McArdle 7ed Referencias

8/18/2019 McArdle 7ed Referencias

1/100

www.grupogen.com.br

http://gen-io.grupogen.com.br

N I

McArdle

Fisiologia doExercício

L


2/100

www.grupogen.com.br

http://gen-io.grupogen.com.br

G|S|L|F|M|U

O GEN | Grupo Editorial Nacional reúne

as editoras Guanabara Koogan, Santos, LTC,Forense, Método e Forense Universitária

O GEN-IO | GEN – Informação Online

é o repositório de material suplementar

dos livros dessas editoras


3/100

Traduzido de:EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY: NUTRITION, ENERGY, AND HUMAN PERFORMANCE,

SEVENTH EDITIONCopyright © 2010, 2007, 2001, 1996, 1991, 1986, 1981 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a WoltersKluwer business.All rights reserved.530 Walnut StreetPhiladelphia, PA 19106 USALWW.comPublished by arrangement with Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc., USA.Lippincott Williams & Wilkins/Wolters Kluwer Health did not participate in the translation of this title.

Direitos exclusivos para a língua portuguesaCopyright © 2011 byEDITORA GUANABARA KOOGAN LTDA.

Uma editora integrante do GEN | Grupo Editorial Nacional

Reservados todos os direitos. É proibida a duplicação ou reprodução deste volume, no todo ou em parte,sob quaisquer formas ou por quaisquer meios (eletrônico, mecânico, gravação, fotocópia, distribuição nainternet ou outros), sem permissão expressa da Editora.

Travessa do Ouvidor, 11Rio de Janeiro, RJ — CEP 20040-040Tels.: 21–3543-0770 / 11–5080-0770Fax: 21–[email protected]


4/100


5/100

2 Seção 1 Introdução: Uma Visão do Passado

50. Park, RJ. “Of the greatest possible worth”: the ResearchQuarterly in historical contexts. Res Q Exerc Sport 2005;76(2 suppl):S5.

51. Park, RJ. The contributions of women to exercise science andsports medicine, 1870–1994. Women in Sport Phys ActivityJournal 1994;4:41.

52. Park, RJ. Physiology and anatomy are destiny!?: brains, bodiesand exercise in nineteenth century American thought. J SportHistory 1991;18:31.

53. Park RJ. High-protein diets, “damaged hearts,” and rowingmen: antecedents of modern sports medicine and exercisescience, 1867–1928. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 1997;25:137.

54. Park, RJ. “Time given freely to worthwhile causes”: Anna S.Espenschade’s contributions to physical education. Res QuartExercise Sports 2000;71;99.

55. Park, RJ. G. Lawrence Rarick: gentleman, scholar, andconsummate professional. Res Quart Exercise Sports1997;68:182.

56. Park RJ. A long and productive career: Franklin M.Henry—scientist, mentor, pioneer. Res Q Exerc Sport1994;65:295.

57. Payne JF. Harvey and Galen. The Harveyan oration. Oct. 19,1896. London: Frowde, 1897.

58. Powers SK, Howley ET. Exercise physiology. Dubuque: Wm.C. Brown, 1994.59. Ross WD. Kinanthropometry: an emerging scientific

technology. In: Landry F, Orban WAR, eds. Biomechanicsof sports and kinanthropometry. Book 6. Miami: SymposiaSpecialists, 1978:269.

60. Ross WD, et al. Kinanthropometry: traditions and newperspectives. In: Ostyn M, et al., eds. Kinanthropometry II.Baltimore: University Park Press, 1980:3.

61. Schmidt-Nielsen B. August and Marie Krogh and respiratoryphysiology. J Appl Physiol 1984;57:293.

62. Scholander PF. Analyzer for accurate estimation of respiratorygases in one-half cubic centimeter samples. J Biol Chem1947;167:235.

63. Shaffel N. The evaluation of American medical literature. In:

Marti-Ibanez F, ed. History of American medicine. New York:MD Publications, 1958.64. Siegel R. Galen’s system of physiology and medicine. New

York: S. Karger, 1968.65. Stewart CP, Guthrie D. Lind’s treatise on scurvy. A bicentenary

volume containing a reprint of the first edition of A treatiseof the scurvy by James Lind, MD, with additional notes.Edinburgh: University Press, 1953.

66. Tipton CM. A history of exercise physiology in the UnitedStates. Part II. A contemporary historical perspective. In:Messengale JD, Swanson RA, eds. History of exercise andsport science. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1997.

67. Tipton CM. Susruta of India, an unrecognized contributor tothe history of exercise physiology. J Appl Physiol

2008;104:1553.68. West JB. Ibn al-Nafis, the pulmonary circulation, and theIslamic Golden Age. J Appl Physiol. 2008;105:1877.

69. Wilmore JH, Costill DL. Physiology of sport and exercise,2nd ed. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1999.


6/100

CAPÍTULO 1 Carboidratos, Lipídios e Proteínas 3

Fisiologia do Exercício, Sétima EdiçãoMcArdle, Katch, Katch

Capítulo 1: Carboidratos, Lipídios e Proteínas

Referências

1. Albert CM, et al. Blood levels of long-chain n-3 fatty acidsand risk of sudden death. N Engl J Med 2002;346: 1113.

2. Andrews TC, et al. Effect of cholesterol reduction onmyocardial ischemia in patients with coronary disease.Circulation 1997;95: 324.

3. Aro A, et al. Stearic acid, trans fatty acids, and dairy fat:effects on serum and lipoprotein lipids, apolipoproteins,lipoprotein (a), and lipid transfer proteins in healthy subjects.Am J Clin Nutr 1997;65:1419.

4. Barberger-Gateau P, et al. Dietary patterns and riskof dementia: the Three-City cohort study. Neurology2007;69:1921.

5. Bergman BC, Brooks GA. Respiratory gas-exchange ratiosduring graded exercise in fed and fasted trained and untrainedmen. J Appl Physiol 1999;86:479.

6. Bergstrom J, et al. Diet, muscle glycogen and physical

performance. Acta Physiol Scand 1967;71:140.7. Bingham SA, et al. Dietary fibre in food and protection againstcolorectal cancer in the European Prospective Investigationinto Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC): an observational study.Lancet 2003;361:1496.

8. Boon H, et al. Substrate source use in older, trained malesafter decades of endurance training. Med Sci Sports Exerc2007;39: 2160.

9. Bowtell JL, et al. Modulation of whole body proteinmetabolism, during and after exercise, by variation of dietaryprotein. J Appl Physiol 1998;85:1744.

10. Brown L, et al. Cholesterol-lowering effects of dietary fiber: ameta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69:30.

11. Carraro F, et al. Effect of exercise and recovery on muscleprotein synthesis in human subjects. Am J Physiol

1990;259:E470.12. Carraro F, et al. Alanine kinetics in humans during low-

intensity exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1994;26:48.13. Coggan AR, et al. Glucose kinetics during high-intensity

exercise in endurance-trained and untrained humans. J ApplPhysiol 1995;78:1203.

14. Connor WE. Importance of n-3 fatty acids in health anddisease. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71(suppl):171S.

15. Coyle EF, et al. Fatty acid oxidation is directly regulatedby carbohydrate metabolism during exercise. Am J Physiol1997;273(Endocrinol Metab 36):E268.

16. Davidson MH, et al. Long-term effects of consuming foodscontaining psyllium seed husk on serum lipids in subjects withhypercholesterolemia. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;67:367.

17. De Glisezinski I, et al. Effects of carbohydrate ingestion onadipose tissue lipolysis during long-lasting exercise in trainedmen. J Appl Physiol 1998;84:1627.

18. Donsmark M, et al. Hormone-sensitive lipase as mediator oflipolysis in contracting skeletal muscle. Exerc Sport Sci Rev2005;33:127.

19. Erkkilá AT, et al. N-3 fatty acids and 5-y risks of death andcardiovascular disease events in patients with coronary arterydisease. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;78:65.

20. Esmaillzadeh A, Azadbakht L. Whole-grain intake, metabolicsyndrome, and mortality in older adults. Am J Clin Nutr2006;83:1439.

21. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietaryreference intakes: a risk assessment model for establishingupper intake levels for nutrients. Washington, DC: NationalAcademy Press, 1998.

22. Food and Nutrition Board. Recommended dietary allowances.11th ed. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences,1999.

23. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietaryreference intakes for energy, carbohydrates, fiber, fat, proteinand amino acids. Washington, DC: National Academy Press,2002.

24. Foskett, A, et al. Carbohydrate availability and muscle energymetabolism during intermittent running. Med Sci Sports Exerc

2008;401:96.25. Frick MH, et al. Helsinki Heart Study: primary-prevention

trial with gemfibrozil in middle-aged men with dyslipidemia.Safety of treatment, changes in risk factors, and incidence ofcoronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 1987;317:3217.

26. Fuchs CF, et al. Dietary fiber and risk of colorectal cancer andadenoma in women. N Engl J Med 1999;340:169.

27. Fujimoto T, et al. Skeletal muscle glucose uptake response toexercise in trained and untrained men. Med Sci Sports Exerc2003;35:777.

28. Gaine PC, et al. Postexercise whole-body protein turnoverresponse to three levels of protein intake. Med Sci SportsExerc 2007;39:480.

29. Gill JMR, et al. Effects of dietary monounsaturated fatty acids

on lipoprotein concentrations, compositions, and subfractiondistributions and on VLDL apolipoprotein B kinetics: dose-dependent effects on LDL. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;78:47.

30. Green HJ, et al. Mechanical and metabolic responses withexercise and dietary carbohydrate manipulation. Med SciSports Exerc 2007;391:139.

31. Hall van G, et al. Deamination of amino acids as a sourcefor ammonia production in human skeletal muscle duringprolonged exercise. J Physiol 1995;489:251.

32. Hargreaves M. Interactions between muscle glycogenand blood glucose during exercise. Exerc Sport Sci Rev1997;25:21.

33. Harlambie G, Sensor L. Metabolic changes in man duringlong-distance swimming. Eur J Appl Physiol 1980;43:115.

34. Haub MD, et al. Effect of protein source on resistive-training-induced changes in body composition and muscle size in oldermen. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76:511.

35. Hickson JF, et al. Repeated days of body building exercise donot enhance urinary nitrogen excretions from untrained youngmales. Nutr Res 1990;10:723.

36. Howlett K, et al. Effect of increased blood glucose availabilityon glucose kinetics during exercise. J Appl Physiol1998;84:1423.

37. Jenkins DJ, et al. Soluble fiber intake at a dose approved bythe U.S. Food and Drug Administration for a claim of healthbenefits: serum lipid risk factors for cardiovascular diseaseassessed in a randomized controlled crossover trial. Am J ClinNutr 2002;75:834.

38. Jeukendrup AE, et al. Exogenous glucose oxidation duringexercise in endurance-trained and untrained subjects. J ApplPhysiol 1997;83:835.

