lv †M‡Q †hLv‡b KÛv± mgm¨v Ges Av‡ewMK mgm¨v h_vµ‡g m‡ev©”P Ges me©wbgœ gvÎvq we`¨vjq K…wZ‡Z¡i mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³| Gme djvd‡ji Zvrch© Ges G †_‡K cieZx© M‡elYvi Rb¨ cÖvß w`Kwb‡`©kbvI G wbe‡Ü Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
MÖvgxY wbgœ-gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii wkÿv_x©‡`i AvPiwYK mgm¨v Ges we`¨vjq K…wZ‡Z¡i mv‡_ Gi m¤úK©
*cÖfvlK, wkÿv Dbœqb Bbw÷wUDU, eª¨vK wek¦we`¨vjq Ges LÐKvjxb cÖfvlK, wkÿv I M‡elYv Bbw÷wUDU, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq| KgbI‡qj_ ¯‹jvi 2008-2009| B-†gBj: [email protected]**cÖfvlK, wkÿv I M‡elYv Bbw÷wUDU, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq|
*gynv¤§` gvneye †gv‡k©`**
my‡giv Avnmvb
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 27
mvims‡ÿc
MÖvgxY wbgœ-gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨ wewfbœ AvPiwYK mgm¨vi (behavioral
difficulties) gvÎv (prevalence) Ges G¸‡jvi mv‡_ we`¨vjq K…wZ‡Z¡i m¤úK© wbY©q Kivi Rb¨ GB M‡elYvwU cwiPvjbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| AvPiwYK mgm¨vi †ÿ‡Î †RÛvi cv_©K¨ AbymÜvb KivI GB M‡elYvi GKwU D‡Ïk¨ wQj| M‡elYvwU 2wU `ePwqZ MÖvgxY gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi 7g I 8g †kªYxi 292 Rb wkÿv_x©‡`i AskMÖn‡Y cwiPvjbv Kiv nq †hLv‡b †Q‡j Ges †g‡qi msL¨v wQj h_vµ‡g 133 Ges 159| AvPiwYK mgm¨v cwigv‡ci Rb¨ mejZv I `ye©jZv wbYv©qK cÖkœgvjv (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire [SDQ]) Ges we`¨vjq K…wZZ¡ cwigv‡ci Rb¨ we`¨vj‡qi c~e©eZx© cixÿvmg~‡ni b¤^i e¨envi Kiv nq| M‡elYvi djvdj †_‡K †`Lv hvq, cÖvq 21% wkÿv_x© SDQ †¯‹j Abyhvqx nq A¯^vfvweK (abnormal) A_ev mxgvbv‡iLv (borderline) AvPiY `‡j Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q| †Q‡j Ges †g‡qiv GKB ai‡bi AvPiwYK mgm¨vi wee„wZ w`‡q‡Q Ges `yÕ`jB Ab¨vb¨ AvPiwYK †ÿθ‡jvi Zzjbvq Zvrch©c~Y© D”PgvÎvi Av‡ewMK mgm¨v (emotional problem) Ges wbgœgvÎvi KÛv± mgm¨vi (conduct problem) cÖwZ wb‡`©k K‡i‡Q| Z‡e †g‡q‡`i Av‡ewMK Ges mncvVx‡`i mv‡_ AvPiYmsµvšÍ mgm¨v †Q‡j‡`i Zzjbvq †ewk, Ab¨w`‡K †Q‡j‡`i AwZPv‡j¨i (hyperactivity) gvb †g‡q‡`i †P‡q †ewk cvIqv †M‡Q| hw`I †g‡q‡`i mvwe©K AvPiwYK mgm¨vi gvb †Q‡j‡`i †P‡q †ewk, wKš‘ GB cv_©K¨wU Zvrch©c~Y© bq| AvPiwYK mgm¨vi cÖwZwU †ÿ‡Îi mv‡_ we`¨vjq K…wZ‡Z¡i GKwU `ye©j wKš‘ wecixZagx© Zvrch©c~Y© m¤úK© we`¨gvb e‡j M‡elYvi djvd‡j †`Lv †M‡Q †hLv‡b KÛv± mgm¨v Ges Av‡ewMK mgm¨v h_vµ‡g m‡ev©”P Ges me©wbgœ gvÎvq we`¨vjq K…wZ‡Z¡i mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³| Gme djvd‡ji Zvrch© Ges G †_‡K cieZx© M‡elYvi Rb¨ cÖvß w`Kwb‡`©kbvI G wbe‡Ü Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
MÖvgxY wbgœ-gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii wkÿv_x©‡`i AvPiwYK mgm¨v Ges we`¨vjq K…wZ‡Z¡i mv‡_ Gi m¤úK©
*cÖfvlK, wkÿv Dbœqb Bbw÷wUDU, eª¨vK wek¦we`¨vjq Ges LÐKvjxb cÖfvlK, wkÿv I M‡elYv Bbw÷wUDU, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq| KgbI‡qj_ ¯‹jvi 2008-2009| B-†gBj: [email protected]**cÖfvlK, wkÿv I M‡elYv Bbw÷wUDU, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq|
*gynv¤§` gvneye †gv‡k©`**
my‡giv Avnmvb
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 27
f~wgKvweKvk g‡bvweÁv‡bi g~j AvMÖ‡ni Ab¨Zg GKwU †K›`ªwe›`y nj kkeKvjxb AvPiwYK mgm¨v msµvšÍ M‡elYv (Achenabch, Howell, McCanaughy & Stanger, 1995)| mgm¨vi gvÎv, e¨w³MZ I mvgvwRK †fvMvwšÍ Ges †ewkifvM Awfbe †KŠk‡ji cÖwZ cÖwZ‡ivag~jK g‡bvfv‡ei gvÎv‡K we‡ePbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h, Ab¨vb¨ mgm¨vi Zzjbvq AvPiwYK Ges we`¨vjq K…wZZ¡msµvšÍ mgm¨vmg~nB ˆkk‡ei †ewk ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mgm¨v (Kazdin, 1987; Taylor, 1988)| M‡elYvi mvieËv †_‡K GI
cÖZxqgvb nq †h, we`¨vjq-co–qv wkÿv_x©‡`i g‡a¨ AwZPvÂj¨, Ag‡bv‡hvwMZv (inattentiveness), Ges Lvg‡Lqvwjcbv (impulsivity)- Gme AvPiwYK mgm¨v h‡_ó cwigv‡Y we`¨gvb (Place, Wilson,
Martin & Hulsmeier, 2000; Adams & Snowling, 2001)| DbœZ †`k¸‡jv‡Z wkï gb¯ÍvwË¡K e¨vwa¸‡jv †hцKv‡bv eqmx Kgc‡ÿ 10-20% wkïi ¸iæZi welv`MÖ¯ÍZv Ges mvgvwRK cÖwZeÜxZvi KviY n‡q uvovq (Bird, 1996)| AviI g‡b Kiv nq †h, GB gvÎvwU Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki wkï‡`i †ÿ‡Î D”PZi A_ev Kgc‡ÿ mgvb (Nikapota, 1991)| Rxebe¨vcx mvgvwRK I gb¯ÍvwË¡K mgm¨vmg~n (Rutter, 1996) Ges wK‡kvi Aciv‡ai (Satterfield, Hoppe & Schell, 1982) mv‡_ AvPiwYK mgm¨v m¤úK©hy³| cvðvZ¨ †`kmg‚‡n cwiPvwjZ M‡elYv¸wj‡Z †`Lv †M‡Q AvPiwYK mgm¨v ye©j we`¨vjq K…wZ‡Z¡i mv‡_I m¤úK©hy³ (Hinshaw, 1992; Dupaul, Mcgoey, Eckhert &
Vanbrackle, 2001; Rapport, Denney, Chung & Hustace , 2001; Sacker, Schoon & Bartley,
2002)| wKš‘ `ytLRbK n‡jI mZ¨ evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿv_x©‡`i gvbwmK ¯^v‡¯’¨i Ae¯’v Ges we`¨vjq K…wZ‡Z¡i mv‡_ Gi m¤ú‡K©i wel‡q M‡elYvi h‡_ó Afve i‡q‡Q| ZvB evsjv‡`‡ki †cÖÿvc‡U G ai‡bi M‡elYv nIqv LyeB cÖ‡qvRbxq| hw`I wKQy M‡elYv evsjv‡`‡ki wkï‡`i AvPiwYK mgm¨v wb‡q Kiv n‡q‡Q, Z‡e G¸‡jv g~jZ wPwKrmvaxb kû‡i-wkï‡`i wb‡q Kiv hvi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ wQj AvPiwYK mgm¨v cwigv‡ci Afxÿvi h_v_©Zv wbwðZ Kiv (D`vniY¯^iƒc, †`Lyb Goodman,
Renfrew & Mullick, 2001; Mullick & Goodman, 2001)| evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgxY †cÖÿvc‡U Ges wK‡kvi-wK‡kvix‡`i AskMÖn‡Y †Kv‡bv M‡elYv GLb ch©šÍ cwiPvwjZ nq wb| A_P cvðv‡Z¨ m¤úvw`Z wewfbœ M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q, myweavewÂZ mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v‡b _vKv wkï I wK‡kvi-wK‡kvix‡`i g‡a¨ AvPiwYK mgm¨v †ewk, KviY GwU mvgvwRK I Av‡ewMK mgm¨vi SzuwK‡K evwo‡q †`q Ges Gme mgm¨vi mv‡_ Lvc LvB‡q †bIqvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq mnvqZv cÖ`v‡b e¨_© nq (Ackerman, Brown & Izard, 2004; McLoyd, 1998; Wadsworth & Compass, 2002)| mvaviYfv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgvÂj¸‡jv g~jZ myweavewÂZ Ges `vwi`ª¨cxwoZ GjvKv wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ| ZvB MÖvgxY †cÖÿvc‡U wK‡kvi-wK‡kvix‡`i AvPiwYK mgm¨vi gvÎv Ges Gi mv‡_ we`¨vjq K…wZ‡Z¡i m¤úK© wbY©‡qi AbymÜvbwU h‡_ó cÖvmw½K I hyw³hy³|
AvPiwYK mgm¨vi gvÎvq †RÛvi Abyhvqx cv_©K¨ †`LvI GB M‡elYvi GKwU D‡Ïk¨| KviY DbœZ †`k¸‡jv‡Z †hgb hy³iv‡R¨ (†`Lyb Meltzer, Gatward, Goodman & Ford, 2000), A‡÷ªwjqvq (†`Lyb Mellor, 2005) Ges hy³iv‡óª (†`Lyb National Centre for Health Statistics [NHIS], 2003)
†Q‡j I †g‡q‡`i g‡a¨ wfbœZi gvÎvi AvPiwYK mgm¨v †`Lv †M‡Q †hLv‡b me¸‡jv M‡elYv‡ZB †g‡q‡`i Zzjbvq †Q‡j‡`i g‡a¨ D”PZi mvwe©K AvPiwYK mgm¨v QvovI KÛv±, AwZPvÂj¨ I mncvVx mgm¨v †ewk cvIqv †M‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K †g‡q‡`i g‡a¨ †Q‡j‡`i Zzjbvq D”PZi Av‡ewMK
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx28
mgm¨v cvIqv †M‡Q| ZvB evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgxY †cÖÿvc‡U GB w`KwU AbymÜvb KivI h‡_ó ¸iæ‡Z¡i `vwe iv‡L|
M‡elYvi D‡Ïk¨GB M‡elYvi D‡Ïk¨ nj wbgœ-gva¨wgK chv©‡q Aa¨qbiZ MÖvgxY wkÿv_x©‡`i
K) AvPiwYK mgm¨vi gvÎv (prevalence) wbiƒcY Kiv Ges †Q‡j I †g‡q‡`i g‡a¨ GB gvÎvq cv_©K¨ nq wKbv Zv wbY©q Kiv|
L) AvPiwYK mgm¨vi gvb †RÐvi Ges wewfbœ mywbw`©ó AvPiYMZ w`K †hgb: Av‡ewMK mgm¨v, KÛv± mgm¨v, AwZPvÂj¨ Ges mncvVx mgm¨v Abyhvqx cv_©K¨ nq wKbv Zv wbY©q Kiv|
M) AvPiwYK mgm¨v Ges we`¨vjq K…wZ‡Z¡i g‡a¨ mn-m¤úK© wbY©q Kiv|
M‡elYvi c×wZAskMÖnYKvix (Participants):
M‡elYvq AskMÖnYKvix wkÿv_x©‡`i 1wU Dc‡Rjvi ˆ`ePq‡bi gva¨‡g evQvBK…Z 2wU gva¨wgK we`¨vjq †_‡K †bIqv n‡q‡Q| hw`I evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿvKvVv‡gvq 6ô †_‡K 8g †kªYx‡K wbgœ-gva¨wgK ¯Íi wn‡m‡e aiv nq, wKš‘ cÖavb wkÿ‡Ki mv‡_ Av‡jvPbvi †cÖwÿ‡Z 6ô †kªYxi wkÿv_x©‡`i GB M‡elYv †_‡K ev` †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| cÖavb wkÿ‡Ki †`Iqv Z_¨ Abyhvqx wkÿv_x©‡`i cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii we`¨vjq K…wZZ¡ msµvšÍ Z_¨ MÖvgxY gva¨wgK we`¨vjq¸‡jv‡Z †bB| †h‡nZz GB M‡elYvq wkÿv_x©‡`i c~e©eZx© cixÿvi djvdj cwigvcK wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q, ZvB 6ô †kªYxi wkÿv_x©‡`i AšÍf©y³ Kiv nq wb|
M‡elYvq 2wU we`¨vj‡qi 7g I 8g †kªYxi mKj wkÿv_x©‡K AskMÖnYKvix (N = 292; †Q‡j = 133, †g‡q= 159; 7g †kªYxi wkÿv_x© = 148, 8g †kªYxi wkÿv_x© = 144) wn‡m‡e †bIqv n‡q‡Q| wkÿv_x©‡`i eqm msµvšÍ wbLyuZ Z_¨ cvIqv hvq wb, Z‡e mvaviYfv‡e G‡`i 13-14 eQi eqm ‡ji wkÿv_x© ejv hvq KviY 7g I 8g †kªYxi Rb¨ GwU miKvi wbav©wiZ eqm j| cÖavb wkÿK‡`i †`Iqv Z_¨ Abyhvqx wkÿv_x©‡`i †ewkifvMB wbgœweË I wbgœ-ga¨weË cwiev‡ii mšÍvb| cÖavb wkÿK‡`i KvQ †_‡K AviI Rvbv hvq †h, AwaKvsk wkïB nq cÖ_g cÖRb¥ wkÿv_x© (first generation learner) A_ev Zv‡`i evev-gv‡`i m‡ev©”P cÖv_wgK †_‡K gva¨wgK ͇ii wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zv i‡q‡Q|
cwigvcKmg~n (Measures):
AvPiYMZ mgm¨v cwigv‡ci Rb¨ mejZv I ye©jZv wbYv©qK cÖkœgvjv (Strengths and Difficulties
Questionnaire, [SDQ] ) e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| g~j cÖkœgvjvwU Bs‡iwR‡Z cÖ¯‘ZK…Z, cieZ©xKv‡j GwU evsjvmn 40wUiI †ewk fvlvq Abyev` Kiv nq Ges Ab~w`Z ms¯‹iY¸‡jvi h_v_©ZvI wbY©q Kiv nq| cÖkœgvjvwUi 4-11 eQi eqmx wkï‡`i Rb¨ evev-gv Ges wkÿK KZ…©K wee„wZg~jK ms¯‹iY (parent-reported version and teacher-reported version) i‡q‡Q, 11-16 eQi eqmx wkï‡`i Rb¨ evev-gv I wkÿK‡`i cvkvcvwk AvZ¥-wee„wZg~jK ms¯‹iYI (self-reported version) i‡q‡Q| GB M‡elYvq 11-16 eQi eqmx wkï‡`i Rb¨ cÖ¯‘ZK…Z AvZ¥-wee„wZg~jK ms¯‹iYwU e¨envi Kiv
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 29
f~wgKvweKvk g‡bvweÁv‡bi g~j AvMÖ‡ni Ab¨Zg GKwU †K›`ªwe›`y nj kkeKvjxb AvPiwYK mgm¨v msµvšÍ M‡elYv (Achenabch, Howell, McCanaughy & Stanger, 1995)| mgm¨vi gvÎv, e¨w³MZ I mvgvwRK †fvMvwšÍ Ges †ewkifvM Awfbe †KŠk‡ji cÖwZ cÖwZ‡ivag~jK g‡bvfv‡ei gvÎv‡K we‡ePbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h, Ab¨vb¨ mgm¨vi Zzjbvq AvPiwYK Ges we`¨vjq K…wZZ¡msµvšÍ mgm¨vmg~nB ˆkk‡ei †ewk ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mgm¨v (Kazdin, 1987; Taylor, 1988)| M‡elYvi mvieËv †_‡K GI
cÖZxqgvb nq †h, we`¨vjq-co–qv wkÿv_x©‡`i g‡a¨ AwZPvÂj¨, Ag‡bv‡hvwMZv (inattentiveness), Ges Lvg‡Lqvwjcbv (impulsivity)- Gme AvPiwYK mgm¨v h‡_ó cwigv‡Y we`¨gvb (Place, Wilson,
Martin & Hulsmeier, 2000; Adams & Snowling, 2001)| DbœZ †`k¸‡jv‡Z wkï gb¯ÍvwË¡K e¨vwa¸‡jv †hцKv‡bv eqmx Kgc‡ÿ 10-20% wkïi ¸iæZi welv`MÖ¯ÍZv Ges mvgvwRK cÖwZeÜxZvi KviY n‡q uvovq (Bird, 1996)| AviI g‡b Kiv nq †h, GB gvÎvwU Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki wkï‡`i †ÿ‡Î D”PZi A_ev Kgc‡ÿ mgvb (Nikapota, 1991)| Rxebe¨vcx mvgvwRK I gb¯ÍvwË¡K mgm¨vmg~n (Rutter, 1996) Ges wK‡kvi Aciv‡ai (Satterfield, Hoppe & Schell, 1982) mv‡_ AvPiwYK mgm¨v m¤úK©hy³| cvðvZ¨ †`kmg‚‡n cwiPvwjZ M‡elYv¸wj‡Z †`Lv †M‡Q AvPiwYK mgm¨v ye©j we`¨vjq K…wZ‡Z¡i mv‡_I m¤úK©hy³ (Hinshaw, 1992; Dupaul, Mcgoey, Eckhert &
Vanbrackle, 2001; Rapport, Denney, Chung & Hustace , 2001; Sacker, Schoon & Bartley,
2002)| wKš‘ `ytLRbK n‡jI mZ¨ evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿv_x©‡`i gvbwmK ¯^v‡¯’¨i Ae¯’v Ges we`¨vjq K…wZ‡Z¡i mv‡_ Gi m¤ú‡K©i wel‡q M‡elYvi h‡_ó Afve i‡q‡Q| ZvB evsjv‡`‡ki †cÖÿvc‡U G ai‡bi M‡elYv nIqv LyeB cÖ‡qvRbxq| hw`I wKQy M‡elYv evsjv‡`‡ki wkï‡`i AvPiwYK mgm¨v wb‡q Kiv n‡q‡Q, Z‡e G¸‡jv g~jZ wPwKrmvaxb kû‡i-wkï‡`i wb‡q Kiv hvi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ wQj AvPiwYK mgm¨v cwigv‡ci Afxÿvi h_v_©Zv wbwðZ Kiv (D`vniY¯^iƒc, †`Lyb Goodman,
Renfrew & Mullick, 2001; Mullick & Goodman, 2001)| evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgxY †cÖÿvc‡U Ges wK‡kvi-wK‡kvix‡`i AskMÖn‡Y †Kv‡bv M‡elYv GLb ch©šÍ cwiPvwjZ nq wb| A_P cvðv‡Z¨ m¤úvw`Z wewfbœ M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q, myweavewÂZ mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v‡b _vKv wkï I wK‡kvi-wK‡kvix‡`i g‡a¨ AvPiwYK mgm¨v †ewk, KviY GwU mvgvwRK I Av‡ewMK mgm¨vi SzuwK‡K evwo‡q †`q Ges Gme mgm¨vi mv‡_ Lvc LvB‡q †bIqvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq mnvqZv cÖ`v‡b e¨_© nq (Ackerman, Brown & Izard, 2004; McLoyd, 1998; Wadsworth & Compass, 2002)| mvaviYfv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgvÂj¸‡jv g~jZ myweavewÂZ Ges `vwi`ª¨cxwoZ GjvKv wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ| ZvB MÖvgxY †cÖÿvc‡U wK‡kvi-wK‡kvix‡`i AvPiwYK mgm¨vi gvÎv Ges Gi mv‡_ we`¨vjq K…wZ‡Z¡i m¤úK© wbY©‡qi AbymÜvbwU h‡_ó cÖvmw½K I hyw³hy³|
AvPiwYK mgm¨vi gvÎvq †RÛvi Abyhvqx cv_©K¨ †`LvI GB M‡elYvi GKwU D‡Ïk¨| KviY DbœZ †`k¸‡jv‡Z †hgb hy³iv‡R¨ (†`Lyb Meltzer, Gatward, Goodman & Ford, 2000), A‡÷ªwjqvq (†`Lyb Mellor, 2005) Ges hy³iv‡óª (†`Lyb National Centre for Health Statistics [NHIS], 2003)
†Q‡j I †g‡q‡`i g‡a¨ wfbœZi gvÎvi AvPiwYK mgm¨v †`Lv †M‡Q †hLv‡b me¸‡jv M‡elYv‡ZB †g‡q‡`i Zzjbvq †Q‡j‡`i g‡a¨ D”PZi mvwe©K AvPiwYK mgm¨v QvovI KÛv±, AwZPvÂj¨ I mncvVx mgm¨v †ewk cvIqv †M‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K †g‡q‡`i g‡a¨ †Q‡j‡`i Zzjbvq D”PZi Av‡ewMK
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx28
mgm¨v cvIqv †M‡Q| ZvB evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgxY †cÖÿvc‡U GB w`KwU AbymÜvb KivI h‡_ó ¸iæ‡Z¡i `vwe iv‡L|
M‡elYvi D‡Ïk¨GB M‡elYvi D‡Ïk¨ nj wbgœ-gva¨wgK chv©‡q Aa¨qbiZ MÖvgxY wkÿv_x©‡`i
K) AvPiwYK mgm¨vi gvÎv (prevalence) wbiƒcY Kiv Ges †Q‡j I †g‡q‡`i g‡a¨ GB gvÎvq cv_©K¨ nq wKbv Zv wbY©q Kiv|
L) AvPiwYK mgm¨vi gvb †RÐvi Ges wewfbœ mywbw`©ó AvPiYMZ w`K †hgb: Av‡ewMK mgm¨v, KÛv± mgm¨v, AwZPvÂj¨ Ges mncvVx mgm¨v Abyhvqx cv_©K¨ nq wKbv Zv wbY©q Kiv|
M) AvPiwYK mgm¨v Ges we`¨vjq K…wZ‡Z¡i g‡a¨ mn-m¤úK© wbY©q Kiv|
M‡elYvi c×wZAskMÖnYKvix (Participants):
M‡elYvq AskMÖnYKvix wkÿv_x©‡`i 1wU Dc‡Rjvi ˆ`ePq‡bi gva¨‡g evQvBK…Z 2wU gva¨wgK we`¨vjq †_‡K †bIqv n‡q‡Q| hw`I evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿvKvVv‡gvq 6ô †_‡K 8g †kªYx‡K wbgœ-gva¨wgK ¯Íi wn‡m‡e aiv nq, wKš‘ cÖavb wkÿ‡Ki mv‡_ Av‡jvPbvi †cÖwÿ‡Z 6ô †kªYxi wkÿv_x©‡`i GB M‡elYv †_‡K ev` †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| cÖavb wkÿ‡Ki †`Iqv Z_¨ Abyhvqx wkÿv_x©‡`i cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii we`¨vjq K…wZZ¡ msµvšÍ Z_¨ MÖvgxY gva¨wgK we`¨vjq¸‡jv‡Z †bB| †h‡nZz GB M‡elYvq wkÿv_x©‡`i c~e©eZx© cixÿvi djvdj cwigvcK wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q, ZvB 6ô †kªYxi wkÿv_x©‡`i AšÍf©y³ Kiv nq wb|
M‡elYvq 2wU we`¨vj‡qi 7g I 8g †kªYxi mKj wkÿv_x©‡K AskMÖnYKvix (N = 292; †Q‡j = 133, †g‡q= 159; 7g †kªYxi wkÿv_x© = 148, 8g †kªYxi wkÿv_x© = 144) wn‡m‡e †bIqv n‡q‡Q| wkÿv_x©‡`i eqm msµvšÍ wbLyuZ Z_¨ cvIqv hvq wb, Z‡e mvaviYfv‡e G‡`i 13-14 eQi eqm ‡ji wkÿv_x© ejv hvq KviY 7g I 8g †kªYxi Rb¨ GwU miKvi wbav©wiZ eqm j| cÖavb wkÿK‡`i †`Iqv Z_¨ Abyhvqx wkÿv_x©‡`i †ewkifvMB wbgœweË I wbgœ-ga¨weË cwiev‡ii mšÍvb| cÖavb wkÿK‡`i KvQ †_‡K AviI Rvbv hvq †h, AwaKvsk wkïB nq cÖ_g cÖRb¥ wkÿv_x© (first generation learner) A_ev Zv‡`i evev-gv‡`i m‡ev©”P cÖv_wgK †_‡K gva¨wgK ͇ii wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zv i‡q‡Q|
cwigvcKmg~n (Measures):
AvPiYMZ mgm¨v cwigv‡ci Rb¨ mejZv I ye©jZv wbYv©qK cÖkœgvjv (Strengths and Difficulties
Questionnaire, [SDQ] ) e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| g~j cÖkœgvjvwU Bs‡iwR‡Z cÖ¯‘ZK…Z, cieZ©xKv‡j GwU evsjvmn 40wUiI †ewk fvlvq Abyev` Kiv nq Ges Ab~w`Z ms¯‹iY¸‡jvi h_v_©ZvI wbY©q Kiv nq| cÖkœgvjvwUi 4-11 eQi eqmx wkï‡`i Rb¨ evev-gv Ges wkÿK KZ…©K wee„wZg~jK ms¯‹iY (parent-reported version and teacher-reported version) i‡q‡Q, 11-16 eQi eqmx wkï‡`i Rb¨ evev-gv I wkÿK‡`i cvkvcvwk AvZ¥-wee„wZg~jK ms¯‹iYI (self-reported version) i‡q‡Q| GB M‡elYvq 11-16 eQi eqmx wkï‡`i Rb¨ cÖ¯‘ZK…Z AvZ¥-wee„wZg~jK ms¯‹iYwU e¨envi Kiv
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 29
n‡q‡Q| cÖkœgvjvwU‡Z 5wU Dc-†¯‹‡j †gvU 5 ai‡bi AvPiYMZ mgm¨v cwigvc Kiv n‡q‡Q| AvPiYMZ mgm¨v¸‡jv nj Av‡ewMK mgm¨v, KÛv± mgm¨v, AwZPvÂj¨, mncvVx mgm¨v Ges †cÖv-mvgvwRK e¨envi| cÖwZwU AvPiYMZ mgm¨vi Rb¨ 5wU K‡i †gvU 25 wU wee„wZ i‡q‡Q| cÖkœgvjvwU‡Z wee„wZ¸‡jvi †ÿ‡Î 3-c‡q›U wjKvU© †¯‹‡j (hvi gvb 0-2 ch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i) gZvgZ †bIqv nq| d‡j cÖwZwU Dc‡¯‹‡j AvPiYMZ mgm¨vi m‡ev©”P gvb n‡Z cv‡i 10| †cÖv-mvgvwRK AvPi‡Yi †¯‹vi †gvU AvPiwYK mgm¨vi gvb wbY©‡qi †ÿ‡Î ms‡hvRb Kiv nq bv, d‡j mvwe©K AvPiwYK mgm¨vi m‡ev©”P gvb n‡Z cv‡i 40|
cÖkœgvjvwUi ^ímsL¨K AvB‡Ug Ges D”P Ôh_v_©ZvÕ (validity) I Ôwbf©i‡hvMZvÕ (reliability) gv‡bi Rb¨ GwU wkky Ges wK‡kvi-wK‡kvix‡`i AvPiwYK mgm¨v wbY©‡qi Rb¨ GKwU Kvh©Ki wKš‘ mswÿß DcKiY wn‡m‡e Lye RbwcÖq| wkïi AvPiYMZ mgm¨v cwigv‡ci Ab¨vb¨ Av`kv©wqZ †¯‹j †hgb iæUvi †Kv‡qðwbqvi, PvBì we‡nwfqvi †PKwj÷/ G‡KbevL †Kv‡qðwbqvi, w` wK¬wbwkqvb-†i‡UW †nj_ Ad `¨ †bkbm AvDUKvg †¯‹j di wP‡ìªb GÛ G‡Wv‡j‡m›Um BZ¨vw`i mv‡_ Zzjbvq SDQ
wkïi Ag‡bv‡hvwMZv I AwZPvÂj¨ cwigv‡c †ewk Kvh©Ki Ges B›Uvbv©jvBwRs Ges G·Uvbv©jvBwRs AvPiwYK mgm¨v cwigv‡c mgKÿfv‡e Kvh©Ki| M‡elYvq AviI †`Lv †M‡Q Ab¨vb¨ cwigvc‡Ki Zzjbvq AskMÖnYKvix‡`i SDQ cQ›` Kivi m¤¢vebv wظ‡YiI †ewk (Goodman, 1997; Goodman
& Scott, 1999; Mathai, Anderson & Bourne, 2003)| evsjv‡`‡ki wkï‡`i gvbwmK ¯^v¯’¨ cwigv‡ci †ÿ‡ÎI SDQ GKwU Kvh©Ki DcKiY wn‡m‡e cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q (Mulick & Goodman,
2001)|
wkÿv_x©‡`i we`¨vjq K…wZZ¡ cwigv‡ci Rb¨ c~e©eZx© eQ‡ii me¸‡jv cÖvwšÍK cixÿvi (term final
examination) Mo djvdj e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| GwUB wQj wkÿv_x©‡`i K…wZ‡Z¡i me‡P‡q mv¤cÖwZK djvdj, KviY Pjgvb wkÿve‡l© †Kv‡bv cixÿv M‡elYv cwiPvjbv Kiv ch©šÍ m¤úvw`Z nq wb| cÖwZwU cÖvwšÍK cixÿvi †gvU cÖvß b¤^i cwigv‡ci Rb¨ evsjv, Bs‡iwR, MwYZ, cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ mgvR, cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ weÁvb Ges ag©wkÿv wel‡qi b¤^i †hvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gici cÖwZwU wkÿv_x©i Rb¨ Zv‡`i me¸‡jv cÖvwšÍK cixÿvi Mo b¤^i wbY©q K‡i †mwU we`¨vjq K…wZ‡Z¡i cwigvcK wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
M‡elYvi djvdj
K) mvwe©K AvPiwYK mgm¨vi gvÎv Ges GB gvÎvq †RÛviwfwËK gvÎvi cv_©K¨SDQ †¯‹‡j wkïi AvPiY‡K Zv‡`i cÖ`Ë cÖwZwµqvi Mo gv‡bi wfwˇZ ¯^vfvweK, mxgv‡iLvaxb/eWv©ijvBb A_ev A¯^vfvweK GB wZbwU †kªYxi †hцKv‡bv GKwU‡Z AšÍfy©³ Kiv nq| wPÎ 1 †_‡K †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, cÖvq 21% wkÿv_x© mvwe©K AvPiwYK mgm¨vi gv‡bi wfwˇZ nq A¯^vfvweK (5.84%) A_ev mxgv‡iLvaxb (14.78%) †kªYxi AšÍfy©³|
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx30
wPÎwU †_‡K AviI †`Lv hv‡”Q, †g‡q‡`i Zzjbvq kZKiv KgmsL¨K †Q‡j A¯^vfvweK gvÎvi AvPiwYK mgm¨vi cÖKvk NwU‡q‡Q (A¯^vfvweK, †Q‡j = 3.76%, †g‡q = 7.59%) hv cvðv‡Z¨i M‡elYv †_‡K cÖvß djvdj †_‡K wfbœ| Z‡e KvBeM© we‡køl‡Y †Q‡j I †g‡q‡`i g‡a¨ GB mvwe©K
2AvPiwYK mgm¨vi Zvrch©c~Y© cv_©K¨ cvIqv hvq wb, x (2, N = 291) = 2.06, p > .05, F = .36|
L) wewfbœ mywbw`©ó AvPiwYK †ÿÎ Ges †RÛvi Abyhvqx AvPiwYK mgm¨vi cv_©K¨mviwY 1- G-†RÛvi Abyhvqx wewfbœ AvPiwYK mgm¨vi Rb¨ Mo Ges Av`k© wePy¨wZi gvb †`Iqv Av‡Q| mvwe©K AvPiwYK mgm¨vi Mo gvb cÖvq 11.5| mvwe©K AvPiwYK mgm¨vi gvb †Q‡j‡`i Zzjbvq †g‡q‡`i g‡a¨ †ewk| Z‡e t-Afxÿv we‡køl‡Y †Q‡j I †g‡q‡`i AvPiwYK mgm¨vq †Kv‡bv Zvrch©c~Y© cv_©K¨ cvIqv hvq wb [t (290) = 1.30, p > .05]| cÖwZwU mywbw`©ó AvPiwYK mgm¨vi Mo gvb we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, wkÿv_x©‡`i g‡a¨ Av‡ewMK mgm¨vi gvb me‡P‡q †ewk, Gici i‡q‡Q AwZPvÂj¨; Ab¨w`‡K KÛv± mgm¨vi gvb me‡P‡q Kg, Gici i‡q‡Q mncvVx mgm¨v| †g‡q‡`i Av‡ewMK, KÛv± Ges mncvVx mgm¨v †Q‡j‡`i †P‡q †ewk, wKš‘ AwZPvÂj¨ †Q‡j‡`i Zzjbvq Kg|
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 31
wPÎ 1. MÖvgxY wbgœ-gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi wkÿv_x©‡`i g‡a¨ mvwe©K I †RÛviwfwËK AvPiwYK mgm¨vi gvÎv
¯vfvweK (%)
eWvi© jvBb (%)
A¯vfvweK (%) 14.29
3.76
77.22
15.19 7.59
79.38
14.78
5.84
0
20
40
60
80
100
†Q‡j †g‡q †gvU
81.95
