Membran sel dan transport
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MEMBRAN SEL DAN TRANSPORT
Agustina Setiawati, M.Sc., Apt
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MODEL MEMBRANFluid Mosaic Model 1972 Singer & Nicolson : lipid diatur dlm struktur 2 lapis dg protein yg berbeda2 tertanam / menempel pada lipid (mosaik), dimana protein & fosfolipid dpt bergerak bebas pada membran (fluid).
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Fluid Mosaic Membrane
Text pg 80
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STRUKTUR FOSFOLIPID
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FOSFOLIPID PADA MAMALIA
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Protein membran…. cont.
Text pg 80
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PROTEIN MEMBRAN INTEGRAL
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PROTEIN MEMBRAN PERIPHERAL
Integral
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Membrane Proteins Proteins determine membrane’s specific functions
cell membrane & organelle membranes each have unique collections of proteins
Membrane proteins: peripheral proteins
loosely bound to surface of membrane cell surface identity marker (antigens)
integral proteins penetrate lipid bilayer, usually across whole membrane transmembrane protein transport proteins
channels, permeases (pumps)
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2007-2008
Why areproteins the perfect molecule to build structures in the cell membrane?
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Classes of amino acidsWhat do these amino acids have in
common?
nonpolar & hydrophobic
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Classes of amino acidsWhat do these amino acids have in
common?
polar & hydrophilic
I like thepolar onesthe best!
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Proteins domains anchor molecule Within membrane
nonpolar amino acids hydrophobic anchors protein
into membrane On outer surfaces of
membrane polar amino acids
hydrophilic extend into
extracellular fluid & into cytosol
Polar areasof protein
Nonpolar areas of protein
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Many Functions of Membrane ProteinsOutside
Plasmamembrane
InsideTransporter Cell surface
receptorEnzymeactivity
Cell surface identity marker
Attachment to thecytoskeleton
Cell adhesion
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Membrane carbohydrates Play a key role in cell-cell recognition
ability of a cell to distinguish one cell from another antigens
important in organ & tissue development
basis for rejection of foreign cells by immune system
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SIFAT MEMBRAN SEL TERHADAP MOLEKUL
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Types of Cellular Transport
Passive Transport cell doesn’t use energy
1. Diffusion2. Facilitated Diffusion3. Osmosis
Active Transportcell does use energy
1. Protein Pumps2. Endocytosis3. Exocytosis
high
low
This is gonna
be hard work!!
high
low
Weeee!!!
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Passive Transport cell uses no energy molecules move randomly Molecules spread out from an area of
high concentration to an area of low concentration.
(HighLow)
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3 Types of Passive Transport
1. Diffusion 2. Facilitative Diffusion – diffusion with
the help of transport proteins 3. Osmosis – diffusion of water
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1. Diffusion
1. Diffusion: random movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
(High to Low) Diffusion continues until all
molecules are evenly spaced (equilibrium is reached)-Note: molecules will still move around but stay spread out.
http://bio.winona.edu/berg/Free.htm
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What determines the rate of diffusion?There 4 factors:
1. Gradien konsentrasiMakin besar gradien konsentrasi semakin cepat difusi
2. Suhumakin tinggi suhu, makin tinggi energi kinetik molekul sehingga probabilitas difusi lebih besar
3. Luas permukaan difusimakin luas permukaan difusi semakin banyak molekul yg berdifusi
4. Tipe molekul/ion yang berdifusiMolekul yang lebih besar lebih sulit berdifusiMolekul non polar/hidrofobik lebih mudah berdifusi karena larut dalam ekor non polar fosfolipid.
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Molecules that diffuse through cell membranes
1. Oxygen – Non-polar so diffuses very quickly.
2. Carbon dioxide – Polar but very small so diffuses quickly.
3. Water – Polar but also very small so diffuses quickly.
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2. Facilitated diffusion: diffusion of specific particles through transport proteins found in the membrane
a. Transport Proteins are specific – they “select” only certain molecules to cross the membrane
b. Transports larger or charged molecules
Facilitated diffusion (Channel Protein)
Diffusion (Lipid
Bilayer)
2. Facilitated Diffusion
Carrier Protein
A B
• http://bio.winona.edu/berg/Free.htm
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High Concentration
Low Concentration
Cell Membrane
Glucosemolecules
Proteinchannel
2. Facilitated Diffusion
Go to Section:
Transport ProteinThrough a
Cellular Transport From a-High
Low
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Transpoter glukosa (GluT)
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How to get other molecules across membranes?? Transport proteins Transports molecules
or ions across biological membranes 3 types of transport proteins:
1. uniport
2. symport
3. antiport
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Uniport Transport Protein
extracellularfluid
intracellularfluid
Carries a single solute across the membrane.