39. Jeukendrup AE, et al. Fat metabolism during exercise: areview—part II: Regulation of metabolism and effect oftraining. Int J Sports Med 1998;19:293.

40. John-Adler HB, et al. Reduced running endurance ingluconeogenesis-inhibited rats. Am J Physiol 1986;251:R137.

41. Klein S, et al. Fat metabolism during low-intensity exercise inendurance-trained and untrained men. Am J Physiol 1994;267:E934.

42. Kobayashi IH, et al. Intake of fish and obega-3 fatty acidsand risk of coronary heart disease among Japanese: TheJapan Public Health Center-Based (JPHC) Study Cohort 1.Circulation 2006;113:195


7/100

4 Seção 1 Nutrição: A Base para o Desenvolvimento Humano

43. Krauss RM, et al. AHA dietary guidelines revision 2000: astatement for health care professionals from the NutritionCommittee of the American Heart Association. Circulation2000;102:2284.

44. Krauss WE, et al. Effect of the amount and intensityof exercise on plasma lipoproteins. N Engl J Med2002;347:1483.

45. Kriska A. Can a physically active lifestyle prevent type 2diabetes? Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2003;31;132.

46. Laidlaw M, Holub BJ. Effects of supplementation withfish-oil derived n-3 fatty acids and linoleic acid on circulatingplasma lipids and fatty acid profiles in women. Am J ClinNutr 2003;77:37.

47. Lambert EV, et al. Enhanced endurance in trained cyclistsduring moderate intensity exercise following 2 weeksadaptation to a high fat diet. Eur J Appl Physiol 1994;69:287.

48. Langfort J, et al. The effect of a low-carbohydrate dieton performance, hormonal and metabolic responses to a30-s bout of supramaximal exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol1997;76:128.

49. LeMura LM, et al. Lipid and lipoprotein profiles,cardiovascular fitness, body composition, and diet during andafter resistance, aerobic and combination training in young

women. Eur J Appl Physiol 2000;82:451.50. Ludwig DS, et al. Dietary fiber, weight gain, and

cardiovascular disease risk factors in young adults. JAMA1999;282:1539.

51. Ma Y, et al. Dietary quality 1 year after diagnosis of coronaryheart disease. J Am Diet Assoc 2008;108:240.

52. Martin WH III. Effect of endurance training on fatty acidmetabolism during whole body exercise. Med Sci SportsExerc 1997;29:635.

53. Mauger J-F, et al. Effect of different forms of hydrogenatedfats on LDL particle size. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;78:370.

54. Mensink RP, et al. Effects of dietary fatty acids andcarbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesteroland on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of

60 controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;77:1146.55. Montonen J, et al. Whole-grain and fiber intake and the

incidence of type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;77:622.56. Mozaffarian D, et al. Cereal, fruit, and vegetable fiber intake

and risk of cardiovascular disease in elderly individuals.JAMA 2003;289:1659.

57. Mudio DM, et al. Effects of dietary fat on metabolicadjustments to maximal VO2 and endurance in runners. MedSci Sports Exerc 1994;26:81.

58. Nestle P, et al. The n-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic anddocosahexaenoic acid increase systemic arterial compliance inhumans. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76:326.

59. Nieman D. Vegetarian dietary practices and enduranceperformance. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;8:754.

60. Nurk E, et al. Cognitive performance among the elderly anddietary fish intake: the Hordaland Health Study. Am J ClinNutr 2007;86:1470.

61. Peters U, et al. Dietary fibre and colorectal adenoma ina colorectal cancer early detection programme. Lancet2003;361:1491.

62. Pikosky MA, et al. Increased protein maintains nitrogenbalance during exercise-induced energy deficit. Med SciSports Exerc 2008;40:505.

63. Pitkänen HT, et al. Free amino acid pool and muscle proteinbalance after resistance exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc2003;35:784.

64. Qi L, et al. Whole grain, bran, and cereal fiber intakesand markers of systemic inflammation in diabetic women.Diabetes Care 2006;29:207.

65. Refsum HE, et al. Changes in plasma amino acid distributionand urinary amino acid excretion during prolonged heavyexercise. Scand J Clin Invest 1979;39:407.

66. Roche HM, et al. Effect of long-term olive oil dietaryintervention on postprandial triacylglycerol and factor VIImetabolism. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68:552.

67. Romijn JA, et al. Relationship between fatty acid delivery andfatty acid oxidation during strenuous exercise. J Appl Physiol1995;79:1939.

68. Shahar E, et al. Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids andsmoking-related chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N.Engl J Med 1994;331:228.

69. Shearer J, Graham TE. Novel aspects of skeletal muscleglycogen and its regulation during rest and exercise. ExercSport Sci Rev 2004;32;120.

70. Slentz CA, et al. Inactivity, exercise training and detraining,and plasma lipoproteins. STRRIDE: a randomized, controlledstudy of exercise intensity and amount. J Appl Physiol2007;103:432.

71. Suh SW. Hypoglycemia, brain energetics, and hypoglycemicneuronal death. Glia 2007;55:1280.

72. Sumida KD, Donovan CM. Enhanced hepatic gluconeogeniccapacity for selected precursors after endurance training. J

Appl Physiol 1995;79:1883.73. Tarnopolosky MA, et al. Effect of bodybuilding exercise onprotein requirements. Can J Sport Sci 1990;15:225.

74. Toner MM, McArdle WD. Human thermoregulatory responsesto acute cold stress with special reference to water immersion.In: Fregly MJ, Blatteis CM, eds. Handbook of physiology,section 4: Environmental physiology, vol 1. New York: OxfordUniversity Press, 1996.

75. Trumbo P, et al. Dietary Reference Intakes: vitamin A,vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, iodine, manganese,molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc. J Am DietAssoc 2001;101:294.

76. Turcotte LP. Muscle fatty acid uptake during exercise: possiblemechanisms. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2000;1:4.

77. van der Vusse GJ, Reneman RS. Lipid metabolism in muscle.In: Fregly MJ, Blatteis CM, eds. Handbook of physiology,section 12: Exercise: regulation and integration of multiplesystems. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.

78. van Loon LJC. Use of intramuscular triacylglycerol as asubstrate source during exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol2004;97:1170.

79. Venables MC, Jeukendrup AE. Endurance training andobesity: Effect on substrate metabolism and insulin sensitivity.Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008;40:495.

80. Venables MC, et al. Determinants of maximal fat oxidationduring exercise in healthy men and women. J Appl Physiol2005;98:160.

81. Wagenmakers AJM. Muscle amino acid metabolism at

rest and during exercise: role in human physiology andmetabolism. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 1998;26:287.82. Weggemans RM, et al. Dietary cholesterol from eggs increases

the ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoproteincholesterol in humans: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr2001;73:885.

83. Willett WC, Ascherio A. Trans fatty acids: are the effects onlymarginal? Am J Public Health 1994;84:722.

84. Williams BD, et al. Alanine and glutamine kinetics at restand during exercise in humans. Med Sci Sports Exerc1998;30:1053.

85. Wolk A, et al. Long-term intake of dietary fiber and decreasedrisk of coronary heart disease among women. JAMA1999;281:1998.

86. Woodside JV, Kromhout D. Fatty acids and CHD. Proc NutrSoc 2005;64:554.


8/100

CAPÍTULO 2 Vitaminas, Minerais e Água 5


Capítulo 2: Vitaminas, Minerais e Água

Referências

1. Al-Delaimy WK, et al. A prospective study of calcium intake

from diet and supplements and risk of ischemic heart diseaseamong men. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;72:814.2. Alessio HM, et al. Generation of reactive oxygen species after

exhaustive aerobic and isometric exercise. Med Sci SportsExerc 2000;32:1576.

3. American College of Sports Medicine. Position statement onprevention of heat injuries during distance running. Med SciSports Exerc 1984;16:ix.

4. American College of Sports Medicine. Position stand onosteoporosis and exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1995;27:I.

5. American College of Sports Medicine. Position stand onphysical activity and bone health. Med Sci Sports Exerc2004;36:1985.

6. American College of Sports Medicine, American DieteticAssociation and Dietitians of Canada. Joint position statement.Nutrition and athletic performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc2000;32:2130.

7. Anderson JJB. The important role of physical activity inskeletal development. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:1384.

8. Anderson RA, et al. Strenuous running: acute effects onchromium, copper, zinc, and selected variables in urine andserum of male runners. Biol Trace Element Res 1984;6:327.

9. Andreoli A, et al. Effects of different sports on bone densityand muscle mass in highly trained athletes. Med Sci SportsExerc 2001;33:507.

10. Androgué HJ, Madias NE. Hyponatremia. N Engl J Med2000;342:1581.

11. Ashizawa N, et al. Tomographical description of tennis-loadedradius: reciprocal relation between bone size and volumetric

BMD. J Appl Physiol 1999;86:1347.12. Ayus JC, et al. Hyponatremia, cerebral edema, and

noncardiogenic pulmonary edema in marathon runners. AnnIntern Med 2000;132:711.

13. Bailey DA, et al. Altered loading patterns and femoral bonemineral density in children with unilateral Legg-Calvé-Perthesdisease. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997;29:1395.

14. Bartali B, et al. Serum micronutrient concentrations anddecline in physical function among older persons. JAMA2008;299:3208.

15. Bartholomew JB, et al. Effects of acute exercise on mood andwell-being in patients with major depressive disorder. Med SciSports Exerc 2005;37:2032.

16. Beaton LJ, et al. Contraction-induced muscle damage is

unaffected by vitamin E supplementation. Med Sci SportsExerc 2002;34:798.17. Beck BR, Snow CM. Bone health across the

lifespan—exercising our options. Exerc Sport Sci Rev2003;31:117.

18. Benson J, et al. Inadequate nutrition and chronic calorierestriction in adolescent ballerinas. Phys Sportsmed1985;13:79.

19. Bloomer RJ, et al. Oxidative stress response to aerobicexercise: comparison of antioxidant supplements. Med SciSports Exerc 2006;38:1098.

20. Bonsignore MR, et al. Effects of exercise training andmontelukast in children with mild asthma. Med Sci SportsExerc 2008;40:405.

21. Bray GA, et al. A further subgroup analysis of the effectsof the DASH diet and three dietary sodium levels on blood

pressure: results of the DASH-sodium trial. Am J Cardiol2004;94:222.

22. Brilla L, Haley T. Effect of magnesium supplementation onstrength training in humans. J Am Coll Nutr 1992;11:326.

23. Brownlie IV T, et al. Marginal iron deficiency without anemiaimpairs aerobic adaptation among previously untrainedwomen. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;75:734.

24. Brownlie IV T, et al. Tissue iron deficiency without anemiaimpairs adaption in endurance capacity after aerobic training

in previously untrained women. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;79:437.25. Brutsaert TD, et al. Iron supplementation improvesprogressive fatigue resistance during dynamic knee extensorexercise in iron-depleted, nonanemic women. Am J Clin Nutr2003;77:441.