n‡q‡Q| cÖkœgvjvwU‡Z 5wU Dc-†¯‹‡j †gvU 5 ai‡bi AvPiYMZ mgm¨v cwigvc Kiv n‡q‡Q| AvPiYMZ mgm¨v¸‡jv nj Av‡ewMK mgm¨v, KÛv± mgm¨v, AwZPvÂj¨, mncvVx mgm¨v Ges †cÖv-mvgvwRK e¨envi| cÖwZwU AvPiYMZ mgm¨vi Rb¨ 5wU K‡i †gvU 25 wU wee„wZ i‡q‡Q| cÖkœgvjvwU‡Z wee„wZ¸‡jvi †ÿ‡Î 3-c‡q›U wjKvU© †¯‹‡j (hvi gvb 0-2 ch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i) gZvgZ †bIqv nq| d‡j cÖwZwU Dc‡¯‹‡j AvPiYMZ mgm¨vi m‡ev©”P gvb n‡Z cv‡i 10| †cÖv-mvgvwRK AvPi‡Yi †¯‹vi †gvU AvPiwYK mgm¨vi gvb wbY©‡qi †ÿ‡Î ms‡hvRb Kiv nq bv, d‡j mvwe©K AvPiwYK mgm¨vi m‡ev©”P gvb n‡Z cv‡i 40|
cÖkœgvjvwUi ^ímsL¨K AvB‡Ug Ges D”P Ôh_v_©ZvÕ (validity) I Ôwbf©i‡hvMZvÕ (reliability) gv‡bi Rb¨ GwU wkky Ges wK‡kvi-wK‡kvix‡`i AvPiwYK mgm¨v wbY©‡qi Rb¨ GKwU Kvh©Ki wKš‘ mswÿß DcKiY wn‡m‡e Lye RbwcÖq| wkïi AvPiYMZ mgm¨v cwigv‡ci Ab¨vb¨ Av`kv©wqZ †¯‹j †hgb iæUvi †Kv‡qðwbqvi, PvBì we‡nwfqvi †PKwj÷/ G‡KbevL †Kv‡qðwbqvi, w` wK¬wbwkqvb-†i‡UW †nj_ Ad `¨ †bkbm AvDUKvg †¯‹j di wP‡ìªb GÛ G‡Wv‡j‡m›Um BZ¨vw`i mv‡_ Zzjbvq SDQ
wkïi Ag‡bv‡hvwMZv I AwZPvÂj¨ cwigv‡c †ewk Kvh©Ki Ges B›Uvbv©jvBwRs Ges G·Uvbv©jvBwRs AvPiwYK mgm¨v cwigv‡c mgKÿfv‡e Kvh©Ki| M‡elYvq AviI †`Lv †M‡Q Ab¨vb¨ cwigvc‡Ki Zzjbvq AskMÖnYKvix‡`i SDQ cQ›` Kivi m¤¢vebv wظ‡YiI †ewk (Goodman, 1997; Goodman
& Scott, 1999; Mathai, Anderson & Bourne, 2003)| evsjv‡`‡ki wkï‡`i gvbwmK ¯^v¯’¨ cwigv‡ci †ÿ‡ÎI SDQ GKwU Kvh©Ki DcKiY wn‡m‡e cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q (Mulick & Goodman,
2001)|
wkÿv_x©‡`i we`¨vjq K…wZZ¡ cwigv‡ci Rb¨ c~e©eZx© eQ‡ii me¸‡jv cÖvwšÍK cixÿvi (term final
examination) Mo djvdj e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| GwUB wQj wkÿv_x©‡`i K…wZ‡Z¡i me‡P‡q mv¤cÖwZK djvdj, KviY Pjgvb wkÿve‡l© †Kv‡bv cixÿv M‡elYv cwiPvjbv Kiv ch©šÍ m¤úvw`Z nq wb| cÖwZwU cÖvwšÍK cixÿvi †gvU cÖvß b¤^i cwigv‡ci Rb¨ evsjv, Bs‡iwR, MwYZ, cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ mgvR, cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ weÁvb Ges ag©wkÿv wel‡qi b¤^i †hvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gici cÖwZwU wkÿv_x©i Rb¨ Zv‡`i me¸‡jv cÖvwšÍK cixÿvi Mo b¤^i wbY©q K‡i †mwU we`¨vjq K…wZ‡Z¡i cwigvcK wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
M‡elYvi djvdj
K) mvwe©K AvPiwYK mgm¨vi gvÎv Ges GB gvÎvq †RÛviwfwËK gvÎvi cv_©K¨SDQ †¯‹‡j wkïi AvPiY‡K Zv‡`i cÖ`Ë cÖwZwµqvi Mo gv‡bi wfwˇZ ¯^vfvweK, mxgv‡iLvaxb/eWv©ijvBb A_ev A¯^vfvweK GB wZbwU †kªYxi †hцKv‡bv GKwU‡Z AšÍfy©³ Kiv nq| wPÎ 1 †_‡K †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, cÖvq 21% wkÿv_x© mvwe©K AvPiwYK mgm¨vi gv‡bi wfwˇZ nq A¯^vfvweK (5.84%) A_ev mxgv‡iLvaxb (14.78%) †kªYxi AšÍfy©³|
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx30
wPÎwU †_‡K AviI †`Lv hv‡”Q, †g‡q‡`i Zzjbvq kZKiv KgmsL¨K †Q‡j A¯^vfvweK gvÎvi AvPiwYK mgm¨vi cÖKvk NwU‡q‡Q (A¯^vfvweK, †Q‡j = 3.76%, †g‡q = 7.59%) hv cvðv‡Z¨i M‡elYv †_‡K cÖvß djvdj †_‡K wfbœ| Z‡e KvBeM© we‡køl‡Y †Q‡j I †g‡q‡`i g‡a¨ GB mvwe©K
2AvPiwYK mgm¨vi Zvrch©c~Y© cv_©K¨ cvIqv hvq wb, x (2, N = 291) = 2.06, p > .05, F = .36|
L) wewfbœ mywbw`©ó AvPiwYK †ÿÎ Ges †RÛvi Abyhvqx AvPiwYK mgm¨vi cv_©K¨mviwY 1- G-†RÛvi Abyhvqx wewfbœ AvPiwYK mgm¨vi Rb¨ Mo Ges Av`k© wePy¨wZi gvb †`Iqv Av‡Q| mvwe©K AvPiwYK mgm¨vi Mo gvb cÖvq 11.5| mvwe©K AvPiwYK mgm¨vi gvb †Q‡j‡`i Zzjbvq †g‡q‡`i g‡a¨ †ewk| Z‡e t-Afxÿv we‡køl‡Y †Q‡j I †g‡q‡`i AvPiwYK mgm¨vq †Kv‡bv Zvrch©c~Y© cv_©K¨ cvIqv hvq wb [t (290) = 1.30, p > .05]| cÖwZwU mywbw`©ó AvPiwYK mgm¨vi Mo gvb we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, wkÿv_x©‡`i g‡a¨ Av‡ewMK mgm¨vi gvb me‡P‡q †ewk, Gici i‡q‡Q AwZPvÂj¨; Ab¨w`‡K KÛv± mgm¨vi gvb me‡P‡q Kg, Gici i‡q‡Q mncvVx mgm¨v| †g‡q‡`i Av‡ewMK, KÛv± Ges mncvVx mgm¨v †Q‡j‡`i †P‡q †ewk, wKš‘ AwZPvÂj¨ †Q‡j‡`i Zzjbvq Kg|
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 31
wPÎ 1. MÖvgxY wbgœ-gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi wkÿv_x©‡`i g‡a¨ mvwe©K I †RÛviwfwËK AvPiwYK mgm¨vi gvÎv
¯vfvweK (%)
eWvi© jvBb (%)
A¯vfvweK (%) 14.29
3.76
77.22
15.19 7.59
79.38
14.78
5.84
0
20
40
60
80
100
†Q‡j †g‡q †gvU
81.95
mviwY 1mvwe©K Ges wewfbœ mywbw`©ó AvPiwYK mgm¨vi †RÛviwfwËK Mo Ges Av`k© weP~¨wZ
AvPiwYK mgm¨v †RÛvi N M SD
Av‡ewMK mgm¨v †Q‡j 133 3.81 1.94
†g‡q 159 4.09 1.92
†gvU 292 3.97 1.93
KÛv± mgm¨v †Q‡j 133 1.61 1.51
†g‡q 159 2.01 1.62
†gvU 292 1.83 1.58
AwZPvÂj¨ †Q‡j 133 3.06 1.58
†g‡q 159 2.84 1.72
†gvU 292 2.94 1.66
mncvVx msµvšÍ mgm¨v †Q‡j 133 2.60 1.44
†g‡q 159 2.88 1.57
†gvU 292 2.75 1.52
mvwe©K AvPiwYK mgm¨v †Q‡j 133 11.08 4.73
†g‡q 159 11.82 4.89
†gvU 292 11.49 4.82
mywbw`©ó AvPiwYK †ÿÎ Ges †RÛvi Abyhvqx AvPiwYK mgm¨vi gv‡bi cv_©K¨ Zvrch©c~Y© wKbv Zv cwigv‡ci Rb¨ 2-Way Mixed ANOVA we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q †hLv‡b 1wU AšÍAskMÖnYKvix Dcv`vb (hvi AšÍfy©³ nj 4wU mywbw`©ó AvPiwYK †ÿ‡Îi gvb) Ges 1wU AvšÍAskMÖnYKvix Dcv`vb (hvi AšÍfy©³ nj †RÛviwfwËK gvb) wQj| D‡jøL¨ †h, †h‡nZz †cÖv-mvgvwRK AvPi‡Yi gvb mvwe©K AvPiwYK mgm¨v wbiƒc‡Y ms‡hvRb Kiv nq bv, ZvB GwU‡K GB M‡elYvi AšÍfy©³ Kiv nq wb| 2-
Way Mixed ANOVA we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq †h, mywbw`©ó AvPiwYK †ÿθ‡jvi Mo gv‡bi g‡a¨ 2Zvrch©c~Y© cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q, F (3, 870) = 124.65, p <.0001, AvswkK = .30 | GB cv_©‡K¨i
KviY nj Ab¨vb¨ AvPiwYK †ÿθ‡jvi Zzjbvq Av‡ewMK mgm¨vi Zvrch©c~Y© D”Pgvb (me¸‡jv Zzjbvi †ÿ‡ÎB p <.0001) Ges KÛv± mgm¨vi Zvrch©c~Y© wbgœgvb (me¸‡jv Zzjbvi †ÿ‡ÎB p
<.0001)| mncvVx mgm¨vi †P‡q AwZPv‡j¨i gvb †ewk, wKš‘ cv_©K¨wU Zvrch©c~Y© bq| c~e©eZx© we‡køl‡Y cÖvß mvwe©K AvPiwYK mgm¨vi gZB mywbw`©ó AvPiwYK mgm¨vi gv‡bi †ÿ‡ÎI †RÛvi
2Abyhvqx Zvrch©c~Y© cv_©K¨ cvIqv hvq wb, F (1, 290) = 1.71, p > .05, AvswkK = .006|
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx32 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 33
mywbw`©ó AvPiwYK †ÿÎ Ges †RÛv‡ii g‡a¨ Zvrch©c~Y© wg_w¯Œqv cvIqv †M‡Q, F (3, 870) = 3.02, 2
p < .05, AvswkK = .01| AviI we‡køl‡Y †Q‡j I †g‡q‡`i †ÿ‡Î AvPiwYK mgm¨v¸‡jvi GKwU 2gzL¨ cÖfve jÿ Kiv hvq (†Q‡j: F (3, 396) = 67.59, p < .0001, AvswkK = .34; †g‡q: F (3,
2474) = 61.48, p < .0001, AvswkK = .28)| †Q‡j I †g‡q Dfq `‡ji †ÿ‡ÎB GB gyL¨ cÖfvewUi KviY nj `yÕ`jB mvgvb¨ wKQy e¨wZµg Qvov GKB aib ev Q‡Ki AvPiwYK mgm¨vi cÖwZ wb‡`©k K‡i‡Q| †hgb, †Q‡j I †g‡q Df‡qi †ÿ‡ÎB Ab¨vb¨ AvPiwYK mgm¨vi Zzjbvq Av‡ewMK mgm¨vi Zvrch©c~Y© D”Pgvb (me¸‡jv Zzjbvi †ÿ‡ÎB p <.0001) Ges KÛv± mgm¨vi Zvrch©c~Y© wbgœgvb (me¸‡jv Zzjbvi †ÿ‡ÎB p <.0001) cvIqv †M‡Q| Z‡e †Q‡j‡`i AwZPv‡j¨i gvb mncvVx mgm¨vi Zzjbvq Zvrch©c~Y©fv‡e †ewk wQj (p < .0001), wKš‘ †g‡q‡`i †ÿ‡Î GB yÕai‡bi AvPiwYK mgm¨vi gv‡b Zvrch©c~Y© cv_©K¨ cvIqv hvq wb|
M) AvPiwYK mgm¨v Ges we`¨vjq K…wZ‡Z¡i g‡a¨ m¤úK© mviwY 2 we`¨vjq K…wZ‡Z¡i mv‡_ mvwe©K AvPiwYK mgm¨v Ges cÖwZwU mywbw`©ó AvPiwYK †ÿ‡Îi m¤úK© Zz‡j a‡i‡Q| wcqvimb mn-m¤ú‡K©i djvdj †_‡K †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, AvPiwYK mgm¨v Ges we`¨vjq K…wZ‡Z¡i g‡a¨ GKwU `ye©j wKš‘ Zvrch©c~Y© wecixZagx© m¤úK© we`¨gvb| djvdj †_‡K AviI †`Lv hv‡”Q, mywbw`©ó AvPiwYK †ÿθ‡jvi g‡a¨ we`¨vjq K…wZ‡Z¡i mv‡_ KÛv± mgm¨v me‡P‡q †ewk Ges Av‡ewMK mgm¨v me‡P‡q Kg m¤úK©hy³|
mviwY 2AvPiwYK mgm¨v Ges we`¨vjq K…wZ‡Z¡i g‡a¨ mn-m¤úK©
AvPiwYK mgm¨v we`¨vjq K…wZ‡Z¡i mv‡_ mn-m¤úK©
Av‡ewMK mgm¨v - .16*
KÛv± mgm¨v - .29**
AwZPvÂj¨ - .21**
mncvVx msµvšÍ mgm¨v - .25**
mvwe©K AvPiwYK mgm¨v - .30**
* p < .01 ; **p < .05
Av‡jvPbvG M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q, cÖvq 21% wkÿv_x© nq A¯^vfvweK bv nq ¯^vfvweKZv I A¯^vfvweKZvi mxgv‡iLvq Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q hv Bird (1996)-Gi M‡elYvq cÖvß djvd‡ji mv‡_ m½wZc~Y,© †hLv‡b †`Lv †M‡Q cwðgv †`k¸‡jv‡Z cÖvq 10-20% wkïi g‡a¨ AvPiwYK mgm¨v i‡q‡Q| GB M‡elYvq mvwe©K AvPiwYK mgm¨vi Mo gvb cvIqv †M‡Q 11.48| evsjv‡`‡k GLb ch©šÍ wkï‡`i AvPiwYK mgm¨vi Av`k©gvb wbY©‡qi Rb¨ †Kv†bv RvZxq chv©‡qi M‡elYv Kiv nq wb, Z‡e GB M‡elYvq cÖvß gvbwU DbœZ we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`k †hgb hy³ivR¨ (Mo 10.3, †`Lyb Meltzer, Gatward, Goodman &
mviwY 1mvwe©K Ges wewfbœ mywbw`©ó AvPiwYK mgm¨vi †RÛviwfwËK Mo Ges Av`k© weP~¨wZ
AvPiwYK mgm¨v †RÛvi N M SD
Av‡ewMK mgm¨v †Q‡j 133 3.81 1.94
†g‡q 159 4.09 1.92
†gvU 292 3.97 1.93
KÛv± mgm¨v †Q‡j 133 1.61 1.51
†g‡q 159 2.01 1.62
†gvU 292 1.83 1.58
AwZPvÂj¨ †Q‡j 133 3.06 1.58
†g‡q 159 2.84 1.72
†gvU 292 2.94 1.66
mncvVx msµvšÍ mgm¨v †Q‡j 133 2.60 1.44
†g‡q 159 2.88 1.57
†gvU 292 2.75 1.52
mvwe©K AvPiwYK mgm¨v †Q‡j 133 11.08 4.73
†g‡q 159 11.82 4.89
†gvU 292 11.49 4.82
mywbw`©ó AvPiwYK †ÿÎ Ges †RÛvi Abyhvqx AvPiwYK mgm¨vi gv‡bi cv_©K¨ Zvrch©c~Y© wKbv Zv cwigv‡ci Rb¨ 2-Way Mixed ANOVA we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q †hLv‡b 1wU AšÍAskMÖnYKvix Dcv`vb (hvi AšÍfy©³ nj 4wU mywbw`©ó AvPiwYK †ÿ‡Îi gvb) Ges 1wU AvšÍAskMÖnYKvix Dcv`vb (hvi AšÍfy©³ nj †RÛviwfwËK gvb) wQj| D‡jøL¨ †h, †h‡nZz †cÖv-mvgvwRK AvPi‡Yi gvb mvwe©K AvPiwYK mgm¨v wbiƒc‡Y ms‡hvRb Kiv nq bv, ZvB GwU‡K GB M‡elYvi AšÍfy©³ Kiv nq wb| 2-
Way Mixed ANOVA we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq †h, mywbw`©ó AvPiwYK †ÿθ‡jvi Mo gv‡bi g‡a¨ 2Zvrch©c~Y© cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q, F (3, 870) = 124.65, p <.0001, AvswkK = .30 | GB cv_©‡K¨i
KviY nj Ab¨vb¨ AvPiwYK †ÿθ‡jvi Zzjbvq Av‡ewMK mgm¨vi Zvrch©c~Y© D”Pgvb (me¸‡jv Zzjbvi †ÿ‡ÎB p <.0001) Ges KÛv± mgm¨vi Zvrch©c~Y© wbgœgvb (me¸‡jv Zzjbvi †ÿ‡ÎB p
<.0001)| mncvVx mgm¨vi †P‡q AwZPv‡j¨i gvb †ewk, wKš‘ cv_©K¨wU Zvrch©c~Y© bq| c~e©eZx© we‡køl‡Y cÖvß mvwe©K AvPiwYK mgm¨vi gZB mywbw`©ó AvPiwYK mgm¨vi gv‡bi †ÿ‡ÎI †RÛvi
2Abyhvqx Zvrch©c~Y© cv_©K¨ cvIqv hvq wb, F (1, 290) = 1.71, p > .05, AvswkK = .006|
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx32 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 33
mywbw`©ó AvPiwYK †ÿÎ Ges †RÛv‡ii g‡a¨ Zvrch©c~Y© wg_w¯Œqv cvIqv †M‡Q, F (3, 870) = 3.02, 2
p < .05, AvswkK = .01| AviI we‡køl‡Y †Q‡j I †g‡q‡`i †ÿ‡Î AvPiwYK mgm¨v¸‡jvi GKwU 2gzL¨ cÖfve jÿ Kiv hvq (†Q‡j: F (3, 396) = 67.59, p < .0001, AvswkK = .34; †g‡q: F (3,
2474) = 61.48, p < .0001, AvswkK = .28)| †Q‡j I †g‡q Dfq `‡ji †ÿ‡ÎB GB gyL¨ cÖfvewUi KviY nj `yÕ`jB mvgvb¨ wKQy e¨wZµg Qvov GKB aib ev Q‡Ki AvPiwYK mgm¨vi cÖwZ wb‡`©k K‡i‡Q| †hgb, †Q‡j I †g‡q Df‡qi †ÿ‡ÎB Ab¨vb¨ AvPiwYK mgm¨vi Zzjbvq Av‡ewMK mgm¨vi Zvrch©c~Y© D”Pgvb (me¸‡jv Zzjbvi †ÿ‡ÎB p <.0001) Ges KÛv± mgm¨vi Zvrch©c~Y© wbgœgvb (me¸‡jv Zzjbvi †ÿ‡ÎB p <.0001) cvIqv †M‡Q| Z‡e †Q‡j‡`i AwZPv‡j¨i gvb mncvVx mgm¨vi Zzjbvq Zvrch©c~Y©fv‡e †ewk wQj (p < .0001), wKš‘ †g‡q‡`i †ÿ‡Î GB yÕai‡bi AvPiwYK mgm¨vi gv‡b Zvrch©c~Y© cv_©K¨ cvIqv hvq wb|
M) AvPiwYK mgm¨v Ges we`¨vjq K…wZ‡Z¡i g‡a¨ m¤úK© mviwY 2 we`¨vjq K…wZ‡Z¡i mv‡_ mvwe©K AvPiwYK mgm¨v Ges cÖwZwU mywbw`©ó AvPiwYK †ÿ‡Îi m¤úK© Zz‡j a‡i‡Q| wcqvimb mn-m¤ú‡K©i djvdj †_‡K †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, AvPiwYK mgm¨v Ges we`¨vjq K…wZ‡Z¡i g‡a¨ GKwU `ye©j wKš‘ Zvrch©c~Y© wecixZagx© m¤úK© we`¨gvb| djvdj †_‡K AviI †`Lv hv‡”Q, mywbw`©ó AvPiwYK †ÿθ‡jvi g‡a¨ we`¨vjq K…wZ‡Z¡i mv‡_ KÛv± mgm¨v me‡P‡q †ewk Ges Av‡ewMK mgm¨v me‡P‡q Kg m¤úK©hy³|
mviwY 2AvPiwYK mgm¨v Ges we`¨vjq K…wZ‡Z¡i g‡a¨ mn-m¤úK©
AvPiwYK mgm¨v we`¨vjq K…wZ‡Z¡i mv‡_ mn-m¤úK©
Av‡ewMK mgm¨v - .16*
KÛv± mgm¨v - .29**
AwZPvÂj¨ - .21**
mncvVx msµvšÍ mgm¨v - .25**
mvwe©K AvPiwYK mgm¨v - .30**
* p < .01 ; **p < .05
Av‡jvPbvG M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q, cÖvq 21% wkÿv_x© nq A¯^vfvweK bv nq ¯^vfvweKZv I A¯^vfvweKZvi mxgv‡iLvq Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q hv Bird (1996)-Gi M‡elYvq cÖvß djvd‡ji mv‡_ m½wZc~Y,© †hLv‡b †`Lv †M‡Q cwðgv †`k¸‡jv‡Z cÖvq 10-20% wkïi g‡a¨ AvPiwYK mgm¨v i‡q‡Q| GB M‡elYvq mvwe©K AvPiwYK mgm¨vi Mo gvb cvIqv †M‡Q 11.48| evsjv‡`‡k GLb ch©šÍ wkï‡`i AvPiwYK mgm¨vi Av`k©gvb wbY©‡qi Rb¨ †Kv†bv RvZxq chv©‡qi M‡elYv Kiv nq wb, Z‡e GB M‡elYvq cÖvß gvbwU DbœZ we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`k †hgb hy³ivR¨ (Mo 10.3, †`Lyb Meltzer, Gatward, Goodman &
Ford, 2000) , hy³ivóª (Mo 7.1, †`Lyb NHIS, 2003) I A‡÷ªwjhvi wkï‡`i (Mo 8.6, †`Lyb Mellor, 2005) Zzjbvq †ewk| M‡elYvq cÖvß GB djwU Nikapota (1991) Gi Abygv‡bi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y,© †hLv‡b wZwb D‡jøL K‡iwQ‡jb †h Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki wkï‡`i AvPiwYK mgm¨vi gvÎv DbœZ we‡k¦i wkï‡`i Zzjbvq †ewk ev Kgc‡ÿ mgvb n‡e| wbgœ-Av_©mvgvwRK Ae¯’v evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgxY wkï‡`i GB D”PgvÎvi AvPiwYK mgm¨vi GKwU m¤¢ve¨ KviY n‡Z cv‡i| KviY GwU mvgvwRK I Av‡ewMK mgm¨vi SzuwK evovq Ges Gi mv‡_ Lvc LvIqv‡bvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq mnvqZv cÖ`v‡b e¨_© nq (Ackerman, Brown & Izard, 2004; McLoyd, 1998; Wadsworth & Compass, 2002)| Z‡e GB M‡elYvi djvdj mvaviYxKi‡Y mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Kiv DwPZ, KviY GwU Zzjbvg~jK ÿz`ª bgybv wb‡q Kiv n‡q‡Q hv Z_¨we‡k¦i cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj bq|
wcqvimb mn-m¤úK© Abyhvqx wkÿv_x©‡`i we`¨vjq K…wZ‡Z¡i mv‡_ AvPiwYK mgm¨vi `ye©j wKš‘ Zvrch©c~Y© wecixZagx© m¤úK© we`¨gvb e‡j M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q| AvPiwYK mgm¨v Ges wkÿvg~jK K…wZ‡Z¡i Giƒc mn-m¤úK© Ab¨vb¨ M‡elYvqI cvIqv †M‡Q (Dupaul, Mcgoey, Eckhert &
Vanbrackle, 2001; Hinshaw, 1992; Rapport, Denney, Chung & Hustace 2001; Sacker,
Schoon & Bartley, 2002)| GB M‡elYvq hw`I †Q‡j I †g‡q‡`i AvPiwYK mgm¨vi †ÿ‡Î Zvrch©c~Y© cv_©K¨ cvIqv hvq wb, Z‡e gvbwU †Q‡j‡`i †P‡q †g‡q‡`i g‡a¨ †ewk hv cwðgv †`k¸‡jv‡Z m¤úvw`Z M‡elYvi djvd‡ji wecixZ| Giƒc wecixZ djvdj cvIqvi KviY n‡Z cv‡i †g‡q‡`i cÖwZ evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgxY mgv‡Ri Abgbxq cÖZ¨vkv Ges Zv‡`i Pvwn`v c~i‡Y I mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq mnvqZvi Afve| Z‡e G wel‡q wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ AviI myMfxi M‡elYv cÖ‡qvRb|
c~‡e©B D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q, GB M‡elYvq wkÿv_x©‡`i AvPiwYK mgm¨vi D”Pgvb Ges we`¨vjq K…wZ‡Z¡i mv‡_ Gi GKwU Zvrch©c~Y© wecixZagx© m¤úK© cvIqv †M‡Q| hw`I mn-m¤úK© w`‡q Kvh©KviY m¤úK© wbY©q Kiv hvq bv, Z‡e AvPiwYK mgm¨v we`¨vj‡q wbgœ K…wZ‡Z¡i GKwU m¤¢ve¨ e¨vL¨v n‡Z cv‡i| †h‡nZz evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgxY cwievi¸‡jv‡Z vwi`¨ª †ewk †m‡nZz MÖvgxY wkï‡`i AvPiwYK mgm¨vi SzuwKI †ewk hv wKbv Zv‡`i we`¨vjq K…wZZ¡‡K †bwZevPKfv‡e cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| ZvB ejv hvq, GB M‡elYvwU MÖvgxY wkï‡`i AvPiYMZ mgm¨vi SzuwK I Zvi KviY wPwýZ K‡i Gi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡ÿc MÖn‡Yi wbwg‡Ë AviI myMfxi M‡elYv cwiPvjbvi †hŠw³KZv Zz‡j a‡i‡Q| Z‡e GB M‡elYvwU ÿz`ª cwim‡i Ges AvPiwYK mgm¨v wbY©‡q ïaygvÎ wkÿv_x©‡`i AvZ¥-wee„wZg~jK ms¯‹iY I K…wZZ¡ cwigv‡c we`¨vjq cixÿvi djvdj e¨envi K‡i m¤úv`b Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î RvZxq cwim‡i SDQ Gi me¸‡jv ms¯‹iY e¨envi Ges Av`kv©wqZ K…wZZ¡ Afxÿv cÖ‡qvM K‡i MÖvgxY †cÖÿvc‡Ui cvkvcvwk Ab¨vb¨ †cÖÿvcUI we‡ePbvq G‡b M‡elYv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| GQvovI AvPiwYK mgm¨vi mv‡_ Ab¨vb¨ e¨w³MZ Ges mvgvwRK Dcv`vb †hgb cvwievwiK Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’v, evev-gvÕi wkÿv, cwiev‡ii AvKvi BZ¨vw` Dcv`vb Ges G¸‡jv Kxfv‡e we`¨vjq K…wZZ¡‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv wb‡qI M‡elYv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| AvPiwYK mgm¨vi †RÛvi cv_©‡K¨i †ÿ‡Î cwðgv †`k¸‡jv‡Z m¤úvw`Z M‡elYvi mv‡_ G M‡elYvi djvd‡j †h wecixZ wPÎ cvIqv †M‡Q Zv wb‡q AviI myMfxi AbymÜvbg~jK M‡elYvI h‡_ó mg‡qvc‡hvMx|
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx34
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evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 35
Ford, 2000) , hy³ivóª (Mo 7.1, †`Lyb NHIS, 2003) I A‡÷ªwjhvi wkï‡`i (Mo 8.6, †`Lyb Mellor, 2005) Zzjbvq †ewk| M‡elYvq cÖvß GB djwU Nikapota (1991) Gi Abygv‡bi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y,© †hLv‡b wZwb D‡jøL K‡iwQ‡jb †h Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki wkï‡`i AvPiwYK mgm¨vi gvÎv DbœZ we‡k¦i wkï‡`i Zzjbvq †ewk ev Kgc‡ÿ mgvb n‡e| wbgœ-Av_©mvgvwRK Ae¯’v evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgxY wkï‡`i GB D”PgvÎvi AvPiwYK mgm¨vi GKwU m¤¢ve¨ KviY n‡Z cv‡i| KviY GwU mvgvwRK I Av‡ewMK mgm¨vi SzuwK evovq Ges Gi mv‡_ Lvc LvIqv‡bvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq mnvqZv cÖ`v‡b e¨_© nq (Ackerman, Brown & Izard, 2004; McLoyd, 1998; Wadsworth & Compass, 2002)| Z‡e GB M‡elYvi djvdj mvaviYxKi‡Y mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Kiv DwPZ, KviY GwU Zzjbvg~jK ÿz`ª bgybv wb‡q Kiv n‡q‡Q hv Z_¨we‡k¦i cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj bq|
wcqvimb mn-m¤úK© Abyhvqx wkÿv_x©‡`i we`¨vjq K…wZ‡Z¡i mv‡_ AvPiwYK mgm¨vi `ye©j wKš‘ Zvrch©c~Y© wecixZagx© m¤úK© we`¨gvb e‡j M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q| AvPiwYK mgm¨v Ges wkÿvg~jK K…wZ‡Z¡i Giƒc mn-m¤úK© Ab¨vb¨ M‡elYvqI cvIqv †M‡Q (Dupaul, Mcgoey, Eckhert &
Vanbrackle, 2001; Hinshaw, 1992; Rapport, Denney, Chung & Hustace 2001; Sacker,
Schoon & Bartley, 2002)| GB M‡elYvq hw`I †Q‡j I †g‡q‡`i AvPiwYK mgm¨vi †ÿ‡Î Zvrch©c~Y© cv_©K¨ cvIqv hvq wb, Z‡e gvbwU †Q‡j‡`i †P‡q †g‡q‡`i g‡a¨ †ewk hv cwðgv †`k¸‡jv‡Z m¤úvw`Z M‡elYvi djvd‡ji wecixZ| Giƒc wecixZ djvdj cvIqvi KviY n‡Z cv‡i †g‡q‡`i cÖwZ evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgxY mgv‡Ri Abgbxq cÖZ¨vkv Ges Zv‡`i Pvwn`v c~i‡Y I mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq mnvqZvi Afve| Z‡e G wel‡q wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ AviI myMfxi M‡elYv cÖ‡qvRb|
c~‡e©B D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q, GB M‡elYvq wkÿv_x©‡`i AvPiwYK mgm¨vi D”Pgvb Ges we`¨vjq K…wZ‡Z¡i mv‡_ Gi GKwU Zvrch©c~Y© wecixZagx© m¤úK© cvIqv †M‡Q| hw`I mn-m¤úK© w`‡q Kvh©KviY m¤úK© wbY©q Kiv hvq bv, Z‡e AvPiwYK mgm¨v we`¨vj‡q wbgœ K…wZ‡Z¡i GKwU m¤¢ve¨ e¨vL¨v n‡Z cv‡i| †h‡nZz evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgxY cwievi¸‡jv‡Z vwi`¨ª †ewk †m‡nZz MÖvgxY wkï‡`i AvPiwYK mgm¨vi SzuwKI †ewk hv wKbv Zv‡`i we`¨vjq K…wZZ¡‡K †bwZevPKfv‡e cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| ZvB ejv hvq, GB M‡elYvwU MÖvgxY wkï‡`i AvPiYMZ mgm¨vi SzuwK I Zvi KviY wPwýZ K‡i Gi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡ÿc MÖn‡Yi wbwg‡Ë AviI myMfxi M‡elYv cwiPvjbvi †hŠw³KZv Zz‡j a‡i‡Q| Z‡e GB M‡elYvwU ÿz`ª cwim‡i Ges AvPiwYK mgm¨v wbY©‡q ïaygvÎ wkÿv_x©‡`i AvZ¥-wee„wZg~jK ms¯‹iY I K…wZZ¡ cwigv‡c we`¨vjq cixÿvi djvdj e¨envi K‡i m¤úv`b Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î RvZxq cwim‡i SDQ Gi me¸‡jv ms¯‹iY e¨envi Ges Av`kv©wqZ K…wZZ¡ Afxÿv cÖ‡qvM K‡i MÖvgxY †cÖÿvc‡Ui cvkvcvwk Ab¨vb¨ †cÖÿvcUI we‡ePbvq G‡b M‡elYv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| GQvovI AvPiwYK mgm¨vi mv‡_ Ab¨vb¨ e¨w³MZ Ges mvgvwRK Dcv`vb †hgb cvwievwiK Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’v, evev-gvÕi wkÿv, cwiev‡ii AvKvi BZ¨vw` Dcv`vb Ges G¸‡jv Kxfv‡e we`¨vjq K…wZZ¡‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv wb‡qI M‡elYv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| AvPiwYK mgm¨vi †RÛvi cv_©‡K¨i †ÿ‡Î cwðgv †`k¸‡jv‡Z m¤úvw`Z M‡elYvi mv‡_ G M‡elYvi djvd‡j †h wecixZ wPÎ cvIqv †M‡Q Zv wb‡q AviI myMfxi AbymÜvbg~jK M‡elYvI h‡_ó mg‡qvc‡hvMx|
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evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 35
Place, M., Wilson, J., Martin, E., & Hulsmeier, J. (2000) The frequency of emotional and behavioural disturbance in an EBD school, Child Psychology & Psychiatry Review, 5, 76–80.