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Symport Transport Protein Translocate 2 different solutes simultaneously in
same direction.
intracellularfluid
extracellularfluid
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Antiport Transport Protein Exchanges 2 solutes by transporting them in
opposite directions.
intracellularfluid
extracellularfluid
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Facilitated Diffusion through a membrane
Cell membrane
Inside cell Outside cellProtein channel
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Facilitated Diffusion through a membrane
Cell membrane
Inside cell Outside cellProtein channel
diffusion
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Facilitated Diffusion through a membrane
Cell membrane
Inside cell Outside cellProtein channel
diffusion
EQUILIBRIUM
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3.Osmosis: diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Water moves from high to low concentrations
•Water moves freely through pores.•Solute (green) to large to move across.
Osmosis animation
Passive Transport: 3. Osmosis
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Effects of Osmosis on Life
Osmosis- diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Water is so small and there is so much of it the cell can’t control it’s movement through the cell membrane.
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Hypotonic SolutionHypotonic: The solution has a lower concentration of solutes and a higher concentration of water than inside the cell. (Low solute; High water)
Result: Water moves from the solution to inside the cell): Cell Swells and bursts open (cytolysis)!
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Hypertonic SolutionHypertonic: The solution has a higher concentration of solutes and a lower concentration of water than inside the cell. (High solute; Low water)
Result: Water moves from inside the cell into the solution: Cell shrinks (Plasmolysis)!
shrinks
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Isotonic SolutionIsotonic: The concentration of solutes in the solution is equal to the concentration of solutes inside the cell.
Result: Water moves equally in both directions and the cell remains same size! (Dynamic Equilibrium)
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What type of solution are these cells in?
A CB
Hypertonic Isotonic Hypotonic
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Sel tumbuhan Firmness or tension (vacuole full) that is
found in plant cells (cell wall) that are in a hypotonic environment is called TURGID.
This process is called TURGOR PRESSURE.
Water
CentralVacuole
Water
WaterWater
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When the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall (vacuole empty) in a hypertonic environment (loss of water) is called PLASMOLYSIS
Water Water
CellWall Water
plasma membrane
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How Organisms Deal with Osmotic Pressure
•Bacteria and plants have cell walls that prevent them from over-expanding. In plants the pressure exerted on the cell wall is called tugor pressure. •A protist like paramecium has contractile vacuoles that collect water flowing in and pump it out to prevent them from over-expanding.•Salt water fish pump salt out of their specialized gills so they do not dehydrate.•Animal cells are bathed in blood. Kidneys keep the blood isotonic by remove excess salt and water.
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Active Transport•cell uses energy •actively moves molecules to where they are needed•Movement from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration •(Low High)
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Types of Active Transport
1. Protein Pumps -transport proteins that require energy to do work• Example: Sodium / Potassium Pumps are important in nerve responses.
Protein changes shape to move molecules: this requires energy!
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Active transport in two solutes across a membrane
Figure 5.18
Transportprotein
1
FLUIDOUTSIDECELL
Firstsolute
First solute, inside cell, binds to protein
Phosphorylated transport protein
2 ATP transfers phosphate to protein
3 Protein releases solute outside cell
4 Second solute binds to protein
Second solute
5 Phosphate detaches from protein
6 Protein releases second solute into cell
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Contoh pompa protein transport aktif
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Resistensi sel kanker terhadap beberapa obat sitotoksik
Contoh pompa protein transport aktif
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Types of Active Transport
2. Endocytosis: taking bulky material into a cell • Uses energy• Cell membrane in-folds
around food particle• “cell eating”• forms food vacuole &
digests food• This is how white blood
cells eat bacteria!
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Endocytosis Transports macromolecules and large particles
into the cell.
Part of the membrane engulfs the particle and folds inward to “bud off.”
The energy requiring movement of particles (foreign or natural) into the cell.
3 types of endocytosis:A. PhagocytosisB. PinocytosisC. Receptor-mediated endocytosis
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A. Phagocytosis Cell eating: cells engulf particles with
pseudopodia and pinches off a food vacuole.
Two examples:1. White Blood Cell2. Amoeba
FoodVacuole White Blood Cell
Bacteria
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Phagocytosis…. cont. Invagination of membrane surrounding the particles. depression then pinched off to form phagocytic
vacuole. Lysosomes release their enzymes Useful products are absorbed and undigested matter
is expelled by exocytosis.
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B. Pinocytosis Cell drinking: droplets of extracellular fluid
are absorbed into the cell by small vesicles.
Example:1. Fungi Food Particles
Hyphae
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Pinocytosis.... cont.
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C. Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
Importing specific macromolecules (hormones) into the cell by the inward budding of vesicles formed from coated pits (receptors).
Hormones
Receptors
Liver Cell
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Harmful levels of cholesterol can accumulate in the blood if membranes lack cholesterol receptors
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Types of Active Transport
3. Exocytosis: Forces material out of cell in bulk• membrane surrounding the
material fuses with cell membrane
• Cell changes shape – requires energy
• EX: Hormones or wastes released from cell
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