26. Buckman MT. Gastrointestinal bleeding in long distancerunners. Ann Intern Med 1984;101:127.

27. Cann EC. Decreased spinal mineral content in amenorrheicwomen. JAMA 1984;251:626.

28. Cauley JA, et al. Effects of estrogen plus progestin on risk offracture and bone mineral density. JAMA 2003;290:1729.

29. Chung S-C, et al. Effect of exercise during the follicular andluteal phases on indices of oxidative stress in healthy women.Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999;31:409.

30. Clancy SP, et al. Effects of chromium picolinatesupplementation on body composition, strength, andurinary chromium loss in football players. Int J Sport Nutr1994;4:142.

31. Clarkson PM. Minerals: exercise performance andsupplementation in athletes. J Sports Sci 1991;9:91.

32. Clarkson PM, Thompson HS. Antioxidants: what role do theyplay in physical activity and health? Am J Clin Nutr 2000;72: 637.

33. Cobb KL, et al. Disordered eating, menstrual irregularity, andbone mineral density in female runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc2003;35:711.

34. Conroy BP, et al. Bone mineral density in elite Junior Olympicweight lifters. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1993;25:1103.

35. Costill DL, et al. Dietary potassium and heavy exercise:

effects on muscle water and electrolytes. Am J Clin Nutr1982;36:266.36. Creighton DL, et al. Weight-bearing exercise and markers of

bone turnover in female athletes. J Appl Physiol 2001;90:565.37. Cullen DM, et al. Bone-loading response varies with strain

magnitude and cycle number. J Appl Physiol 2001;91:1971.38. Daly RM, et al. Muscle determinants of bone mass, geometry

and strength in prepubertal girls. Med Sci Sports Exerc2008;40:1135.

39. Dawson B, et al. Effect of vitamin C and vitamin Esupplementation on biochemical and ultrastructural indicesof muscle damage after a 21 km run. Int J Sports Med2002;23:10.

40. Demark-Wahnefried W, et al. Lifestyle intervention

development study to improve physical function in olderadults with cancer: outcomes from Project LEAD. J ClinOncol 2006;24:3465.

41. Demirel HA, et al. Exercise training reduces myocardial lipidperoxidation following short-term ischemia-reperfusion. MedSci Sports Exerc 1998;30:1211.

42. Deruisseau KC, et al. Iron status of young males and femalesperforming weight-training exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc2004;36:242.

43. Diaz MN, et al. Antioxidants and atherosclerotic heart disease.N Engl J Med 1997;337:408.

44. Dressendorfer RH, et al. Plasma mineral levels in marathonrunners during a 20-day road race. Phys Sportsmed1982;10:113.

45. Drinkwater BL, et al. Menstrual history as a determinant ofcurrent bone density in young athletes. JAMA 1990;263:545.


9/100


46. Dueck CA, et al. A diet and training intervention programfor the treatment of athletic amenorrhea. Int J Sports Nutr1996;6:134.

47. Duncan CS, et al. Bone mineral density in adolescent femaleathletes: relationship to exercise type and muscle strength.Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002;34:286.

48. Dubnov G, Constantini NW. Prevalence of iron depletion andanemia in top-level basketball players. Int J Sports Nutr ExercMetab 2004;14:30.

49. Dwyer JH, et al. Dietary calcium, calcium supplementation,and blood pressure in African American adolescents. Am JClin Nutr 1998;68:648.

50. Eichner ER. Fatigue of anemia. Nutr Rev 2001;59:S17.51. Erdman KA, et al. Influence of performance level on dietary

supplementation in elite Canadian athletes. Med Sci SportsExerc 2006;38:349.

52. Erhardt JG, et al. Lycopene, β-carotene, and colorectaladenomas. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;78:1219.

53. Erp-Bart van AMJ, et al. Nationwide survey on nutritionalhabits in elite athletes. Part 1: energy, carbohydrate, proteinand fat intake. Int J Sports Med 1989;10(suppl 1):S3.

54. Fairey AS, et al. Randomized controlled trial of exercise andblood immune function in postmenopausal breast cancer

survivors. J Appl Physiol 2005;98:1534.55. Feiereisen P, et al. Is strength training the more efficient

training modality in chronic heart failure? Med Sci SportsExerc 2007;39:1910.

56. Feskanich D, et al. Walking and leisure-time activity andrisk of hip fracture in postmenopausal women. JAMA2002;288:2300.

57. Finstad EW, et al. The effects of magnesium supplementationon exercise performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001;33:493.

58. Flemming DJ, et al. Dietary factors associated with the riskof high iron stores in the elderly Framingham Heart Studycohort. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76:1375.

59. Fogelholm GM, et al. Dietary and biochemical indices ofnutritional status in male athletes and controls. J Am Coll Nutr

1992;11:181.60. Ford ES, Sowell A. Serum α-tocopherol status in United

States population: findings from the Third National Health andNutrition Examination Survey. Am J Epidemiol 1999;150:290.

61. Friedmann B, et al. Effects of iron repletion on blood volumeand performance capacity in young athletes. Med Sci SportsExerc 2001;33:741.

62. Gale CR. Antioxidant vitamin status and carotidatherosclerosis in the elderly. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;74:402.

63. Gardner GW, et al. Cardiorespiratory, hematological andphysical performance responses of anemic subjects to irontreatment. Am J Clin Nutr 1975;28:982.

64. Gardner JW. Death by water intoxication. Milit Med2002;5:432.

65. Gauche E, et al. Vitamin and mineral supplementation andneuromuscular recovery after a running race. Med Sci SportsExerc 2006;38:2110.

66. Giguere Y, Rousseau F. The genetics of osteoporosis:“complexities and difficulties.” Clin Genet 2000;57:161.

67. Gledhill N, et al. Haemoglobin, blood volume, cardiacfunction, and aerobic power. Can J Appl Physiol 1999;24:54.

68. Goldfarb AH, et al. Vitamin E attenuates myocardial oxidativestress induced by DHEA in rested and exercised rats. J ApplPhysiol 1996;80:486.

69. Goldman P. Herbal medicines today and the roots of modernpharmacology. Ann Intern Med 2001;135:594.

70. Gremion G, et al. Oligo-amenorrheic long-distance runnersmay lose more bone in spine than femur. Med Sci SportsExerc 2001;33:15.

71. Gropper SS, et al. Iron status of female collegiate athletesinvolved in different sorts. Biol Trace Elem Res 2006;109:1.

72. Gross TS, et al. Why rest stimulates bone formation. Ahypotheses based on complex adaptive phenomenon. ExercSport Sci Rev 2004;32:9.

73. Guilland JC, et al. Vitamin status of young athletes includingthe effects of supplementation. Med Sci Sports Exerc1989;4:441.

74. Hamilton KL. Antioxidants and cardioprotection. Med Sci

Sports Exerc 2007;39:1544.75. Hawkins SA, et al. Eccentric muscle action increases site-specific osteogenic response. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999;31:1287.

76. Hawkins SA, et al. Five-year maintenance of bone mineraldensity in women master runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc2003;35:137.

77. Heaney R. Bone mass, nutrition and other life style factors.Am J Med 1993;95(suppl 5A):29.

78. Hemilä H. Vitamin C and common cold incidence: a review ofstudies with subjects under heavy physical stress. Int J SportsMed 1996;17:379.

79. Hew TD, et al. The incidence, risk factors, and clinicalmanifestations of hyponatremia in marathon runners. Clin J

Sports Med 2003;13:41.80. Hinton PS, et al. Iron supplementation improves enduranceafter training in iron-depleted, nonanemic women. J ApplPhysiol 2000;88:1103.

81. Hull JH, et al. Exercise-induced bronchoconstrictionin athletes — should we screen? Med Sci Sports Exerc2007;39:2117.

82. Hsieh M, et al. Hyponatremia in runners requiring on-sitemedical treatment at a single marathon. Med Sci Sports Exerc2002;34:185.

83. Hu FB. Plant-based foods and prevention of cardiovasculardisease: an overview. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;78(suppl):544S.

84. Huang H-Y, et al. Effects of vitamin C and vitamin E on invivo lipid peroxidation: results of a randomized controlled

trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76:549.85. Hunter EJ, et al. Dietary carotenoids and vitamins A, C, and Eand risk of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999;91:547.

86. Hutchinson TM, et al. Factors in daily physical activity relatedto calcaneal mineral density in men. Med Sci Sports Exerc1995;27:745.

87. Hutnick NA, et al. Exercise and lymphocyte activationfollowing chemotherapy for breast cancer. Med Sci SportsExerc 2005;37:1827.

88. Irwin ML. Randomized controlled trials of physicalactivity and breast cancer prevention. Exerc Sport Sci Rev2006;34:182.

89. Itoh H, et al. Vitamin E supplementation attenuates leakage ofenzymes following 6 successive days of running training. Int J

Sports Med 2000;21:369.90. Jacqmain M, et al. Calcium intake, body composition, andlipoprotein-lipid concentrations in adults. Am J Clin Nutr2003;78:1448.

91. Janz KF, et al. Everyday activity predicts bone geometry inchildren: the Iowa Bone Development Study. Med Sci SportsExerc 2004;36:1124.

92. Jeng KCG, et al. Supplementation with vitamins C andE enhances cytokine production by peripheral bloodmononuclear cells in healthy adults. Am J Clin Nutr1996;64:960.

93. Ji LL. Exercise and oxidative stress: role of the cellularantioxidant systems. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 1995;23:135.

94. Jimenez K, et al. Exercise does not induce oxidative stress

in trained heart transplant recipients. Med Sci Sports Exerc2001;32:2018.


10/100


95. Johnston CC Jr, et al. Calcium supplementation andincreases in bone mineral density in children. N Engl J Med1992;327:82.

96. Jordan J, et al. Red cell membrane skeletal changes inmarathon runners. Int J Sports Med 1998;19:16.

97. Kannus P, et al. Effect of starting age of physical activity onbone mass in the dominant arm of tennis and squash players.Ann Intern Med 1995;123:27.

98. Karlsson MK, et al. Exercise during growth and young

adulthood is associated with reduced fracture risk in old ages.J Bone Miner Res 2002;17(suppl 1):S297.99. Kerr D, et al. Exercise effects on bone mass in

postmenopausal women are site-specific and load-dependent.J Bone Miner Res 1996;11:218.

100. Khanna S, et al. α-Lipoic acid supplementation: tissueglutathione homeostasis at rest and after exercise. J ApplPhysiol 1999;86:1191.

101. Khoo C-S, et al. Nutrient intake and eating habits oftriathletes. Ann Sports Med 1987;3:144.

102. Kirchner EM, et al. Effect of past gymnastic participation onadult bone mass. J Appl Physiol 1996;80:226.

103. Torstveit MK, Sundgot-Borgen J. The female athlete triad:are elite athletes at increased risk? Med Sci Sports Exerc

2005;37:184.104. Kontulainen S, et al. Changes in bone mineral content withdecreased training in competitive young adult tennis playersand controls: a prospective 4-yr follow-up. Med Sci SportsExerc 1999;31:646.