Rapport, M. D., Denney, C. B., Chung, K.-M., & Hustace, K. (2001). Internalizing behavior problems and scholastic achievement in children: Cognitive and behavioral pathways as mediators of outcome. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 30, 536-551.
Rutter, M (1996). Connections between child and adult psychopathology. European Child and Adolescent. Psychiatry. 5 [Suppl.1], 4-7.
Sacker, A., Schoon, I., & Bartley, M. (2002). Social inequality in educational achievement and psychosocial adjustment throughout childhood: magnitude and mechanisms. Social Science & Medicine, 55, 863-880.
Satterfield, J. H., Hoppe, C. M. & Schell, A. M. (1982) A prospective study of delinquency in 110 adolescent boys with attention deficit disorder and 88 normal adolescent boys, American Journal of Psychiatry, 136, 795–798.
Taylor, H. G. (1988). Learning disabilities. In E. J. Mash & L. G. Terdal (Eds.), Behavioral assessment of childhood disorders (2nd ed., pp. 402-450). New York: Guilford Press.
Wadsworth, M. E. & Compas, B. E. (2002). Coping with Family Conflict and Economic Strain: The Adolescence Perspective. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 12, 243-274.
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx36 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 37
f~wgKv`wi`ª I Dbœqbkxj we‡k¦i wcwQ‡q cov Rb‡Mvôxi RxebhvÎvi gv‡bi ¯’vqx Dbœqb Ges mv¶iZv I eq¯‹ wk¶v AR©‡bi †KŠkj wn‡m‡e wi‡d¬± G‡cÖv‡Pi eûj e¨envi j¶bxq| wi‡d¬± eªvwR‡ji wk¶vwe` mgvR-ms¯‹viK cvI‡jv †d«Bwii hyMvšÍKvix GKwU wk¶vZË¡ hv gvby‡li †kLvi †¶‡Î gy³eyw×i PP©vi my‡hvM G‡b w`‡q‡Q| REFLECT kãwUi c~Y©iƒc n‡jv Regenerated Freirean
Literacy through Empowering Community Techniques. †d«Bwii wk¶vZË¡ Ges cvwU©wm‡cUwi iæivj G‡cÖBRvj (wcAviG) c×wZi mgš^‡q ÔGKkb GBW evsjv‡`kÕ wi‡d¬‡±i be cÖeZ©b m~Pbv K‡i| wi‡d¬± GKwU ev¯Íem¤§Z wk¶v I Dbœqb Kvh©µg ev¯Íevqb c×wZ|
GKkbGBW evsjv‡`‡k I wi‡d¬± PP©vAskx`vwi‡Z¡i wfwˇZ AvšÍR©vwZK HK¨ I msnwZ cÖwZôvi j‡¶¨ 1972 mv‡j †emiKvwi ms¯’v wn‡m‡e GKkbGBW BD †K AvZ¥cÖKvk K‡i| GwU hy³ivR¨wfwËK GKwU AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’v| AvšÍR©vwZK A½‡b miKvwi I †emiKvwi Dbœqb ms¯’vmg~n wb‡q G ms¯’v KvR ïiæ K‡i| evsjv‡`‡k ¯^vaxbZv cieZ©x mg‡q miKv‡ii cvkvcvwk A‡bK †emiKvwi I AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’v Dbœqb Kg©Kv‡Ð e¨vcKfv‡e AskMÖnY K‡i| GiB avivevwnKZvq 1983 mv‡j GKkbGBW BD †K evsjv‡`‡ki `w¶‡Yi Pi †fvjvq gvV ch©v‡q GKwU cix¶vg~jK cÖKí (Pilot Project) nv‡Z †bq Ges `wi`ª I cÖvwšÍK Rb‡Mvôxi Rxebgvb Dbœq‡b KvR ïiæ K‡i|
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`wi`ª RbM‡Yi gv‡S KvR Ki‡Z wM‡q GGwe `„pfv‡e Abyfe K‡i †h, AskMÖnYKvix‡`i †UKmB Dbœqb Zv‡`i mv¶iZvÁvb I `¶Zvi Ici wbf©ikxj| GGwe Kg©xMY eyS‡Z cv‡ib †h, Dbœqb I ¶gZvq‡b mv¶iZvi weKí †bB| ZvB GGwe Zv‡`i Dbœqb Kg©Kv‡Ði GKwU Acwinvh© Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e mv¶iZv ¶Zv AR©‡bi Ici iæZ¡v‡ivc K‡ib| Avi †mB mv¶iZv Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ nq wcAviG (Participatory Rural Appraisal) c×wZ‡Z| GB Kvh©µ‡gi mdjZvB wi‡d¬± gvbe Dbœq‡b we‡kl f~wgKv iv‡L| wi‡d¬± G‡cÖv‡Pi e¨vcK e¨envi ïiæ nq 1995 mvj †_‡K| eûRvZxq I AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’v GGwe-Gi Askx`vix ms¯’v wn‡m‡e GGwe †_‡K Avw_©K I KvwiMwi mn‡hvwMZv
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* cfÖ vlK, wk¶v I M‡elYv Bbw÷wUDU (AvBBAvi), XvKv wekw¦ e`¨vjq|
Place, M., Wilson, J., Martin, E., & Hulsmeier, J. (2000) The frequency of emotional and behavioural disturbance in an EBD school, Child Psychology & Psychiatry Review, 5, 76–80.
Rapport, M. D., Denney, C. B., Chung, K.-M., & Hustace, K. (2001). Internalizing behavior problems and scholastic achievement in children: Cognitive and behavioral pathways as mediators of outcome. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 30, 536-551.
Rutter, M (1996). Connections between child and adult psychopathology. European Child and Adolescent. Psychiatry. 5 [Suppl.1], 4-7.
Sacker, A., Schoon, I., & Bartley, M. (2002). Social inequality in educational achievement and psychosocial adjustment throughout childhood: magnitude and mechanisms. Social Science & Medicine, 55, 863-880.
Satterfield, J. H., Hoppe, C. M. & Schell, A. M. (1982) A prospective study of delinquency in 110 adolescent boys with attention deficit disorder and 88 normal adolescent boys, American Journal of Psychiatry, 136, 795–798.
Taylor, H. G. (1988). Learning disabilities. In E. J. Mash & L. G. Terdal (Eds.), Behavioral assessment of childhood disorders (2nd ed., pp. 402-450). New York: Guilford Press.
Wadsworth, M. E. & Compas, B. E. (2002). Coping with Family Conflict and Economic Strain: The Adolescence Perspective. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 12, 243-274.
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx36 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 37
f~wgKv`wi`ª I Dbœqbkxj we‡k¦i wcwQ‡q cov Rb‡Mvôxi RxebhvÎvi gv‡bi ¯’vqx Dbœqb Ges mv¶iZv I eq¯‹ wk¶v AR©‡bi †KŠkj wn‡m‡e wi‡d¬± G‡cÖv‡Pi eûj e¨envi j¶bxq| wi‡d¬± eªvwR‡ji wk¶vwe` mgvR-ms¯‹viK cvI‡jv †d«Bwii hyMvšÍKvix GKwU wk¶vZË¡ hv gvby‡li †kLvi †¶‡Î gy³eyw×i PP©vi my‡hvM G‡b w`‡q‡Q| REFLECT kãwUi c~Y©iƒc n‡jv Regenerated Freirean
Literacy through Empowering Community Techniques. †d«Bwii wk¶vZË¡ Ges cvwU©wm‡cUwi iæivj G‡cÖBRvj (wcAviG) c×wZi mgš^‡q ÔGKkb GBW evsjv‡`kÕ wi‡d¬‡±i be cÖeZ©b m~Pbv K‡i| wi‡d¬± GKwU ev¯Íem¤§Z wk¶v I Dbœqb Kvh©µg ev¯Íevqb c×wZ|
GKkbGBW evsjv‡`‡k I wi‡d¬± PP©vAskx`vwi‡Z¡i wfwˇZ AvšÍR©vwZK HK¨ I msnwZ cÖwZôvi j‡¶¨ 1972 mv‡j †emiKvwi ms¯’v wn‡m‡e GKkbGBW BD †K AvZ¥cÖKvk K‡i| GwU hy³ivR¨wfwËK GKwU AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’v| AvšÍR©vwZK A½‡b miKvwi I †emiKvwi Dbœqb ms¯’vmg~n wb‡q G ms¯’v KvR ïiæ K‡i| evsjv‡`‡k ¯^vaxbZv cieZ©x mg‡q miKv‡ii cvkvcvwk A‡bK †emiKvwi I AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’v Dbœqb Kg©Kv‡Ð e¨vcKfv‡e AskMÖnY K‡i| GiB avivevwnKZvq 1983 mv‡j GKkbGBW BD †K evsjv‡`‡ki `w¶‡Yi Pi †fvjvq gvV ch©v‡q GKwU cix¶vg~jK cÖKí (Pilot Project) nv‡Z †bq Ges `wi`ª I cÖvwšÍK Rb‡Mvôxi Rxebgvb Dbœq‡b KvR ïiæ K‡i|
GKkbGBW BD†K eZ©gvb GKkbGBW evsjv‡`k(GGwe) †Rvi †`q `wi`ª I cÖvwšÍK Rb‡Mvôxi ¶gZvq‡bi Ici, mgZv I b¨vq wePv‡ii wfwˇZ Zv‡`i †gŠwjK AwaKvi AR©‡bi Ici| GGwe Zvi Askx`vix ms¯’v¸‡jvi (Partner organizations) gva¨‡g `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôxi we‡kl K‡i bvixi ¶gZvq‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K‡i| ZvQvovI wewfbœ Bmy¨wfwËK bvbvgyLx Kg©KvÐ GGwe ev¯Íevqb K‡i _v‡K|
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evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx38
mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ wbiew”Qbœfv‡e AvZ¥wb‡qvM Ki‡Z gvbwmKfv‡e cÖ¯‘Z Kiv| Ab¨vq, AwePvi, Ryjyg-wbh©vZ‡bi weiæ‡× Ae¯’vb †bIqvi †h gvbwmK kw³, mvg_¨©, „wófw½ MVb I cÖ‡Yv`bv m„wó Ges mgm¨v mgvav‡bi c_ Lyu‡R †c‡Z AweiZ m‡Pó _vKvB n‡jv †d«Bwi Z_v wi‡dø± G‡cÖv‡P Rxebfi wkÿvi †gŠj cÖwZcv`¨ welq|
Rxebfi wkÿv ZvB GKwU ewa©òz Z_v weKvkgvb wkLb cÖcÂ, GKwU wkLb-AšÍwb©wnZ kw³| Rxebfi wkÿv e¨w³-mgvR KvVv‡gvi cÖK…ó g~j¨‡eva I m`¸Yvewj AR©‡bi wbišÍi PP©v I Abykxjb| iex›`ªbv_ Zuvi wkÿvwPšÍvq †hgb e‡j‡Q Ôgbyl¨‡Z¡i m¤ú~Y© D‡b¥vPb, e¨w³i mKj m¤¢vebvi ùziY, e¨w³i m‡½ mgv‡Ri †hvM, gvby‡li m‡½ cÖK…wZi †hvM, wkwÿZ-Awkwÿ‡Zi elg¨ we‡gvPb, AvwZ¥K I e¨envwi‡Ki g‡a¨ mgš^q, Ávb‡eva, Kíbv I †mŠ›`h©-†PZbvi Kl©Y I weKvk, K‡g© Áv‡bi wb‡qv‡Mi Øviv Rxe‡bi m¤ú~Y©Zv I mg„w× AR©b, m„RbkxjZvi mvn‡h¨ gbyl¨‡Z¡i cwiPh©v Ges cÖmviÕ| Rxebfi wkÿv-PP©vI Zv-B, mg„× Rxeb-†PZbvi A‡š^lY, D™¢veb|
G wkÿvi djkÖæwZ n‡jv Ôhyw³, Kíbv I cÖv‡qvwMK kw³‡Z ÿ, c~Y©-weKwkZ Ges weewZ©Z gvbylÕ| Rxebfi wkÿvi jÿ¨ n‡jv gvby‡li mvwe©K gyw³, wPšÍvi ¯^vaxbZv, hyw³ev` I gvbeZvev`| ZvB G ch©v‡q †Kvb Rbc‡`i gvbyl‡K DbœxZ Ki‡Z n‡j ïay ¯^íKvjxb cÖwZôvwbK wkÿv (Formal
Education) h‡_ó bq| AbvbyôvwbK wkÿv (Informal Education) I DcvbyôvwbK wkÿv (Non-
formal Education) wkÿvavivq Gi weKvk Z¡ivwš^Z Ki‡Z n‡e| wKš‘ AbvbyôvwbK aviv cÖvPxb wkÿv aviv n‡jI Gi Av‡qvRb I cwiKíbvi Afve i‡q‡Q| ZvB †Kej DcvbyôvwbK wkÿv avivB cv‡i cwiKwíZ Dcv‡q weivU Kg©h‡Ái gva¨‡g GKwU ÁvbwfwËK mgvR cÖwZôvi vwqZ¡ wb‡Z| †d«BwiZ‡Ë¡ wkÿvPP©v Rxebfi wkÿv I ÁvbwfwËK Z_v mvÿi mgvR MV‡bi cÖavb Dcv`vb|
ÔRxebfi wkÿvÕ DcvbyôvwbK wkÿvPP©vi D”PZi Z_v me©‡kl ¯Íi ev ch©vq hvi ïiæ ÔmvÿiZvÕ w`‡q Avi mgvwß N‡U ÁvbwfwËK mgvR cÖwZôvi ga¨ w`‡q| Z‡e ZvB e‡j AvbyôvwbK wkÿvi mv‡_ DcvbyôvwbK wkÿvi †Kv‡bv we‡iva †bB| Rxebe¨vcx wkÿv ch©v‡q GKwU mgv‡Ri DËiY G Õy aviviB mw¤§wjZ cÖqvm n‡Z cv‡i| ejv hvq, AvbyôvwbK wkÿv cÖ‡Póvi †hLv‡b mgvwß DcvbyôvwbK wkÿvi †mLv‡b †_‡K hvÎv ïiæ| DcvbyôvwbK wkÿv AvbyôvwbK wkÿvi cwic~iK| DcvbyôvwbK wkÿvq wkÿv_x©i eqm, mgq, wkÿvµg, wkÿ‡Ki wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zv BZ¨vw` †ÿ‡Î bgbxq bxwZ AbymiY Kiv nq hv †d«BwiZ‡Ë¡iI g~j e³e¨| †d«Bwii wi‡d¬± GKwU c×wZMZ AskMÖnYg~jK †kLvi c×wZ hv gvbyl‡K Zvi cwi‡ek‡K mgv‡jvPbvg~jK we‡kølY Ki‡Z †kLvq, hvi gva¨‡g gvbyl Zvi ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi mgm¨v wPwýZ Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g mgvav‡bi c_ Lyu‡R cvq Ges e¨w³MZ I mvgvwRK Rxe‡b wbi‡cÿ Ges †UKmB Dbœq‡bi Øviv ÿgZvqb n‡Z cv‡i|
M‡elYvi †hŠw³KZv1993 mv‡j Gj mvjfv`vi, DMvÛv Ges evsjv‡`‡k AskMÖnYg~jK c×wZ‡Z eq¯‹ wkÿv Kvh©µ‡gi ga¨ w`‡q wi‡d¬± G‡cÖvP-Gi e¨envi ïiæ nq| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ wi‡d¬± GKwU wkÿv c×wZ hv AbymiY K‡i gvbyl Rxebe¨vcx wkL‡Z cv‡i| MZ kZ‡Ki †Mvovi w`‡K †UKmB RxebhvÎv Ges mvÿiZv AR©‡bi †KŠkj wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`‡k wi‡d¬± c×wZ e¨envi ïiæ nq Ges Kvjµ‡g GwU wkÿv, ÿgZvqb Ges mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡bi GKwU m¤¢vebvgq †KŠkj wn‡m‡e weKvk jvf Ki‡Z _v‡K| evsjv‡`‡k
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 39
†c‡q mvaviY I `wi`ª gvby‡li fv‡M¨vbœq‡b AvZ¥wb‡qvM K‡i Avm‡Q| cieZ©xKv‡j Avevi Zviv wb‡RivB GKkbGBW evsjv‡`‡ki wi‡d¬± G‡cÖv‡P Kg©KvÐ nv‡Z wb‡q ¯^vaxbfv‡e c_Pjv Avi¤¢ K‡i| eZ©gv‡b cÖvq 50 wU ms¯’v GKkbGBW evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ‡Póvi Av`‡j c„_K c„_K w_g wb‡q GKkbGBW evsjv‡`‡ki cvU©bvi GbwRI wn‡m‡e we‡klZ Bmy¨wfwËK Dbœqb I mv¶iZv Kg©Kv‡Ð wi‡d¬± PP©v K‡i Avm‡Q|
†d«BwiZ‡Ë¡ mvÿiZv I Rxebfi wkÿv†d«BwiZ‡Ë¡i Ici cÖwZwôZ wi‡d¬± mvÿiZv cÖ`v‡bi GKwU AvaywbK G‡cÖvP| wi‡d¬± mvÿiZv †KŠkj `¯ÍLZ, eY© ev kã †kLv‡bvi g‡a¨ mxgve× bq| GB wkÿv cwiPvjbvKvix ev mnvq‡Ki bq| G wkÿv ev¯Íevq‡b cwiPvjbvKvix ev mnvq‡Ki mvgvwRK `vqe×Zv A‡Q e‡j wkÿv_x©‡K eZ©gvb mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK I ivR‰bwZK Ae¯’v †_‡KI DËi‡Yi Rb¨ DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z n‡e| wi‡d¬± c×wZ‡Z mvÿiZv mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡bi GKwU Dcvq ev cš’v|
wkÿvwe` cvI‡jv †dªBwii fvlvq mvÿiZv A_© n‡jv ïay kã Rvbv bq| wb‡R‡K Rvbv, wb‡Ri Ae¯’v m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb nIqv, Ae¯’vi we‡kølY Ki‡Z cviv, ^vaxb wm×všÍ wb‡Z cviv hv e¨w³Rxe‡b †UKmB Dbœqb G‡b †`‡e| †d«Bwi „pfv‡e wek¦vm Ki‡Zb †h, GKRb wbiÿi gvby‡li Kv‡Q GKwU kã †kLvi A_© n‡jv wek¦‡K Rvbv, bZzbfv‡e wek¦‡K Avwe®‹vi Ki‡Z †kLv| wZwb wkÿv_x©i ev¯Íe Rxeb I cvwicvwk¦©K Ae¯’vi mv‡_ mvÿiZv‡K hy³ K‡i AMÖmi n‡Z Pvb| †d«Bwi g‡b K‡ib wbiÿi Ae‡nwjZ gvbyl wPšÍv I †PZbvi †ÿ‡Î AÜKvigq RM‡Z Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q| AwaKvi, KiYxq I eR©bxq m¤ú‡K© †m wb‡g©vn| Ab¨v‡qi cÖwZev` bv Ki‡Z Ki‡Z †m †hb H Ae¯’v‡KB †kªq e‡j †g‡b wb‡q‡Q| wb‡®úwlZ gvby‡li g‡bi GB Ae‡PZb Ae¯’v‡K wZwb bxieZvi ms¯‹„wZ (culture of silence) e‡j AwewnZ K‡i‡Qb|
wkÿvi KvR n‡jv wkÿv_x©‡K Ae‡PZb Íi †_‡K †PZb ͇i DbœxZ Kiv, hv cÖPwjZ mvÿiZv wkÿvq Abycw¯’Z| Ges G wkÿv e¨e¯’vq Zv AR©b KivI m¤¢e bq| †dªBwii g‡Z Ae¯’vi Dbœq‡b wkÿv_x©‡K ïay m‡PZb Ki‡jB Pj‡e bv, Zv‡K †PZb ͇i a‡i ivLvi Rb¨ PvB evievi Abykxjb ev PP©v|
G †cÖÿvc‡U Z_vKw_Z AÿiÁvb I mvÿiZvi welqwU ‡MŠY n‡q †`Lv †`q| cvi¯úwiK †hvMv‡hvM, K‡_vcK_b I gZwewbgq K‡i †m wb‡Ri Ae¯’vb Rvb‡Z I we‡kølY Ki‡Z †k‡L, †m eyS‡Z cv‡i Zvi nxb Ae¯’vi Rb¨ `vqx †K Ges Gÿ‡Y Zvi KiYxqB ev Kx? Zvi g‡b cÖkœ Rv‡M Ges †m cÖ‡kœi Reve †m wb‡RB Luy‡R cvq| †d«Bwii mvÿiZv c×wZ ÔWvqjMÕ wkÿv_x©i Dcjwä‡K Kvh©Ki I ^wkLb ¯Í‡i DbœxZ Ki‡Z iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| Ae¯’vi Dbœq‡b ÔWvqjMÕ Pj‡Z _v‡K Rxe‡bi cy‡iv mgq| †dªBwi gvbyl‡K wkÿv`v‡bi GB cÖwµqv‡K (Process) cÖ‡ivwPZKiY ev †PZbv DÏxcb (conscientization) wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb| wkÿ‡Ki KvR n‡jv wkÿv_x©i gv‡S †cÖlYv m„wó K‡i DÏxc‡b mnvqZv Kiv| ZvB wZwb ïay GKRb wb‡iU wkÿK bb, mnvqKI (facilatator) e‡U| wZwb wkÿv_x©‡K we‡kl K‡i eq¯‹ wkÿv_x©‡K Ggb mnvqZv †`‡eb hv‡Z wkÿv_x© wb‡Ri AwaKvi I KZ©e¨ m¤ú‡K© Rvbvi Rb¨ I AvšÍwiKfv‡e we‡kølY I Kg©cš’v wba©vi‡Y DÏxß nq| kãÁvb, mvÿiZv wkÿvi KvR n‡jv wkÿv_x©i †fZi _ye‡o cov, Nywg‡q _vKv AdzišÍ m¤¢vebv‡K RvwM‡q †Zvjv, bxieZvi APjvqvZb †_‡K †ei K‡i Avbv, cÖwZev`x n‡Z DØy× Kiv Ges AwaKvi cÖwZôv I GRb¨
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx38
mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ wbiew”Qbœfv‡e AvZ¥wb‡qvM Ki‡Z gvbwmKfv‡e cÖ¯‘Z Kiv| Ab¨vq, AwePvi, Ryjyg-wbh©vZ‡bi weiæ‡× Ae¯’vb †bIqvi †h gvbwmK kw³, mvg_¨©, „wófw½ MVb I cÖ‡Yv`bv m„wó Ges mgm¨v mgvav‡bi c_ Lyu‡R †c‡Z AweiZ m‡Pó _vKvB n‡jv †d«Bwi Z_v wi‡dø± G‡cÖv‡P Rxebfi wkÿvi †gŠj cÖwZcv`¨ welq|
Rxebfi wkÿv ZvB GKwU ewa©òz Z_v weKvkgvb wkLb cÖcÂ, GKwU wkLb-AšÍwb©wnZ kw³| Rxebfi wkÿv e¨w³-mgvR KvVv‡gvi cÖK…ó g~j¨‡eva I m`¸Yvewj AR©‡bi wbišÍi PP©v I Abykxjb| iex›`ªbv_ Zuvi wkÿvwPšÍvq †hgb e‡j‡Q Ôgbyl¨‡Z¡i m¤ú~Y© D‡b¥vPb, e¨w³i mKj m¤¢vebvi ùziY, e¨w³i m‡½ mgv‡Ri †hvM, gvby‡li m‡½ cÖK…wZi †hvM, wkwÿZ-Awkwÿ‡Zi elg¨ we‡gvPb, AvwZ¥K I e¨envwi‡Ki g‡a¨ mgš^q, Ávb‡eva, Kíbv I †mŠ›`h©-†PZbvi Kl©Y I weKvk, K‡g© Áv‡bi wb‡qv‡Mi Øviv Rxe‡bi m¤ú~Y©Zv I mg„w× AR©b, m„RbkxjZvi mvn‡h¨ gbyl¨‡Z¡i cwiPh©v Ges cÖmviÕ| Rxebfi wkÿv-PP©vI Zv-B, mg„× Rxeb-†PZbvi A‡š^lY, D™¢veb|
G wkÿvi djkÖæwZ n‡jv Ôhyw³, Kíbv I cÖv‡qvwMK kw³‡Z ÿ, c~Y©-weKwkZ Ges weewZ©Z gvbylÕ| Rxebfi wkÿvi jÿ¨ n‡jv gvby‡li mvwe©K gyw³, wPšÍvi ¯^vaxbZv, hyw³ev` I gvbeZvev`| ZvB G ch©v‡q †Kvb Rbc‡`i gvbyl‡K DbœxZ Ki‡Z n‡j ïay ¯^íKvjxb cÖwZôvwbK wkÿv (Formal
Education) h‡_ó bq| AbvbyôvwbK wkÿv (Informal Education) I DcvbyôvwbK wkÿv (Non-
formal Education) wkÿvavivq Gi weKvk Z¡ivwš^Z Ki‡Z n‡e| wKš‘ AbvbyôvwbK aviv cÖvPxb wkÿv aviv n‡jI Gi Av‡qvRb I cwiKíbvi Afve i‡q‡Q| ZvB †Kej DcvbyôvwbK wkÿv avivB cv‡i cwiKwíZ Dcv‡q weivU Kg©h‡Ái gva¨‡g GKwU ÁvbwfwËK mgvR cÖwZôvi vwqZ¡ wb‡Z| †d«BwiZ‡Ë¡ wkÿvPP©v Rxebfi wkÿv I ÁvbwfwËK Z_v mvÿi mgvR MV‡bi cÖavb Dcv`vb|
ÔRxebfi wkÿvÕ DcvbyôvwbK wkÿvPP©vi D”PZi Z_v me©‡kl ¯Íi ev ch©vq hvi ïiæ ÔmvÿiZvÕ w`‡q Avi mgvwß N‡U ÁvbwfwËK mgvR cÖwZôvi ga¨ w`‡q| Z‡e ZvB e‡j AvbyôvwbK wkÿvi mv‡_ DcvbyôvwbK wkÿvi †Kv‡bv we‡iva †bB| Rxebe¨vcx wkÿv ch©v‡q GKwU mgv‡Ri DËiY G Õy aviviB mw¤§wjZ cÖqvm n‡Z cv‡i| ejv hvq, AvbyôvwbK wkÿv cÖ‡Póvi †hLv‡b mgvwß DcvbyôvwbK wkÿvi †mLv‡b †_‡K hvÎv ïiæ| DcvbyôvwbK wkÿv AvbyôvwbK wkÿvi cwic~iK| DcvbyôvwbK wkÿvq wkÿv_x©i eqm, mgq, wkÿvµg, wkÿ‡Ki wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zv BZ¨vw` †ÿ‡Î bgbxq bxwZ AbymiY Kiv nq hv †d«BwiZ‡Ë¡iI g~j e³e¨| †d«Bwii wi‡d¬± GKwU c×wZMZ AskMÖnYg~jK †kLvi c×wZ hv gvbyl‡K Zvi cwi‡ek‡K mgv‡jvPbvg~jK we‡kølY Ki‡Z †kLvq, hvi gva¨‡g gvbyl Zvi ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi mgm¨v wPwýZ Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g mgvav‡bi c_ Lyu‡R cvq Ges e¨w³MZ I mvgvwRK Rxe‡b wbi‡cÿ Ges †UKmB Dbœq‡bi Øviv ÿgZvqb n‡Z cv‡i|
M‡elYvi †hŠw³KZv1993 mv‡j Gj mvjfv`vi, DMvÛv Ges evsjv‡`‡k AskMÖnYg~jK c×wZ‡Z eq¯‹ wkÿv Kvh©µ‡gi ga¨ w`‡q wi‡d¬± G‡cÖvP-Gi e¨envi ïiæ nq| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ wi‡d¬± GKwU wkÿv c×wZ hv AbymiY K‡i gvbyl Rxebe¨vcx wkL‡Z cv‡i| MZ kZ‡Ki †Mvovi w`‡K †UKmB RxebhvÎv Ges mvÿiZv AR©‡bi †KŠkj wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`‡k wi‡d¬± c×wZ e¨envi ïiæ nq Ges Kvjµ‡g GwU wkÿv, ÿgZvqb Ges mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡bi GKwU m¤¢vebvgq †KŠkj wn‡m‡e weKvk jvf Ki‡Z _v‡K| evsjv‡`‡k
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 39
wWGdAvBwWi A_©vq‡b cÖKí AvKv‡i Gi ev¯Íevqb ïiæ nq| gvBwiqv` bvgK †QvU GKwU †emiKvwi cÖwZôvb wi‡d¬± G‡cÖv‡P eq¯‹ wkÿv ev¯Íevq‡b KvR ïiæ K‡i Ges ÔGKkbGBW evsjv‡`kÕ Gi KvwiMwi mnvqZv cÖ`vb K‡i| B‡Zvg‡a¨ evsjv‡`‡k wewfbœ bv‡g RvZxq I AvšÍR©vwZK Dbœqb ms¯’v Zv‡`i Kvh©µg ev¯Íevq‡b G c×wZi e¨envi K‡i Pj‡Q †hgb Ñ †Kqvi evsjv‡`k, †mf ¨v wPj‡Wªb BDGmG, Avkªq, fvW©, †Kv‡WK BZ¨vw`| †h‡nZz wewfbœ ms¯’v wewfbœ bv‡g wi‡d¬± G‡cÖvP-G Kvh©µg ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Q ZvB Gi e¨envi c×wZ‡Z wfbœZv Avm‡Z cv‡i| D‡jøL¨ cÖwZôvbmg~n‡K GKkbGBW evsjv‡`k KvwiMwi mnvqZv w`‡q Avm‡Q Ges weMZ GK kK hver Gme ms¯’v AskMÖnYg~jK c×wZ e¨env‡ii ga¨ w`‡q Kvh©µg ev¯Íevqb K‡i Pj‡Q| wi‡d¬± G‡cÖvP-Gi cÖK…wZ I MwZwewa G mg¯Í cÖwZôvb KZUzKz a‡i ivL‡Z mÿg n‡q‡Q Zvi GKwU M‡elYv nIqv cÖ‡qvRb|
M‡elYvi D‡Ïk¨� wi‡d¬± G‡cÖvP-G Kvh©µg ev¯ÍevqbKvix K‡qKwU cÖwZôv‡bi Kvh©µg ev¯Íevq‡b wi‡d¬±
G‡cÖvP-Gi e¨envi I Zvi h_v_©Zv hvPvB Ges wi‡d¬± c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi mej I ye©j w`Kmg~n wPwýZ Kiv|
� evsjv‡`‡k wi‡d¬± c×wZi ÿZv, Kvh©KvwiZv Ges djvdj cixÿv Kiv|
� Rxebe¨vcx wkÿvq wi‡d¬± G‡cÖvP-Gi ÿZv Ges Kvh©KvwiZv cixÿv Kiv|
� wi‡d¬± G‡cÖvP-Gi Kvh©Ki e¨env‡ii Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ mycvwik Kiv|
M‡elYv c×wZ I †KŠkjM‡elYvwUi aib †h‡nZz wi‡d¬± c×wZ e¨enviKvix K‡qKwU cÖwZôv‡bi c×wZ e¨env‡i `ÿZv, h_v_©Zv, Gi mej-`ye©j w`K kbv³ Kiv, c×wZ e¨env‡ii djvdj cixÿv Kiv Ges Gi mdjZv cªwZØw›ØZv Ges cÖfve we‡kølY Kiv ZvB D³ Z_¨mg~n Rvbvi Rb¨ m‡iRwg‡b Kvh©µg †`Lvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †`Lv †`q| G jÿ¨ mvg‡b †i‡L Ges Kv‡Ri cÖK…wZi w`‡K jÿ †i‡L wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î Ges wel‡q Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ Z_¨ msMÖncÎ Zwi I e¨envi Ges gvVch©v‡q Kvh©µg cwi`k©b, mvÿvrKvi Ges GdwRwW cwiPvjbv Kiv nq| M‡elYvwU g~jZ ¸YMZ Z_¨wbf©i ZvB Z_¨ msMÖ‡n ¸YMZ Dcv‡Ëi cvkvcvwk wKQy cwigvYMZ Z_¨I ms‡hvRb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
