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Transcript of Matter & Energy Chapter 3 Universe Matter Universe Classified Matter is the part of the universe...
Matter & Energy
Chapter 3
UniverseUniverse
UniverseUniverse
MatterMatter
Universe Classified
• Matter is the part of the universe that has mass and volume
• Energy is the part of the universe that has the ability to do work
• Chemistry is the study of matter– The properties of different types of matter– The way matter behaves when influenced
by other matter and/or energy
THREE STATES OF MATTER
• Solid -- has definite shape and definite volume ( stone, gold ring, NaCl crystal)
• Liquid -- has definite volume but no definite shape ( water, alcohol, blood, gasoline)
• Gas -- neither definite shape nor definite volume (air, helium, oxygen)
• solid, liquid, gas
States of Matter
State Shape Volume Compress Flow
Solid KeepsShape
KeepsVolume
No No
Liquid TakesShape ofContainer
KeepsVolume
No Yes
Gas TakesShape ofContainer
TakesVolume ofContainer
Yes Yes
Figure 3.1: Liquid water
takes the shape of its container
THREE STATES OF MATTER
Figure 3.11: In ice, the water molecules vibrate randomly about their positions in the solid
STATE OF MATTER DEPENDS UPON:
• Strength of the forces between the particles in the sample of matter (Stronger forces favor solids.)
• Conditions under which the sample exists -- the temperature and pressure (Lower temperatures and higher pressures favor solids.)
Properties
• Characteristics of the substance under observation
• Properties can be either directly observable orthe manner something interacts
with other substances in the universe
PHYSICAL PROPERTY
• - characteristic of a substance that can change without the substance becoming a different substance.
• Physical properties include:– color -density– odor - melting point– volume - boiling point– state (solid, liquid, gas)
CHEMICAL PROPERTY
• - the ability of a substance to change to a different substance.
• Chemical properties include the ability to:– react with acids– burn (combine with oxygen)– corrode or rust– sour or spoil– to ferment
Classify Each of the following as Physical or Chemical Properties
The boiling point of ethyl alcohol is 78°C.
Diamond is very hard.
Sugar ferments to form ethyl alcohol.
Classify Each of the following as Physical or Chemical Properties
The boiling point of ethyl alcohol is 78°C.– Physical property – describes inherent characteristic of
alcohol – boiling point
Diamond is very hard.– Physical property – describes inherent characteristic of
diamond – hardness
Sugar ferments to form ethyl alcohol.– Chemical property – describes behavior of sugar –
forming a new substance (ethyl alcohol)
PHYSICAL CHANGE
• -change in the form, size, shape, or state of a substance, but not its chemical nature; no chemical bonds are broken.
• Physical changes include:– melting - crushing – freezing - grinding– boiling - dissolving– evaporating - breaking
Figure 3.7: No chemical
change occurs when salt water is distilled
CHEMICAL CHANGE
• - the formation of new substance(s) with new properties through the reorganization of atoms -- a chemical reaction.
• Chemical changes include:– corroding - burning– rusting - rotting– souring - reacting with acids– fermenting - reacting with water
IS ELECTROLYSIS A
CHEMICAL OR
PHYSICAL
CHANGE?
Chemical
Classify Each of the following as Physical or Chemical Changes
Iron metal is melted.
Iron combines with oxygen to form rust.
Sugar ferments to form ethyl alcohol.
Classify Each of the following as Physical or Chemical Changes
Iron is melted.– Physical change – describes a state change, but the
material is still iron
Iron combines with oxygen to form rust..– Chemical change – describes how iron and oxygen
react to make a new substance, rust
Sugar ferments to form ethyl alcohol.– Chemical change – describes how sugar forms a new
substance (ethyl alcohol)
UniverseUniverse
MatterMatter EnergyEnergy
MatterMatter
HomogeneousHomogeneous HeterogeneousHeterogeneous
Pure SubstancePure Substance SolutionSolution
Physical Change
MixtureMixture
UniverseUniverse
MatterMatter EnergyEnergy
HomogeneousHomogeneousPhysical Change HeterogeneousHeterogeneous
Pure SubstancePure Substance SolutionSolution MixtureMixture
Pure SubstancePure Substance
ElementElement CompoundCompound
ELEMENT
• - a substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical or physical means.