105. Konyulsinrn D, et al. Good maintenance of exercise-inducedbone gain with decreased training of female tennis and squashplayers: a prospective 5-year follow-up study of young andold starters and controls. J Bone Miner Res 2001;16:195.

106. Kotchen TA, McCarron DA. Dietary electrolytes and bloodpressure. Circulation 1998;68:613.

107. Krebs P, et al. The acute and prolonged effects of marathonrunning on 20 blood parameters. Phys Sportsmed 1982;10:58.

108. La Mothe JM, Zernicke RF. Rest-insertion combined with

high-frequency loading enhances osteogenesis. J Appl Physiol2004;96:1788.109. Leaf DA, et al. The effect of exercise intensity on lipid

peroxidation. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997;29:1036.110. LeBoff MS, et al. Occult vitamin D deficiency in

postmenopausal U.S. women with acute hip fracture. JAMA1999;281:1505.

111. Lecarpentier Y. Physiological role of free radicals in skeletalmuscles. J Appl Physiol 2007;103:1917.

112. Levine M, et al. Criteria and recommendations for vitamin Cintake. JAMA 1999;281:1415.

113. Lima F, et al. Effect of impact load and active load on bonemetabolism and body composition of adolescent athletes. MedSci Sports Exerc 2001;33:1318.

114. Lin Y, et al. Estimating the concentration of β-carotenerequired for maximal protection of low-density lipoproteins inwomen. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;67:837.

115. Livshits G, et al. Genes play an important role in bone aging.Hum Biol 1998;10:421.

116. Looker A, et al. Prevalence of iron deficiency in the UnitedStates. JAMA 1997;277:973.

117. Loucks AB. New animal model opens opportunitiesfor research on the female athlete triad. J Appl Physiol2007;103:1467.

118. Luc G, et al. Oxidation of lipoproteins and atherosclerosis.Am J Clin Nutr 1991;55:265S.

119. Lukaski HC. Interactions among indices of mineral elementnutrition and physical performance of swimmers. In: Kies CV,Driskell JA, eds. Sports nutrition: minerals and electrolytes.Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1995.

120. Lukaski HC, et al. Iron, copper, magnesium and zinc statusas predictors of swimming performance. Int J Sports Med1996;17:535.

121. Mackelvie KJ, et al. Lifestyle risk factors for osteoporosisin Asian and Caucasian girls. Med Sci Sports Exerc2001;33:1818.

122. Manore, MM. Vitamin B6 and exercise. Int J Sports Nutr1994;5:89.

123. Martinez ME, et al. Physical activity, body mass index, and

prostaglandin E2 levels in rectal mucosa. J Natl Cancer Inst1999;91:950.124. McBride JM, et al. Effect of resistance exercise on free radical

production. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998;30:67.125. Micklesfield LK, et al. Bone mineral density in mature,

premenopausal ultramarathon runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc1995;27:688.

126. Mitchel J, et al. Respiratory weight loss during exercise.J Appl Physiol 1972;32:474.

127. Modlesky CM, Lewis RD. Does exercise during growthhave a long-term effect on bone health? Exerc Sport Sci Rev2002;30:171.

128. Moffatt RJ. Dietary status of elite female high schoolgymnasts: inadequacy of vitamin and mineral intake. J Am

Diet Assoc 1984;84:1361.129. Montain SJ, et al. Hyponatremia associated with exercise: riskfactors and pathogenesis. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2001;2:113.

130. Myburgh KH, et al. Low bone mineral density at axial andappendicular sites in amenorrheic athletes. Med Sci SportsExerc 1993;25:1197.

131. Myint PK, et al. Plasma vitamin C concentrations predictrisk of incident stroke over 10 y in 20 649 participants ofthe European Prospective Investigation into Cancer Norfolkprospective population study. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;87:64.

132. Nappo F, et al. Impairment of endothelial functions by acutehyperhomocystinemia and reversal by antioxidant vitamins.JAMA 1999;281:2113.

133. Nehlsen-Cannarella S, et al. Carbohydrate and cytokine

response to 2.5 hr of running. J Appl Physiol 1997;82:1662.134. Nelson DA, Bouxsein ML. Exercise maintains bone mass, butdo people maintain exercise? J Bone Miner Res 2001;16:202.

135. Nelson RL. Iron and colorectal cancer risk: human studies.Nutr Res 2001;59:140.

136. Nichols DL, et al. Relationship of regional body compositionto bone mineral density in college females. Med Sci SportsExerc 1995;27:178.

137. Nielsen P, Nachtigall D. Iron supplementation in athletes:current recommendations. Sports Med 1998;26:207.

138. Nieman DC, et al. Carbohydrate supplementation affectsblood granulocyte and monocyte trafficking but not functionfollowing 2.5 hours of running. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;66:153.

139. Noakes TD, et al. The incidence of hyponatremia during

prolonged ultraendurance exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc1990;22:165.140. Pardons JP, et al. Prevalence of exercise-induced

bronchospasm in a cohort of varsity college athletes. Med SciSports Exerc 2007;39:1487.

141. Patterson JA, et al. Case report on PWC of a competitivecyclist before and after heart transplant. Med Sci Sports Exerc2007;39:1447.

142. Pattwell DM, Jackson MJ. Contraction-induced oxidants asmediators of adaptation and damage in skeletal muscle. ExercSport Sci Rev 2004;32:14.

143. Pescatello LS, et al. Daily physical movement and bonemineral density among a mixed racial cohort of women. MedSci Sports Exerc 2002;34:1966.

144. Peters EM, et al.

Attenuation of the increase in circulatingcortisol and enhancement of the acute phase response in


11/100


vitamin C-supplemented ultramarathon runners. Int J SportsMed 2001;22:120.

145. Pizza FX, et al. Serum haptoglobin and ferritin during acompetitive running and swimming season. Int J Sports Med1997;18:233.

146. Powers SK, et al. Exercise training-induced alterations inskeletal muscle antioxidant capacity: a review. Med Sci SportsExerc 1999;31:987.

147. Powers SK, et al. Oxidative stress and disuse muscle atrophy.

J Appl Physiol 2007;102:2389.148. Quindry JC, et al. The effects of acute exercise on neutrophilsand plasma oxidative stress. Med Sci Sports Exerc2003;35:1139.

149. Rajaram S, et al. Effects of long-term moderate exerciseon iron status in young women. Med Sci Sports Exerc1995;27:1105.

150. Randolph CC, et al. Prevalence of allergy and asthmasymptoms in recreational roadrunners. Med Sci Sports Exerc2006;38:2053.

151. Reid IR, et al. Effect of calcium supplementation on bone lossin postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 1993;328:460.

152. Rencken ML, et al. Bone density at multiple skeletal sites inamenorrheic athletes. JAMA 1996;276:238.

153. Report of the Council on Scientific Affairs. Diet and cancer:where do matters stand? Arch Intern Med 1993;153:50.154. Ripple MO, et al. Effect of antioxidants on androgen-induced

AP-1 and NF-kB DNA-binding activity in prostate carcinomacells. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999;91:1227.

155. Risser WL, et al. Iron deficiency in female athletes: itsprevalence and impact on performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc1988;20:116.

156. Robertson JO, et al. Fecal blood loss in response to exercise.Br Med J 1987;295:303.

157. Robinson S. Cardiovascular and respiratory reactions to heat.In: Yousef MK, et al., eds. Physiological adaptations. NewYork: Academic Press, 1972.

158. Robinson TL, et al. Gymnasts exhibit higher bone mass

than runners despite similar prevalence of amenorrhea andoligomenorrhea. J Bone Miner Res 1995;10:26.159. Robling AG, et al. Shorter, more frequent mechanical

loading sessions enhance bone mass. Med Sci Sports Med2002;34:196.

160. Rodriguez Tuya I, et al. Evaluation of the influence ofphysical activity on plasma concentrations of several tracemetals. Eur J Appl Physiol 1996;23:299.

161. Rokitzke L, et al. Acute changes in vitamin B6 status inendurance athletes before and after a marathon. Int J SportsNutr 1994;4:154.

162. Rokitzki L, et al. Assessment of vitamin B2 status inperformance athletes of various types of sports. J Nutr SciVitaminol 1994;40:11.

163. Rokitzki L, et al. Assessment of vitamin B6 status of strengthand speed-power athletes. J Am Coll Nutr 1994;13:87.164. Rokitzki L, et al. Dietary, serum and urine ascorbic acid status

in male athletes. Int J Sports Med 1994;15:435.165. Rowlands AV, et al. Interactive effects of habitual physical

activity and calcium intake on bone density in boys and girls.J Appl Physiol 2004;97:1203.

166. Rozen GS, et al. Calcium supplementation provides anextended window of opportunity for bone mass accretion aftermenarche. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;78:993.

167. Ryan AS, et al. Aerobic exercise maintains regional bonemineral density during weight loss in postmenopausal women.J Appl Physiol 1998;84:1305.

168. Sawka MN, Coyle EF. Influence of body water and blood

volume on thermoregulation and exercise performance in theheat. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 1999;27:167.

169. Schmid A, et al. Effect of physical exercise and vitamin Con absorption of ferric sodium citrate. Med Sci Sports Exerc1996;28:1470.

170. Schoene RB, et al. Iron repletion decreases maximal exerciselactate concentrations in female athletes with minimal iron-deficiency anemia. J Lab Clin Med 1983;102:306.

171. Schumacher YO, et al. Hematological indices and iron statusin athletes of various sports and performances. Med Sci SportsExerc 2002;34:869.

172. Shedd KM, et al. Quantifying leisure physical activity and itsrelation to bone density and strength. Med Sci Sports Exerc2007;39:2189.

173. Shern-Brewer S, et al. Exercise and cardiovascular disease:a new perspective. Atherosclerosis Thromb Vasc Biol1998;18:11.

174. Shoemaker JD, et al. Relationships between fluid andelectrolyte hormones and plasma volume during exercise withtraining and detraining. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998;30:497.

175. Sinclair LM, Hinton PS. Prevalence of iron deficiency withand without anemia in recreationally active men and women. JAm Diet Assoc 2005;105:975.

176. Singh A, et al. Chronic multivitamin-mineral supplementationdoes not enhance physical performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc1992;24:726.

177. Singh A, et al. Neuroendocrine response to running in womenafter zinc and vitamin E supplementation. Med Sci SportsExerc 1999;31:536.

178. Singh R, et al. Maintenance of bone mass and mechanicalproperties after short-term cessation of high impact exercise inrats. Int J Sports Med 2002;23:77.

179. Smith AD. The female athlete triad: causes, diagnosis, andtreatment. Phys Sportsmed 1996;24(7):67.

180. Snyder AC, et al. Importance of dietary iron source onmeasures of iron status among female runners. Med Sci SportsExerc 1989;21:7.

181. Specker BL. Should there be dietary guidelines for calciumintake? No. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:663.