¸YMZ Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvq AskMÖnYKvix‡`i mv‡_ hvi †hvMv‡hvM me©vwaK A_©vr †cÖvMªvg mnvqK †_‡K Z_¨ †bIqv n‡q‡Q| cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbv †_‡K Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv nq| AskMÖnYKvixMY Kvh©µg †_‡K KZUzKz jvfevb n‡”Q ev Kvh©µg m¤ú‡K© Zv‡`i gšÍe¨ BZ¨vw` Rvbvi Rb¨ K‡qKwU Uzjm e¨envi Kiv nq| †hgb-
1. †PKwj÷ (cÖwZôvb-Z_¨ Rvbvi Rb¨) 2. cÖ‡kœvËwiKv (†K›`ª mnvq‡Ki Rb¨) 3. †mwg÷ªvKPvW© mvÿvrKvicÎ (cÖwZôvb cwiPvjK Ges ’vbxq MY¨gvb¨‡`i Rb¨) 4. †dvKvmMÖæc wWmKvmb MvBW jvBb
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx40 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 41
GQvov mvÿvrKvi †bIqv nq-
1. mswkøó †ÿ‡Î AwfÁ e¨w³ (GKkb GBW evsjv‡`k)
2. A_© cÖ`vbKvix cÖwZôv‡bi Kg©KZ©v
3. wi‡d¬KU ev¯ÍevqbKvix GbwRIi m`m¨
4. Kvh©µ‡g mivmwi AskMÖnYKvix
5. M‡elYv mswkøó wPšÍvwe`
M‡elYvi bgybv ch©vß Ges mswkøó Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ wi‡d¬± c×wZ e¨enviKvix 6wU ms¯’v‡K M‡elYvi bgybv wn‡m‡e wba©viY Kiv nq| ms¯’v¸‡jv n‡jv -
1| †Kqvi evsjv‡`k (CARE Bangladesh)
2| Avkªq (ASHROY)
3| †Kv‡WK (CODEC)
4| fvW© (VARD)
5| †eBm (BACE)
6| mvm (SUS)
DwjøwLZ ms¯’v¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †eBm (BACE) GKkbGBW evsjv‡`‡ki cvU©bvi GbwRI wn‡m‡e Kvh©µg Pvwj‡q Avm‡Q| Ab¨ cuvPwU ms¯’v eZ©gv‡b wbR wbR cwiKíbv wb‡q Dbœqb cÖwµqvq wi`ª I cÖvwšÍK Rb‡Mvôxi mwµq AskMÖnY wbwðZKi‡Yi gva¨‡g wi‡d¬± PP©v K‡i Avm‡Q|
bgybv wbe©vPbQqwU bgby v ms¯v’ i g‡a¨ †Kqvi evsjv‡`‡k 4wU GKZv mv‡K‡© ji 4Rb mnvqK I 120 Rb AskMnÖ YKvixi wbKU †_‡K, Avk‡ª qi 1wU mv‡Kj© I 1wU †jvK‡K‡›`iª ª 2 Rb mnvqK I 80 Rb AskMnÖ YKvix, †Kv‡W‡Ki 2wU msjvc‡K‡›`iª 2Rb mnvqK I 40 Rb AskMnÖ YKvix, fv‡Wi© 2wU mv‡Kj© I 1wU Z_¨ †K‡›`iª 3 Rb mnvqK I 97 Rb AskMnÖ YKvix, †eB†mi 2wU mv‡Kj© I 1wU †jvK‡K‡›`iª 3 Rb mnvqK I 100 Rb AskMnÖ YKvix Ges v^ ej¤x^ Dbqœ b mwgwZi 2wU mv‡Kj© I 1wU †jvK‡K› ª cwi`kb© K‡i 3 Rb mnvqK I 60 Rb AskMnÖ YKvixi wbKU †_‡K Z_¨ msMnÖ Kiv nq| †`Lv hvq †h, QqwU ms¯v’ i mv‡Kj© chv© ‡q †ZiwU †K› ª Ges †cv÷ mv‡Kj© chv‡© q cvPu wU †K‡› ª (†gvU 17 wU) m‡Zi Rb mnvqK I 497 Rb AskMnÖ YKvixi wbKU †_‡K ckÖ cœ Î e¨envi K‡i Z_¨ msMnÖ Kiv nq| bgby v cwÖ Zôvb¸‡jvi Z_¨ cieZx© cô„ vq mviwY‡Z †`Lv‡bv n‡jv:
wWGdAvBwWi A_©vq‡b cÖKí AvKv‡i Gi ev¯Íevqb ïiæ nq| gvBwiqv` bvgK †QvU GKwU †emiKvwi cÖwZôvb wi‡d¬± G‡cÖv‡P eq¯‹ wkÿv ev¯Íevq‡b KvR ïiæ K‡i Ges ÔGKkbGBW evsjv‡`kÕ Gi KvwiMwi mnvqZv cÖ`vb K‡i| B‡Zvg‡a¨ evsjv‡`‡k wewfbœ bv‡g RvZxq I AvšÍR©vwZK Dbœqb ms¯’v Zv‡`i Kvh©µg ev¯Íevq‡b G c×wZi e¨envi K‡i Pj‡Q †hgb Ñ †Kqvi evsjv‡`k, †mf ¨v wPj‡Wªb BDGmG, Avkªq, fvW©, †Kv‡WK BZ¨vw`| †h‡nZz wewfbœ ms¯’v wewfbœ bv‡g wi‡d¬± G‡cÖvP-G Kvh©µg ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Q ZvB Gi e¨envi c×wZ‡Z wfbœZv Avm‡Z cv‡i| D‡jøL¨ cÖwZôvbmg~n‡K GKkbGBW evsjv‡`k KvwiMwi mnvqZv w`‡q Avm‡Q Ges weMZ GK kK hver Gme ms¯’v AskMÖnYg~jK c×wZ e¨env‡ii ga¨ w`‡q Kvh©µg ev¯Íevqb K‡i Pj‡Q| wi‡d¬± G‡cÖvP-Gi cÖK…wZ I MwZwewa G mg¯Í cÖwZôvb KZUzKz a‡i ivL‡Z mÿg n‡q‡Q Zvi GKwU M‡elYv nIqv cÖ‡qvRb|
M‡elYvi D‡Ïk¨� wi‡d¬± G‡cÖvP-G Kvh©µg ev¯ÍevqbKvix K‡qKwU cÖwZôv‡bi Kvh©µg ev¯Íevq‡b wi‡d¬±
G‡cÖvP-Gi e¨envi I Zvi h_v_©Zv hvPvB Ges wi‡d¬± c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi mej I ye©j w`Kmg~n wPwýZ Kiv|
� evsjv‡`‡k wi‡d¬± c×wZi ÿZv, Kvh©KvwiZv Ges djvdj cixÿv Kiv|
� Rxebe¨vcx wkÿvq wi‡d¬± G‡cÖvP-Gi ÿZv Ges Kvh©KvwiZv cixÿv Kiv|
� wi‡d¬± G‡cÖvP-Gi Kvh©Ki e¨env‡ii Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ mycvwik Kiv|
M‡elYv c×wZ I †KŠkjM‡elYvwUi aib †h‡nZz wi‡d¬± c×wZ e¨enviKvix K‡qKwU cÖwZôv‡bi c×wZ e¨env‡i `ÿZv, h_v_©Zv, Gi mej-`ye©j w`K kbv³ Kiv, c×wZ e¨env‡ii djvdj cixÿv Kiv Ges Gi mdjZv cªwZØw›ØZv Ges cÖfve we‡kølY Kiv ZvB D³ Z_¨mg~n Rvbvi Rb¨ m‡iRwg‡b Kvh©µg †`Lvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †`Lv †`q| G jÿ¨ mvg‡b †i‡L Ges Kv‡Ri cÖK…wZi w`‡K jÿ †i‡L wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î Ges wel‡q Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ Z_¨ msMÖncÎ Zwi I e¨envi Ges gvVch©v‡q Kvh©µg cwi`k©b, mvÿvrKvi Ges GdwRwW cwiPvjbv Kiv nq| M‡elYvwU g~jZ ¸YMZ Z_¨wbf©i ZvB Z_¨ msMÖ‡n ¸YMZ Dcv‡Ëi cvkvcvwk wKQy cwigvYMZ Z_¨I ms‡hvRb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
¸YMZ Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvq AskMÖnYKvix‡`i mv‡_ hvi †hvMv‡hvM me©vwaK A_©vr †cÖvMªvg mnvqK †_‡K Z_¨ †bIqv n‡q‡Q| cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbv †_‡K Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv nq| AskMÖnYKvixMY Kvh©µg †_‡K KZUzKz jvfevb n‡”Q ev Kvh©µg m¤ú‡K© Zv‡`i gšÍe¨ BZ¨vw` Rvbvi Rb¨ K‡qKwU Uzjm e¨envi Kiv nq| †hgb-
1. †PKwj÷ (cÖwZôvb-Z_¨ Rvbvi Rb¨) 2. cÖ‡kœvËwiKv (†K›`ª mnvq‡Ki Rb¨) 3. †mwg÷ªvKPvW© mvÿvrKvicÎ (cÖwZôvb cwiPvjK Ges ’vbxq MY¨gvb¨‡`i Rb¨) 4. †dvKvmMÖæc wWmKvmb MvBW jvBb
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx40 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 41
GQvov mvÿvrKvi †bIqv nq-
1. mswkøó †ÿ‡Î AwfÁ e¨w³ (GKkb GBW evsjv‡`k)
2. A_© cÖ`vbKvix cÖwZôv‡bi Kg©KZ©v
3. wi‡d¬KU ev¯ÍevqbKvix GbwRIi m`m¨
4. Kvh©µ‡g mivmwi AskMÖnYKvix
5. M‡elYv mswkøó wPšÍvwe`
M‡elYvi bgybv ch©vß Ges mswkøó Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ wi‡d¬± c×wZ e¨enviKvix 6wU ms¯’v‡K M‡elYvi bgybv wn‡m‡e wba©viY Kiv nq| ms¯’v¸‡jv n‡jv -
1| †Kqvi evsjv‡`k (CARE Bangladesh)
2| Avkªq (ASHROY)
3| †Kv‡WK (CODEC)
4| fvW© (VARD)
5| †eBm (BACE)
6| mvm (SUS)
DwjøwLZ ms¯’v¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †eBm (BACE) GKkbGBW evsjv‡`‡ki cvU©bvi GbwRI wn‡m‡e Kvh©µg Pvwj‡q Avm‡Q| Ab¨ cuvPwU ms¯’v eZ©gv‡b wbR wbR cwiKíbv wb‡q Dbœqb cÖwµqvq wi`ª I cÖvwšÍK Rb‡Mvôxi mwµq AskMÖnY wbwðZKi‡Yi gva¨‡g wi‡d¬± PP©v K‡i Avm‡Q|
bgybv wbe©vPbQqwU bgby v ms¯v’ i g‡a¨ †Kqvi evsjv‡`‡k 4wU GKZv mv‡K‡© ji 4Rb mnvqK I 120 Rb AskMnÖ YKvixi wbKU †_‡K, Avk‡ª qi 1wU mv‡Kj© I 1wU †jvK‡K‡›`iª ª 2 Rb mnvqK I 80 Rb AskMnÖ YKvix, †Kv‡W‡Ki 2wU msjvc‡K‡›`iª 2Rb mnvqK I 40 Rb AskMnÖ YKvix, fv‡Wi© 2wU mv‡Kj© I 1wU Z_¨ †K‡›`iª 3 Rb mnvqK I 97 Rb AskMnÖ YKvix, †eB†mi 2wU mv‡Kj© I 1wU †jvK‡K‡›`iª 3 Rb mnvqK I 100 Rb AskMnÖ YKvix Ges v^ ej¤x^ Dbqœ b mwgwZi 2wU mv‡Kj© I 1wU †jvK‡K› ª cwi`kb© K‡i 3 Rb mnvqK I 60 Rb AskMnÖ YKvixi wbKU †_‡K Z_¨ msMnÖ Kiv nq| †`Lv hvq †h, QqwU ms¯v’ i mv‡Kj© chv© ‡q †ZiwU †K› ª Ges †cv÷ mv‡Kj© chv‡© q cvPu wU †K‡› ª (†gvU 17 wU) m‡Zi Rb mnvqK I 497 Rb AskMnÖ YKvixi wbKU †_‡K ckÖ cœ Î e¨envi K‡i Z_¨ msMnÖ Kiv nq| bgby v cwÖ Zôvb¸‡jvi Z_¨ cieZx© cô„ vq mviwY‡Z †`Lv‡bv n‡jv:
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx42
mviwY-1: bgybv cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni mswkøó Z_¨
ms¯’vi bvg cÖÖwZôv‡bi mv‡K©j/ msjvc †jvK †K›`ª †gvU AskMÖnYKvix mnvqK msL¨v msL¨v
†Kqvi evsjv‡`k 4 4 -- 120 4
Avkªq 2 1 1 80 2
†Kv‡WK 2 2 -- 40 2
fvW© 3 2 1 97 3
†eBm 3 2 1 100 3
mvm 3 2 1 60 3
me©‡gvU 17 13 4 497 17
GQvov 6wU ms¯’vi cÖavb‡`i wbKU †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv nq Ges ’vbxq cÖwZôv‡b GdwRwW Kiv nq| †Kqvi evsjv‡`‡ki Uv½vBj wiwRIbvj Awd‡m 9 Rb AskMÖnYKvix wb‡q, †Kv‡W‡Ki ivOvgvwU Awd‡m 12 Rb AkMÖnYKvix wb‡q, fv‡W©i wm‡jU Awd‡m 10 Rb AskMÖnKvix wb‡q, †eB‡mi †`IqvbMÄ(Rvgvjcyi) Awd‡m 9 Rb AskMÖnYKix wb‡q ^vej¤^x evsjv‡`†ki †b·Kvbv Awd‡m 7 Rb AskMÖnYKvix wb‡qI GdwRwW Kiv nq| Gme GdwRwW‡Z Kvh©µ‡gi †Kv-AwW©‡bUi, cÖKí e¨e¯’vcK, gvV cwi`k©K, †cÖvMÖvg Awdmvi, wUg wjWvi,Kg©m~wP msMVK, wi‡d¬± †UªBbvi, †jvK‡K›`ª g¨v‡bRvi, GW‡fv‡Kwm Awdmvi, gwbUwis Awdmvi ch©v‡qi Kg©KZ©v Ges gvV ch©v‡qi mnvqKMY AskMÖnY K‡ib|
Z_¨ we‡kølY †KŠkjM‡elYvi jÿ¨ I D‡Ï‡k¨i Av‡jv‡K msM„nxZ Z_¨mg~n‡K wbgœwjwLZ wk‡ivbv‡g †kªYxKiY, Dc¯’vcb, Av‡jvPbv I we‡kølY Kiv nq:
1. wi‡d¬± G‡cÖv‡P cwiPvwjZ ms¯’vmg~‡ni Kvh©µg, Kvh©µgmg~‡ni jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨
2. Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv I e¨ve¯’vcbv
3. wkÿvi welqe¯‘y wbe©vPb, Dc¯’vcb I ev¯Íevqb cÖwµqv
4. Rxebe¨vcx wkÿv AR©‡b wi‡d¬± Kvh©µ‡gi cÖfve
5. Rxebe¨vcx wkÿvq Kvh©µgmg~‡ni AvKl©Yxq Z_v mej w`Kmg~n
6. Rxebe¨vcx wkÿvq Kvh©µgmg~‡ni AbvKl©Yxq Z_v ye©j w`Kmg~n
Z_¨ Dc¯’vcb I we‡kølY
1. wi‡d¬± G‡cÖv‡P cwiPvwjZ ms¯’vmg~‡ni Kvh©µg, Kvh©µgmg~‡ni jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨†Kqvi evsjv‡`‡ki wi‡d¬± G‡cÖv‡P cwiPvwjZ g~j Kvh©µ‡gi bvg n‡jv GKZv (EKATA-
Empowerment Knowledge and Transformative Action)| GKZvi ˆewkó¨ n‡jvÑ GKZv GKwU
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 43
wkÿv c×wZ| Gi `xN©‡gqvw` Kvh©µ‡gi jÿ¨ n‡”Q kni Ges MÖv‡gi `wi`ª, ewÂZ Ges Ae‡nwjZ gwnjv I wK‡kvix‡`i ÿgZvqb, wkÿvi my‡hvM m„wó, †UKmB Dbœqb Ges mvgvwRK cwieZ©b| GB jÿ¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ mgvR wKfv‡e †kvwlZ n‡”Q Ges A_©‰bwZK AÿgZv wKfv‡e m„wó n‡”Q Zvi cÖwZ jÿ¨`j‡K m‡PZb K‡i G ai‡bi ye©j Ae¯’v †_‡K Zv‡`i‡K gy³ Kivi Ges AvZ¥wek¦vmx K‡i M‡o Zyj‡Z mnvqZv w`‡”Q GKZv| GKZvi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv jÿ¨`‡ji ÿgZvqb, wbiÿiZv `~i Kiv Ges GKwU mvÿimgvR M‡o †Zvjvi wbðqZv cÖ`vb Kiv| †`‡ki cÖvßeq¯‹ †Q‡j-†g‡q‡`i‡K fwel¨‡Zi mybvMwiK wn‡m‡e ˆZwi Kiv| mgv‡Ri cÖvwšÍK `wi`ª‡`i Dbœqb c×wZi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ Kiv| †Kqvi evsjv‡`k GKZvi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ DwÏó Rb‡Mvôx‡K wb‡q Circle MV‡bi gva¨‡g ¯’vbxq m¤ú` e¨env‡ii Rb¨ mgv‡Ri mKj gvby‡li mg_©b Av`vq Kivi cª‡Póv Pvwj‡q hv‡”Q| 20 †_‡K 25 Rb m`m¨ wb‡q GKZv mv‡K©j MwVZ| AskMÖnYKvix‡`i eqm I Av_©mvgvwRK Ae¯’v we‡ePbv K‡i wZb ai‡bi GKZv mv‡K©j cwiPvwjZ nq| mv‡K©‡ji bvg I eqmmxgv wbgœ †`qv n‡jv:
� wkï‡`i mv‡K©j: 6-10 ermi
� wK‡kvix mv‡K©j: 11-18 ermi
� eq¯‹ mv‡K©j: 18-35 ermi
GKZv mv‡K©j Avevi y ai‡bi-
� †ewmK mv‡K©j: 12 gvm
� †cv÷ mv‡K©j: 12 gvm
†ewmK mv‡K©‡ji cÖ_g 3 gvm cÖ¯‘wZ ce© Ges 9 gvm Kvh©µg ce©| Avi †cv÷-mv‡K©‡ji 11 gvm Kvh©µg ce© Ges 1 gvm g~j¨vqb ce©| eZ©gv‡b 4wU Kg© GjvKvq 403wU mv‡K©j KvR Ki‡Q|
evsjv‡`‡ki RbM‡Yi a¨vb-aviYv I mvgvwRK-mvs¯‹…wZK g~j¨‡eva we‡ePbv K‡i cyiæl‡`i Rb¨ cyiæl Ges gwnjv‡`i Rb¨ gwnjv mv‡K©j i‡q‡Q| wK‡kvi-wK‡kvix‡`i Rb¨ mv‡K©j MV‡bI GKB wbqg AbymiY Kiv nq| Z‡e wkï‡`i †ÿ‡Î GK ai‡bi mv‡K©j MVb Kiv nq| Gme †cÖvMÖv‡gi msev` Zviv mv‡K©j mnvqK I mgv‡Ri MY¨gvb¨ e¨w³‡`i KvQ †_‡K †R‡b _v‡K|
GKZvi †Kv‡bv cÖvBgvi †bB, AskMÖnYKvixMY wb‡Riv Zv‡`i wkLb mvgMÖx Zwi K‡ib Ges cieZx© mg‡q G¸‡jv GKÎ K‡i wkLb g¨vby‡qj wn‡m‡e e¨envi K‡ib| GKZv ¯’vbxq Pvwn`vi Ici wfwË K‡i KvR K‡i Ges GKZvq AskMÖnYKvixMY wb‡RivB mgv‡Ri mgm¨v wPwýZ K‡ib Ges Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g m¤¢ve¨ mgvavb Lyu‡R †ei K‡ib I mgvav‡bi †Póv K‡ib| GKZvi cÖ‡Póvq ¯^í mg‡q AskMªnYKvixMY mvÿiZv Ges ÿgZv I AwaKvi AR©b K‡i|
Avkªq cwiPvwjZ wi‡d¬± G‡cÖv‡Pi bvg jvnvwšÍ G‡cªvP| jvnvwšÍ Avkªq-Gi wcøR (PLEASE) cÖK‡íi g~j ev cÖavb Kg©m~wP| PLEASE kãwU‡K †f‡O Gfv‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv nq-Participatory Learning and
Empowerment of Adivashi through Sustainable Education A_©vr AskMÖnYg~jK wkÿvi gva¨‡g Avw`evmx‡`i ÿgZvqb| ÔjvnvwšÍÕ Avw`evmx muvIZvwj kã hvi A_© mvgwMÖK ev mvwe©K Dbœqb (Total
Development)| wcøR cÖKí g~jZ ywU ch©v‡q ev¯Íevqb n‡”Q Ñ
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx42
mviwY-1: bgybv cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni mswkøó Z_¨
ms¯’vi bvg cÖÖwZôv‡bi mv‡K©j/ msjvc †jvK †K›`ª †gvU AskMÖnYKvix mnvqK msL¨v msL¨v
†Kqvi evsjv‡`k 4 4 -- 120 4
Avkªq 2 1 1 80 2
†Kv‡WK 2 2 -- 40 2
fvW© 3 2 1 97 3
†eBm 3 2 1 100 3
mvm 3 2 1 60 3
me©‡gvU 17 13 4 497 17
GQvov 6wU ms¯’vi cÖavb‡`i wbKU †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv nq Ges ’vbxq cÖwZôv‡b GdwRwW Kiv nq| †Kqvi evsjv‡`‡ki Uv½vBj wiwRIbvj Awd‡m 9 Rb AskMÖnYKvix wb‡q, †Kv‡W‡Ki ivOvgvwU Awd‡m 12 Rb AkMÖnYKvix wb‡q, fv‡W©i wm‡jU Awd‡m 10 Rb AskMÖnKvix wb‡q, †eB‡mi †`IqvbMÄ(Rvgvjcyi) Awd‡m 9 Rb AskMÖnYKix wb‡q ^vej¤^x evsjv‡`†ki †b·Kvbv Awd‡m 7 Rb AskMÖnYKvix wb‡qI GdwRwW Kiv nq| Gme GdwRwW‡Z Kvh©µ‡gi †Kv-AwW©‡bUi, cÖKí e¨e¯’vcK, gvV cwi`k©K, †cÖvMÖvg Awdmvi, wUg wjWvi,Kg©m~wP msMVK, wi‡d¬± †UªBbvi, †jvK‡K›`ª g¨v‡bRvi, GW‡fv‡Kwm Awdmvi, gwbUwis Awdmvi ch©v‡qi Kg©KZ©v Ges gvV ch©v‡qi mnvqKMY AskMÖnY K‡ib|
Z_¨ we‡kølY †KŠkjM‡elYvi jÿ¨ I D‡Ï‡k¨i Av‡jv‡K msM„nxZ Z_¨mg~n‡K wbgœwjwLZ wk‡ivbv‡g †kªYxKiY, Dc¯’vcb, Av‡jvPbv I we‡kølY Kiv nq:
1. wi‡d¬± G‡cÖv‡P cwiPvwjZ ms¯’vmg~‡ni Kvh©µg, Kvh©µgmg~‡ni jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨
2. Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv I e¨ve¯’vcbv
3. wkÿvi welqe¯‘y wbe©vPb, Dc¯’vcb I ev¯Íevqb cÖwµqv
4. Rxebe¨vcx wkÿv AR©‡b wi‡d¬± Kvh©µ‡gi cÖfve
5. Rxebe¨vcx wkÿvq Kvh©µgmg~‡ni AvKl©Yxq Z_v mej w`Kmg~n
6. Rxebe¨vcx wkÿvq Kvh©µgmg~‡ni AbvKl©Yxq Z_v ye©j w`Kmg~n
Z_¨ Dc¯’vcb I we‡kølY
1. wi‡d¬± G‡cÖv‡P cwiPvwjZ ms¯’vmg~‡ni Kvh©µg, Kvh©µgmg~‡ni jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨†Kqvi evsjv‡`‡ki wi‡d¬± G‡cÖv‡P cwiPvwjZ g~j Kvh©µ‡gi bvg n‡jv GKZv (EKATA-
Empowerment Knowledge and Transformative Action)| GKZvi ˆewkó¨ n‡jvÑ GKZv GKwU
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 43
wkÿv c×wZ| Gi `xN©‡gqvw` Kvh©µ‡gi jÿ¨ n‡”Q kni Ges MÖv‡gi `wi`ª, ewÂZ Ges Ae‡nwjZ gwnjv I wK‡kvix‡`i ÿgZvqb, wkÿvi my‡hvM m„wó, †UKmB Dbœqb Ges mvgvwRK cwieZ©b| GB jÿ¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ mgvR wKfv‡e †kvwlZ n‡”Q Ges A_©‰bwZK AÿgZv wKfv‡e m„wó n‡”Q Zvi cÖwZ jÿ¨`j‡K m‡PZb K‡i G ai‡bi ye©j Ae¯’v †_‡K Zv‡`i‡K gy³ Kivi Ges AvZ¥wek¦vmx K‡i M‡o Zyj‡Z mnvqZv w`‡”Q GKZv| GKZvi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv jÿ¨`‡ji ÿgZvqb, wbiÿiZv `~i Kiv Ges GKwU mvÿimgvR M‡o †Zvjvi wbðqZv cÖ`vb Kiv| †`‡ki cÖvßeq¯‹ †Q‡j-†g‡q‡`i‡K fwel¨‡Zi mybvMwiK wn‡m‡e ˆZwi Kiv| mgv‡Ri cÖvwšÍK `wi`ª‡`i Dbœqb c×wZi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ Kiv| †Kqvi evsjv‡`k GKZvi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ DwÏó Rb‡Mvôx‡K wb‡q Circle MV‡bi gva¨‡g ¯’vbxq m¤ú` e¨env‡ii Rb¨ mgv‡Ri mKj gvby‡li mg_©b Av`vq Kivi cª‡Póv Pvwj‡q hv‡”Q| 20 †_‡K 25 Rb m`m¨ wb‡q GKZv mv‡K©j MwVZ| AskMÖnYKvix‡`i eqm I Av_©mvgvwRK Ae¯’v we‡ePbv K‡i wZb ai‡bi GKZv mv‡K©j cwiPvwjZ nq| mv‡K©‡ji bvg I eqmmxgv wbgœ †`qv n‡jv:
� wkï‡`i mv‡K©j: 6-10 ermi
� wK‡kvix mv‡K©j: 11-18 ermi
� eq¯‹ mv‡K©j: 18-35 ermi
GKZv mv‡K©j Avevi y ai‡bi-
� †ewmK mv‡K©j: 12 gvm
� †cv÷ mv‡K©j: 12 gvm
†ewmK mv‡K©‡ji cÖ_g 3 gvm cÖ¯‘wZ ce© Ges 9 gvm Kvh©µg ce©| Avi †cv÷-mv‡K©‡ji 11 gvm Kvh©µg ce© Ges 1 gvm g~j¨vqb ce©| eZ©gv‡b 4wU Kg© GjvKvq 403wU mv‡K©j KvR Ki‡Q|
evsjv‡`‡ki RbM‡Yi a¨vb-aviYv I mvgvwRK-mvs¯‹…wZK g~j¨‡eva we‡ePbv K‡i cyiæl‡`i Rb¨ cyiæl Ges gwnjv‡`i Rb¨ gwnjv mv‡K©j i‡q‡Q| wK‡kvi-wK‡kvix‡`i Rb¨ mv‡K©j MV‡bI GKB wbqg AbymiY Kiv nq| Z‡e wkï‡`i †ÿ‡Î GK ai‡bi mv‡K©j MVb Kiv nq| Gme †cÖvMÖv‡gi msev` Zviv mv‡K©j mnvqK I mgv‡Ri MY¨gvb¨ e¨w³‡`i KvQ †_‡K †R‡b _v‡K|
GKZvi †Kv‡bv cÖvBgvi †bB, AskMÖnYKvixMY wb‡Riv Zv‡`i wkLb mvgMÖx Zwi K‡ib Ges cieZx© mg‡q G¸‡jv GKÎ K‡i wkLb g¨vby‡qj wn‡m‡e e¨envi K‡ib| GKZv ¯’vbxq Pvwn`vi Ici wfwË K‡i KvR K‡i Ges GKZvq AskMÖnYKvixMY wb‡RivB mgv‡Ri mgm¨v wPwýZ K‡ib Ges Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g m¤¢ve¨ mgvavb Lyu‡R †ei K‡ib I mgvav‡bi †Póv K‡ib| GKZvi cÖ‡Póvq ¯^í mg‡q AskMªnYKvixMY mvÿiZv Ges ÿgZv I AwaKvi AR©b K‡i|
Avkªq cwiPvwjZ wi‡d¬± G‡cÖv‡Pi bvg jvnvwšÍ G‡cªvP| jvnvwšÍ Avkªq-Gi wcøR (PLEASE) cÖK‡íi g~j ev cÖavb Kg©m~wP| PLEASE kãwU‡K †f‡O Gfv‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv nq-Participatory Learning and
Empowerment of Adivashi through Sustainable Education A_©vr AskMÖnYg~jK wkÿvi gva¨‡g Avw`evmx‡`i ÿgZvqb| ÔjvnvwšÍÕ Avw`evmx muvIZvwj kã hvi A_© mvgwMÖK ev mvwe©K Dbœqb (Total
Development)| wcøR cÖKí g~jZ ywU ch©v‡q ev¯Íevqb n‡”Q Ñ
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx44
� DcvbyôvwbK cÖv_wgK wkÿv : wkï‡`i Rb¨ (ch©vq- 1)
� jvnvwšÍ : eq¯‹‡`i Rb¨ (ch©vq- 2)
jvnvwšÍ n‡jv mwgwZ| mwgwZi m`m¨ I Avw`evmx‡`i mgm¨v mgvavb, Dbœqb I ÿgZvq‡bi Rb¨ m‡PZbZvg~jK wkÿv wbwðZ Kiv jvnvwšÍi D‡Ïk¨| Avkªq ÔjvnvwšÍÕ kãwU e¨envi K‡i‡Q Avw`evmx‡`i GKwU mwgwZ wn‡m‡e| hvi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv mwgwZi m`m¨ I Avw`evmx‡`i mgm¨v-mgvavb, ÿgZvqb I Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ m‡PZbZvg~jK wkÿv| jvnvwšÍ Kg©m~wPi gva¨‡g Avw`evmx MÖv‡g mwgwZi m`m¨ I Mªv‡gi Ab¨vb¨‡`i wb‡q mv‡K©j MVb Kiv nq| cieZx©‡Z KwgDwbwUi ÿgZvqb, AwaKvi AR©b I KwgDwbwUwfwËK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ msMVb Z_v jvnvwšÍ AvLov MVb Kiv nq| evsjv‡`‡ki DËiv‡j emevmiZ Avw`evmx‡`i Av_©-mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹„wZK †cÖÿvcU Avjv`v n‡jI †mB Avw½‡K wi‡d¬± Kg©m~wP-†bB| ZvB Avkªq cwiPvwjZ wi‡d‡±-Gi g~j `k©b wVK †i‡L Avw`evmx‡`i ÿgZvqb I KwgDwbwUwfwËK msMVb Zwii Rb¨ jvnvwšÍ Kg©mw~P wWRvBb Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hgb-
� †ewmK mv‡K©j : 1 ermi (190-200 w`b )
� GWfvÝ mv‡K©j : 1 ermi (190-200 w`b )
mv‡K©‡ji gva¨‡g mwgwZi m`m¨ I Mªvgevmx‡K mvgvwRK, mvsMVwbK Z_v KwgDwbwUwfwËK m‡PZb I msMwVZ Kiv| mwgwZi m`m¨, mwgwZi evB‡i H cvov ev Mªv‡gi †jvKRb bvix-cyiæl, wkï-wK‡kvi- wK‡kvix n‡jv mv‡K©j Kvh©µ‡gi Afxó Rb‡Mv‡ôx| †ewmK mv‡K©j Kvh©µg ywU ch©v‡q ev¯Íevqb Kiv nq:
� cÖ¯y‘wZg~jK Kvh©µg
� mv‡K©j Kvh©µg
mv‡K©j Kvh©µg ïiæi c~e©-cÖ¯‘wZ c‡e© †h KvR Kiv nq †hgb GjvKv I mwgwZwfwËK mv‡K©j wbe©vPb, AskMÖnYKvix I mnvqK wbe©vPb, DØy×KiY, DcKiY msMÖn, mv‡K©j D‡Øvab, †eBRjvBb mv‡f© BZ¨vw`| †eBRjvBb m©v‡f †k‡l mv‡K©j-Gi cÖK…Z Kvh©µg ïiæ nq| mv‡K©j-cieZ©x ¯Íi n‡jv jvnvwšÍ AvLov hv yÕch©v‡q cwiPvwjZ nq| †hgb-
1g ch©vq: 1 ermi Ñ cÖ‡qvRbwfwËK
2q ch©vq: 1 ermi Ñ cÖ‡qvRbwfwËK
mv‡K©j †k‡l AvLov cÖwZwôZ nq ev¯ÍeZv I cÖ‡qvR‡bi wbwi‡L| AskMÖnYKvixMY jvnvwšÍ AvLov Kvh©µg Avkª‡qi mnvqZvq cÖ_g eQi msMVb Dbœqb Ges wØZxq eQi wbR D‡`¨v‡M Kvh©µg ev¯Íevqb Ae¨vnZ iv‡L| jvnvwšÍ AvLvovi jÿ¨ n‡jv Avw`evmx Rb‡Mvôxi Rxebgvb Dbœqb, Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœqb, ivRbxwZK I mvs¯‹…wZK †ÿ‡Î m‡PZbZv e„w×, †bZ…‡Z¡i weKvk I HK¨e× Kivi j‡ÿ¨ MÖvgwfwËK †UKmB msMVb M‡o †Zvjv| ’vbxq miKvwi, †emiKvwi cÖwZôv‡bi my‡hvM-myweav AR©‡bi gva¨‡g Avw`evmx bvix-cyiæ‡li Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó Kiv Ges Avw`evmx bvix I cyiæ‡li mvÿiZv AR©b Ges Zv‡`i cwiev‡ii wkï‡`i wkÿvi my‡hvM wbwðZ Kiv AvLovi Ab¨Zg D‡Ïk¨|