• Elements include:– oxygen - iron– silver - aluminum– carbon - nitrogen– gold - neon
02_29
1H
3Li
11Na
19K
37Rb
55Cs
87Fr
4Be
12Mg
20Ca
38Sr
56Ba
88Ra
21Sc
39Y
57La*
89Ac†
22Ti
40Zr
72Hf
104Unq
23V
41Nb
73Ta
105Unp
24Cr
42Mo
74W
106Unh
25Mn
43Tc
75Re
107Uns
26Fe
44Ru
76Os
108Uno
27Co
45Rh
77Ir
109Une
110Uun
111Uuu
28Ni
46Pd
78Pt
29Cu
47Ag
79Au
30Zn
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
48Cd
80Hg
31Ga
49In
81Tl
5B
13Al
32Ge
50Sn
82Pb
6C
14Si
33As
51Sb
83Bi
7N
15P
34Se
52Te
84Po
8O
16S
9F
17Cl
35Br
53I
85At
10Ne
18Ar
36Kr
54Xe
86Rn
2He
58Ce
90Th
59Pr
91Pa
60Nd
92U
61Pm
93Np
62Sm
94Pu
63Eu
95Am
64Gd
96Cm
65Tb
97Bk
66Dy
98Cf
67Ho
99Es
68Er
100Fm
69Tm
101Md
70Yb
102No
71Lu
103Lr
1A
2A
Transition metals
3A 4A 5A 6A 7A
8A1
2 13 14 15 16 17
18A
lkali
me
tals
Alkalineearth metals Halogens
Noblegases
*Lanthanides
† Actinides
PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS
COMPOUND
• - a substance with constant composition that can be broken into elements by chemical processes.
• Compounds include:– water - sodium chloride– ethanol - ammonia– sugar - carbon dioxide– potassium nitrate - sodium hydroxide
UniverseUniverse
MatterMatter EnergyEnergy
HomogeneousHomogeneous Physical Change HeterogeneousHeterogeneous
Pure SubstancePure Substance SolutionSolution MixtureMixture
ElementElement CompoundCompoundChemical Change
HETEROGENEOUS MATTER
• - has different properties throughout -- a mixture.– Salt and pepper– soil– granite– sea water– spaghetti & meat balls
Pure Substances vs. Mixtures• Pure Substances
– All samples have the same physical and chemical properties
– Constant Composition all samples have the same composition
– Homogeneous
– Separate into components based on chemical properties
• All mixtures are made of pure substances
Pure Substances vs. Mixtures• Mixtures
– Different samples may show different properties
– Variable composition
– Homogeneous or Heterogeneous
– Separate into components based on physical properties
• All mixtures are made of pure substances
Figure 3.5: Sand and water do not mix to form a uniform mixture
SEPARATION OF MIXTURES
- mixtures can be separated by physical means. – distillation– filtration– centrifuging– magnet– evaporation– chromatography
Separation of Mixtures• Separate mixtures based on different
physical properties of the components– Physical change
EvaporationVolatility
ChromatographyAdherence to a Surface
FiltrationState of Matter (solid/liquid/gas)
DistillationBoiling Point
TechniqueDifferent Physical Property
Figure 3.6: Distillation of a solution consisting of salt dissolved in water
Figure 3.8: Filtration separates a liquid from a solid
CENTRIFUGE
Paper Chromatography
Chromatography has two phases of matter: a stationaryphase (the paper) and a mobile phase ( the liquid).
Pure SubstancePure Substance
ElementElement CompoundCompound
Electron ShellsElectron Shells NucleusNucleus
Chemical Change
HOMOGENEOUS MATTER
• - a substance with the same properties throughout -- a pure substance.
• Elements and compounds are pure substances (homogeneous matter).
SOLUTION
• - is a homogeneous mixture.
• - has a variable composition...
• - can be separated by physical means.
• - no evidence of a chemical change when a solution is formed.