182. Speedy DB, et al. Hyponatremia and weight changes in an

ultradistance triathlon. Clin J Sport Med 1997;7:180.183. Speedy DB, et al. Weight changes and serum sodium

concentrations after an ultradistance multisport triathlon. ClinJ Sport Med 1997;7:100.

184. Speedy DB, et al. Hyponatremia in ultradistance triathletes.Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999;31:809.

185. Stamler J. The INTERSALT study: background,methods, findings, and implications. Am J Clin Nutr1997;65(suppl):626S.

186. Starnes JW and Taylor RP. Exercise-induced cardioprotection:endogenous mechanisms. Med Sci Sports Exerc2007;39:1537.

187. Stear SJ, et al. Effect of calcium and exercise intervention onthe bone mineral status of 16–18-y-old adolescent girls. Am J

Clin Nutr 2003;77:985.188. Steinberg DL. Low density lipoprotein oxidation and itspathobiological significance. J Biol Chem 1997;272:20963.

189. Steinberg FM, Chait A. Antioxidant vitamin supplementationand lipid peroxidation in smokers. Am J Clin Nutr1998;68:319.

190. Steinberg DL, et al. Beyond cholesterol modification of lowdensity lipoprotein that increases its atherogenicity. N Engl JMed 1989;320:915.

191. Stolzenberg-Solomon RZ, et al. Folate intake, alcohol use,and postmenopausal breast cancer risk in the Prostate, Lung,Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. Am J ClinNutr 2006;83:895.

192. Suominen H, Rahkila P. Bone mineral density of the calcaneus

in 70- to 81-yr-old male athletes and a population sample.Med Sci Sports Exerc 1991;23:1227.


12/100


193. Thomas MK, et al. Hypovitaminosis D in medical inpatients.N Engl J Med 1998;338:784.

194. Tiidus PM, Houston ME. Vitamin E status and response toexercise training. Sports Med 1995;26:12.

195. Tomten SE, et al. Bone mineral density and menstrualirregularities. A comparative study of cortical and trabecularbone structures in runners with alleged normal eatingbehavior. Int J Sports Med 1998;19:87.

196. Treblance S, et al. Failure of magnesium supplementation

to influence marathon running performance or recovery inmagnesium-replete subjects. Int J Sports Nutr 1992;2:154.197. Turner CH, Robling AG. Designing exercise regimens to

increase bone strength. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2003;31:45.198. Uitterlinden AG, et al. Relation of alleles of the collagen type

II gene to bone density and risk of osteoporotic fractures inpostmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 1998;338:1016.

199. U.S. Dietary Supplements Market Size Expressed as DollarSales by Top Six Product Categories for 1994 to 1998 andForecast for 1999 and 2000. National Business Journal, 2000.Dialog file no. 93, San Francisco: Dialog Corporation, 2000.

200. van der Beek EJ. Vitamin supplementation and physical exerciseperformance. In: Williams C, Devlin LT, eds. Foods, nutritionand sports performance. London: E and FN Spon, 1992.

201. Van Remmen H, et al. Oxidative damage to DNA and aging.Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2003;31;149.202. Vasankari TJ, et al. Increased serum and low-density-

lipoprotein antioxidant potential after antioxidantsupplementation in endurance athletes. Am J Clin Nutr1997;65:1052.

203. Vincent HK, et al. Exercise training protects againstcontraction-induced lipid peroxidation in the diaphragm. Eur JAppl Physiol 1999;79:268.

204. Vincent KR, Braith RW. Resistance exercise and boneturnover in elderly men and women. Med Sci Sports Exerc2002;34:17.

205. Viquie CA, et al. Antioxidant status and indexes of oxidativestress during consecutive days of exercise. J Appl Physiol

1993;75:566.

206. Virk RS, et al. Effect of vitamin B-6 supplementation on fuels,catecholamines, and amino acids during exercise in men. MedSci Sports Exerc 1999;31:400.

207. Waller MF, Haymes EM. The effects of heat and exercise onsweat iron loss. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1996;28:197.

208. Webster MJ, et al. The effect of a thiamin derivative onexercise performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 1997;75:520.

209. Weight LM, et al. Sports anemia: a real or apparentphenomenon in endurance-trained athletes. Int J Sports Med

1992;13:344.210. Weisburger JH. Approaches for chronic disease preventionbased on current understanding of underlying mechanisms.Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71(suppl):1710S.

211. Westerlind KC, Williams NI. Effect of energy deficiencyon estrogen metabolism in premonopaual women. Med SciSports Exerc 2007;39:1090.

212. Westerlind KC, et al. Effect of resistance exercise trainingon cortical and cancellous bone in mature male rats. J ApplPhysiol 1998;84:459.

213. Whelton PK, et al. Sodium reduction and weight loss in thetreatment of hypertension in older persons: a randomizedcontrolled trial of nonpharmacologic interventions in theelderly (TONE). JAMA 1998;279:839.

214. Williams PT. Reduced diabetic, hypertensive, and cholesterolmedication use with walking. Med Sci Sports Exerc2008;40:433.

215. Winters K, et al. Bone density and cyclic ovarian functionin trained runners and active controls. Med Sci Sports Exerc1996;28:776.

216. Yeager KK, et al. The female athlete triad—disorderedeating, amenorrhea and osteoporosis. Med Sci Sports Exerc1993;25:775.

217. Zanker CL, Cooke CB. Energy balance, bone turnover, andskeletal health in physically active individuals. Med Sci SportsExerc 2004;36:1372.


13/100



Capítulo 3: Nutrição Ideal para o Exercício

Referências

1. Achten J, et al. Higher dietary carbohydrate content duringinterspersed running training results in a better maintenance ofperformance and mood state. J Appl Physiol 2004;96:1331.

2. Ahlborg G, Felig P. Influence of glucose ingestion on the fuelhormone response during prolonged exercise. J Appl Physiol1976;41:683.

3. Anantaraman R, et al. Effects of carbohydratesupplementation on performance during 1 hour ofhigh-intensity exercise. Int J Sports Med 1995;16:461.

4. Bazzano LA, et al. Fruit and vegetable intake and risk ofcardiovascular disease in U.S. adults: the first National Healthand Nutrition Examination Survey Epidemiologic Follow-upStudy. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76:93.

5. Berardi JM, et al. Postexercise muscle glycogen recoveryenhanced with a carbohydrate-protein supplement. Med SciSports Exerc 2006;38:1106.

6. Blair SN, et al. Comparison of nutrient intake in middle-agedmen and women runners and controls. Med Sci Sports Exerc1981;13:310.

7. Brouns F, Beckers E. Is the gut an athletic organ? Sports Med1993;15:242.

8. Brown RC, Cox CM. Effects of high fat versus highcarbohydrate diets on plasma lipids and lipoproteins inendurance athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998;30:1677.

9. Bungard LB, et al. Energy requirements of middle-agedmen are modifiable by physical activity. Am J Clin Nutr1998;68:1136.

10. Burelle Y, et al. Oxidation of an oral [13C] glucose load at restand prolonged exercise in trained and sedentary subjects. JAppl Physiol 1999;86:52.

11. Burke LM, et al. Effect of coingestion of fat and protein withcarbohydrate feedings on muscle glycogen storage. J ApplPhysiol 1995;78:2187.

12. Burke LM, et al. Effect of fat adaptation and carbohydraterestoration on metabolism and performance during prolongedcycling. J Appl Physiol 2000;89:2413.

13. Burke LM, et al. Energy and carbohydrate for training andrecovery. J Sports Sci 2006;24:675.

14. Castellani JW, et al. Energy expenditure in men and womenduring 54h of exercise and caloric deprivation. Med Sci SportsExerc 2006;38:894.

15. Cavies CT, Thompson D. Aerobic performance of femalemarathon and male ultramarathon athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol1979;41:223.

16. Choi D, et al. Effect of passive and active recovery on theresynthesis of muscle glycogen. Med Sci Sports Exerc1994;26:992.

17. Coggan AR, Coyle EF. Metabolism and performancefollowing carbohydrate ingestion late in exercise. Med SciSports Exerc 1989;21:59.

18. Cordain L, et al. Origins and evolutions of the Western diet:health implications for the 21st century. Am J Clin Nutr2005;81:341.

19. Coyle EF. Substrate utilization during exercise in activepeople. Am J Clin Nutr 1995;61:968S.

20. Coyle EF, Coggan AC. Effectiveness of carbohydrate feedingin delaying fatigue during prolonged exercise. Sports Med1984;1:446.

21. Craig BW. The influence of fructose feeding on physicalperformance. Am J Clin Nutr 1993;58(suppl):815S.

22. Currell K, Jeukendrup AE. Superior endurance performancewith ingestion of multiple transportable carbohydrates. MedSci Sports Exerc 2008;40:275.

23. deLorgeril M, et al. Mediterranean diet, traditional riskfactors, and the rate of cardiovascular complications aftermyocardial infarction. Circulation 1999;99:779.

24. DeMarco HM, et al. Pre-exercise carbohydrate meals:application of glycemic index. Med Sci Sports Exerc1999;31:164.

25. Duchman SM, et al. Upper limit for intestinal absorption of adilute glucose solution in men at rest. Med Sci Sports Exerc1997;29:482.

26. Febbraio MA, Stewart KL. CHO feeding before prolongedexercise: effect of glycemic index on muscle glycogenolysisand exercise performance. J Appl Physiol 1996;81:1115.

27. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietaryreference intakes for energy, carbohydrates, fiber, fat, proteinand amino acids. Washington, DC: National Academy Press,2002.

28. Foster C, et al. Effects of pre-exercise feedings on enduranceperformance. Med Sci Sports 1979;11:1.

29. Foster-Powell K, Brand-Miller J. International tables ofglycemic index. Am J Clin Nutr 1995;62(suppl):871S.

30. Gilsolfi CV, et al. Intestinal water absorption fromselect carbohydrate solutions in humans. J Appl Physiol1992;7:2142.

31. Gilsolfi CV, et al. Effect of sodium concentration in acarbohydrate-electrolyte solution on intestinal absorption.Med Sci Sports Exerc 1995;27:1414.

32. Gilsolfi CV, et al. Effect of beverage osmolality on intestinalfluid absorption during exercise. J Appl Physiol 1998;85:1941.

33. Glassetti P, et al. Enhanced muscle glucose facilitates nitrogenefflux from exercised muscle. J Appl Physiol 1998;84:1952.

34. Gleeson M, et al. Comparison of the effects of pre-exercisefeedings of glucose, glycerol, and placebo on endurance andfuel homeostasis in man. Eur J Appl Physiol 1986;55:645.

35. Goodpaster BH, et al. The effects of pre-exercise starch

ingestion on endurance performance. Int J Sports Med1996;17:366.36. Haraldsdottir J, Andersen LB. Dietary factors related to fitness

in young men and women. Prev Med 1994;23:490.37. Hargreaves M, Briggs CA. Effect of carbohydrate ingestion on

exercise metabolism. J Appl Physiol 1988;65:1553.38. Hargreaves M, et al. Effect of fructose ingestion on muscle

glycogen usage during exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc1985;17:360.