wi‡d¬± G‡cÖv‡P cwiPvwjZ †Kv‡W‡Ki Kvh©µ‡gi bvg n‡jv wK‡kvix msjvc| wK‡kvix msjvc weKvk
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 45
Kvh©µg wW‡m¤^i 2006 †_‡K ïiæ n‡q‡Q| msjvc wK? evsjv‡`‡ki wK‡kvix †g‡qiv Rxeb I RxweKvq wcwQ‡q Av‡Q| Gi cÖavb KviY, Zv‡`i wewfbœ wel‡q AvZ¥wek¦vm, m‡PZbZv I `ÿZvi Afve| Gi g‡a¨ gvbweK I mvgvwRK AwaKvi, ¯^v¯’¨-cywó wel‡q m‡PZbZvi Afve Ab¨Zg| GQvovI, Avqea©bg~jK Kv‡R my‡hv‡Mi Afve I gvbevwaKvi jsNb †Zv i‡q‡QB| Dchy³ Ávb I `ÿZv AR©‡bi Rb¨ M‡o 20-25 Rb wK‡kvix wb‡q †`‡ki wewfbœ ¯’v‡b B‡Zvg‡a¨ MVb Kiv n‡q‡Q wK‡kvix msjvc †K›`ª| G me †K‡›`ª wK‡kvix †g‡q‡`i Rxebgv‡bi Dbœqb NUv‡bvi Rb¨ wewfbœ Bm¨y‡K †K›`ª K‡i wK‡kvix‡`i g‡a¨ msjvc nq| wK‡kvix msjv‡ci jÿ¨ n‡jv DwÏó wK‡kvix‡`i AvZ¥wbf©ikxj Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ Rxebm¤ú„³ wel‡q m‡PZbZv e„w×, mvÿiZv I †ckvwfwËK Rxeb-`ÿZv AR©‡bi gva¨‡g Zv‡`i Rxebgv‡bi Dbœqb NUv‡bv| A_©vr wK‡kvix †g‡qiv msjvc †K‡›`ªi gva¨‡g-
� Zv‡`i `bw›`b Rxe‡b AZ¨vek¨K welq¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb n‡e
� GB m‡PZbZv Zv‡`i Rxe‡b cÖ‡qvM Kivi Rb¨ Rxeb`ÿZv AR©b Ki‡e| (10wU jvBd w¯‹j)
� mvÿiZvi †ÿ‡Î Zviv Zv‡`i AwR©Z ÿZvi Ici Av‡iv GKavc AMÖMwZ AR©b Ki‡e Ges
� A_©‰bwZKfv‡e ^vej¤^x nIqvi Rb¨ †ckvMZ ÿZv AR©b Ki‡e|
†Kv‡W‡Ki wK‡kvix msjvc-Gi 5wU g~j Aby‡cÖiYv I Drm n‡”Q: cvI‡jv †d«Bwii wkÿv c×wZ, wcAviG Uzjm-†UKwbKm&, wi‡d¬± Kjv-†KŠkj, gvBÛ g¨v‡bR‡g›U G‡cÖv‡Pi g~j w¯úwiU I cÖPwjZ Ab¨vb¨ wK‡kvix Dbœqb Kvh©µg| G¸‡jvi mswgkª‡Y msjvc D™¢vweZ n‡jI, msjvc G¸‡jv †_‡K ¯úóZB Avjv`v GK cš’v| mgqmxgv, cÖwµqv, msjv‡ci aib I welq me wgwj‡q GKwU bZzb c¨v‡KR; hv B‡Zvg‡a¨ mswkøó AskxR‡bi g‡a¨ mvov †d‡j‡Q| msjv‡ci cy‡iv cÖwµqvwU n‡e 12 gv‡mi (6 gvm m‡PZbZv I Rxeb`ÿZv, 3 gvm we`¨gvb mvÿiZv AMÖMwZ mvab Ges 3 gvm AvBwRG ev †ckvMZ ÿZv Dbœqb)| eZ©gvb M‡elYvq AskMÖnYKvix msjvc mnvq‡Ki g‡a¨ GKRb Kvh©µ‡gi †gqv` AviI GK ermi evov‡bvi c‡ÿ gZvgZ w`‡q‡Qb| wK‡kvix msjvc †K›`ª `ywU ivOvgvwU †Rjvi eiKj Dc‡Rjvq Aew¯’Z|
¯^vej¤^x Dbœqb mwgwZi wi‡d¬± G‡cÖv‡Pi cwiPvwjZ Kvh©µg mv‡K©j I †jvK‡K›`ª G `y ai‡bi msMV‡bi gva¨‡g m¤úvw`Z nq| Kvh©µ‡gi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv Kvh©Ki mvÿiZv Ávb Ges m‡PbZvi gva¨‡g KwgDwbwUi Rb‡Mvôxi cª‡qvRb/Pvwn`v wba©vi‡Yi `ÿZv e„w× Kiv, cÖ‡qvRbwfwËK cÖwkÿY Ges wkÿvi gva¨‡g bvix I wK‡kvi-wK‡kvix‡`i †ckvMZ ÿZv I gvbe Dbœqb NUv‡bv| ^v¯’¨, wkÿv I cÖ‡qvRbxq Kg©Kv‡Ði gva¨‡g KwgDwbwUi cÖwZeÜx‡`i mnvqZv`vb Ges cybe©vwmZ Kiv Ges ms¯’vi Avw_©K I †cÖvMÖvgwfwËK ’vwqZ¡kxjZv AR©b Kiv|
mv‡K©j Kvh©µg� wK‡kvi -wK‡kvix mv‡K©j: 1 ermi
� eq¯‹ mv‡K©j: 2 ermi
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx44
� DcvbyôvwbK cÖv_wgK wkÿv : wkï‡`i Rb¨ (ch©vq- 1)
� jvnvwšÍ : eq¯‹‡`i Rb¨ (ch©vq- 2)
jvnvwšÍ n‡jv mwgwZ| mwgwZi m`m¨ I Avw`evmx‡`i mgm¨v mgvavb, Dbœqb I ÿgZvq‡bi Rb¨ m‡PZbZvg~jK wkÿv wbwðZ Kiv jvnvwšÍi D‡Ïk¨| Avkªq ÔjvnvwšÍÕ kãwU e¨envi K‡i‡Q Avw`evmx‡`i GKwU mwgwZ wn‡m‡e| hvi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv mwgwZi m`m¨ I Avw`evmx‡`i mgm¨v-mgvavb, ÿgZvqb I Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ m‡PZbZvg~jK wkÿv| jvnvwšÍ Kg©m~wPi gva¨‡g Avw`evmx MÖv‡g mwgwZi m`m¨ I Mªv‡gi Ab¨vb¨‡`i wb‡q mv‡K©j MVb Kiv nq| cieZx©‡Z KwgDwbwUi ÿgZvqb, AwaKvi AR©b I KwgDwbwUwfwËK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ msMVb Z_v jvnvwšÍ AvLov MVb Kiv nq| evsjv‡`‡ki DËiv‡j emevmiZ Avw`evmx‡`i Av_©-mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹„wZK †cÖÿvcU Avjv`v n‡jI †mB Avw½‡K wi‡d¬± Kg©m~wP-†bB| ZvB Avkªq cwiPvwjZ wi‡d‡±-Gi g~j `k©b wVK †i‡L Avw`evmx‡`i ÿgZvqb I KwgDwbwUwfwËK msMVb Zwii Rb¨ jvnvwšÍ Kg©mw~P wWRvBb Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hgb-
� †ewmK mv‡K©j : 1 ermi (190-200 w`b )
� GWfvÝ mv‡K©j : 1 ermi (190-200 w`b )
mv‡K©‡ji gva¨‡g mwgwZi m`m¨ I Mªvgevmx‡K mvgvwRK, mvsMVwbK Z_v KwgDwbwUwfwËK m‡PZb I msMwVZ Kiv| mwgwZi m`m¨, mwgwZi evB‡i H cvov ev Mªv‡gi †jvKRb bvix-cyiæl, wkï-wK‡kvi- wK‡kvix n‡jv mv‡K©j Kvh©µ‡gi Afxó Rb‡Mv‡ôx| †ewmK mv‡K©j Kvh©µg ywU ch©v‡q ev¯Íevqb Kiv nq:
� cÖ¯y‘wZg~jK Kvh©µg
� mv‡K©j Kvh©µg
mv‡K©j Kvh©µg ïiæi c~e©-cÖ¯‘wZ c‡e© †h KvR Kiv nq †hgb GjvKv I mwgwZwfwËK mv‡K©j wbe©vPb, AskMÖnYKvix I mnvqK wbe©vPb, DØy×KiY, DcKiY msMÖn, mv‡K©j D‡Øvab, †eBRjvBb mv‡f© BZ¨vw`| †eBRjvBb m©v‡f †k‡l mv‡K©j-Gi cÖK…Z Kvh©µg ïiæ nq| mv‡K©j-cieZ©x ¯Íi n‡jv jvnvwšÍ AvLov hv yÕch©v‡q cwiPvwjZ nq| †hgb-
1g ch©vq: 1 ermi Ñ cÖ‡qvRbwfwËK
2q ch©vq: 1 ermi Ñ cÖ‡qvRbwfwËK
mv‡K©j †k‡l AvLov cÖwZwôZ nq ev¯ÍeZv I cÖ‡qvR‡bi wbwi‡L| AskMÖnYKvixMY jvnvwšÍ AvLov Kvh©µg Avkª‡qi mnvqZvq cÖ_g eQi msMVb Dbœqb Ges wØZxq eQi wbR D‡`¨v‡M Kvh©µg ev¯Íevqb Ae¨vnZ iv‡L| jvnvwšÍ AvLvovi jÿ¨ n‡jv Avw`evmx Rb‡Mvôxi Rxebgvb Dbœqb, Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœqb, ivRbxwZK I mvs¯‹…wZK †ÿ‡Î m‡PZbZv e„w×, †bZ…‡Z¡i weKvk I HK¨e× Kivi j‡ÿ¨ MÖvgwfwËK †UKmB msMVb M‡o †Zvjv| ’vbxq miKvwi, †emiKvwi cÖwZôv‡bi my‡hvM-myweav AR©‡bi gva¨‡g Avw`evmx bvix-cyiæ‡li Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó Kiv Ges Avw`evmx bvix I cyiæ‡li mvÿiZv AR©b Ges Zv‡`i cwiev‡ii wkï‡`i wkÿvi my‡hvM wbwðZ Kiv AvLovi Ab¨Zg D‡Ïk¨|
wi‡d¬± G‡cÖv‡P cwiPvwjZ †Kv‡W‡Ki Kvh©µ‡gi bvg n‡jv wK‡kvix msjvc| wK‡kvix msjvc weKvk
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 45
Kvh©µg wW‡m¤^i 2006 †_‡K ïiæ n‡q‡Q| msjvc wK? evsjv‡`‡ki wK‡kvix †g‡qiv Rxeb I RxweKvq wcwQ‡q Av‡Q| Gi cÖavb KviY, Zv‡`i wewfbœ wel‡q AvZ¥wek¦vm, m‡PZbZv I `ÿZvi Afve| Gi g‡a¨ gvbweK I mvgvwRK AwaKvi, ¯^v¯’¨-cywó wel‡q m‡PZbZvi Afve Ab¨Zg| GQvovI, Avqea©bg~jK Kv‡R my‡hv‡Mi Afve I gvbevwaKvi jsNb †Zv i‡q‡QB| Dchy³ Ávb I `ÿZv AR©‡bi Rb¨ M‡o 20-25 Rb wK‡kvix wb‡q †`‡ki wewfbœ ¯’v‡b B‡Zvg‡a¨ MVb Kiv n‡q‡Q wK‡kvix msjvc †K›`ª| G me †K‡›`ª wK‡kvix †g‡q‡`i Rxebgv‡bi Dbœqb NUv‡bvi Rb¨ wewfbœ Bm¨y‡K †K›`ª K‡i wK‡kvix‡`i g‡a¨ msjvc nq| wK‡kvix msjv‡ci jÿ¨ n‡jv DwÏó wK‡kvix‡`i AvZ¥wbf©ikxj Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ Rxebm¤ú„³ wel‡q m‡PZbZv e„w×, mvÿiZv I †ckvwfwËK Rxeb-`ÿZv AR©‡bi gva¨‡g Zv‡`i Rxebgv‡bi Dbœqb NUv‡bv| A_©vr wK‡kvix †g‡qiv msjvc †K‡›`ªi gva¨‡g-
� Zv‡`i `bw›`b Rxe‡b AZ¨vek¨K welq¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb n‡e
� GB m‡PZbZv Zv‡`i Rxe‡b cÖ‡qvM Kivi Rb¨ Rxeb`ÿZv AR©b Ki‡e| (10wU jvBd w¯‹j)
� mvÿiZvi †ÿ‡Î Zviv Zv‡`i AwR©Z ÿZvi Ici Av‡iv GKavc AMÖMwZ AR©b Ki‡e Ges
� A_©‰bwZKfv‡e ^vej¤^x nIqvi Rb¨ †ckvMZ ÿZv AR©b Ki‡e|
†Kv‡W‡Ki wK‡kvix msjvc-Gi 5wU g~j Aby‡cÖiYv I Drm n‡”Q: cvI‡jv †d«Bwii wkÿv c×wZ, wcAviG Uzjm-†UKwbKm&, wi‡d¬± Kjv-†KŠkj, gvBÛ g¨v‡bR‡g›U G‡cÖv‡Pi g~j w¯úwiU I cÖPwjZ Ab¨vb¨ wK‡kvix Dbœqb Kvh©µg| G¸‡jvi mswgkª‡Y msjvc D™¢vweZ n‡jI, msjvc G¸‡jv †_‡K ¯úóZB Avjv`v GK cš’v| mgqmxgv, cÖwµqv, msjv‡ci aib I welq me wgwj‡q GKwU bZzb c¨v‡KR; hv B‡Zvg‡a¨ mswkøó AskxR‡bi g‡a¨ mvov †d‡j‡Q| msjv‡ci cy‡iv cÖwµqvwU n‡e 12 gv‡mi (6 gvm m‡PZbZv I Rxeb`ÿZv, 3 gvm we`¨gvb mvÿiZv AMÖMwZ mvab Ges 3 gvm AvBwRG ev †ckvMZ ÿZv Dbœqb)| eZ©gvb M‡elYvq AskMÖnYKvix msjvc mnvq‡Ki g‡a¨ GKRb Kvh©µ‡gi †gqv` AviI GK ermi evov‡bvi c‡ÿ gZvgZ w`‡q‡Qb| wK‡kvix msjvc †K›`ª `ywU ivOvgvwU †Rjvi eiKj Dc‡Rjvq Aew¯’Z|
¯^vej¤^x Dbœqb mwgwZi wi‡d¬± G‡cÖv‡Pi cwiPvwjZ Kvh©µg mv‡K©j I †jvK‡K›`ª G `y ai‡bi msMV‡bi gva¨‡g m¤úvw`Z nq| Kvh©µ‡gi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv Kvh©Ki mvÿiZv Ávb Ges m‡PbZvi gva¨‡g KwgDwbwUi Rb‡Mvôxi cª‡qvRb/Pvwn`v wba©vi‡Yi `ÿZv e„w× Kiv, cÖ‡qvRbwfwËK cÖwkÿY Ges wkÿvi gva¨‡g bvix I wK‡kvi-wK‡kvix‡`i †ckvMZ ÿZv I gvbe Dbœqb NUv‡bv| ^v¯’¨, wkÿv I cÖ‡qvRbxq Kg©Kv‡Ði gva¨‡g KwgDwbwUi cÖwZeÜx‡`i mnvqZv`vb Ges cybe©vwmZ Kiv Ges ms¯’vi Avw_©K I †cÖvMÖvgwfwËK ’vwqZ¡kxjZv AR©b Kiv|
mv‡K©j Kvh©µg� wK‡kvi -wK‡kvix mv‡K©j: 1 ermi
� eq¯‹ mv‡K©j: 2 ermi
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx46
eq¯‹ mv‡K©j Kvh©µg †ewmK I †cv÷-mv‡K©j Kvh©µ‡g wef³| ywU Kvh©µ‡gi †gqv` 1 ermi K‡i 2 ermi| eZ©gvb M‡elYvq AskMÖnYKvix ms¯’vi 3 Rb mnvq‡Ki g‡a¨ GKRb e‡j‡Qb eq¯‹ mv‡K©‡ji †gqv` 2 ermiB h‡_ó, Ab¨w`‡K GKRb e‡j‡Qb wK‡kvi-wK‡kvix mv‡K©‡ji †gqv` 21 gvm n‡j fvj n‡Zv| ¯^vej¤^x Dbœqb mwgwZi †gvU mv‡K©j 28 wU; G‡`i g‡a¨ wK‡kvi-wK‡kvix mv‡K©j 24 wU Ges eq¯‹ mv‡K©j 4wU| cÖwZw`b 2 N›Uv K‡i mßv‡n 6 w`b Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ nq|
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†eB‡mi gZ fvW©-Gi wi‡d¬± Kvh©µg‡K y ch©v‡q fvM Kiv hvq-†hgb wK‡kvix msjvc I †jvK‡K›`ª| wi‡d¬± wK‡kvix msjvc †K‡›`ªi msL¨v †gvU 65 (wm‡j‡Ui †Mv‡qbNv‡U 25wU, mybvgM‡Äi RvgvjM‡Ä 15wU Ges mybvgMÄ m`‡i 25wU )| wK‡kvix msjvc †K‡›`ªi †gqv` 1 ermi Ges cÖwZ msjvc †K‡›`ª AskMÖnYKvix i‡q‡Q 25 Rb| †gqv` 1 eQi| ïay mybvgM‡Äi RvgvjM‡Ä 1wU †jvK‡K›`ª i‡q‡Q| †jvK‡K›`ª n‡”Q mgv‡Ri `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôxi Av_©-mvgvwRK, mvs¯‹…wZK I gvbweK Dbœq‡bi gva¨‡g Rxebgv‡bi BwZevPK cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ KvR Kivi j‡ÿ¨ ¯’vbxq RbMY Øviv MwVZ GKwU cÖwZôvb| `wi`ª I KwgDwbwUi Ab¨vb¨ Rb‡Mvôxi Kvh©Ki ÿgZvqb, gvbweK, mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK Dbœqbmn GjvKvi mvwe©K Dbœqb| †jvK‡K‡›`ªi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv: `wi`ª RbmgvR‡K †UKmB Dbœqb, ÿgZvqb I AwaKvi wbwðZ Kiv, gvbweK Ávb, ÿZv, „wófw½ I g~j¨‡ev‡ai BwZevPK cwieZ©b Avbqb, y‡h©vM m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbZv m„wó Ges Avw_©K ^wbf©iZv I ÿZv AR©‡b cÖ‡qvRbxq wkÿv I cÖwkÿ‡Yi e¨e¯’v& Kiv|
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evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 47
Rxeb RxweKvi gvb Dbœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ wb‡R‡`i kªg, AwfÁZv,Kg©`ÿZv, ’vbxqm¤ú` Ges mn‡hvMx msMV‡bi Avw_©K I KvwiMwi mvnvh¨ I mn‡hvwMZv e¨envi K‡i gybvdvwfwËK cÖKí cwiPvjbv Ki‡e hv Zv‡`i Ae¯’v†bi BwZevPK cwieZ©‡b mnvqK n‡e| GB ÿz`ª msMVb †jvK‡K‡›`ªi AšÍf©y³ n‡q †jvK‡K›`ª Øviv cwiPvwjZ n‡e| Gi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq KvwiMwi m‡nv‡hvwMZv mswkøó ’vbxq †emiKvwi Dbœqb ms¯’v cÖ`vb Ki‡e|
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ms¯’v¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †Kqvi evsjv‡`k, Avkªq, ^vej¤^x evsjv‡`‡k, †eBm I fvW©-Gi †ewmK mv‡K©j I †cv÷-mv‡K©j/†jvK‡K›`ª/jvnvwšÍ AvLov RvZxq `y ai‡bi msMVb i‡q‡Q| †ewmK mv‡K©j¸‡jv mvÿiZv AR©‡b mnvqZv w`‡”Q Avi †cv÷-mv‡K©j ch©v‡qi cÖwZôvb¸‡jv mvÿiZv-DËi Ae¨vnZ wkÿv AR©‡b mnvqZv w`‡”Q|
†Kv‡W‡Ki wK‡kvix msjvc GK eQ‡ii Kvh©µg| G ͇i m¤úbœ nq 6 gvm m‡PZbZv I Rxeb`ÿZv, 3 gvm we`¨gvb mvÿiZv Ges 3 gvm AvB wR G | Ab¨w`‡K fv‡W©i ÿz`ª msMVb †mjd †njc †jvK‡K‡›`ªi AšÍf©y³ Kiv n‡q‡Q hvi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv AskMÖnYKvix‡`i Kg©ms¯’v‡bi Rb¨ bZzb bZzb my‡hvM m„wó Kiv hv wKbv AskMÖnYKvix‡`i Ávb, ÿZv I „wófw½i cwieZ©b G‡b †`q|
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Kvh©µ‡g AskMÖnYKvix‡`i msL¨v 20-30 Rb| G‡Z mnvqK AskMÖnYKvix‡`i mv‡_ Nwbô m¤úK© m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
2| Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv I e¨e¯’vcbv†Kqvi evsjv‡`k-Gi mv‡K©j e¨e¯’vcbvi Rb¨ GjvKvi 7-8 Rb m¤§vwbZ e¨w³‡K wb‡q mv‡K©j g¨v‡bR‡g›U KwgwU (wmGgwm) MVb Kiv nq| AskMÖnYKvix‡`i ga¨ †_‡K 2-3 Rb KwgwUi m`m¨ wbe©vwPZ nb| KwgwUi g~j vwqZ¡ n‡jv AskMÖnYKvix‡`i mv‡K©‡j Dcw¯’wZ wbwðZ Kiv I mv‡K©‡ji †K›`ª e¨e¯’vcbv| KwgwU cÖwZ gv‡m 1 evi mfv K‡i GKkb c‡q›U ev¯Íevqb AMÖMwZ Ges mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡ÿc MÖnY K‡i| mv‡K©‡ji wbivcËv, mgm¨v mgvavb, m`‡m¨i Dcw¯’wZ, GKkb c‡q›U wba©viY I ev¯Íevqb wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ i‡q‡Q ¯úvDm MvwW©qvb †dvivg|
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx46
eq¯‹ mv‡K©j Kvh©µg †ewmK I †cv÷-mv‡K©j Kvh©µ‡g wef³| ywU Kvh©µ‡gi †gqv` 1 ermi K‡i 2 ermi| eZ©gvb M‡elYvq AskMÖnYKvix ms¯’vi 3 Rb mnvq‡Ki g‡a¨ GKRb e‡j‡Qb eq¯‹ mv‡K©‡ji †gqv` 2 ermiB h‡_ó, Ab¨w`‡K GKRb e‡j‡Qb wK‡kvi-wK‡kvix mv‡K©‡ji †gqv` 21 gvm n‡j fvj n‡Zv| ¯^vej¤^x Dbœqb mwgwZi †gvU mv‡K©j 28 wU; G‡`i g‡a¨ wK‡kvi-wK‡kvix mv‡K©j 24 wU Ges eq¯‹ mv‡K©j 4wU| cÖwZw`b 2 N›Uv K‡i mßv‡n 6 w`b Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ nq|
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†eB‡mi Kvh©µ‡gi †dvKvm nj gwnjv‡`i ÿgZvqb| gvbm¤§Z cÖv_wgK wkÿv wbwðZ Kiv Ges we`¨vjq-ewnf~©Z wkï‡`i Kvh©µ‡gi AvIZvq Avbv Gi Ab¨Zg D‡Ïk¨| mßv‡n Kvh©µg P‡j 6 w`b, cÖwZw`b 2 NÈv 30 wgwbU| Ab¨w`‡K †jvK‡K‡›`ª cÖwZw`b 2 NÈv 30 wgwbU K‡i mßv‡n 4 w`b Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ nq| 2007 mv‡j †K›`ª ïiæ nq| AskMÖnYKvixi msL¨v 20-25 Rb| AskMÖnYKvix mevB gwnjv|
†eB‡mi gZ fvW©-Gi wi‡d¬± Kvh©µg‡K y ch©v‡q fvM Kiv hvq-†hgb wK‡kvix msjvc I †jvK‡K›`ª| wi‡d¬± wK‡kvix msjvc †K‡›`ªi msL¨v †gvU 65 (wm‡j‡Ui †Mv‡qbNv‡U 25wU, mybvgM‡Äi RvgvjM‡Ä 15wU Ges mybvgMÄ m`‡i 25wU )| wK‡kvix msjvc †K‡›`ªi †gqv` 1 ermi Ges cÖwZ msjvc †K‡›`ª AskMÖnYKvix i‡q‡Q 25 Rb| †gqv` 1 eQi| ïay mybvgM‡Äi RvgvjM‡Ä 1wU †jvK‡K›`ª i‡q‡Q| †jvK‡K›`ª n‡”Q mgv‡Ri `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôxi Av_©-mvgvwRK, mvs¯‹…wZK I gvbweK Dbœq‡bi gva¨‡g Rxebgv‡bi BwZevPK cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ KvR Kivi j‡ÿ¨ ¯’vbxq RbMY Øviv MwVZ GKwU cÖwZôvb| `wi`ª I KwgDwbwUi Ab¨vb¨ Rb‡Mvôxi Kvh©Ki ÿgZvqb, gvbweK, mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK Dbœqbmn GjvKvi mvwe©K Dbœqb| †jvK‡K‡›`ªi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv: `wi`ª RbmgvR‡K †UKmB Dbœqb, ÿgZvqb I AwaKvi wbwðZ Kiv, gvbweK Ávb, ÿZv, „wófw½ I g~j¨‡ev‡ai BwZevPK cwieZ©b Avbqb, y‡h©vM m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbZv m„wó Ges Avw_©K ^wbf©iZv I ÿZv AR©‡b cÖ‡qvRbxq wkÿv I cÖwkÿ‡Yi e¨e¯’v& Kiv|
fv‡W©i Avi GKwU Kvh©µ‡gi bvg n‡jv †mjd †njc MÖæc| †mjd †njc MÖæc MÖv‡gi †L‡U LvIqv `wi`ª bvix I cyiæ‡li D‡`¨v‡M MwVZ Ggb GKwU ÿy`ª `jxq MÖvgxY msMVb hvi m`m¨iv wb‡R‡`i
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 47
Rxeb RxweKvi gvb Dbœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ wb‡R‡`i kªg, AwfÁZv,Kg©`ÿZv, ’vbxqm¤ú` Ges mn‡hvMx msMV‡bi Avw_©K I KvwiMwi mvnvh¨ I mn‡hvwMZv e¨envi K‡i gybvdvwfwËK cÖKí cwiPvjbv Ki‡e hv Zv‡`i Ae¯’v†bi BwZevPK cwieZ©‡b mnvqK n‡e| GB ÿz`ª msMVb †jvK‡K‡›`ªi AšÍf©y³ n‡q †jvK‡K›`ª Øviv cwiPvwjZ n‡e| Gi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq KvwiMwi m‡nv‡hvwMZv mswkøó ’vbxq †emiKvwi Dbœqb ms¯’v cÖ`vb Ki‡e|
M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq †h, cÖwZwU ms¯’vi wbR¯^ Kvh©µg Av‡Q| Gme Kvh©µ‡gi KvwiMwi I Avw_©K mnvqZv Ab¨ cÖwZôvb †_‡K †bIqv n‡jI Kvh©©µ‡gi wbR¯^ jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ i‡q‡Q hv cÖwZôv‡bi wbR¯^ †dvKvm, jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Av‡jv‡K cÖYqb Kiv n‡q‡Q| wkÿv I mvÿiZv welqwUi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ wba©vi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î we‡klfv‡e ’vb †c‡q‡Q| Kvh©µ‡gi D‡Ïk¨ AwaKvi cÖwZôv I ÿgZvqb cÖvavb¨ †c‡jI wkÿv I ÿZv Dbœq‡bi gva¨‡g AskMÖnYKvix‡`i Rxe‡b †m¸‡jv cÖvwß wbwðZ Kivi cÖqvm jÿ Kiv hvq| wbe©vwPZ ms¯’v¸‡jv wbR wbR jÿ¨ I D‡Ï‡k¨i Av‡jv‡K wi‡d¬± G‡cÖv‡P GK ev GKvwaK Kvh©µg nv‡Z wb‡q‡Q| Kvh©µg¸‡jvi mywbw`©ó jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ i‡q‡Q| my¯úó jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ _vKvq Kvh©µg¸‡jv AskMÖnYKvix‡`i Rxebe¨vcx wkÿv PP©vq AvZœwb‡qvM Ki‡Z mnvqZv Ki‡Q|
ms¯’v¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †Kqvi evsjv‡`k, Avkªq, ^vej¤^x evsjv‡`‡k, †eBm I fvW©-Gi †ewmK mv‡K©j I †cv÷-mv‡K©j/†jvK‡K›`ª/jvnvwšÍ AvLov RvZxq `y ai‡bi msMVb i‡q‡Q| †ewmK mv‡K©j¸‡jv mvÿiZv AR©‡b mnvqZv w`‡”Q Avi †cv÷-mv‡K©j ch©v‡qi cÖwZôvb¸‡jv mvÿiZv-DËi Ae¨vnZ wkÿv AR©‡b mnvqZv w`‡”Q|
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2| Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv I e¨e¯’vcbv†Kqvi evsjv‡`k-Gi mv‡K©j e¨e¯’vcbvi Rb¨ GjvKvi 7-8 Rb m¤§vwbZ e¨w³‡K wb‡q mv‡K©j g¨v‡bR‡g›U KwgwU (wmGgwm) MVb Kiv nq| AskMÖnYKvix‡`i ga¨ †_‡K 2-3 Rb KwgwUi m`m¨ wbe©vwPZ nb| KwgwUi g~j vwqZ¡ n‡jv AskMÖnYKvix‡`i mv‡K©‡j Dcw¯’wZ wbwðZ Kiv I mv‡K©‡ji †K›`ª e¨e¯’vcbv| KwgwU cÖwZ gv‡m 1 evi mfv K‡i GKkb c‡q›U ev¯Íevqb AMÖMwZ Ges mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡ÿc MÖnY K‡i| mv‡K©‡ji wbivcËv, mgm¨v mgvavb, m`‡m¨i Dcw¯’wZ, GKkb c‡q›U wba©viY I ev¯Íevqb wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ i‡q‡Q ¯úvDm MvwW©qvb †dvivg|
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx48
mvaviYZ GB †dvivg MwVZ nq ¯^vgx-¯¿x‡`i wb‡q, Z‡e Zv‡`i ga¨ †_‡K m`m¨ cvIqv bv †M‡j gwnjv AskMÖnYKvix‡`i ga¨ †_‡K m`m¨ wb‡q GB †dvivg MwVZ nq| GB †dviv‡gi AviI wKQy `vwqZ¡ n‡jv m`m¨‡`i Dcw¯’wZ wbwðZ Kiv, wmGgwm MVb Kiv Ges GKZv Kvh©µg m¤cÖmvi‡Y mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb| eZ©gvb M‡elYvq 4wU GKZv mv‡K©‡ji g‡a¨ 3wU Uv½vB‡j Ges 1wU wmivRM‡Ä Aew¯’Z| M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq †h, Gme mv‡K©‡ji 3wU‡Z e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwU I 2 wU‡Z úvDm MvwW©qvb †dvivg †bB| Avevi 1wU †K‡›`ª AskMÖnYKvix‡`i Dcw¯’wZ ivLvi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv nvwRiv LvZv †bB| d‡j Hme †K›`ª e¨e¯’vcbv mwVKfv‡e nq bv e‡j aviYv Kiv hvq|
M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq †h, mßv‡n 3 w`b mKvj 10Uv †_‡K 12:30 Uv ch©šÍ †gvU 2:30 NÈvi Rb¨ AskMÖnYKvixMY †K‡›`ª Dcw¯’Z †_‡K Kvh©µ‡g AskMÖnY K‡ib|
Avkªq-Gi mv‡K©j I jvnvwšÍ AvLov Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv I e¨e¯’vcbvi Rb¨ h_vµ‡g 7 I 9 m`m¨- wewkó KwgwU i‡q‡Q| mv‡K©j e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwU‡K wm Gg wm Ges AvLov e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwU‡K Kvh©Kix cwil` ejv nq| wm Gg wm-Gi 7 Rb m`‡m¨i g‡a¨ 4 Rb bvix Ges 3 Rb cyiæl| Avi Kvh©Kix cwil‡`i 5 Rb bvix Ges 4 Rb cyiæl m`m¨| jvnvwšÍ mv‡K©‡ji AskMÖnYKvix‡`i ¯^vgx‡`i wb‡q MVb Kiv n‡q‡Q ¯úvDm †dvivg| GB †dviv‡gi m`m¨ msL¨v n‡jv 20 Rb| Ab¨ w`‡K jvnvwšÍ AvLovi mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gvi m‡e©v”P ¯Í‡i i‡q‡Q mvaviY cwil` Ges †k‡l Dc‡`óv cwil`| eZ©gvb M‡elYvi Rb¨ 1 wU jvnvwšÍ mv‡K©j I 1 wU jvnvwšÍ AvLov cwi`k©b Kiv nq| †K›`ª `ywUi e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwU i‡q‡Q|
