Matter – Properties and Changes

Chapter 3

3.1 – Properties of Matter Matter is anything that has mass and takes up

space (mass is the amount of matter the object contains).

What’s the difference between mass and weight?

Substances are matter that have uniform and unchanging composition.

What is an example of a substance?

States of Matter What are the three states of matter?

Solid – Form of matter that has its own definite shape and volume. definite shape and volume, incompressible

Liquid – Form of matter that flows, has constant volume, and takes the shape of its container. indefinite shape, definite volume, incompressible

Gas – Form of matter that not only flows to conform to the shape of its container but also fills the entire volume of its container. indefinite shape and volume, compressible

What is the difference between a gas and vapor?

Vapor refers to the gaseous state of a substance that is a solid or a liquid at room temperature.

Physical Properties of Matter A physical property is a characteristic that can be

observed or measured without changing the substance’s composition. Extensive – dependent on the amount of

substance present. (such as mass) Intensive – independent of the amount of

substance present. (such as density)

Name more examples of physical properties.

Chemical Properties of Matter A chemical property has the ability or

inability to combine with or change a substance into one or more other substances.

What is an example of a chemical property?

3.2 – Changes in Matter What are the two types of changes matter can

undergo?

Physical Change – alters a substance without changing its composition.

Phase Change – Transition of matter from one state to another. Water Cycle – boil, freeze, condense, vaporize, melt

Chemical Change – process that involves one or more substances changing into new substances.

What are some examples of evidence of a chemical change?

Conservation of Mass The law of conservation of mass states

that in any physical change or chemical reaction, mass is neither created nor destroyed; it is conserved.

Massreactants = Massproducts

Law of Spontaneous generation

3.3 – Mixtures of Matter A mixture is a physical blend of two or more substances

in which each substance retains its individual chemical properties.

What is the difference between heterogenous and homogenous mixtures? Heterogeneous mixture – mixture that does not

blend smoothly throughout and in which the individual substances remain distinct.

Homogenous mixture – mixture that has constant composition throughout; it always has a single phase.

How many phases does a solution have? Solutions = homogeneous mixtures

Separating Mixtures What are six methods of separating mixtures?

Filtration Technique that uses a porous barrier to separate a solid from

a liquid.

Distillation Physical separation technique that is based on differences in

the boiling points of the substances involved.

Crystallization Separation technique that results in the formation of pure

solid particles of a substance from a solution containing the dissolved substance.

Separating Mixtures Sublimation

Process during which a solid changes to vapor without melting.

Chromatography Technique that separates the components of a mixture

dissolved in either a gas or a liquid based on the ability of each component to travel or to be drawn across the surface of a fixed substrate.

Magnets Technique that separates the components of a mixture based

on the magnetic properties of the components.

How would you separate a mixture of sand, salt, iron filings, and water?

3.4 - Elements and Compounds Elements are pure substances that cannot

be separated into simpler substances by physical or chemical means.

The periodic table organizes the elements into a grid of horizontal rows (periods) and vertical columns (groups or families).

Compounds are substances made up of two or more different elements that are combined chemically.

What are “chemical means” of separating compounds?

Mass Number Adds the total number of protons and

neutrons together.

MASS NUMBER DOES NOT EQUAL ATOMIC MASS!!!!!!!!!

Mass number is not on the periodic table.

Mass Number

Law of Definite Proportions

masses of the same elements are always in the same proportions in any chemical compound some compounds contain the same elements but have

different physical/chemical properties

Sucrose = 42.2% Carbon, 6.5% Hydrogen, 51.3% Oxygen

% by mass = Mass of element x 100 Mass of compound

Law of Multiple Proportions When different compounds are formed by a

combination of the same elements, different masses of one element combine with the same fixed mass of the other element in a ratio of small whole numbers.

compares two different compounds containing the same elements

Water (H2O) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)