39. Hargreaves M, et al. Influence of sodium on glucosebioavailability during exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc1994;26:365.

40. Helge JW, et al. Interaction of training and diet on metabolismand endurance during exercise in man. J Physiol 1996;492:293.

41. Helge JW, et al. Impact of a fat-rich diet on endurance in man:role of the dietary period. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998;30:456.42. Hickson RC, et al. Muscle glycogen accumulation after

endurance exercise in trained and untrained individuals. JAppl Physiol 1997;83:897.

43. Hill RJ, Davies PS. Energy expenditure during 2 wk of anultra-endurance run around Australia. Med Sci Sport Exerc2001;33:148.

44. Hill RJ, Davies PS. Energy intake and energy expenditurein elite lightweight female rowers. Med Sci Sports Exerc2002;34:1823.

45. Houmard JA. Effect of volume and intensity of exercisetraining on insulin sensitivity. J Appl Physiol 2004;96:101.

46. Hu FB, et al. Prospective study of major dietary patternsand risk of coronary heart disease in men. Am J Clin Nutr2001;72:912.


14/100

CAPÍTULO 3 Nutrição Ideal para o Exercício 11

47. Ivy JL, et al. Effect of a carbohydrate-protein supplement onendurance performance during exercise of varying intensity.Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2003;13:388.

48. Jeffery RW, et al. Physical activity and weight loss: doesprescribing higher physical activity goals improve outcome?Am J Clin Nutr 2003;78:684.

49. Jentjens RL, et al. Oxidation of combined ingestion of glucoseand fructose during exercise. J Appl Physiol 2004;96:1277.

50. Jeukendrup AE, et al. Carbohydrate-electrolyte feedings

improve 1 h time trial cycling performance. Int J Sports Med1997;18:125.51. Johnsen SP, et al. Intake of fruit and vegetables and the risk of

ischemic stroke in a cohort of Danish men and women. Am JClin Nutr 2003;78:57.

52. Joshipura KJ, et al. Fruit and vegetable intake in relation torisk of ischemic stroke. JAMA 1999;282:1233.

53. Jula A, et al. Effects of a diet and simvastatin on serum lipids,insulin and antioxidants hypercholesterolemic men.A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002;287:598.

54. Kant AK. Consumption of energy-dense, nutrient-poorfoods by adult Americans: the third National Health andNutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994. Am J Clin Nutr2000;72:929.

55. Kirwin JP, et al. A moderate glycemic meal before enduranceexercise can enhance performance. J Appl Physiol 1998;84:53.

56. Lambert GP, et al. Simultaneous determination of gastricemptying and intestinal absorption during cycle exercise inhumans. Int J Sports Med 1996;17:48.

57. Lasheras C, et al. Mediterranean diet and age with respectto overall survival in institutionalized, nonsmoking elderlypeople. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:987.

58. Leddy J, et al. Effect of a high or a low fat diet oncardiovascular risk factors in male and female runners. MedSci Sports Exerc 1997;29:17.

59. Leiper JB. Intestinal water absorption—implications forthe formulation of rehydration solutions. Int J Sports Med1998;19(suppl 2):s129.

60. Leiper JB, et al. The effect of intermittent high-intensity

running on gastric emptying of fluids in man. Med Sci SportsExerc 2005;37:240.

61. Liu S, et al. Fruit and vegetable intake and risk ofcardiovascular disease: the Women’s Health Study. Am J ClinNutr 2000;72:922.

62. MacLean PS, et al. Muscle glucose transporters (GLUT4) geneexpression during exercise. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2000;28:148.

63. Mafucci DM, McMurray RG. Toward optimizing the timingof the pre-exercise meal. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab2000;10:103.

64. Matthews CE, et al. Relationship between leisure-timephysical activity and selected dietary variables in theWorcester Area Trial for Counseling in Hyperlipidemia. MedSci Sports Exerc 1997;29:1199.

65. McConell G, et al. Effect of timing of carbohydrate ingestionon endurance exercise performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc1996;28:1300.

66. Nicholas CW, et al. Carbohydrate-electrolyte ingestion duringintermittent high-intensity running. Med Sci Sports Exerc1999;31:1280.

67. Nick JJ, et al. Carbohydrate feedings during team sportexercise preserve physical and CNS function. Med Sci SportsExerc 2005;37:306.

68. Nybo L. CNS fatigue and prolonged exercise: effect of glucosesupplementation. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003;35:589.

69. Pabkin JAM, et al. Muscle glycogen storage followingprolonged exercise: effect of timing of ingestion of highglycemic index food. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997;29:220.

70. Pendergast DR, et al. The role of dietary fat on performance,metabolism and health. Am J Sports Med 1996;24:s53.

71. Pi-Sunyer X. Glycemic index and disease. Am J Clin Nutr2002;76(suppl):290S.

72. Ploutz-Snyder L, et al. Gastric gas and fluid emptyingassessed by magnetic resonance imaging. Eur J Appl Physiol1999;79:212.

73. Pogliaghi S, Veicsteinas A. Influence of low and high dietaryfat on physical performance in untrained males. Med SciSports Exerc 1999;31:149.

74. Rankin JW, et al. Effect of weight loss and refeeding diet

composition on anaerobic performance in wrestlers. Med SciSports Exerc 1996;28:1292.

75. Ray ML, et al. Effect of sodium in a rehydration beveragewhen consumed as a fluid or meal. J Appl Physiol1998;85:1329.

76. Riddell MC, et al. Substrate utilization during exercise withglucose and glucose plus fructose ingestion in boys ages10–14 yr. J Appl Physiol 2001;90:903.

77. Roy LB, et al. Oxidation of exogenous glucose, sucrose, andmaltose during prolonged cycling exercise. J Appl Physiol2004;96:1285.

78. Ryan AJ, et al. Effect of hypohydration on gastric emptyingand intestinal absorption during exercise. J Appl Physiol1998;84:1581.

79. Sarris WWM, et al. How much physical activity is enoughto prevent unhealthy weight gain? Outcome of the IASO1st stock conference and consensus statement. Obes Rev2003;4:1201.

80. Saunders MJ, et al. Effects of a carbohydrate-protein beverageon cycling endurance and muscle damage. Med Sci SportsExerc 2004;36:1233.

81. Schenk S, et al. Different glycemic indexes of breakfastcereals are not due to glucose entry into blood but to glucoseremoval by tissues. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;78:742.

82. Sears B, Lawren W. The zone. New York: Harper Collins,1995.

83. Shi X, Gisolfi CV. Fluid and carbohydrate replacement duringintermittent exercise. Sports Med 1998;25:157.

84. Sjödin AM, et al. Energy balance in cross-country skiers:a study using doubly labeled water. Med Sci Sports Exerc1994;26:720.

85. Solfrizzi V, et al. High monounsaturated fatty acids intakeprotects against age-related cognitive decline. Neurology1999;52:1563.

86. Sparks MJ, et al. Pre-exercise carbohydrate ingestion: effect ofthe glycemic index on endurance exercise performance. MedSci Sports Exerc 1998;30:844.

87. Spendiff O, Campbell IG. The effect of glucose ingestion onendurance upper-body exercise and performance. Int J SportsMed 2002;23:142.

88. Stark AH, Madar Z. Olive oil as a functional food:epidemiology and nutritional approaches. Nutr Rev2002;60:170.

89. Stellingwerff T, et al. Decreased PDH activation andglycogenolysis during exercise following fat adaptation withcarbohydrate restoration. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab2006;298:E380.

90. Stepto NK, et al. Effect of short-term fat adaptation onhigh-intensity training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002;34:449.

91. Stewart RD, et al. Protection of muscle membraneexcitability during prolonged cycle exercise with glucosesupplementation. J Appl Physiol 2007;103:331.

92. Stroud MA, et al. Energy expenditure using isotope-labeledwater (2H18O), exercise performance, skeletal muscle enzymeactivities and plasma biochemical parameters in humansduring 95 days of endurance exercise with inadequate energyintake. Eur J Appl Physiol 1997;76:243.


15/100


93. Sugiura K, Kibayashi K. Effect of carbohydrate ingestionon sprint performance following continuous and intermittentexercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998;30:1624.

94. Sundgot-Borgen J. Prevalence of eating disorders in elitefemale athletes. Int J Sports Nutr 1993;3:30.

95. Taub IA. Optimizing the design of combat rations. In: MarriotBM, ed. Food components to enhance performance. Foodand Nutrition Board. Institute of Medicine. Washington, DC:National Academy Press, 1994.

96. Thomas DE, et al. Carbohydrate feeding before exercise:effect of glycemic index. Int J Sports Med 1991;12:180.97. Trappe S, et al. Effect of swim taper on whole muscle and

single muscle fiber contractile properties. Med Sci SportsExerc 2001;32:48.

98. Trappe TA, et al. Energy expenditure of swimmers duringhigh volume training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997;29:950.

99. Trichopoulou A, et al. Adherence to a Mediterranean diet andsurvival in a Greek population. N Engl J Med 2003;348:2599.

100. Tsintzas O-K, et al. Carbohydrate ingestion and glycogenutilization in different muscle fibre types in man. J Physiol(Lond) 1995;489:243.

101. Tsintzas O-K, et al. Carbohydrate ingestion and single musclefiber glycogen metabolism during running in men. J Appl

Physiol 1996;81:801.102. Tsintzas O-K, et al. Influence of carbohydratesupplementation early in exercise on endurance runningcapacity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1996;28:1373.

103. USDA, Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion. USDA/ HHS dietary guidelines for Americans. Washington, DC:CNPP, 1996.

104. Utter AC, et al. Effect of carbohydrate ingestion on ratings ofperceived exertion during a marathon. Med Sci Sports Exerc2002;24:1779.

105. Venkatraman JT, Pendergast D. Effects of the level of dietaryfat intake and endurance exercise on plasma cytokines inrunners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998;30:1198.

106. Venkatraman JT, et al. Influence of the level of dietary lipidintake and maximal exercise on the immune status in runners.Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997;29:333.

107. Vist GE, Maughan RJ. Gastric emptying of ingested solutionsin man: effect of beverage glucose concentration. Med SciSports Exerc 1994;26:1269.

108. Vogt M, et al. Effects of dietary fat on muscle substrates,metabolism, and performance in athletes. Med Sci SportsExerc 2003;35:952.

109. Volek JS, et al. Testosterone and cortisol in relationship todietary nutrients and resistance exercise. J Appl Physiol1997;82:49.

110. Wagenmakers AJM. Carbohydrate feedings improve 1 h timetrial cycling performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1996;28:S37.

111. Walton P, Rhodes EC. Glycaemic index and optimalperformance. Sports Med 1997;33:164.

112. Wee S-L, et al. Influence of high and low glycemic indexmeals on endurance running capacity. Med Sci Sports Exerc1999;31:393.