†Kv‡WK g‡b K‡i e¨e¯’vcbvq ¯’vbxq KwgDwbwUi AskMÖn‡Yi Ici wbf©i Ki‡Q msjvc †K‡›`ªi mdjZv| ZvB KwgDwbwU m¤ú„³KiY cÖwµqvq D×y× †bZv, RbMY, AwffveK I wK‡kvix‡`i wb‡q MwVZ n‡q‡Q GmGgwm| GmGgwmi m`m¨ n‡eb AwffveK, evev-gv, RbcÖwZwbwa Ges hviv msjvc cwiPvjbvq mnvqZv K‡ib| GmGgwm †K‡›`ªi ¯’vb wbe©vPb, †K›`ª cwiPvjbv I e¨e¯’vcbvq mvwe©K mnvqZv w`‡q _v‡K| ZvQvov, mgm¨v mgvavb, AvZ¥-cÖwZÁv ev¯Íevqb, AskMÖnYKvix‡`i Dcw¯’wZ wbwðZ Kiv, Gwb‡gUi‡`i KvR ch©‡eÿY I †bUIqvwK©s-G mnvqZv Kiv GB KwgwUi KvR| M‡elYvi Rb¨ wbe©vwPZ ywU msjvc †K‡›`ª Giƒc e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwU i‡q‡Q| GKwU e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwUi m`m¨ msL¨v 7-9 Rb| ywU †K‡›`ªB nvwRiv LvZv Ges wkÿK-wb‡`©wkKv i‡q‡Q|
M‡elYvq wbe©vwPZ ¯^vej¤^x Dbœqb mwgwZi 2 wU mv‡K©j Ges 1 wU †jvK‡K‡›`ªi cÖwZwU‡Z 11-15 m`m¨ wewkó e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwU i‡q‡Q| KwgwU 2 gv‡m 1 wU mfv K‡i| KwgwUi bvix m`m¨ msL¨v A‡a©‡Ki †ewk| M‡elYvi Rb¨ wbe©vwPZ wZbwU †K‡›`ªi nvwRiv LvZv Ges mnvqK wb‡`©wkKv Av‡Q| ¯’vbxq RbMY †K›`ª cwiPvjbv I e¨e¯’vcbvq AskMÖnY K‡ib|
†eBm-Gi mv‡K©j ch©v‡q i‡q‡Q 7 m`m¨wewkó e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwU Ges †jvK‡K‡›`ª ch©v‡q i‡q‡Q 9 m`m¨-wewkó KwgwU| KwgwU cÖwZ gv‡m M‡o GKwU K‡i mfv K‡i| Kvh©µ‡gi AMÖMwZ g~j¨vqb I fwel¨r Kg©cš’v wVK Kiv KwgwUmg~‡ni KvR| wkÿvi gvb wbwðZ Kiv, Dcw¯’wZ a‡i ivLv, mnvqK‡`i `ÿZv e„w×i Rb¨ cÖwkÿ‡Yi e¨e¯’v Kiv KwgwUmg~‡ni `vwqZ¡| GKwU mv‡K©j cwi`k©b Kiv n‡q‡Q| GwU Rvgvjcyi †Rjvi †`IqvbMÄ _vbvi femyi cvo MÖv‡g Aew¯’Z| †K›`ªwUi e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwU i‡q‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K `yRb †jvK‡K›`ª g¨v‡bRvi Rvwb‡q‡Qb, †jvK‡K›`ª `ywU‡ZB e¨e¯’vcbv
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 49
KwgwU i‡q‡Q| mv‡K©j-mnvqK e‡j‡Qb mv‡K©j e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwU mfvq GjvKvi mgm¨v, GKkb c‡q›U ev¯Íevqb, mgm¨v-mgvavb,bvix wbh©vZb Bmy¨, AskMÖnYKvix‡`i wbqwgZ Dcw¯’wZ BZ¨vw` welq †`‡L _v‡K| Ab¨w`‡K †jvK‡K›`ª e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwUi mfvq †hŠZyK, evj¨weevn, GwmW wb‡ÿc, bvix wbh©vZb, Avq-ea©bg~jK KvR, ^v¯’¨ I m‡PZbZvg~jK wkÿv wel‡q Av‡jvPbv I wm×všÍ †bIqv nq|
wi‡d¬± Kvh©µg e¨e¯’vcbvi Rb¨ fv‡W©i msjvc I †jvK‡K›`ª ch©v‡q h_vµ‡g 5 I 11 m`m¨-wewkó e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwU _vKvi K_v| cwi`wk©Z 4wU †K‡›`ª KwgwU MVb Kiv n‡q‡Q| msjvc e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwU gv‡m 1wU K‡i mfv K‡i| PviwU †K‡›`ªi cÖwZwU‡ZB nvwRiv LvZv Av‡Q| Z‡e GKwU †K‡›`ª mnvqK wb‡`©wkKv †bB| wK‡kvix†`i evev-gv Ges MÖv‡gi cÖwZwbwa e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwUi m`m¨| Zuviv mfvq mvaviYZ wK‡kvix Dcw¯’wZ, AvZ¥-cÖwZÁv ev¯Íevqb Ges Bmy¨ I msjv‡ci Pjgvb Ae¯’v- wfwËK Av‡jvPbv K‡ib|
DcwiD³ Z_¨ †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, M‡elYvi Rb¨ wbev©wPZ ms¯’vmg~‡ni Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwU i‡q‡Q| KwgwUi m`m¨ msL¨v 7 †_‡K 11 RbI n‡Z cv‡i| m`m¨MY ¯’vbxq AskMÖnYKvix| Zuv‡`i AwffveK, evev-gv I ¯^vgx e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwUi m`m¨ wbe©vwPZ n‡q _v‡Kb| Zuv‡`i KvR n‡jv Kvh©µg Pvjy ivLv, Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ mg‡qvwPZ c`‡ÿc MÖnY, †K‡›`ª Dcw¯’wZ wbwðZ Kiv, GKkb c‡q›U ev¯Íevqb, AskMÖnYKvix‡`i DrmvwnZ Kiv BZ¨vw`|
†Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †K‡›`ª ¯úvDm KwgwU i‡q‡Q| Avevi †Kv‡bv ms¯’vi †K›`ª cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ GL‡bv KwgwU MVb Kiv nq wb| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †K‡›`ª AskMÖnYKvix‡`i Rb¨ †Kv‡bv nvwRiv LvZv †bB| G‡Z ¯^fveZB †K›`ª e¨e¯’vcbv I cwiexÿ‡Yi †ÿ‡Î mgm¨v m„wó n‡Z cv‡i| m‡e©vcwi ejv hvq, †K›`ª e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwU Kvh©µ‡gi w¯’wZkxjZv w`‡Z k³ f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q| Z‡e †hme †K‡›`ª GL‡bv e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwU A_ev MvwW©qvb †dvivg MVb Kiv nq wb †mme †K‡›`ªi Kvh©µ‡gi jÿ¨ AR©b mdj bv-I n‡Z cv‡i|
3| wkÿvi welqe¯‘y wbe©vPb, Dc¯’vcb I ev¯Íevqb cÖwµqv †Kqvi evsjv‡`k GKZv G‡cÖv‡P gvby‡li AwaKvi I ÿgZvqb wb‡q KvR K‡i| GKZv Rxebe¨vcx wkÿvi Ggb GKwU G‡cÖvP hv †Kv‡bv mywbw`©ó cÖvBgvi QvovB cwiPvwjZ nq| mnvqK I AskMÖnYKvixMY cvi¯úwiK wg_w¯Œqvi gva¨‡g ¯’vbxq Pvwn`v I cÖ‡qvR‡bi Ici wfwË K‡i †kLvi welqe¯‘y/mgm¨v wPwýZ K‡i Ges mgvav‡bi c_ †ei K‡i| MZ cuvP eQi hver †Kqvi evsjv‡`k wi‡d¬± c×wZ‡Z AskMÖnYg~jK cÖwµqvq I AwaKviwfwËK G‡cÖv‡P KvR K‡i Avm‡Q| wi‡d¬± G‡cÖv‡P †Kqvi evsjv‡`k GKZv MÖæ‡ci Rb¨ mvaviYZ †hme wkLb‡ÿÎ Aej¤^‡b wkÿvi welqe¯y‘ wbe©vPb K‡i †m¸‡jv n‡jv wkÿv AwaKvi, m‡PZbZv, mvÿiZv AwaKvi, e¨envwiK mvÿiZv, ¯^v¯’¨ AwaKvi, cywóÁvb, Mf©eZx gv‡q‡`i cÖwZ hZœ, eÂbv, wbh©vZb †_‡K gyw³ cvIqvi AwaKvi, †RÛvi Bmy¨, bvixi AwaKvi, bvix-cyil mgZv, Rb¥wbeÜb, †fv‡Ui AwaKvi, Rwg I m¤ú‡`i AwaKvi, wbivc` cvwb cvIqv, wbivc` mgvR I cwievi MV‡bi AwaKvi, bvixi ÿgZvqb, Avq e„w×, †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vi Dbœqb, my-kvmb cÖwZôv, y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv, ywf©ÿ †gvKv‡ejv, MÖvg I kn‡ii ew¯Í GjvKvi Dbœqb BZ¨vw` | GKZvi wi‡d¬± ev¯Íevqb avc wbgœi~c--
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx48
mvaviYZ GB †dvivg MwVZ nq ¯^vgx-¯¿x‡`i wb‡q, Z‡e Zv‡`i ga¨ †_‡K m`m¨ cvIqv bv †M‡j gwnjv AskMÖnYKvix‡`i ga¨ †_‡K m`m¨ wb‡q GB †dvivg MwVZ nq| GB †dviv‡gi AviI wKQy `vwqZ¡ n‡jv m`m¨‡`i Dcw¯’wZ wbwðZ Kiv, wmGgwm MVb Kiv Ges GKZv Kvh©µg m¤cÖmvi‡Y mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb| eZ©gvb M‡elYvq 4wU GKZv mv‡K©‡ji g‡a¨ 3wU Uv½vB‡j Ges 1wU wmivRM‡Ä Aew¯’Z| M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq †h, Gme mv‡K©‡ji 3wU‡Z e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwU I 2 wU‡Z úvDm MvwW©qvb †dvivg †bB| Avevi 1wU †K‡›`ª AskMÖnYKvix‡`i Dcw¯’wZ ivLvi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv nvwRiv LvZv †bB| d‡j Hme †K›`ª e¨e¯’vcbv mwVKfv‡e nq bv e‡j aviYv Kiv hvq|
M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq †h, mßv‡n 3 w`b mKvj 10Uv †_‡K 12:30 Uv ch©šÍ †gvU 2:30 NÈvi Rb¨ AskMÖnYKvixMY †K‡›`ª Dcw¯’Z †_‡K Kvh©µ‡g AskMÖnY K‡ib|
Avkªq-Gi mv‡K©j I jvnvwšÍ AvLov Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv I e¨e¯’vcbvi Rb¨ h_vµ‡g 7 I 9 m`m¨- wewkó KwgwU i‡q‡Q| mv‡K©j e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwU‡K wm Gg wm Ges AvLov e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwU‡K Kvh©Kix cwil` ejv nq| wm Gg wm-Gi 7 Rb m`‡m¨i g‡a¨ 4 Rb bvix Ges 3 Rb cyiæl| Avi Kvh©Kix cwil‡`i 5 Rb bvix Ges 4 Rb cyiæl m`m¨| jvnvwšÍ mv‡K©‡ji AskMÖnYKvix‡`i ¯^vgx‡`i wb‡q MVb Kiv n‡q‡Q ¯úvDm †dvivg| GB †dviv‡gi m`m¨ msL¨v n‡jv 20 Rb| Ab¨ w`‡K jvnvwšÍ AvLovi mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gvi m‡e©v”P ¯Í‡i i‡q‡Q mvaviY cwil` Ges †k‡l Dc‡`óv cwil`| eZ©gvb M‡elYvi Rb¨ 1 wU jvnvwšÍ mv‡K©j I 1 wU jvnvwšÍ AvLov cwi`k©b Kiv nq| †K›`ª `ywUi e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwU i‡q‡Q|
†Kv‡WK g‡b K‡i e¨e¯’vcbvq ¯’vbxq KwgDwbwUi AskMÖn‡Yi Ici wbf©i Ki‡Q msjvc †K‡›`ªi mdjZv| ZvB KwgDwbwU m¤ú„³KiY cÖwµqvq D×y× †bZv, RbMY, AwffveK I wK‡kvix‡`i wb‡q MwVZ n‡q‡Q GmGgwm| GmGgwmi m`m¨ n‡eb AwffveK, evev-gv, RbcÖwZwbwa Ges hviv msjvc cwiPvjbvq mnvqZv K‡ib| GmGgwm †K‡›`ªi ¯’vb wbe©vPb, †K›`ª cwiPvjbv I e¨e¯’vcbvq mvwe©K mnvqZv w`‡q _v‡K| ZvQvov, mgm¨v mgvavb, AvZ¥-cÖwZÁv ev¯Íevqb, AskMÖnYKvix‡`i Dcw¯’wZ wbwðZ Kiv, Gwb‡gUi‡`i KvR ch©‡eÿY I †bUIqvwK©s-G mnvqZv Kiv GB KwgwUi KvR| M‡elYvi Rb¨ wbe©vwPZ ywU msjvc †K‡›`ª Giƒc e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwU i‡q‡Q| GKwU e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwUi m`m¨ msL¨v 7-9 Rb| ywU †K‡›`ªB nvwRiv LvZv Ges wkÿK-wb‡`©wkKv i‡q‡Q|
M‡elYvq wbe©vwPZ ¯^vej¤^x Dbœqb mwgwZi 2 wU mv‡K©j Ges 1 wU †jvK‡K‡›`ªi cÖwZwU‡Z 11-15 m`m¨ wewkó e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwU i‡q‡Q| KwgwU 2 gv‡m 1 wU mfv K‡i| KwgwUi bvix m`m¨ msL¨v A‡a©‡Ki †ewk| M‡elYvi Rb¨ wbe©vwPZ wZbwU †K‡›`ªi nvwRiv LvZv Ges mnvqK wb‡`©wkKv Av‡Q| ¯’vbxq RbMY †K›`ª cwiPvjbv I e¨e¯’vcbvq AskMÖnY K‡ib|
†eBm-Gi mv‡K©j ch©v‡q i‡q‡Q 7 m`m¨wewkó e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwU Ges †jvK‡K‡›`ª ch©v‡q i‡q‡Q 9 m`m¨-wewkó KwgwU| KwgwU cÖwZ gv‡m M‡o GKwU K‡i mfv K‡i| Kvh©µ‡gi AMÖMwZ g~j¨vqb I fwel¨r Kg©cš’v wVK Kiv KwgwUmg~‡ni KvR| wkÿvi gvb wbwðZ Kiv, Dcw¯’wZ a‡i ivLv, mnvqK‡`i `ÿZv e„w×i Rb¨ cÖwkÿ‡Yi e¨e¯’v Kiv KwgwUmg~‡ni `vwqZ¡| GKwU mv‡K©j cwi`k©b Kiv n‡q‡Q| GwU Rvgvjcyi †Rjvi †`IqvbMÄ _vbvi femyi cvo MÖv‡g Aew¯’Z| †K›`ªwUi e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwU i‡q‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K `yRb †jvK‡K›`ª g¨v‡bRvi Rvwb‡q‡Qb, †jvK‡K›`ª `ywU‡ZB e¨e¯’vcbv
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 49
KwgwU i‡q‡Q| mv‡K©j-mnvqK e‡j‡Qb mv‡K©j e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwU mfvq GjvKvi mgm¨v, GKkb c‡q›U ev¯Íevqb, mgm¨v-mgvavb,bvix wbh©vZb Bmy¨, AskMÖnYKvix‡`i wbqwgZ Dcw¯’wZ BZ¨vw` welq †`‡L _v‡K| Ab¨w`‡K †jvK‡K›`ª e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwUi mfvq †hŠZyK, evj¨weevn, GwmW wb‡ÿc, bvix wbh©vZb, Avq-ea©bg~jK KvR, ^v¯’¨ I m‡PZbZvg~jK wkÿv wel‡q Av‡jvPbv I wm×všÍ †bIqv nq|
wi‡d¬± Kvh©µg e¨e¯’vcbvi Rb¨ fv‡W©i msjvc I †jvK‡K›`ª ch©v‡q h_vµ‡g 5 I 11 m`m¨-wewkó e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwU _vKvi K_v| cwi`wk©Z 4wU †K‡›`ª KwgwU MVb Kiv n‡q‡Q| msjvc e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwU gv‡m 1wU K‡i mfv K‡i| PviwU †K‡›`ªi cÖwZwU‡ZB nvwRiv LvZv Av‡Q| Z‡e GKwU †K‡›`ª mnvqK wb‡`©wkKv †bB| wK‡kvix†`i evev-gv Ges MÖv‡gi cÖwZwbwa e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwUi m`m¨| Zuviv mfvq mvaviYZ wK‡kvix Dcw¯’wZ, AvZ¥-cÖwZÁv ev¯Íevqb Ges Bmy¨ I msjv‡ci Pjgvb Ae¯’v- wfwËK Av‡jvPbv K‡ib|
DcwiD³ Z_¨ †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, M‡elYvi Rb¨ wbev©wPZ ms¯’vmg~‡ni Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwU i‡q‡Q| KwgwUi m`m¨ msL¨v 7 †_‡K 11 RbI n‡Z cv‡i| m`m¨MY ¯’vbxq AskMÖnYKvix| Zuv‡`i AwffveK, evev-gv I ¯^vgx e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwUi m`m¨ wbe©vwPZ n‡q _v‡Kb| Zuv‡`i KvR n‡jv Kvh©µg Pvjy ivLv, Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ mg‡qvwPZ c`‡ÿc MÖnY, †K‡›`ª Dcw¯’wZ wbwðZ Kiv, GKkb c‡q›U ev¯Íevqb, AskMÖnYKvix‡`i DrmvwnZ Kiv BZ¨vw`|
†Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †K‡›`ª ¯úvDm KwgwU i‡q‡Q| Avevi †Kv‡bv ms¯’vi †K›`ª cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ GL‡bv KwgwU MVb Kiv nq wb| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †K‡›`ª AskMÖnYKvix‡`i Rb¨ †Kv‡bv nvwRiv LvZv †bB| G‡Z ¯^fveZB †K›`ª e¨e¯’vcbv I cwiexÿ‡Yi †ÿ‡Î mgm¨v m„wó n‡Z cv‡i| m‡e©vcwi ejv hvq, †K›`ª e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwU Kvh©µ‡gi w¯’wZkxjZv w`‡Z k³ f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q| Z‡e †hme †K‡›`ª GL‡bv e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwU A_ev MvwW©qvb †dvivg MVb Kiv nq wb †mme †K‡›`ªi Kvh©µ‡gi jÿ¨ AR©b mdj bv-I n‡Z cv‡i|
3| wkÿvi welqe¯‘y wbe©vPb, Dc¯’vcb I ev¯Íevqb cÖwµqv †Kqvi evsjv‡`k GKZv G‡cÖv‡P gvby‡li AwaKvi I ÿgZvqb wb‡q KvR K‡i| GKZv Rxebe¨vcx wkÿvi Ggb GKwU G‡cÖvP hv †Kv‡bv mywbw`©ó cÖvBgvi QvovB cwiPvwjZ nq| mnvqK I AskMÖnYKvixMY cvi¯úwiK wg_w¯Œqvi gva¨‡g ¯’vbxq Pvwn`v I cÖ‡qvR‡bi Ici wfwË K‡i †kLvi welqe¯‘y/mgm¨v wPwýZ K‡i Ges mgvav‡bi c_ †ei K‡i| MZ cuvP eQi hver †Kqvi evsjv‡`k wi‡d¬± c×wZ‡Z AskMÖnYg~jK cÖwµqvq I AwaKviwfwËK G‡cÖv‡P KvR K‡i Avm‡Q| wi‡d¬± G‡cÖv‡P †Kqvi evsjv‡`k GKZv MÖæ‡ci Rb¨ mvaviYZ †hme wkLb‡ÿÎ Aej¤^‡b wkÿvi welqe¯y‘ wbe©vPb K‡i †m¸‡jv n‡jv wkÿv AwaKvi, m‡PZbZv, mvÿiZv AwaKvi, e¨envwiK mvÿiZv, ¯^v¯’¨ AwaKvi, cywóÁvb, Mf©eZx gv‡q‡`i cÖwZ hZœ, eÂbv, wbh©vZb †_‡K gyw³ cvIqvi AwaKvi, †RÛvi Bmy¨, bvixi AwaKvi, bvix-cyil mgZv, Rb¥wbeÜb, †fv‡Ui AwaKvi, Rwg I m¤ú‡`i AwaKvi, wbivc` cvwb cvIqv, wbivc` mgvR I cwievi MV‡bi AwaKvi, bvixi ÿgZvqb, Avq e„w×, †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vi Dbœqb, my-kvmb cÖwZôv, y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv, ywf©ÿ †gvKv‡ejv, MÖvg I kn‡ii ew¯Í GjvKvi Dbœqb BZ¨vw` | GKZvi wi‡d¬± ev¯Íevqb avc wbgœi~c--
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M‡elYvi Rb¨ wbev©wPZ ¯^vej¤^x Dbœqb mwgwZ †Kqvi evsjv‡`‡ki gZB mv‡K©‡j AskMªnYKvix†`i AwaKvi cÖwZôv I ÿgZvq‡bi Rb¨ KvR K‡i| mv‡K©‡j m¤¢ve¨ Av‡jvP¨ welqmg~n hv †gŠwjK †Kv‡m© AskMÖnYKvix‡`i m‡PZbZv I mvÿiZv AR©‡b mnvqZv K‡i †m¸‡jv n‡jv cov, †jLv, msL¨v MYbv I wnmve, gv I wkï ¯^v¯’¨, cÖRbb ¯^v¯’¨, cywó, cwi‡ek, Avq e„w×, m¤ú` AvniY, AwaKvi, PjvPj, gZvgZ I wm×všÍ MÖnY cÖwµqvq AskMÖnY, cvwievwiK AvBb, ¯’vbxq m¤ú‡`i e¨envi BZ¨vw`| MÖvwd· †_‡K g~j mgm¨vi KviY Dcjwä I g~j wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ mnvqK AskMÖnYKvix‡`i wb‡gœi mvÿiZv AR©b-cÖwµqvq mnvqZv K‡ib:
� Mªvwd· †_‡K AskMÖnYKvix‡`i cQ›` Abyhvqx g~j kã wPwýZ Kiv
� g~j k‡ãi welq wb‡q mvaviY Av‡jvPbv Kiv
� g~j k‡ãi welq Abyhvqx †ev‡W© Qwe AsKb Kiv
� Qwei wb‡P g~jkã wjLv
� g~j kã †f‡O eY© I wP‡ýi aviYv cÖ`vb Kiv I co‡Z-wjL‡Z mnvqZv Kiv
� eY© I wPý †hvM Ki‡Z mn‡hvwMZv Ges co‡Z-wjL‡Z mnvqZv Kiv
� cÖvß eY©, wPý I kãvs‡ki gva¨‡g bZzb bZzb kã ˆZwii aviYv cÖ`vb Ges co‡Z-wjL‡Z mnvqZv Kiv
� bZzb e‡Y©i mv‡_ cyivZb eY©, cyivZb e‡Y©i mv‡_ bZzb e‡Y©i aviYv cÖ`vb I co‡Z-wjL‡Z mnvqZv Kiv
� kã †_‡K evK¨ Zwii aviYv cÖ`vb I co‡Z-wjL‡Z mnvqZv Kiv
� evK¨ †_‡K Aby‡”Q` Zwii aviYv cÖ`vb I co‡Z-wjL‡Z mnvqZv Kiv
� AskMÖnYKvixiv †gŠwLKfv‡e Rxe‡bi †h wnmve iv‡L Zv †_‡K aviYv wb‡q msL¨v Ges †hvM we‡qvM, c~iY I fv‡Mi aviYv cÖ`vb Kiv
� Kv‡Ri AMÖMwZ hvPvB I g~j¨vqb Kiv
� we‡bv`‡bi Av‡qvRb Kiv|
Ab¨w`‡K †Kv‡WK-Gi msjvcwfwËK Kvh©µ‡gi mv‡_I GKZv I ¯^vej¤^x G‡cÖv‡Pi h‡_‡ó wgj i‡q‡Q| †Kv‡W‡Ki wK‡kvix msjv‡ci g~j welq 12wU| †hgb- cÖv_wgK ¯^v¯’¨-cwiPh©v, eqtmwÜ, cÖRbb-¯^v¯’¨, GBPAvBwf/GBWm, AwaKvi, bvix I wkï AwaKvi, bvix-cyiæl mgZv, cvwievwiK AvBb, cwi‡ek I `y‡h©vM, Avq-e„w×g~jK KvR, ¯’vbxq miKvwi-†emiKvwi †mev cÖ`vbKvix cÖwZôvbmg~n, Rxeb`ÿZv I mvÿiZv ÿZvi GKavc AMÖMwZ|
GB 12wU g~j wel‡qi g‡a¨ 6 wU g~j welq msjvc wn‡m‡e Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq| Avi 6wU g~j welq AskMªnYKvix‡`i eySvi myweav‡_© 25wU msjv‡c wefvRb K‡i Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq| cÖwZwU msjv‡ciB i‡q‡Q Avjv`v wkLbdj, wba©vwiZ mgq, DcKiY I c×wZ|
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx50 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 51
wkLb DcKiY wn‡m‡e †Kv‡WK msjvc †K‡›`ª eø¨vK †evW©, PK, †cv÷vi/†ccvi, aviYvcÎ, bgybv †cv÷vi, gvK©vi, mvBb‡cb, eªvDb †ccvi I Sywo, wjwLZ †cv÷vi, Qwe, LvZv-‡cwÝj, ¯’vbxqfv‡e msM„nxZ mnR cyw¯ÍKv BZ¨vw` e¨envi Kiv nq|
wkLb-†kLv‡bvi c×wZ I †KŠkj wn‡m‡e i‡q‡Q gy³ Av‡jvPbv, Qwe AvuKv, ev¯Íe AwfÁZv †kvbv, KviY we‡kølY, jxq KvR, msjvc ev¯Íevqb QK, gy³wPšÍvi So, Qwe cÖ`k©b, †Km we‡kølY, †cv÷vi wfwËK Av‡jvPbv, †iv‡Mi K¨v‡jÛvi Abykxjb, †MBg, eywS‡q ejv, `jxq cªwZ‡hvwMZv, AwfÁZv wewbgq, cÖ‡kœvËi, e³…Zv, `jxq Dc¯’vcb, †QvU `‡j Av‡jvPbv, msKí ev¯Íevqb QK, wc Avi G, †Ljv, †gŠgvwQ j, Qwe †`Lv‡bv BZ¨vw`|
†ewmK mv‡K©‡j Aev¯ÍevwqZ GKkb c‡q›U ev¯Íevq‡bi my‡hvM †bIqv nq †cv÷-mv‡K©‡j| ZvB †cv÷-mv‡K©‡j GKkb c‡q›UwfwËK c×wZ wbe©vPb Kiv nq| Giƒc c×wZ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q jxq Av‡jvPbv, †¯‹vwis, †iswKs, iæUKR A¨vbvjvBwmm, wgwUs, †hvMv‡hvM, jMZ cwi`k©b, MÖvwd· wb‡q we‡kølYg~jK Av‡jvPbv BZ¨vw` c×wZ e¨envi Kiv| MÖvwd· AvuKvi Rb¨ m¤¢ve¨ DcKiY n‡jv- eªvDb †ccvi, mvBb †cb, KvwV, wewfbœ ai‡bi wewP ev Bu‡Ui UzKiv, KvW© ev mv`v KvMR, PK, Wv÷vi|
†eBm-Gi wi‡d¬± mv‡K©‡ji Kvh©µg¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡jv mvÿiZv I Ae¨vnZ wkÿv, †gŠwjK AwaKvi, bvix AwaKvi, mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK ÿgZvqb, Rxeb`ÿZv †RÛvi Bmy¨, evj¨weevn, bvix wkÿv, ^v¯’¨, ^v¯’¨m¤§Z cvqLvbv, Mf©eZx gv‡qi cÖwZ hZœ †bIqv, cywó, fvOv iv¯ÍvNvU wbg©vY BZ¨vw`| †ewmK mv‡K©j mgvß n‡j †cv÷ mv‡K©j ch©v‡q GKkb c‡q›U ev¯Íevqb K‡i| †eBm cwiPvwjZ wi‡d¬± mv‡K©j cwi`k©‡bi mgq Rvbv hvq †h, AskMÖnYKvixiv 8wU GKkb c‡q›U wba©viY K‡i‡Q Ges G¸‡jv ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ KvR K‡i hv‡”Q| GKkb c‡q›U¸‡jv n‡jv iv¯Ív †givgZ Kiv, evj¨weevn eÜ Kiv, wnjø¨v we‡q eÜ Kiv, ‹zj eqmx QvÎ/QvÎx fwZ© Kiv, 100% m¨vwb‡Ukb wbwðZ Kiv, bjK‚c ¯’vcb Kiv, Rb¥ wbeÜb Kiv, Avqe„w×g~jK cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb Kiv BZ¨vw`| †eBm AskMÖnYKvixMY gvwU‡ZI †cv÷vi MÖvwd· AsKb K‡ib| G Kv‡R Zviv DcKiY wn‡m‡e wm‡gi wewP, B‡Ui UzKiv, cvULwo, cuyBkv‡Ki is BZ¨vw` e¨envi K‡ib| welqe¯‘ Dc¯’vcb, Abykxjb I g~j¨vqb ¯Í‡i eo I †QvU ‡j Av‡jvPbv, cÖ‡kœvËi, e³…Zv, gy³ Av‡jvPbvi So BZ¨vw` c×wZ cÖ‡qvM K‡ib| wewfbœ M‡íi eB c‡o, G‡K Ab¨‡K cÖkœ K‡i, Le‡ii KvMR c‡o AskMÖnYKvixMY wkÿv Ae¨vnZ ivLvi †Póv K‡ib|
fvW© cwiPvwjZ wi‡d¬± mv‡K©j I †jvK‡K‡›`ªi AskMÖnYKvix‡`i AwaKvi I ÿgZvq‡bi welq¸‡jv †gvUvgywUfv‡e 7wU wkLb‡ÿÎ †_‡K wPwýZ Kiv nq Ges G¸‡jvi Ici GKkb c‡q›U wba©viY K‡i ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ cwiKíbv †bIqv nq| 7wU †ÿÎ n‡jv Ñ wkÿv I Ae¨vnZ wkÿv, cwi‡ek Dbœqb, Avqe„w×g~jK I FY Kg©KvÐ, bvix I wkïi cÖwZ mKj cÖKvi elg¨ I mwnsmZv †iva, ’vbxq m¤ú`, ¯’vbxq miKvi I cÖkvmb Ges ms¯‹…wZ I we‡bv`b|
fvW©©-Gi †K›`ª ch©‡eÿYKv‡j †h ai‡bi DcKiY I c×wZ cÖ‡qvM †`Lv hvq †m¸‡jv n‡jv- PvU©, g¨vc, MÖvwd· †cv÷vi, Dc‡`k evK¨, wewfbœ †møøvMvb, AwaKvi I KZ©e¨, MÖvg Dbœqb, AskMÖnY m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ msewjZ wewfbœ Qwe- gvbyl, cï-cvwL, cÖvK…wZK `„k¨ †hgb: MÖvg, b`x-bvjv, †`qvj cwÎKv BZ¨vw`| †K›`ª¸wj Av‡iv †h ai‡bi c×wZ cÖ‡qvM K‡i †m¸‡jvi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡jv gy³
� e¨e¯’vcK Iwi‡q‡›Ukb
� Kgx© (÷vd) Iwi‡q‡›Ukb
� Kg© GjvKv wbe©vPb
M‡elYvi Rb¨ wbev©wPZ ¯^vej¤^x Dbœqb mwgwZ †Kqvi evsjv‡`‡ki gZB mv‡K©‡j AskMªnYKvix†`i AwaKvi cÖwZôv I ÿgZvq‡bi Rb¨ KvR K‡i| mv‡K©‡j m¤¢ve¨ Av‡jvP¨ welqmg~n hv †gŠwjK †Kv‡m© AskMÖnYKvix‡`i m‡PZbZv I mvÿiZv AR©‡b mnvqZv K‡i †m¸‡jv n‡jv cov, †jLv, msL¨v MYbv I wnmve, gv I wkï ¯^v¯’¨, cÖRbb ¯^v¯’¨, cywó, cwi‡ek, Avq e„w×, m¤ú` AvniY, AwaKvi, PjvPj, gZvgZ I wm×všÍ MÖnY cÖwµqvq AskMÖnY, cvwievwiK AvBb, ¯’vbxq m¤ú‡`i e¨envi BZ¨vw`| MÖvwd· †_‡K g~j mgm¨vi KviY Dcjwä I g~j wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ mnvqK AskMÖnYKvix‡`i wb‡gœi mvÿiZv AR©b-cÖwµqvq mnvqZv K‡ib:
� Mªvwd· †_‡K AskMÖnYKvix‡`i cQ›` Abyhvqx g~j kã wPwýZ Kiv
� g~j k‡ãi welq wb‡q mvaviY Av‡jvPbv Kiv
� g~j k‡ãi welq Abyhvqx †ev‡W© Qwe AsKb Kiv
� Qwei wb‡P g~jkã wjLv
� g~j kã †f‡O eY© I wP‡ýi aviYv cÖ`vb Kiv I co‡Z-wjL‡Z mnvqZv Kiv
� eY© I wPý †hvM Ki‡Z mn‡hvwMZv Ges co‡Z-wjL‡Z mnvqZv Kiv
� cÖvß eY©, wPý I kãvs‡ki gva¨‡g bZzb bZzb kã ˆZwii aviYv cÖ`vb Ges co‡Z-wjL‡Z mnvqZv Kiv
� bZzb e‡Y©i mv‡_ cyivZb eY©, cyivZb e‡Y©i mv‡_ bZzb e‡Y©i aviYv cÖ`vb I co‡Z-wjL‡Z mnvqZv Kiv
� kã †_‡K evK¨ Zwii aviYv cÖ`vb I co‡Z-wjL‡Z mnvqZv Kiv
� evK¨ †_‡K Aby‡”Q` Zwii aviYv cÖ`vb I co‡Z-wjL‡Z mnvqZv Kiv
� AskMÖnYKvixiv †gŠwLKfv‡e Rxe‡bi †h wnmve iv‡L Zv †_‡K aviYv wb‡q msL¨v Ges †hvM we‡qvM, c~iY I fv‡Mi aviYv cÖ`vb Kiv
� Kv‡Ri AMÖMwZ hvPvB I g~j¨vqb Kiv
� we‡bv`‡bi Av‡qvRb Kiv|
Ab¨w`‡K †Kv‡WK-Gi msjvcwfwËK Kvh©µ‡gi mv‡_I GKZv I ¯^vej¤^x G‡cÖv‡Pi h‡_‡ó wgj i‡q‡Q| †Kv‡W‡Ki wK‡kvix msjv‡ci g~j welq 12wU| †hgb- cÖv_wgK ¯^v¯’¨-cwiPh©v, eqtmwÜ, cÖRbb-¯^v¯’¨, GBPAvBwf/GBWm, AwaKvi, bvix I wkï AwaKvi, bvix-cyiæl mgZv, cvwievwiK AvBb, cwi‡ek I `y‡h©vM, Avq-e„w×g~jK KvR, ¯’vbxq miKvwi-†emiKvwi †mev cÖ`vbKvix cÖwZôvbmg~n, Rxeb`ÿZv I mvÿiZv ÿZvi GKavc AMÖMwZ|
GB 12wU g~j wel‡qi g‡a¨ 6 wU g~j welq msjvc wn‡m‡e Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq| Avi 6wU g~j welq AskMªnYKvix‡`i eySvi myweav‡_© 25wU msjv‡c wefvRb K‡i Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq| cÖwZwU msjv‡ciB i‡q‡Q Avjv`v wkLbdj, wba©vwiZ mgq, DcKiY I c×wZ|
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx50 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 51
wkLb DcKiY wn‡m‡e †Kv‡WK msjvc †K‡›`ª eø¨vK †evW©, PK, †cv÷vi/†ccvi, aviYvcÎ, bgybv †cv÷vi, gvK©vi, mvBb‡cb, eªvDb †ccvi I Sywo, wjwLZ †cv÷vi, Qwe, LvZv-‡cwÝj, ¯’vbxqfv‡e msM„nxZ mnR cyw¯ÍKv BZ¨vw` e¨envi Kiv nq|
wkLb-†kLv‡bvi c×wZ I †KŠkj wn‡m‡e i‡q‡Q gy³ Av‡jvPbv, Qwe AvuKv, ev¯Íe AwfÁZv †kvbv, KviY we‡kølY, jxq KvR, msjvc ev¯Íevqb QK, gy³wPšÍvi So, Qwe cÖ`k©b, †Km we‡kølY, †cv÷vi wfwËK Av‡jvPbv, †iv‡Mi K¨v‡jÛvi Abykxjb, †MBg, eywS‡q ejv, `jxq cªwZ‡hvwMZv, AwfÁZv wewbgq, cÖ‡kœvËi, e³…Zv, `jxq Dc¯’vcb, †QvU `‡j Av‡jvPbv, msKí ev¯Íevqb QK, wc Avi G, †Ljv, †gŠgvwQ j, Qwe †`Lv‡bv BZ¨vw`|
†ewmK mv‡K©‡j Aev¯ÍevwqZ GKkb c‡q›U ev¯Íevq‡bi my‡hvM †bIqv nq †cv÷-mv‡K©‡j| ZvB †cv÷-mv‡K©‡j GKkb c‡q›UwfwËK c×wZ wbe©vPb Kiv nq| Giƒc c×wZ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q jxq Av‡jvPbv, †¯‹vwis, †iswKs, iæUKR A¨vbvjvBwmm, wgwUs, †hvMv‡hvM, jMZ cwi`k©b, MÖvwd· wb‡q we‡kølYg~jK Av‡jvPbv BZ¨vw` c×wZ e¨envi Kiv| MÖvwd· AvuKvi Rb¨ m¤¢ve¨ DcKiY n‡jv- eªvDb †ccvi, mvBb †cb, KvwV, wewfbœ ai‡bi wewP ev Bu‡Ui UzKiv, KvW© ev mv`v KvMR, PK, Wv÷vi|
†eBm-Gi wi‡d¬± mv‡K©‡ji Kvh©µg¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡jv mvÿiZv I Ae¨vnZ wkÿv, †gŠwjK AwaKvi, bvix AwaKvi, mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK ÿgZvqb, Rxeb`ÿZv †RÛvi Bmy¨, evj¨weevn, bvix wkÿv, ^v¯’¨, ^v¯’¨m¤§Z cvqLvbv, Mf©eZx gv‡qi cÖwZ hZœ †bIqv, cywó, fvOv iv¯ÍvNvU wbg©vY BZ¨vw`| †ewmK mv‡K©j mgvß n‡j †cv÷ mv‡K©j ch©v‡q GKkb c‡q›U ev¯Íevqb K‡i| †eBm cwiPvwjZ wi‡d¬± mv‡K©j cwi`k©‡bi mgq Rvbv hvq †h, AskMÖnYKvixiv 8wU GKkb c‡q›U wba©viY K‡i‡Q Ges G¸‡jv ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ KvR K‡i hv‡”Q| GKkb c‡q›U¸‡jv n‡jv iv¯Ív †givgZ Kiv, evj¨weevn eÜ Kiv, wnjø¨v we‡q eÜ Kiv, ‹zj eqmx QvÎ/QvÎx fwZ© Kiv, 100% m¨vwb‡Ukb wbwðZ Kiv, bjK‚c ¯’vcb Kiv, Rb¥ wbeÜb Kiv, Avqe„w×g~jK cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb Kiv BZ¨vw`| †eBm AskMÖnYKvixMY gvwU‡ZI †cv÷vi MÖvwd· AsKb K‡ib| G Kv‡R Zviv DcKiY wn‡m‡e wm‡gi wewP, B‡Ui UzKiv, cvULwo, cuyBkv‡Ki is BZ¨vw` e¨envi K‡ib| welqe¯‘ Dc¯’vcb, Abykxjb I g~j¨vqb ¯Í‡i eo I †QvU ‡j Av‡jvPbv, cÖ‡kœvËi, e³…Zv, gy³ Av‡jvPbvi So BZ¨vw` c×wZ cÖ‡qvM K‡ib| wewfbœ M‡íi eB c‡o, G‡K Ab¨‡K cÖkœ K‡i, Le‡ii KvMR c‡o AskMÖnYKvixMY wkÿv Ae¨vnZ ivLvi †Póv K‡ib|
fvW© cwiPvwjZ wi‡d¬± mv‡K©j I †jvK‡K‡›`ªi AskMÖnYKvix‡`i AwaKvi I ÿgZvq‡bi welq¸‡jv †gvUvgywUfv‡e 7wU wkLb‡ÿÎ †_‡K wPwýZ Kiv nq Ges G¸‡jvi Ici GKkb c‡q›U wba©viY K‡i ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ cwiKíbv †bIqv nq| 7wU †ÿÎ n‡jv Ñ wkÿv I Ae¨vnZ wkÿv, cwi‡ek Dbœqb, Avqe„w×g~jK I FY Kg©KvÐ, bvix I wkïi cÖwZ mKj cÖKvi elg¨ I mwnsmZv †iva, ’vbxq m¤ú`, ¯’vbxq miKvi I cÖkvmb Ges ms¯‹…wZ I we‡bv`b|
fvW©©-Gi †K›`ª ch©‡eÿYKv‡j †h ai‡bi DcKiY I c×wZ cÖ‡qvM †`Lv hvq †m¸‡jv n‡jv- PvU©, g¨vc, MÖvwd· †cv÷vi, Dc‡`k evK¨, wewfbœ †møøvMvb, AwaKvi I KZ©e¨, MÖvg Dbœqb, AskMÖnY m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ msewjZ wewfbœ Qwe- gvbyl, cï-cvwL, cÖvK…wZK `„k¨ †hgb: MÖvg, b`x-bvjv, †`qvj cwÎKv BZ¨vw`| †K›`ª¸wj Av‡iv †h ai‡bi c×wZ cÖ‡qvM K‡i †m¸‡jvi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡jv gy³
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx52
Av‡jvPbv, †QvU I eo ‡j Av‡jvPbv, cÖ‡kœvËi, eywS‡q ejv, evievi Abykxjb, kã w`‡q †Ljv, e³…Zv BZ¨vw`|
Avkªq -Gi †ewmK mv‡K©j, A¨vWfvÝ mv‡K©j Ges jvnvwšÍ AvLovi AskMÖnYKvix‡`i †kLvi welqe¯‘ cÖavbZ QqwU †ÿÎ †_‡K wPwýZ Kiv nq| †hgb-mvgvwRK welq, cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM I †ivMevjvB, mvsMVwbK, ÿgZvqb, Rxeb wbe©vnx Ges wkÿv I mvÿiZv|
mvÿiZv I m‡PbZvi †ÿ‡Î †ewmK mv‡K©j ch©v‡q †hvM¨Zv AR©b Ki‡Z n‡e| Av¨WfvÝ mv‡K©j ch©v‡q AviI m‡PZbZv, c`‡ÿc MªnY I ev¯Íevqb Ges mvÿiZv Abykxjb Ae¨vnZ ivLvi Ici †Rvi †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| AvLovi cÖ_g ch©v‡q jvnvwšÍ AvLov MVb, Kvh©µg ev¯Íevqb Ges mvÿiZv Ae¨vnZ ivLvi Ges wØZxq ch©v‡q wb‡R‡`i D‡`¨v‡M jvnvwšÍ AvLov Kvh©µg ev¯Íevqb Ae¨vnZ ivL‡Z Ges jvnvwšÍ AvLov KwgDwbwU Dbœq‡bi cøvUdg© M‡o †Zvjvi mÿgZv AR©b Ki‡Z n‡e|
M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq †h, Avkªq e¨ZxZ Ab¨vb¨ ms¯’vi mvÿiZv, Ae¨vnZ wkÿv, AwaKvi I ÿgZvq‡bi bvbv welq mvaviYZ wbgœwjwLZ avcmg~n AbymiY K‡i ev¯Íevqb Kiv nq:
welq ev mgm¨vwfwËK †KvW/bKkv/Qwe Dc¯’vcb
mgm¨vi d‡j ÿwZmg~n wPwýZ Kiv
GjvKvi ev¯Íe NUbv D‡jøL K‡i Zv wgwj‡q †bIqv
mgm¨vi KviY we‡kølY
KviY¸‡jv †Kb wU‡K Av‡Q Zv wPwýZKiY
KviY¸‡jv `~i Kivi Dcvq
AvZ¥-cÖwZÁv/ msKí
welqwfwËK Z_¨ wewbgq
cybiv‡jvPbv/ ch©v‡jvPbv I d‡jvAvcIc‡i cÖ`Ë ms¯’vmg~‡ni AskMÖnYKvix‡`i Rb¨ †kLvi welqe¯‘ wPwýZKiY, †kªYxK‡ÿ Dc¯’vcb I mnvqK‡`i welqe¯‘-wfwËK †kLv‡bvi †KŠkj Av‡jvPbvq †`Lv hvq †h, mnvqK I AskMÖnYKvixMY cvi¯úwiK gZwewbg‡qi ci mvgwóK I ¯’vbxq Pvwn`vi Ici wfwË K‡i cÖ_‡g g~j wkLb‡ÿÎ Ges †k‡l g~j wkLb‡ÿ‡Îi Av‡jv‡K Dc-wkLb‡ÿÎ wbe©vPb Kiv nq| QqwU ms¯’vi wkLb‡ÿθ‡jv wkÿv, AwaKvi, ¯^v¯’¨ I cywó, cwi‡ek, AvBb, Avqe„w×, ms¯‹…wZ I we‡bv`bg~jK cÖf„wZ †ÿ‡Î fvM Kiv hvq| cÖ`k©b, Av‡jvPbv, jxq Abykxjb, cÖ‡kœvËi, wiwfD, d‡jvAvc, m‡iRwg‡b †`Lv cÖf„wZ c×wZ
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 53
cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g welqe¯‘ Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq| Mªvwd· AsKb Ges WvqjM, welqe¯‘ Dc¯’vcb I ev¯Íevq‡bi g~j PvweKvwV| AskMÖnYKvix‡`i wkÿv I AwaKvi †PZbvq ïay DØy× bq, ^wkLb ch©v‡q DbœxZ I Rxebe¨vcx wkÿvavivq m¤ú„³ Kievi Rb¨ Dc¯’vcb †_‡K d‡jvAvc ch©šÍ bqwU avc AbymiY Kiv nq| G‡Z wkÿv_x©‡`i we‡kølY I ms‡kølY ÿgZv e„w× cvq|
4| Rxebe¨vcx wkÿv AR©‡b wi‡d¬± Kvh©µ‡gi cÖfve mvÿiZv AR©b: AskMÖnYKvixMY GLb-
· wjL‡Z, co‡Z I wn‡me Kl‡Z cv‡i|
· Rxeb`ÿZv †hgb AskMÖnY, gZvgZ cÖKvk, wm×všÍ MÖnY, ÿgZv I AvZ¥wek¦vm e„w× †c‡q‡Q|
· Ae¨vnZ wkÿv Kvh©µg †hgb- e· jvB‡eªwi MVb I cwiPvjbv Ki‡Qb|
· AskMÖnYKvix‡`i †Q‡j‡g‡qiv wkÿvi g~j †mªv‡Z cÖ‡ek Ki‡Q|
· m‡PZbZvg~jK wkÿv †hgb- †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i †jLvcovi †ÿ‡Î hZœevb n‡”Qb|
ÿgZvqb: AskMÖnYKvixM‡Yi g‡a¨ -
· mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK I Avw_©K ÿgZvqb e„w× †c‡q‡Q|
· AvZ¥gh©v`v g~j¨‡eva e„w× †c‡q‡Q|
· cwiw¯’wZ we‡kølY I mgm¨v mgvavb, cvwievwiK I mvgvwRK ch©v‡q wm×všÍ MÖnY, KwgwbDwU DØy×KiY, ’vbxq m¤ú‡`i †hvMvb-`ÿZv e„w× †c‡q‡Q|
Rxebgvb Dbœqb: AskMÖnYKvixMY eZ©gv‡b -
· cÖwZfv weKv‡k mn‡hvwMZv w`‡”Qb|
· cwi”Qbœ cwi‡ek, wbivc` cvwb I R‡ji e¨e¯’v, gv I wkï ^v¯’¨ m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb n‡q‡Qb|
· bvix I cyiæ‡li ga¨Kvi m¤úK© DbœZ n‡q‡Q|
· Drme I RvZxq w`em cvj‡b Drmvn †eva Ki‡Qb|
· †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i ‹z‡j cvVv‡bvi e¨vcv‡i m‡PZb n‡q‡Qb|
AwaKvi cÖwZôvq: AskMÖnYKvixM‡Yi g‡a¨ -
· wkÿv AwaKvi cÖwZôv, evj¨weevn †iva Ges †hŠZzKwe‡ivax g‡bvfve m„wó n‡q‡Q|
· bvix AwaKvi cÖwZôv, bvix I wK‡kvix‡`i AvBwb mnvqvZv cÖ`vb Kivi g‡bvfve m„wó n‡q‡Q|
· Dbœqbg~jK Kvh©µg †hgb- miKvwi I †emiKvwi †mev ms¯’vq cÖ‡ekvwaKvi cvIqvi my‡hvM m„wó n‡q‡Q|
Dbœqbg~jK Kv‡R AskMªnY: AskMÖnYKvixMY GLb -
· Lvm Rwg cvIqvi †Póv Ki‡Qb|
· iv¯Ív †givgZ Kv‡R AskMÖnY Ki‡Qb|
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx52
Av‡jvPbv, †QvU I eo ‡j Av‡jvPbv, cÖ‡kœvËi, eywS‡q ejv, evievi Abykxjb, kã w`‡q †Ljv, e³…Zv BZ¨vw`|
Avkªq -Gi †ewmK mv‡K©j, A¨vWfvÝ mv‡K©j Ges jvnvwšÍ AvLovi AskMÖnYKvix‡`i †kLvi welqe¯‘ cÖavbZ QqwU †ÿÎ †_‡K wPwýZ Kiv nq| †hgb-mvgvwRK welq, cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM I †ivMevjvB, mvsMVwbK, ÿgZvqb, Rxeb wbe©vnx Ges wkÿv I mvÿiZv|
mvÿiZv I m‡PbZvi †ÿ‡Î †ewmK mv‡K©j ch©v‡q †hvM¨Zv AR©b Ki‡Z n‡e| Av¨WfvÝ mv‡K©j ch©v‡q AviI m‡PZbZv, c`‡ÿc MªnY I ev¯Íevqb Ges mvÿiZv Abykxjb Ae¨vnZ ivLvi Ici †Rvi †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| AvLovi cÖ_g ch©v‡q jvnvwšÍ AvLov MVb, Kvh©µg ev¯Íevqb Ges mvÿiZv Ae¨vnZ ivLvi Ges wØZxq ch©v‡q wb‡R‡`i D‡`¨v‡M jvnvwšÍ AvLov Kvh©µg ev¯Íevqb Ae¨vnZ ivL‡Z Ges jvnvwšÍ AvLov KwgDwbwU Dbœq‡bi cøvUdg© M‡o †Zvjvi mÿgZv AR©b Ki‡Z n‡e|
M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq †h, Avkªq e¨ZxZ Ab¨vb¨ ms¯’vi mvÿiZv, Ae¨vnZ wkÿv, AwaKvi I ÿgZvq‡bi bvbv welq mvaviYZ wbgœwjwLZ avcmg~n AbymiY K‡i ev¯Íevqb Kiv nq:
welq ev mgm¨vwfwËK †KvW/bKkv/Qwe Dc¯’vcb
mgm¨vi d‡j ÿwZmg~n wPwýZ Kiv
GjvKvi ev¯Íe NUbv D‡jøL K‡i Zv wgwj‡q †bIqv
mgm¨vi KviY we‡kølY
KviY¸‡jv †Kb wU‡K Av‡Q Zv wPwýZKiY
KviY¸‡jv `~i Kivi Dcvq
AvZ¥-cÖwZÁv/ msKí
welqwfwËK Z_¨ wewbgq
cybiv‡jvPbv/ ch©v‡jvPbv I d‡jvAvcIc‡i cÖ`Ë ms¯’vmg~‡ni AskMÖnYKvix‡`i Rb¨ †kLvi welqe¯‘ wPwýZKiY, †kªYxK‡ÿ Dc¯’vcb I mnvqK‡`i welqe¯‘-wfwËK †kLv‡bvi †KŠkj Av‡jvPbvq †`Lv hvq †h, mnvqK I AskMÖnYKvixMY cvi¯úwiK gZwewbg‡qi ci mvgwóK I ¯’vbxq Pvwn`vi Ici wfwË K‡i cÖ_‡g g~j wkLb‡ÿÎ Ges †k‡l g~j wkLb‡ÿ‡Îi Av‡jv‡K Dc-wkLb‡ÿÎ wbe©vPb Kiv nq| QqwU ms¯’vi wkLb‡ÿθ‡jv wkÿv, AwaKvi, ¯^v¯’¨ I cywó, cwi‡ek, AvBb, Avqe„w×, ms¯‹…wZ I we‡bv`bg~jK cÖf„wZ †ÿ‡Î fvM Kiv hvq| cÖ`k©b, Av‡jvPbv, jxq Abykxjb, cÖ‡kœvËi, wiwfD, d‡jvAvc, m‡iRwg‡b †`Lv cÖf„wZ c×wZ
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 53
cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g welqe¯‘ Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq| Mªvwd· AsKb Ges WvqjM, welqe¯‘ Dc¯’vcb I ev¯Íevq‡bi g~j PvweKvwV| AskMÖnYKvix‡`i wkÿv I AwaKvi †PZbvq ïay DØy× bq, ^wkLb ch©v‡q DbœxZ I Rxebe¨vcx wkÿvavivq m¤ú„³ Kievi Rb¨ Dc¯’vcb †_‡K d‡jvAvc ch©šÍ bqwU avc AbymiY Kiv nq| G‡Z wkÿv_x©‡`i we‡kølY I ms‡kølY ÿgZv e„w× cvq|
4| Rxebe¨vcx wkÿv AR©‡b wi‡d¬± Kvh©µ‡gi cÖfve mvÿiZv AR©b: AskMÖnYKvixMY GLb-
· wjL‡Z, co‡Z I wn‡me Kl‡Z cv‡i|
· Rxeb`ÿZv †hgb AskMÖnY, gZvgZ cÖKvk, wm×všÍ MÖnY, ÿgZv I AvZ¥wek¦vm e„w× †c‡q‡Q|
· Ae¨vnZ wkÿv Kvh©µg †hgb- e· jvB‡eªwi MVb I cwiPvjbv Ki‡Qb|
· AskMÖnYKvix‡`i †Q‡j‡g‡qiv wkÿvi g~j †mªv‡Z cÖ‡ek Ki‡Q|
· m‡PZbZvg~jK wkÿv †hgb- †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i †jLvcovi †ÿ‡Î hZœevb n‡”Qb|
ÿgZvqb: AskMÖnYKvixM‡Yi g‡a¨ -
· mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK I Avw_©K ÿgZvqb e„w× †c‡q‡Q|
· AvZ¥gh©v`v g~j¨‡eva e„w× †c‡q‡Q|
· cwiw¯’wZ we‡kølY I mgm¨v mgvavb, cvwievwiK I mvgvwRK ch©v‡q wm×všÍ MÖnY, KwgwbDwU DØy×KiY, ’vbxq m¤ú‡`i †hvMvb-`ÿZv e„w× †c‡q‡Q|
Rxebgvb Dbœqb: AskMÖnYKvixMY eZ©gv‡b -
· cÖwZfv weKv‡k mn‡hvwMZv w`‡”Qb|
· cwi”Qbœ cwi‡ek, wbivc` cvwb I R‡ji e¨e¯’v, gv I wkï ^v¯’¨ m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb n‡q‡Qb|
· bvix I cyiæ‡li ga¨Kvi m¤úK© DbœZ n‡q‡Q|
· Drme I RvZxq w`em cvj‡b Drmvn †eva Ki‡Qb|
· †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i ‹z‡j cvVv‡bvi e¨vcv‡i m‡PZb n‡q‡Qb|
AwaKvi cÖwZôvq: AskMÖnYKvixM‡Yi g‡a¨ -
· wkÿv AwaKvi cÖwZôv, evj¨weevn †iva Ges †hŠZzKwe‡ivax g‡bvfve m„wó n‡q‡Q|
· bvix AwaKvi cÖwZôv, bvix I wK‡kvix‡`i AvBwb mnvqvZv cÖ`vb Kivi g‡bvfve m„wó n‡q‡Q|
· Dbœqbg~jK Kvh©µg †hgb- miKvwi I †emiKvwi †mev ms¯’vq cÖ‡ekvwaKvi cvIqvi my‡hvM m„wó n‡q‡Q|
Dbœqbg~jK Kv‡R AskMªnY: AskMÖnYKvixMY GLb -
· Lvm Rwg cvIqvi †Póv Ki‡Qb|
· iv¯Ív †givgZ Kv‡R AskMÖnY Ki‡Qb|
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx54
· †gŠmywg ywf©ÿ †gvKv‡ejvq ÿ n‡”Qb|
· bvm©vwi I kvKmewR Pv‡l DrmvwnZ n‡”Qb|
· Avq m„Rbxg~jK KvR Z_v ÿy‡` e¨emv I A_©‰bwZK D‡`¨vM MÖn‡Y hZœevb n‡”Qb|
5| Rxebe¨vcx wkÿvq Kvh©µgmg~‡ni AvKl©Yxq Z_v mej w`Kmg~n
Rxebe¨vcx wkÿvq Kvh©µgmg~‡ni AvKl©Yxq w`K¸‡jv we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h, Kvh©µ‡gi AskMÖnYKvixMY †`‡ki `wi`ª I ewÂZ Rb‡Mvôxi AšÍf©y³ Ges AwaKvsk †ÿ‡ÎB Zviv gvwnjv I wK‡kvi-wK‡kvix| Zviv ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi Pvwn`v wbY©q I Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© GKw`‡K †hgb m‡PZb n‡”Q Ab¨w`‡K Rxebagx© Kg©Kv‡Ð AskMÖnY K‡i wb‡R‡`i‡K ˆZwi Z_v ÿgZvwqZ K‡i wb‡”Q| GB †h Rxe‡bi mgm¨v¸‡jv eyS‡Z cviv Ges mgvav‡bi c_ Luy‡R †ei Kivi †hvM¨Zv AR©b Kiv GmeB AskMÖnYKvix‡K †hgb welqe¯Íyi Ici AvÿwiK mvÿiZv AR©‡b mnvqZv Ki‡Q Ab¨w`‡K wPšÍb-mvÿiZv AR©‡b mnvqZv Ki‡Q| G y‡qi mswgkªY AskMÖnYKvix‡K DˇivËi NUbv we‡kølY I wb‡Ri vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb ivL‡Z DØy× Ki‡Q| GwUB GKRb AskMÖnYKvixi wbKU Rxebe¨vcx wkÿv RM‡Z AšÍ©fyw³i cÖ‡ekØvi| Kvh©µgmg~‡ni Ab¨vb¨ BwZevPK w`K ¸‡jv n‡jv-
· mvÿiZv AskMÖnYKvix‡`i Rxeb weKv‡k mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb K‡i, Zv‡`i AvMÖn evwo‡q †`q, ^Ztù~Z©fv‡e Kv‡R AskMÖn‡Y DrmvwnZ K‡i| wi‡d¬± G‡cÖvPwU wK‡kvi-wK‡kvix Ges gwnjv‡`i Dbœq‡b Ges ÿgZvq‡b GKwU AZ¨šÍ Dchy³ Kvh©µg| G c×wZ‡Z Zviv Zv‡`i cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki mgm¨v wPwýZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| mgm¨v wb‡q Zviv Av‡jvPbv K‡i wb‡Ri mgm¨v‡K A‡b¨i mv‡_ Zzjbv Ki‡Z cv‡i| wb‡Ri mgm¨v‡K A‡b¨i mv‡_ †kqvi Ki‡Z cv‡i| wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ mgm¨v wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i mgvavb Lyu‡R †ei Ki‡Z cv‡i| mgvR †_‡K Zviv wK ai‡bi mnvqZv †c‡Z cv‡i Zv Rvb‡Z cv‡i| mgv‡Ri KZ©ve¨w³, miKvwi Kg©KZ©v‡`i Kv‡Q Zviv mgm¨v wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i _v‡K| `je×fv‡e Zviv Zv‡`i mgm¨vi K_v KZ…©cÿ‡K AewnZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| KZ…©cÿ‡K KbwfÝ K‡i Zv‡`i vwe Av`vq Ki‡Z cv‡i|
· B‡Zvg‡a¨ Zviv Zv‡`i A‡bK mvd‡j¨i cwiPq †c‡q‡Q| †hgb-GjvKvq Zviv †g‡q‡`i evj¨weevn/AcwiYZ eq‡mi †g‡q‡`i weevn eÜ Ki‡Z mÿg n‡q‡Q| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î †hŠZzK eÜ Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q, Zviv `vwe Ki‡Q †g‡qiv m‡PZb nIqvi d‡j GKw`‡K †hgb Zviv ^vej¤^x n‡”Q, DcvR©b Ki‡Q, Ab¨w`‡K Zv‡`i cvwievwiK A‡bK mgm¨v w`b w`b K‡g Avm‡Q| ^vgx-¯¿xi g‡a¨ we‡iva K‡g Avm‡Q|
· mevB wg‡j †hŠ_ cÖ‡Póvq A‡bK mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Q| Zv‡`i GB AR©b Ges Zv‡`i AskMÖnY mgvR cwieZ©‡b f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i, G Dcjwä Zv‡`i g‡a¨ Rb¥ wb‡”Q| Z‡e wi‡d¬±-Gi cÖK…Z jÿ¨/ D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡b Zviv GLbI A‡bK wcwQ‡q|
· Zviv g‡b K‡i wi‡d¬± c×wZ‡Z Kg©Kv‡Ði Abykxjb Pvwj‡q †h‡Z cvi‡j Zviv jvfevb n‡e Ges mgv‡R Zv‡`i gh©v`v evo‡e, Zviv ¯^vej¤^x n‡e| cvwievwiK mvgvwRK †ÿ‡Î mgm¨v K‡g Avm‡e|
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 55
· Kvh©µg ev¯Íevq‡b ¯’vbxq RbMY AskMÖnY K‡i Ges KL‡bv KL‡bv Avw_©K mnvqZvI w`‡q _v‡K| d‡j ¯’vbxq RbM‡Yi mv‡_ AskMªnYKvix‡`i ü`¨Zv ev‡o I Kv‡R Drmvnx nq| wi‡d¬± c×wZ Abymi‡Y AskMÖnYKvixMY mvgvwRK I Avw_©Kfv‡e ÿgZvevb n‡Z cv‡ib Ges mwVK wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib| AskMÖnYKvixMY wewfbœ KwgwU †hgb- GmGgwm (¯‹zj g¨v‡bwRs KwgwU), wcwUG (c¨v‡i›U wUPvi G‡mvwm‡qgb) BZ¨vw`i m`m¨ n‡Z cv‡i, d‡j wewfbœ mfvq AskMÖnY Zv‡`i wm×všÍ †bIqvi ÿgZv evovq, cÖwZfv weKv‡k mnvqZv K‡i| mvgvwRK eÜb my`„p K‡i|
· Kv‡R mdjZvi ga¨ w`‡q Zviv Zv‡`i KvR Kivi ÿgZv Av‡Q G AvZ¥wek¦vm jvf K‡i| RbM‡Yi AwaKvi cÖwZôvq AskMÖnYKvixMY KvR K‡i _v‡K| wK‡kvix I bvix‡`i AwaKvi cÖwZôvq AvBwb mnvqZvq Zviv KvR Ki‡Q| G cÖ‡Póv ÿz`ª n‡jI w`b w`b Zv cÖmvwiZ n‡”Q|
· mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b mivmwi Kv‡R AskMÖnY AskMÖnYKvix‡`i cÖZ¨vkv e„w× †c‡q‡Q|
· mvgvwRK ÿgZv e„w× †c‡q‡Q|
· mvgvwRK MwZkxjZv e„w× †c‡q‡Q|
6| Rxebe¨vcx wkÿvq Kvh©µgmg~‡ni AbvKl©Yxq Z_v ye©j w`K-
· †K‡›`ªi †hvMv‡hvM mgm¨v
· cÖZ¨vkv Ges ev¯ÍeZvi g‡a¨ A‡bK Zdvr
· Kvh©µg mnvqK‡`i Kv‡Ri ÿZv Kg
· AskMÖnYKvix‡`i aviYv Lye mxwgZ ZvB †Kv‡bv GKUv welq Zv‡`i eyS‡Z Kó nq
· Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvq Avkvbyiƒc dj cvIqv hvq bv
· †K‡›`ªi mv‡_ mnvqK‡`i †hvMv‡hvM iÿv Kivi cÖeYZv Kg
· mgš^‡qi Afve
· AskMÖnYKvix‡`i wbtm½ g‡b nq|
M‡elYvi mycvwikmg~n· Kvh©µg AvKl©Yxq Ki‡Z AskMÖnYKvix‡`i wbqwgZ Dcw¯’wZ wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
· †K›`ª mnvqK‡`i cÖwkÿ‡Yi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|
· mv‡K©j †k‡l AskMÖnYKvix‡`i mnR k‡Z© FY cÖ`v‡bi e¨e¯’v _vK‡j Kvh©µg AviI mdjZv jvf Ki‡e |
· AskMÖnYKvix, mnvqK Ges mswkøó‡`i ci¯úi aviYvi Av`vb-cÖ`vb evov‡Z n‡e|
· mnvqK‡`i †eZb Kg ZvB Zviv Kv‡R ch©vß mgq w`‡Z cv‡i bv, d‡j Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvq Avkvbyiƒc dj cvIqv hvq bv| mnvqK‡`i †eZb evov‡j Kvh©µ‡g fvj dj cvIqv hv‡e|
· Kvh©µ‡g AskMÖnYKvix‡`i Kv‡Ri Abykxjb evov‡Z n‡e|
· †K›`ª mgvwß †k‡l Zv‡`i †jLvcov Ae¨vnZ ivLvi Rb¨ Ges Avw_©Kfv‡e DcK…Z nIqvi Rb¨ Ae¨vnZ wkÿvi e¨e¯’v ivL‡Z n‡e| mgev‡qi gva¨‡g mÂq evov‡Z n‡e|
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx54
· †gŠmywg ywf©ÿ †gvKv‡ejvq ÿ n‡”Qb|
· bvm©vwi I kvKmewR Pv‡l DrmvwnZ n‡”Qb|
· Avq m„Rbxg~jK KvR Z_v ÿy‡` e¨emv I A_©‰bwZK D‡`¨vM MÖn‡Y hZœevb n‡”Qb|
5| Rxebe¨vcx wkÿvq Kvh©µgmg~‡ni AvKl©Yxq Z_v mej w`Kmg~n