Figure 3.9: Separation of a sand-saltwater mixture
Identity Each of the following as a Pure Substance, Homogeneous Mixture or
Heterogeneous Mixture
Gasoline
A stream with gravel on the bottom
Copper metal
Identity Each of the following as a Pure Substance, Homogeneous Mixture or
Heterogeneous Mixture
Gasoline – a homogenous mixture
A stream with gravel on the bottom– a heterogeneous mixture
Copper metal– A pure substance (all elements are pure substances)
UniverseUniverse
MatterMatter EnergyEnergy
HomogeneousHomogeneousPhysical Change HeterogeneousHeterogeneous
Pure SubstancePure Substance SolutionSolution MixtureMixture
ElementElement CompoundCompoundChemical Change
Electron LevelsElectron Levels NucleusNucleus
Pure SubstancePure Substance
ElementElement CompoundCompound
Electron ShellsElectron Shells NucleusNucleus
Chemical Change
ElectronsElectrons ProtonsProtons NeutronsNeutrons
UniverseUniverse
MatterMatterEnergyEnergy
HomogeneousHomogeneousPhysical Change HeterogeneousHeterogeneous
Pure SubstancePure Substance SolutionSolution MixtureMixture
ElementElement CompoundCompoundChemical Change
Electron LevelsElectron LevelsNucleusNucleus
ElectronsElectrons ProtonsProtons NeutronsNeutrons
EnergyEnergy
Potential Energy
Potential Energy
Kinetic EnergyKinetic Energy
UniverseUniverse
MatterMatterEnergyEnergy
HomogeneousHomogeneousPhysical Change HeterogeneousHeterogeneous
Pure SubstancePure Substance SolutionSolution MixtureMixture
ElementElement CompoundCompoundChemical Change
Electron LevelsElectron LevelsNucleusNucleus
ElectronsElectrons ProtonsProtons NeutronsNeutrons
Potential Energy
Potential Energy
Kinetic Energy
Kinetic Energy
Potential EnergyPotential Energy
PositionPosition CompositionComposition
UniverseUniverse
MatterMatterEnergyEnergy
HomogeneousHomogeneousPhysical Change HeterogeneousHeterogeneous
Pure SubstancePure Substance SolutionSolution MixtureMixture
ElementElement CompoundCompoundChemical Change
Electron LevelsElectron LevelsNucleusNucleus
ElectronsElectrons ProtonsProtons NeutronsNeutrons
Potential Energy
Potential Energy
Kinetic Energy
Kinetic Energy
PositionPositionCompositionComposition
PositionPosition
GravitationalGravitational ElectrostaticElectrostatic
UniverseUniverse
MatterMatterEnergyEnergy
HomogeneousHomogeneousPhysical Change HeterogeneousHeterogeneous
Pure SubstancePure Substance SolutionSolution MixtureMixture
ElementElement CompoundCompoundChemical Change
Electron LevelsElectron LevelsNucleusNucleus
ElectronsElectrons ProtonsProtons NeutronsNeutrons
Potential Energy
Potential Energy
Kinetic Energy
Kinetic Energy
PositionPositionCompositionComposition
GravitationalGravitational ElectrostaticElectrostatic
CompositionComposition
NuclearNuclear ChemicalChemical
Energy and Energy Changes
• Capacity to do work– chemical, mechanical, thermal, electrical,
radiant, sound, nuclear
• Energy may affect matter– e.g. raise its temperature, eventually causing a
state change– All physical changes and chemical changes
involve energy changes
Energy and the Temperature of Matter
• The amount the temperature of an object increases depends on the amount of heat added (Q).– If you double the added heat energy the
temperature will increase twice as much.
• The amount the temperature of an object increases depends on its mass– If you double the mass it will take twice as
much heat energy to raise the temperature the same amount.
Units of Energy
• One calorie is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water by 1°C
kcal = energy needed to raise the temperature of 1000 g of water 1°C
• joule
4.184 J = 1 cal 4.184 kJ = 1 kcal• In nutrition, calories are capitalized
1 Cal = 1 kcal
Converting Calories to Joules
251J)cal 1
J 4.184(60.1cal)(
joules 4.184 cal 1
Convert 60.1 cal to joules
Specific Heat Capacity
• Specific Heat (s) is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one Celsius degree
• Specific heat is a characteristic or identifying property of matter.
C gJ
4.184 is water ofheat specific the,definitionBy
ENERGY CALCULATIONS
• Heat (Q) -- J
• mass (m) -- g
• specific heat (s) -- J/gCo
• “change” in temperature (t) -- Co
• Q = m s t
Calculate the amount of heat energy (in joules) needed to raise the temperature of
7.40 g of water from 29.0°C to 46.0°C
C 29.0 - C46.0 T
J 526 Q C g
J 4.184 s
C)0.17)(C g
J184(7.40g)(4. Q g 7.40 m
t s m Q ? Q
A 1.6 g sample of metal that appears to be gold requires 5.8 J to raise the temperature from 23°C
to 41°C. Is the metal pure gold?
C g
J0.20s C 23 - C41 T
C)18 g)( (1.6
J 5.8 s ? s
t)(m)(
Q s g 1.6 m
t s m Q J 5.8 Q
Table 3.2 lists the specific heat of gold as 0.13Therefore the metal cannot be pure gold.
C gJ
UniverseUniverse
MatterMatterEnergyEnergy
HomogeneousHomogeneousPhysical Change HeterogeneousHeterogeneous
Pure SubstancePure Substance SolutionSolution MixtureMixture
ElementElement CompoundCompoundChemical Change
Electron LevelsElectron LevelsNucleusNucleus
ElectronsElectronsProtonsProtons NeutronsNeutrons
Potential Energy
Potential Energy
Kinetic Energy
Kinetic Energy
PositionPositionCompositionComposition
GravitationalGravitational ElectrostaticElectrostatic
NuclearNuclear
ChemicalChemical
Nuclear Change
Chemical Change
“TO BUILD FROM MATTER IS SUBLIMELY GREAT, BUT GODS AND POETS ONLY CAN CREATE.”
Pitt