113. Welsh RS, et al. Carbohydrates and physical/mentalperformance during intermittent exercise to fatigue. Med SciSports Exerc 2002;34:723.

114. Wolever TMS, et al. Glycaemic index of 102 complex

carbohydrate foods in patients with diabetes. Nutr Res1994;14:651.115. Yannick C, et al. Oxidation of corn starch, glucose, and

fructose ingested before exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc1989;21:45.

116. Zachwieja JJ, et al. Influence of muscle glycogen depletion onthe rate of resynthesis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1991;23:44.

117. Zderic TW, et al. High-fat diet elevates resting intramusculartriglyceride concentration and whole body lipolysis duringexercise. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2004;286:E217.


16/100

CAPÍTULO 4 Valor Energético do Alimento 13


Capítulo 4: Valor Energético do Alimento

Leituras Sugeridas

Atwater WO, Woods CD. The chemical composition of American

food materials. USDA Bulletin no. 28. Washington, DC:USDA, 1896.

Boyle M. Personal nutrition. 4th ed. Belmont, CA: WadsworthPublishing, 2001.

Brody T. Nutritional biochemistry. 2nd ed, New York: AcademicPress, 1999.

Brooks GA, et al. Exercise physiology: human bioenergetics and itsapplications. 4th ed. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield, 2004.

Groff JL, Gropper SS. Advanced nutrition and human metabolism.4th ed Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing, 2994.

Guyton AC, Hall JE. Textbook of medical physiology. 11th ed.Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 2005.

Health and Welfare Canada. Nutrient value of some common foods.Ottawa, Canada: Health Services and Promotion Branch,Health and Welfare, 1988.

Jean AT, et al. Bowes & Church’s food values of portionscommonly used. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,2004.

Katch FI. U.S. government raises serious questions about reliabilityof U.S. Department of Agriculture’s food composition tables.Int J Sports Nutr 1995;5:62.

Levine JA. Nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT):environment and biology. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab2004;286:E675.

Mahan IK, Escott-Stump S. Krause’s food, nutrition, & diet therapy.11th ed., Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 2003.

Rumpler WV, et al. Energy value of moderate alcohol consumptionby humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1996;64:108.

Shils ME, et al. Modern nutrition in health and disease. 10th ed.Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005.

U.S. Department of Agriculture. Composition of foods–raw,processed, and prepared. No. 8. Washington, DC: U.S.Department of Agriculture, 1963-1987.

2Energia para a Atividade Física


17/100

14 Seção 2 Energia para a Atividade Física


Capítulo 5: Introdução à Transferência de Energia

Leituras Sugeridas

Alberts B, et al. Essential cell biology: an introduction to the

molecular biology of the cell. 2nd ed. New York: GarlandPublishers, 2003.Åstrand PO, et al. Textbook of work physiology. 4th ed.

Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2003.Atkins PW. The second law. San Francisco: WH Freeman, 1984.Berg JM, et al. Biochemistry. 5th ed. San Francisco: WH Freeman,

2002.Brooks GA, et al. Exercise physiology: human bioenergetics and its

applications. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004.Campbell MK, Farrell SO. Biochemistry. 5th ed. London: Thomson

Brooks/Cole, 2005.

Doolittle RF. Proteins. Sci Am 1985;253(4):88.Fox SI. Human physiology. 9th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005.Horton R. Principles of biochemistry. 4th ed. Engelwood Cliffs,

New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 2005.Kraut J. How do enzymes work? Science 1988;242:533.Lehninger AH, et al. Principles of biochemistry. 4th ed. New York:

WH Freeman, 2004.Marieb EN. Essentials of human anatomy and physiology. 8th ed.

Menlo Park, CA: Pearson Education: Benjamin/Cummings,

2005.Szent-Györgyi A. Chemistry of muscular contraction. New York:Academic Press, 1951.

Watson JD, et al. Molecular biology of the gene. 5th ed. MenloPark, CA: Benjamin/Cummings, 2003.

Watson JD, Berry A. DNA: the secret of life. New York: Knopf,2003.

Widmaier EP. Vander’s human physiology. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005.


18/100

CAPÍTULO 6 Transferência de Energia no Corpo 15


Capítulo 6: Transferência de Energia no Corpo

Referências 1. Balban RS. Regulation of oxidative phosphorylation in the

mammalian cell. Am J Physiol 1990;258:C377.2. Bertocci LA, Gollnick PD. pH effect on mitochondriaand individual enzyme function. Med Sci Sports Exerc1985;17:244.

3. Brooks GA. Physical activity and carbohydrate metabolism.In: Bouchard C, et al., eds. Physical activity, fitness, andhealth. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1994.

4. Brooks GA. Intra- and extra-cellular lactate shuttles. Med SciSports Exerc 2000;35:778.

5. Campbell MK. Biochemistry. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WBSaunders, 1999.

6. Carins SP, et al. Role of extracellular [Ca2] in fatigueof isolated mammalian skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol1998;84:1395.

7. Chasiotis D. Role of cyclic AMP and inorganic phosphate inthe regulation of muscle glycogenolysis during exercise. MedSci Sports Exerc 1988;20:545.

8. Donsmark M, et al. Hormone-sensitive lipase as mediator oflipolysis in contracting skeletal muscle. Exerc Sport Sci Rev2005;33:127.

9. Febbario MA, et al. Effect of epinephrine on muscleglycogenolysis during exercise in trained men. J Appl Physiol1998;84:465.

10. Fox SI. Human physiology. 7th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill,2002.

11. Gibala MJ, et al. Tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates inhuman muscle at rest and during prolonged cycling. Am JPhysiol 1997;272(Endocrinol Metab 35):E239.

12. Gladden LB. Muscle as a consumer of lactate. Med Sci SportsExerc 2000;32:764.13. Gladden LB. A “lactatic” perspective on metabolism. Med Sci

Sports Exerc 2008;40:477.14. Hardie DG. AMP-activated protein kinase: a key system

mediating metabolic responses to exercise. Med Sci SportsExerc 2004;36:28.

15. Hashimoto T, Brooks GA. Mitochondrial lactate oxidationcomplex and an adaptive role for lactate production. Med SciSports Exerc 2008;40:486.

16. Hawley JA, Zierath JR. Integration of metabolic andmitogenic signal transduction in skeletal muscle. Exerc SportSci Rev 2004;32:4.

17. Hogan MC, et al. Increased [lactate] in working dog muscle

reduces tension development independent of pH. Med SciSports Exerc 1995;27:371.18. Hultman E, et al. Energy metabolism and fatigue. In: Taylor

AW, et al., eds. Biochemistry of exercise VII. Champaign, IL:Human Kinetics, 1990.

19. Jørgensen SB, et al. Role of AMPK in skeletal musclemetabolic regulation and adaptation in relation to exercise.J Physiol 2006;574(Pt 1):17.

20. Kiens B. Skeletal muscle lipid metabolism in exercise andinsulin resistance. Physiol Rev 2006;86:205.

21. Kiens B, et al. Skeletal muscle substrate utilization duringsubmaximal exercise in man: effect of endurance training.J Physiol 1993;469:459.

22. MacRae HS-H, et al. Effects of training on lactate productionand removal during progressive exercise. J Appl Physiol1992;72:1649.

23. Mainwood GW, Renaud JM. The effect of acid-baseon fatigue of skeletal muscle. Can J Physiol Pharmacol1985;63:403.

24. Messonnierl L, et al. Are the effects of training on fatmetabolism involved in the improvement of performanceduring high intensity exercise? Eur J Appl Physiol2005;94:434.

25. Mittendorfer B, et al. Excess body fat in men decreasesplasma fatty acid availability and oxidation during endurance

exercise. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2004;286:E354.26. Mudio DM, et al. Effects of dietary fat on metabolicadjustments to maximal VO2 and endurance in runners. MedSci Sports Exerc 1994;26:81.

27. Murray R, et al. Physiological responses to glycerol ingestionduring exercise. J Appl Physiol 1991;71:144.

28. Myburgh KH. Can any metabolites partially alleviate fatiguemanifestations at the cross-bridge? Med Sci Sports Exerc2004;36:20.

29. Nybo L. CNS fatigue and prolonged exercise: effect ofglucose supplementation. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003;35:589.

30. Owen OE, et al. Protein, fat, and carbohydrate requirementsduring starvation: anaplerosis and cataplerosis. Am J ClinNutr 1998;68:12.

31. Rennie, MJ. How to avoid running on empty. J Physiol2000;528(Pt 1):3.32. Romijn JA, et al. Regulations of endogenous fat and

carbohydrate metabolism in relation to exercise intensity andduration. Am J Physiol 1993;265:E380.

33. Rose AJ, Richter EA. Skeletal muscle glucose uptake duringexercise: how is it regulated? Physiology 2005;20:260.

34. Seip RL, Semenkovich CF. Skeletal muscle lipoprotein lipase:molecular regulation and physiological effects in relation toexercise. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 1998;26:191.

35. Shepherd RE, Bah MD. Cyclic AMP regulation of fuelmetabolism during exercise: regulation of adipose tissuelipolysis during exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1988;20:531.

36. Stryer L. Biochemistry. 4th ed. San Francisco: WH

Freeman,1995.37. Sumida KD, et al. Enhanced gluconeogenesis from lactatein perfused livers after endurance training. J Appl Physiol1993;74:782.

38. Thompson DL, et al. Substrate use during and followingmoderate- and low-intensity exercise: implications for weightcontrol. Eur J Appl Physiol 1998;78:43.

39. Trump ME, et al. Importance of muscle phosphocreatineduring intermittent maximal cycling. J Appl Physiol1996;80:1574.

40. Turcoatte LP, et al. Impaired plasma FFA oxidation imposedby extreme CHO deficiency in contracting rat skeletal muscle.J Appl Physiol 1994;77:517.

41. van der Vusse GJ, et al. Lipid metabolism in muscle.

Handbook of physiology, section 12: exercise: regulation andintegration of multiple systems. New York: Oxford Press,1996.

Leituras Sugeridas Berg JM, et al. Biochemistry. 5th ed. San Francisco: WH Freeman,

2002.Brooks GA, et al. Exercise physiology: human bioenergetics and its

applications. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004.Cerretelli P. Energy sources for muscular exercise. Int J Sports Med

1992;13(suppl 1):S106.Hargreaves M. Interactions between muscle glycogen and blood

glucose during exercise. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 1997;25:21.Lehninger AH, et al. Principles of biochemistry. 4th ed. New York:

WH Freeman, 2004.


19/100


Marieb, EN. Essentials of human anatomy and physiology. 8th ed.Redwood City, CA: Pearson Education/Benjamin Cummings,2005.

Martin WH III, et al. Effect of endurance training on plasma freefatty acid turnover and oxidation during exercise. Am JPhysiol 1993;E708.

Nicklas BJ. Effects of endurance exercise on adipose tissuemetabolism. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 1997;25:77.