Rxebe¨vcx wkÿvq Kvh©µgmg~‡ni AvKl©Yxq w`K¸‡jv we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h, Kvh©µ‡gi AskMÖnYKvixMY †`‡ki `wi`ª I ewÂZ Rb‡Mvôxi AšÍf©y³ Ges AwaKvsk †ÿ‡ÎB Zviv gvwnjv I wK‡kvi-wK‡kvix| Zviv ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi Pvwn`v wbY©q I Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© GKw`‡K †hgb m‡PZb n‡”Q Ab¨w`‡K Rxebagx© Kg©Kv‡Ð AskMÖnY K‡i wb‡R‡`i‡K ˆZwi Z_v ÿgZvwqZ K‡i wb‡”Q| GB †h Rxe‡bi mgm¨v¸‡jv eyS‡Z cviv Ges mgvav‡bi c_ Luy‡R †ei Kivi †hvM¨Zv AR©b Kiv GmeB AskMÖnYKvix‡K †hgb welqe¯Íyi Ici AvÿwiK mvÿiZv AR©‡b mnvqZv Ki‡Q Ab¨w`‡K wPšÍb-mvÿiZv AR©‡b mnvqZv Ki‡Q| G y‡qi mswgkªY AskMÖnYKvix‡K DˇivËi NUbv we‡kølY I wb‡Ri vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb ivL‡Z DØy× Ki‡Q| GwUB GKRb AskMÖnYKvixi wbKU Rxebe¨vcx wkÿv RM‡Z AšÍ©fyw³i cÖ‡ekØvi| Kvh©µgmg~‡ni Ab¨vb¨ BwZevPK w`K ¸‡jv n‡jv-
· mvÿiZv AskMÖnYKvix‡`i Rxeb weKv‡k mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb K‡i, Zv‡`i AvMÖn evwo‡q †`q, ^Ztù~Z©fv‡e Kv‡R AskMÖn‡Y DrmvwnZ K‡i| wi‡d¬± G‡cÖvPwU wK‡kvi-wK‡kvix Ges gwnjv‡`i Dbœq‡b Ges ÿgZvq‡b GKwU AZ¨šÍ Dchy³ Kvh©µg| G c×wZ‡Z Zviv Zv‡`i cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki mgm¨v wPwýZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| mgm¨v wb‡q Zviv Av‡jvPbv K‡i wb‡Ri mgm¨v‡K A‡b¨i mv‡_ Zzjbv Ki‡Z cv‡i| wb‡Ri mgm¨v‡K A‡b¨i mv‡_ †kqvi Ki‡Z cv‡i| wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ mgm¨v wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i mgvavb Lyu‡R †ei Ki‡Z cv‡i| mgvR †_‡K Zviv wK ai‡bi mnvqZv †c‡Z cv‡i Zv Rvb‡Z cv‡i| mgv‡Ri KZ©ve¨w³, miKvwi Kg©KZ©v‡`i Kv‡Q Zviv mgm¨v wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i _v‡K| `je×fv‡e Zviv Zv‡`i mgm¨vi K_v KZ…©cÿ‡K AewnZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| KZ…©cÿ‡K KbwfÝ K‡i Zv‡`i vwe Av`vq Ki‡Z cv‡i|
· B‡Zvg‡a¨ Zviv Zv‡`i A‡bK mvd‡j¨i cwiPq †c‡q‡Q| †hgb-GjvKvq Zviv †g‡q‡`i evj¨weevn/AcwiYZ eq‡mi †g‡q‡`i weevn eÜ Ki‡Z mÿg n‡q‡Q| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î †hŠZzK eÜ Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q, Zviv `vwe Ki‡Q †g‡qiv m‡PZb nIqvi d‡j GKw`‡K †hgb Zviv ^vej¤^x n‡”Q, DcvR©b Ki‡Q, Ab¨w`‡K Zv‡`i cvwievwiK A‡bK mgm¨v w`b w`b K‡g Avm‡Q| ^vgx-¯¿xi g‡a¨ we‡iva K‡g Avm‡Q|
· mevB wg‡j †hŠ_ cÖ‡Póvq A‡bK mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Q| Zv‡`i GB AR©b Ges Zv‡`i AskMÖnY mgvR cwieZ©‡b f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i, G Dcjwä Zv‡`i g‡a¨ Rb¥ wb‡”Q| Z‡e wi‡d¬±-Gi cÖK…Z jÿ¨/ D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡b Zviv GLbI A‡bK wcwQ‡q|
· Zviv g‡b K‡i wi‡d¬± c×wZ‡Z Kg©Kv‡Ði Abykxjb Pvwj‡q †h‡Z cvi‡j Zviv jvfevb n‡e Ges mgv‡R Zv‡`i gh©v`v evo‡e, Zviv ¯^vej¤^x n‡e| cvwievwiK mvgvwRK †ÿ‡Î mgm¨v K‡g Avm‡e|
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 55
· Kvh©µg ev¯Íevq‡b ¯’vbxq RbMY AskMÖnY K‡i Ges KL‡bv KL‡bv Avw_©K mnvqZvI w`‡q _v‡K| d‡j ¯’vbxq RbM‡Yi mv‡_ AskMªnYKvix‡`i ü`¨Zv ev‡o I Kv‡R Drmvnx nq| wi‡d¬± c×wZ Abymi‡Y AskMÖnYKvixMY mvgvwRK I Avw_©Kfv‡e ÿgZvevb n‡Z cv‡ib Ges mwVK wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib| AskMÖnYKvixMY wewfbœ KwgwU †hgb- GmGgwm (¯‹zj g¨v‡bwRs KwgwU), wcwUG (c¨v‡i›U wUPvi G‡mvwm‡qgb) BZ¨vw`i m`m¨ n‡Z cv‡i, d‡j wewfbœ mfvq AskMÖnY Zv‡`i wm×všÍ †bIqvi ÿgZv evovq, cÖwZfv weKv‡k mnvqZv K‡i| mvgvwRK eÜb my`„p K‡i|
· Kv‡R mdjZvi ga¨ w`‡q Zviv Zv‡`i KvR Kivi ÿgZv Av‡Q G AvZ¥wek¦vm jvf K‡i| RbM‡Yi AwaKvi cÖwZôvq AskMÖnYKvixMY KvR K‡i _v‡K| wK‡kvix I bvix‡`i AwaKvi cÖwZôvq AvBwb mnvqZvq Zviv KvR Ki‡Q| G cÖ‡Póv ÿz`ª n‡jI w`b w`b Zv cÖmvwiZ n‡”Q|
· mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b mivmwi Kv‡R AskMÖnY AskMÖnYKvix‡`i cÖZ¨vkv e„w× †c‡q‡Q|
· mvgvwRK ÿgZv e„w× †c‡q‡Q|
· mvgvwRK MwZkxjZv e„w× †c‡q‡Q|
6| Rxebe¨vcx wkÿvq Kvh©µgmg~‡ni AbvKl©Yxq Z_v ye©j w`K-
· †K‡›`ªi †hvMv‡hvM mgm¨v
· cÖZ¨vkv Ges ev¯ÍeZvi g‡a¨ A‡bK Zdvr
· Kvh©µg mnvqK‡`i Kv‡Ri ÿZv Kg
· AskMÖnYKvix‡`i aviYv Lye mxwgZ ZvB †Kv‡bv GKUv welq Zv‡`i eyS‡Z Kó nq
· Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvq Avkvbyiƒc dj cvIqv hvq bv
· †K‡›`ªi mv‡_ mnvqK‡`i †hvMv‡hvM iÿv Kivi cÖeYZv Kg
· mgš^‡qi Afve
· AskMÖnYKvix‡`i wbtm½ g‡b nq|
M‡elYvi mycvwikmg~n· Kvh©µg AvKl©Yxq Ki‡Z AskMÖnYKvix‡`i wbqwgZ Dcw¯’wZ wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
· †K›`ª mnvqK‡`i cÖwkÿ‡Yi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|
· mv‡K©j †k‡l AskMÖnYKvix‡`i mnR k‡Z© FY cÖ`v‡bi e¨e¯’v _vK‡j Kvh©µg AviI mdjZv jvf Ki‡e |
· AskMÖnYKvix, mnvqK Ges mswkøó‡`i ci¯úi aviYvi Av`vb-cÖ`vb evov‡Z n‡e|
· mnvqK‡`i †eZb Kg ZvB Zviv Kv‡R ch©vß mgq w`‡Z cv‡i bv, d‡j Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvq Avkvbyiƒc dj cvIqv hvq bv| mnvqK‡`i †eZb evov‡j Kvh©µ‡g fvj dj cvIqv hv‡e|
· Kvh©µ‡g AskMÖnYKvix‡`i Kv‡Ri Abykxjb evov‡Z n‡e|
· †K›`ª mgvwß †k‡l Zv‡`i †jLvcov Ae¨vnZ ivLvi Rb¨ Ges Avw_©Kfv‡e DcK…Z nIqvi Rb¨ Ae¨vnZ wkÿvi e¨e¯’v ivL‡Z n‡e| mgev‡qi gva¨‡g mÂq evov‡Z n‡e|
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx56
· mnvqK‡`i Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi myweav‡_© welqwfwËK PvU© mieivn Ki‡Z n‡e|
· GjvKv‡K K¬v÷v‡i fvM K‡i mevB‡K RbM‡Yi wi‡d¬± Gi AvIZvq Avbv †h‡Z cv‡i|
· mvÿiZvi †P‡q ÿgZvqb, Kg©`ÿZv I mvgvwRK Dbœqb Kg©Kv‡Ð AskMÖn‡Y †ewk mgq eivÏ _vK‡Z n‡e|
· mnvqK‡`i wi‡d¬± c×wZi Ici AviI †ewk aviYv _vKv cÖ‡qvRb|
· mnvqK wb‡qv‡M Av‡ivI †ewk m‡PZb n‡Z n‡e|
· KwgDwbwU‡K wi‡d¬± G‡cÖvP-Gi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ Ki‡Z n‡e|
· BDwbqb, Dc‡Rjv/_vbv, †Rjv I wefvMxq ch©v‡q wjqv‡Ruv ivL‡Z n‡e| Ges GjvKvwfwËK wPwýZ mgm¨v¸‡jv mgš^‡qi gva¨‡g mgvavb Ki‡Z n‡e|
· GjvKvi cÖfvekvjx‡`i GW‡fv‡Kwmi gva¨‡g wi‡d¬±-Gi c‡ÿ Avb‡Z n‡e|
· cÖfvekvjx‡`i AskMÖnY AskMÖnYKvix‡`i DrmvwnZ Ki‡e Ges mvgwMÖK Dbœq‡b GwU we‡kl f~wgKv ivL‡e|
· AskMÖnYKvix‡`i msL¨v e„w×i cvkvcvwk YMZ gvb Dbœq‡bi cÖwZ bRi w`‡Z n‡e|
· cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb I mnvqK wn‡m‡e gwnjv‡`i AšÍfy©w³ e„w× Ki‡Z n‡e|
· Rxebgvb Dbœq‡bi cvkvcvwk RxweKv AR©‡bi civgk© Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq mnvqZv cÖ`v‡b m‡Pó n‡Z n‡e|
· AkMÖn‡Y A‡cÿvK…Z ye©j AskMÖnYKvix‡`i cÖwZ †Lqvj I we‡kl hZœ wb‡Z n‡e|
· wi‡d¬± c×wZ Abymi‡Y †h-mKj cÖwZôvb KvR Ki‡Q Zv‡`i mgš^qKi‡Y AviI Zrci n‡Z n‡e|
MÖš’cwÄ1. Ae¨vnZ wkÿv Ges †cvó-mv‡K©j Kvh©µg, wi‡d¬± †KvAwW©‡bkb BDwbU, GKkbGBW evsjv‡`k,
XvKv, 2003|
2. Avey nvwg` jwZd, wkÿv wkLb wkÿY cÖwkÿY, XvKv, 2007|3. Avey nvwg` jwZd, evsjv‡`‡k DcvbyôvwbK wkÿv, XvKv, 2002|4. wK‡kvix msjvc wb‡`©wkKv, cÖ_g Ask, msjvc cwiPvjbv cÖwµqv, m¤úv`bv- wmivRy` vnvi Lvb, ÷ªg
dvD‡Ûkb, XvKv, 2007|5. wK‡kvix msjvc wb‡`©wkKv, wØZxq Ask, msjvc aviYvcÎ, m¤úv`bv- wmivRy` `vnvi Lvb, ÷ªg
dvD‡Ûkb, XvKv, 2007|6. wK‡kvix msjvc wb‡`©wkKv, Z…Zxq Ask, msjvc Kvh©µg e¨e¯’vcbv, m¤úv`bv- wmivRy` `vnvi Lvb,
÷ªg dvD‡Ûkb, XvKv, 2007|7. cov‡jLv, †hvMv‡hvM mvÿiZv wkÿvi eB-1, KwgDwbwU †W‡fjc‡g›U †m›Uvi-†Kv‡WK, PÆMvÖ g, 2001|8. ggZvR jwZd, evsjv‡`‡ki DcvbyôvwbK wkÿv- wkÿvµg cÖm½, XvKv, mvwnZ¨ cÖKvk, 2002| 9. wi‡d¬± g¨vbyqvj-evsjv‡`k, wi‡d¬± mgš^q BDwbU, GKkbGBW evsjv‡`k, XvKv, 1997|10. wi‡d¬±, ^vej¤^x Dbœqb mwgwZ, †b·KvYv, 2005|
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 57
11. wi‡d¬± cÖqvm-ZË¡ I ev¯ÍeZvi `~iZ¡ I ˆbKU¨, wi‡d¬± †KvAwW©‡bkb BDwbU, GKkbGBW evsjv‡`k, XvKv, 2003|
12. wi‡d¬Kkbm&, 2007 mv‡ji cÖ_g msL¨v, Ryb 2007| 13. †jvK‡K›`ªi MVbZš¿, wi‡d¬± †KvAwW©‡bkb BDwbU, GKkbGBW evsjv‡`k, XvKv|14. †jvK‡K‡›`ªi MVbZš¿, fvW©|15. jvnvwšÍ AvLov Kvh©µg ev¯Íevqb MvBW, wcøR cÖKí, Avkªq|16. jvnvwšÍ AvLovi MVbZš¿, gvbem¤ú` Dbœqb wefvM, ivRkvnx, Avkªq|17. jvnvwšÍ Av¨vWfvÝ mv‡K©j mnvqK MvBW, Avkªq, ivRkvnx|18. jvnvwšÍ †ewmK mv‡K©j MvBW, gvbe m¤ú` Dbœqb wefvM, Avkªq, ivRkvnx, 2005|19. mdjZvq wi‡d¬±, †eBm wifvi GWy‡Kkb cÖ‡R±, †`IqvbMÄ, Rvgvjcyi|20.Ômsjvc †K‡›`ªiÕ Gwb‡gUi‡ii gvwmK cÖwZ‡e`b (09/01/2007-05/02/2007), † K v ‡ W K ,
iv½vgvwU|21. Annual Report 2006-2007, CODEC Rangamati Project, CODEC, Rangamati, 2007.
22. CODEC Rangamati Project, Shahidur Adnan Shantanu, CODEC, Rangamati, 2007.23. EKATA Resource Package, CARE-Bangladesh, Dhaka, 2007.24. Evaluation Study of Reflect in Bangladesh, ActionAid Bangladesh, 2000.25. VARD a brief profile, December 2007.
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx56
· mnvqK‡`i Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi myweav‡_© welqwfwËK PvU© mieivn Ki‡Z n‡e|
· GjvKv‡K K¬v÷v‡i fvM K‡i mevB‡K RbM‡Yi wi‡d¬± Gi AvIZvq Avbv †h‡Z cv‡i|
· mvÿiZvi †P‡q ÿgZvqb, Kg©`ÿZv I mvgvwRK Dbœqb Kg©Kv‡Ð AskMÖn‡Y †ewk mgq eivÏ _vK‡Z n‡e|
· mnvqK‡`i wi‡d¬± c×wZi Ici AviI †ewk aviYv _vKv cÖ‡qvRb|
· mnvqK wb‡qv‡M Av‡ivI †ewk m‡PZb n‡Z n‡e|
· KwgDwbwU‡K wi‡d¬± G‡cÖvP-Gi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ Ki‡Z n‡e|
· BDwbqb, Dc‡Rjv/_vbv, †Rjv I wefvMxq ch©v‡q wjqv‡Ruv ivL‡Z n‡e| Ges GjvKvwfwËK wPwýZ mgm¨v¸‡jv mgš^‡qi gva¨‡g mgvavb Ki‡Z n‡e|
· GjvKvi cÖfvekvjx‡`i GW‡fv‡Kwmi gva¨‡g wi‡d¬±-Gi c‡ÿ Avb‡Z n‡e|
· cÖfvekvjx‡`i AskMÖnY AskMÖnYKvix‡`i DrmvwnZ Ki‡e Ges mvgwMÖK Dbœq‡b GwU we‡kl f~wgKv ivL‡e|
· AskMÖnYKvix‡`i msL¨v e„w×i cvkvcvwk YMZ gvb Dbœq‡bi cÖwZ bRi w`‡Z n‡e|
· cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb I mnvqK wn‡m‡e gwnjv‡`i AšÍfy©w³ e„w× Ki‡Z n‡e|
· Rxebgvb Dbœq‡bi cvkvcvwk RxweKv AR©‡bi civgk© Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq mnvqZv cÖ`v‡b m‡Pó n‡Z n‡e|
· AkMÖn‡Y A‡cÿvK…Z ye©j AskMÖnYKvix‡`i cÖwZ †Lqvj I we‡kl hZœ wb‡Z n‡e|
· wi‡d¬± c×wZ Abymi‡Y †h-mKj cÖwZôvb KvR Ki‡Q Zv‡`i mgš^qKi‡Y AviI Zrci n‡Z n‡e|
MÖš’cwÄ1. Ae¨vnZ wkÿv Ges †cvó-mv‡K©j Kvh©µg, wi‡d¬± †KvAwW©‡bkb BDwbU, GKkbGBW evsjv‡`k,
XvKv, 2003|
2. Avey nvwg` jwZd, wkÿv wkLb wkÿY cÖwkÿY, XvKv, 2007|3. Avey nvwg` jwZd, evsjv‡`‡k DcvbyôvwbK wkÿv, XvKv, 2002|4. wK‡kvix msjvc wb‡`©wkKv, cÖ_g Ask, msjvc cwiPvjbv cÖwµqv, m¤úv`bv- wmivRy` vnvi Lvb, ÷ªg
dvD‡Ûkb, XvKv, 2007|5. wK‡kvix msjvc wb‡`©wkKv, wØZxq Ask, msjvc aviYvcÎ, m¤úv`bv- wmivRy` `vnvi Lvb, ÷ªg
dvD‡Ûkb, XvKv, 2007|6. wK‡kvix msjvc wb‡`©wkKv, Z…Zxq Ask, msjvc Kvh©µg e¨e¯’vcbv, m¤úv`bv- wmivRy` `vnvi Lvb,
÷ªg dvD‡Ûkb, XvKv, 2007|7. cov‡jLv, †hvMv‡hvM mvÿiZv wkÿvi eB-1, KwgDwbwU †W‡fjc‡g›U †m›Uvi-†Kv‡WK, PÆMvÖ g, 2001|8. ggZvR jwZd, evsjv‡`‡ki DcvbyôvwbK wkÿv- wkÿvµg cÖm½, XvKv, mvwnZ¨ cÖKvk, 2002| 9. wi‡d¬± g¨vbyqvj-evsjv‡`k, wi‡d¬± mgš^q BDwbU, GKkbGBW evsjv‡`k, XvKv, 1997|10. wi‡d¬±, ^vej¤^x Dbœqb mwgwZ, †b·KvYv, 2005|
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 57
11. wi‡d¬± cÖqvm-ZË¡ I ev¯ÍeZvi `~iZ¡ I ˆbKU¨, wi‡d¬± †KvAwW©‡bkb BDwbU, GKkbGBW evsjv‡`k, XvKv, 2003|
12. wi‡d¬Kkbm&, 2007 mv‡ji cÖ_g msL¨v, Ryb 2007| 13. †jvK‡K›`ªi MVbZš¿, wi‡d¬± †KvAwW©‡bkb BDwbU, GKkbGBW evsjv‡`k, XvKv|14. †jvK‡K‡›`ªi MVbZš¿, fvW©|15. jvnvwšÍ AvLov Kvh©µg ev¯Íevqb MvBW, wcøR cÖKí, Avkªq|16. jvnvwšÍ AvLovi MVbZš¿, gvbem¤ú` Dbœqb wefvM, ivRkvnx, Avkªq|17. jvnvwšÍ Av¨vWfvÝ mv‡K©j mnvqK MvBW, Avkªq, ivRkvnx|18. jvnvwšÍ †ewmK mv‡K©j MvBW, gvbe m¤ú` Dbœqb wefvM, Avkªq, ivRkvnx, 2005|19. mdjZvq wi‡d¬±, †eBm wifvi GWy‡Kkb cÖ‡R±, †`IqvbMÄ, Rvgvjcyi|20.Ômsjvc †K‡›`ªiÕ Gwb‡gUi‡ii gvwmK cÖwZ‡e`b (09/01/2007-05/02/2007), † K v ‡ W K ,
iv½vgvwU|21. Annual Report 2006-2007, CODEC Rangamati Project, CODEC, Rangamati, 2007.
22. CODEC Rangamati Project, Shahidur Adnan Shantanu, CODEC, Rangamati, 2007.23. EKATA Resource Package, CARE-Bangladesh, Dhaka, 2007.24. Evaluation Study of Reflect in Bangladesh, ActionAid Bangladesh, 2000.25. VARD a brief profile, December 2007.
hv`yKi ggZvR jwZd PZz_© mvwnZ¨ cÖKvk ms¯‹iY: †deªæqvwi 2010cÖ”Q`: A‡kvK Kg©Kvi AjsKiY: nv‡kg Lvb cÖKvkbv: mvwnZ¨ cÖKvk, 87 cyivbv cëb jvBb, XvKv 1000g~j¨ : 100 UvKv
Ô†h wkï‡`i Av‡av K_vi wfZ‡i jywK‡q _v‡K Mvb, cv‡qi wfZi bvP, nv‡Zi wfZi KvR Avi ey‡Ki wfZi fv‡jvevmvÕ †m-wkï‡`i Rb¨ wj‡L‡Qb ggZvR jwZd Ôhv`yKiÕ eBwU| wkïiv cÖZxKx A‡_© hv`yKi †Zv e‡UB| Zv‡`i ^cœ I Kíbvq, Abyfe I Kv‡R, Zv‡`i ¯^‡cœi hv`yi †Quvqvq G c„w_ex n‡q I‡V my›`i I m¤¢vebvgq| KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg †Zv †mB K‡eB wj‡LwQ‡jbwkï hv`yKi KweZvwU| Kwe e‡j‡Qb-
cvi n‡q KZ b`x KZ †m mvMi GB cv‡i Gwj ZzB wkï hv`yKi| †Kvb iƒc-†jv‡K wQwj iƒcK_v ZzB, iƒc a‡i Gwj ZvB ggZvi RyuB|
ggZvR jwZd wkï‡`i D‡Ïk¨ K‡i eB‡qi †Mvov‡ZB e‡j‡Qb Ñ Ô†Zvgiv †h †QvU, ÿz‡` hv`yKi GK GK Rb †m K_v g‡b Kwi‡q w`‡Z G eB|Õ Zvici wZwb Av‡iv e¨L¨v w`‡q‡Qb Ô†Kb GB eBÕ| Zuvi K_v Ñ ÔAvgvi g‡b n‡q‡Q Ñ gvby‡li Áv‡bi I mf¨Zvi †cQ‡b †h-me Dcv`vb, DcKiY, bvbv wRwb‡mi I gvby‡li wbR¯^ ¸‡Yi `vb i‡q‡Q †mme m¤ú‡K© wKQzUv ˆeÁvwbK I GKB mv‡_ wKQzUv ˆkwíK `„wó w`‡q wKQz K_v wkï‡`i Áv‡bi †Mvovq R‡ji g‡Zv †X‡j †`qv `iKvi| ........... Avi Áv‡bi c_, Rvbvi c_ †h wKQzUv euvKv, yM©g, A‡Pbv, ARvbv, Kó I cwikªg w`‡q fivÑ Zvi mvgvb¨ Avfvm G eB‡Z w`‡qwQ Ñ wkï‡K fve‡Z †kLv‡bvi Rb¨|Õ
wkï‡`i GB fvebv‡K DÏxwcZ Kivi j‡ÿ¨ Ôhv`Ky iÕ eBwU †QvU †QvU PviwU fv‡M fvM K‡i‡Qb wZwb| cvÖ Pxb mf¨Zv I mf¨Zvi D™‡¢ ei K_v, cvÖ Y I cvÖ Yxi mw„ ói K_v †h As‡k e‡j‡Qb †m As‡ki bvg Ôciy ‡bv e܇z `i DcnviÕ| G Aa¨v‡q i‡q‡Q `wy U †jLv- cvª Y †_‡K cvª Yx I hv`iy nvZ| gvb‡y li mw„ ókxjZv, Zvi kgª I Avwe®‹v‡ii K_v ejv n‡q‡Q GLv‡b, Avgv‡`i cwÖ Zw`bKvi Rxeb, cKÖ w… Z,
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 59
MšÖ v’ ‡jvPbv Áv‡bi K_v mnR K‡i ejv
Abfy e w`‡q ejv *kwdDj Avjg
*wkÿvµg we‡klÁ I cvÖ ewÜK|
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evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 59
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AvKvk, cw„ _ex, cwi‡ek, RxeRš‘ I wbZ¨w`‡bi ˆewPΨ wb‡q †h Aa¨vqwU Zvi bvg Ôm‡½i e܇z `i DcnviÕ| G Aa¨v‡q i‡q‡Q wZbwU iPbv Ñ AvKv‡ki eÜiz v, iƒcmx cw„ _ex I hv`fy iv cw„ _ex| †k‡li Ask ev Aa¨vqwUi bvg Ô¯‡^ ciœ e܇z `i DcnviÕ| G Aa¨v‡q i‡q‡Q wkï‡`i g‡b cœ †`Lvi AvnŸvb| wkï †h-iwOb ¯cœ †`L‡e †m ¯‡cœ ivRv Zvi nv‡Z Z‡z j †`‡e ÔwPwVi evwUÕ| †m evwU ev cv‡Î Av‡Q mvZwU mvZ i‡Oi wPwV| c_Ö g wPwVUv njy i‡Oi| GwU gvwU ewy ogvi wPwV| gvwU‡K Avgiv cZÖ xKx A‡_© ewj ÔgvÕ| gv †hgb mes© mnv gvwUI †Zgwb| †jwLKv wKš‘ gvwU‡K g‡b K‡i‡Qb Ôewy ogvÕ, nq‡Zv ciy ‡bv ev cvÖ Pxb A‡_B© | G cw„ _ex †h-w`b gvb‡y li emev‡mi Abcy ‡hvMx n‡q c‡o‡Q †m-wel‡q ewy ogv m‡PZb K‡i w`‡”Q| fw‚ g K‡g hv‡”Q, KjKviLvbv M‡o DV‡Q wbZ¨, †ÿZ-Lvgvi Lv`¨km¨ djv‡bvi RvqMvI msKwz PZ n‡q Avm‡Q| ZvB AvMvgx w`‡bi wkï-wK‡kvi‡`i G wel‡q m‡PZb n‡Z n‡e| GB ciy ‡bv gvwU-gv‡K fv‡jvevm‡Z n‡e, hZœ w`‡q Zv‡K iÿv Ki‡Z n‡e| cwi‡e‡ki Ab¨ Dcv`vb nj evZvm| mv`v i‡Oi wPwVUv evZvm v`iy †jLv| AvMvgx w`‡bi mgvR Mov hv‡`i nv‡Z †mB wkï‡`i evZvm v y evq`y l~ Y m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb K‡i w`‡”Q| evqy l~ Y gvbly I cïcvwL mevi Rb¨ wec¾bK, KjKviLvbvi †avu qv bvbv †iv‡Mi mw„ ó Ki‡Q Ñ G m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbZvgj~ K G wPwV| Ggwbfv‡e bxj i‡Oi wPwV‡Z i‡q‡Q cvwb`l~ ‡Yi K_v, Avgiv Kxfv‡e cvwb`l~ Y K‡i P‡jwQ Ges Zvi d‡j K‡Zv iK‡gi †ivM n‡”Q, Pviw`‡K Kxfv‡e RxevYy Qov‡”Q Gme K_v Av‡Q G wPwV‡Z| Ab¨w`‡K †e¸wb wPwVUv ivRnv‡u mi †jLv, jvj wPwVUv mh~ g© vgvi †jLv| Gme wPwVI gj~ Z cKÖ w… Z, cwi‡ek I Av‡jv wb‡q Ñ hv bv n‡j Avgv‡`i Rxeb APj n‡q hv‡e| G mvZwU wPwV mZKZ© vgj~ K I m‡PZbZvgj~ K wPwV|
Ôhv`yKiÕ eBwU AZ¨šÍ mnR-my›`i fvlvq †jLv| G fvlv mn‡RB wkï‡`i AvK…ó Ki‡e| cy‡iv eBwU‡Z cÖwZwU wel‡qi Dc¯’vcb I eY©bv ^”Q›`| bvbv Áv‡bi K_v, ARvbv-Rvbv A‡bK Z_¨ Av‡Q eBwU‡Z; wKš‘ Gme Z_¨ †Kv_vI RwUj eY©bvq fvivµvšÍ bq, eis eY©bvi mPjZvq cvVK‡K Kv‡Q †U‡b †bq| A‡kvK Kg©Kv‡ii AvuKv eBwUi cÖ”Q` my›`i| wkíx nv‡kg Lv‡bi Bjvm‡Uªkb eBwU‡K AviI AvKl©Yxq K‡i‡Q| eBwUi Kfv‡ii †kl cvZvq ejv n‡q‡Q Ñ Ôwkï‡`i Kv‡Q Rxe‡bi K_v †cuŠ‡Q w`‡Z n‡e Zv‡`i fvlvq, Zv‡`i †evakw³i m‡½ mgÄm †i‡L| KvRwU Riæwi, Z‡e †ek KwVb|Õ ggZvR jwZd †mB Riæwi Ges KwVb KvRwU AZ¨šÍ mnRfv‡e K‡i‡Qb|
eBwUi PZz_© ms¯‹iY Pj‡Q| Zv‡Z g‡b nq eBwU hv‡`i Rb¨ iwPZ Zv‡`i Kv‡Q †ek Av`„Z n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ PZz_© ms®‹i‡YI wKQz wKQz gy`ªY-cÖgv` †PvL‡K cxov †`q| eB‡qi ïiæ‡ZB iyMY evbvb n‡q‡Q iæMœ, †hme ’‡j n‡q‡Q †mme, 17 c„ôvq AvR n‡q‡Q AvK, c„ôv 33 G KYv n‡q‡Q K_v, SvD n‡q‡Q RvI, 34 c„ôvq k¨vIjv n‡q‡Q k¨vjv, 46 c„ôvq Rwii KvR n‡q‡Q Rwoi KvR, awi‡q w`‡jb n‡q‡Q a‡i w`‡jb, 47 c…ôvq kÎæi gy‡L n‡q‡Q mËz‡ii gy‡L, 50 c„ôvq jÿ n‡q‡Q jÿ¨ BZ¨vw`| is I i‡Oi evbv‡bI i‡q‡Q weåvwšÍ| Ôhv`yÕ kãwUi evbvb eB‡qi †kl Kfv‡i †jLv n‡q‡Q ÔRv`yÕ| Rv`yKvwV‡K m¤¢eZ hv`yi KvwV †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| GKB eB‡Z GKB k‡ãi evbv‡bi mgZv _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| GKwU eB G‡Kev‡i wbLuyZ n‡e Ggb Avkv Kiv hvq bv, ZeyI cieZ©x ms¯‹i‡Y Gw`‡K jÿ ivLv †h‡Z cv‡i|
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evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx60
AvKvk, cw„ _ex, cwi‡ek, RxeRš‘ I wbZ¨w`‡bi ˆewPΨ wb‡q †h Aa¨vqwU Zvi bvg Ôm‡½i e܇z `i DcnviÕ| G Aa¨v‡q i‡q‡Q wZbwU iPbv Ñ AvKv‡ki eÜiz v, iƒcmx cw„ _ex I hv`fy iv cw„ _ex| †k‡li Ask ev Aa¨vqwUi bvg Ô¯‡^ ciœ e܇z `i DcnviÕ| G Aa¨v‡q i‡q‡Q wkï‡`i g‡b cœ †`Lvi AvnŸvb| wkï †h-iwOb ¯cœ †`L‡e †m ¯‡cœ ivRv Zvi nv‡Z Z‡z j †`‡e ÔwPwVi evwUÕ| †m evwU ev cv‡Î Av‡Q mvZwU mvZ i‡Oi wPwV| c_Ö g wPwVUv njy i‡Oi| GwU gvwU ewy ogvi wPwV| gvwU‡K Avgiv cZÖ xKx A‡_© ewj ÔgvÕ| gv †hgb mes© mnv gvwUI †Zgwb| †jwLKv wKš‘ gvwU‡K g‡b K‡i‡Qb Ôewy ogvÕ, nq‡Zv ciy ‡bv ev cvÖ Pxb A‡_B© | G cw„ _ex †h-w`b gvb‡y li emev‡mi Abcy ‡hvMx n‡q c‡o‡Q †m-wel‡q ewy ogv m‡PZb K‡i w`‡”Q| fw‚ g K‡g hv‡”Q, KjKviLvbv M‡o DV‡Q wbZ¨, †ÿZ-Lvgvi Lv`¨km¨ djv‡bvi RvqMvI msKwz PZ n‡q Avm‡Q| ZvB AvMvgx w`‡bi wkï-wK‡kvi‡`i G wel‡q m‡PZb n‡Z n‡e| GB ciy ‡bv gvwU-gv‡K fv‡jvevm‡Z n‡e, hZœ w`‡q Zv‡K iÿv Ki‡Z n‡e| cwi‡e‡ki Ab¨ Dcv`vb nj evZvm| mv`v i‡Oi wPwVUv evZvm v`iy †jLv| AvMvgx w`‡bi mgvR Mov hv‡`i nv‡Z †mB wkï‡`i evZvm v y evq`y l~ Y m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb K‡i w`‡”Q| evqy l~ Y gvbly I cïcvwL mevi Rb¨ wec¾bK, KjKviLvbvi †avu qv bvbv †iv‡Mi mw„ ó Ki‡Q Ñ G m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbZvgj~ K G wPwV| Ggwbfv‡e bxj i‡Oi wPwV‡Z i‡q‡Q cvwb`l~ ‡Yi K_v, Avgiv Kxfv‡e cvwb`l~ Y K‡i P‡jwQ Ges Zvi d‡j K‡Zv iK‡gi †ivM n‡”Q, Pviw`‡K Kxfv‡e RxevYy Qov‡”Q Gme K_v Av‡Q G wPwV‡Z| Ab¨w`‡K †e¸wb wPwVUv ivRnv‡u mi †jLv, jvj wPwVUv mh~ g© vgvi †jLv| Gme wPwVI gj~ Z cKÖ w… Z, cwi‡ek I Av‡jv wb‡q Ñ hv bv n‡j Avgv‡`i Rxeb APj n‡q hv‡e| G mvZwU wPwV mZKZ© vgj~ K I m‡PZbZvgj~ K wPwV|
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