Shils ME, et al. Modern nutrition in health and disease. 10th ed.Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005.

Widmaier EP. Vander’s human physiology. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005.


20/100

CAPÍTULO 7 Transferência de Energia no Exercício 17


Capítulo 7: Transferência de Energia no Exercício

Referências

1. Ahmaidi S, et al. Effects of active recovery on plasma lactate

and anaerobic power following repeated intensive exercise.Med Sci Sports Exerc 1996;28: 450.2. Asp S, et al. Muscle glycogen accumulation after a marathon:

roles of fiber type and pro- and macroglycogen. J ApplPhysiol 1999;86:474.

3. Baher SK, et al. Training-intensity dependent and tissue-specific increases in lactate uptake and MCT-1 in heartmuscle. J Appl Physiol 1998;84:987.

4. Bahr R. Effects of supramaximal exercise on excesspostexercise oxygen consumption. Med Sci Sports Exerc1992;24:66.

5. Bahr R, et al. Triglyceride/fatty acid cycling is increased afterexercise. Metabolism 1990;39:993.

6. Barstow TJ. Characterization of VO2 kinetics during heavy

exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1994;26:1327.7. Berger NJ, et al. Influence of continuous and intervaltraining on oxygen uptake on-kinetics. Med Sci Sports Exerc2006;38:504.

8. Bernús G, et al. 31P-MRS of quadriceps reveals quantitativedifferences between sprinters and long-distance runners. MedSci Sports Exerc 1993;25:479.

9. Borsheim E, Bahr R. Effect of exercise intensity, durationand mode on post-exercise oxygen consumption. Sports Med2003;33:1037.

10. Brooks GA. Anaerobic threshold: review of the conceptand directions for future research. Med Sci Sports Exerc1985;17:22.

11. Brooks GA. Physical activity and carbohydrate metabolism.

In: Bouchard C, et al., eds. Physical activity, fitness, andhealth Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1994.12. Chiappa GR, et al. Blood lactate during recovery from intense

exercise: impact of inspiratory loading. Med Sci Sports Exerc2008;40:111.

13. Choi D, et al. Effect of passive and active recovery on theresynthesis of muscle glycogen. Med Sci Sports Exerc1994;26:992.

14. Coggan AR, et al. Plasma glucose kinetics during exercise insubjects with high and low lactate thresholds. J Appl Physiol1992;73:1873.

15. Coggan AR, et al. Skeletal muscle adaptations to endurancetraining in 60- to 70-yr-old men and women. J Appl Physiol1992;72:1780.

16. DeLorey DS, et al. The effects of age on O2 kinetics and the

adaptation of muscle deoxygenation at the onset of moderate-intensity cycling exercise. J Appl Physiol 2004;97:165.

17. Donovan CM, Brooks GA. Endurance training affects lactateclearance, not lactate production. Am J Physiol 1983;244(Endocrinol Metab 7):E83.

18. Dupont G, et al. Effect of short recovery intensities on theperformance during two Wingate tests. Med Sci Sports Exerc2007;39:1170.

19. Gastin PB. Energy system interaction and relative contributionduring maximal exercise. Sports Med 2001;31:725.

20. Gayagay G, et al. Elite endurance athletes and the ACE IAllele-the role of genes in athletic performance. Hum Genet1998;103:48.

21. Gladden LB. Lactate uptake by skeletal muscle. Exerc SportSci Rev 1989;17:115.

22. Gollnick PD, et al. Glycogen depletion patterns in humanskeletal muscle fibers after varying types and intensitiesof exercise. In: Howard H, Poortmans J, eds. Metabolicadaptation to prolonged exercise. Basel: Birkhausen Verlag,1975.

23. Gore CJ, Withers RI. Effects of exercise intensity and durationon postexercise metabolism. J Appl Physiol 1990;68:2362.

24. Grassi B, et al. Faster adjustment of O2 delivery does notaffect VO2 kinetics in isolated in situ canine muscle. J Appl

Physiol 1998;85:1394.25. Grassi B, et al. Peripheral oxygen diffusion does not affect O

2

on-kinetics in isolated in situ canine muscle. J Appl Physiol1998;85:1404.

26. Greenhaff PL, Timmons JA. Interaction between aerobic andanaerobic metabolism during intense muscle contraction.Exerc Sport Sci Rev 1998;26:1.

27. Hebestreit H, et al. Kinetics of oxygen uptake at the onset ofexercise in boys and men. J Appl Physiol 1998;85:1833.

28. Hill AV, et al. Muscular exercise, lactic acid and thesupply and utilization of oxygen. Proc R Soc Lond (Biol)1924;96:438.

29. Hogan MC, et al. Increased [lactate] in working dog musclereduces tension development independent of pH. Med Sci

Sports Exerc 1995;27:371.30. Holloszy JO, Coyle EF. Adaptations of skeletal muscle to

endurance training and their metabolic consequences, J. ApplPhysiol 1984;56:831.

31. Ingham SA, et al. Comparison of the oxygen uptake kineticsof club and Olympic champion rowers. Med Sci Sports Exerc2007;39:865.

32. Jacobs I, et al. Sprint training effects on muscle myoglobin,enzymes, fiber types, and blood lactate. Med Sci Sports Exerc1987;19:368.

33. Katz A, Sahlin K. Role of oxygen in regulation of glycolysisand lactate production in human skeletal muscle. Exerc SportSci Rev 1990,18:1.

34. Koppo K, et al. Effects of training status and exercise intensity

on phase II VO2 kinetics. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004;36:225.35. MacRae HS-H, et al. Effect of training on lactate production

and removal during progressive exercise. J Appl Physol1992;72:1649.

36. Margaria R, et al. The possible mechanism of contracting andpaying the oxygen debt and the role of lactic acid in muscularcontraction. Am J Physiol 1933;106:687.

37. McCully KK, et al. Simultaneous in vivo measurements ofHbO2 saturation and PCr kinetics after exercise in normalhumans. J Appl Physiol 1994;77:5.

38. McLellan TM, Skinner JS. Blood lactate removal duringactive recovery related to aerobic threshold. Int J Sports Med1982;3:224.

39. Poole DC. O2

slow component: physiological and functionalsignificance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1994;26:1354.

40. Quinn TJ, et al. Postexercise oxygen consumption in trainedfemales: effect of exercise duration. Med Sci Sports Exerc1994;26:908.

41. Short KR, Sedlock DA. Excess postexercise oxygenconsumption and recovery rate in trained and untrainedsubjects. J Appl Physiol 1997;83:153.

42. Skirnar GS, et al. Glycogen utilization inwheelchair-dependent athletes. Int J Sports Med 1982;3:215.

43. Spencer MR, Gastin PB. Energy system contribution during200- to 1500-m running in highly trained athletes. Med SciSports Exerc 2001;33:157.

44. Starritt EC, et al. Effect of short-term training onmitochondrial ATP production rate in human skeletal muscle.J Appl Physiol 1999;86:450.


21/100


45. Tschakovsky ME, Hughson RL. Interaction of factorsdetermining oxygen uptake at the onset of exercise. J ApplPhysiol 1999;86:1101.

46. Weltman A, et al. Reliability and validity of a continuousincremental treadmill protocol for the determination of lactatethreshold, fixed blood lactate concentrations and VO2max. Int JSports Med 1990;11:26.

47. Whipp BJ. The slow component of O2 uptake kinetics duringheavy exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1994;26:1319.

48. Wilber RL, et al. Physiological profiles of elite off-road androad cyclists. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997;29: 1090.

49. Wyatt FB. Comparison of lactate and ventilatory thresholdto maximal oxygen consumption: a meta-analysis. J StrengthCond Res 1999;13:67.


22/100

CAPÍTULO 8 Medida do Consumo (Dispêndio) de Energia Humana 19


Capítulo 8: Medida do Consumo (Dispêndio) deEnergia Humana

Referências

1. Atwater WO, Rosa EB. Description of a new respirationcalorimeter and experiments on the conservation of energyin the human body. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Officeof Experiment Stations, Bulletin no. 63. Washington, DC:Government Printing Office, 1899.

2. Castellani JW, et al. Energy expenditure in men and womenduring 54h of exercise and caloric deprivation. Med Sci SportsExerc 2006;38:894.

3. Conway JM, et al. Comparison of energy expenditureestimates from doubly labeled water, a physical activityquestionnaire, and physical activity records. Am J Clin Nutr2002;75:519.

4. Crandall CG, et al. Evaluation of the Cosmed K2 portabletelemetric oxygen uptake analyzer. Med Sci Sports Exerc1994;26:108.

5. Dulloo AG, et al. A low-budget and easy-to-operate roomrespirometer for measuring daily energy expenditure in man.Am J Clin Nutr 1988;48:1367.

6. Ekelund U, et al. Energy expenditure assessed by heart rateand doubly labeled water in young athletes. Med Sci SportsExerc 2002;34:1360.

7. Ekelund U, et al. Physical activity but not energy expenditureis reduced in obese adolescents: a case-controlled study. Am JClin Nutr 2002;76:935.

8. Ferraro R, et al. Energy cost of physical activity on ametabolic ward in relationship to obesity. Am J Clin Nutr1991;53:1368.

9. Fogelholm M, et al. Assessment of energy expenditure inoverweight women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998;30:1191.

10. Gore JC, et al. CPX/D underestimates O2 in athletes comparedwith an automated Douglas bag system. Med Sci Sports Exerc2003;35:1341.

11. Haldane JS, Priestley JG. Respiration. New York: OxfordUniversity Press, 1935.

12. Hill RJ, Davies PS. Energy intake and energy expenditurein elite lightweight female rowers. Med Sci Sports Exerc2002;34:1823.

13. Jéquier E, Schutz Y. Long-term measurements of energyexpenditure in humans using a respiration chamber. Am J ClinNutr 1983;38:989.

14. Jungas RL, et al. Quantitative analysis of amino acid oxidationand related gluconeogenesis in humans. Physiol Rev 1992;72:419.

15. Koffranyi E, Michaelis HF. Ein tragbarer apparat zurbestimmung des gasstoffwechsels. Arbeitsphysiologie1940;11:148.

16. Krogh A, Lindhard J. The relative value of fat and carbohydrateas sources of muscular energy. Biochem J 1920;14:290.

17. Montoye HJ, et al. Measuring physical activity and energyexpenditure. Boca Raton, FL: Human Kinetics, 1996.

18. Mudambo KS, et al. Adequacy of food rations in soldiersduring exercise in hot, day-time conditions assessed by doublelabeled water and energy balance methods. Eur J Appl Physiol1997;76:346.

19. Murgatroyd RR, James WPT. Energy measurement in man by

direct calorimetry. In: Björntorp P, et al., eds. Recent advancesin obesity research. London: John-Libby, 1982.20. Ravussin E, et al. Determinants of 24-hour energy expenditure

in man: methods and results

McArdle 7ed Referencias

Documents

Transcript of McArdle 7ed Referencias