MATERIALOZNANIE LEKCII
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Transcript of MATERIALOZNANIE LEKCII
- , ,
1. . . 4 : 1) 2) () 3) 4) ..
u
- [T] () - - [A/m] ( ) B = 0 . r H 0 - 0 = 4.10 7 H / m r - r > 1 , r > 1
(, , ). , . . h, s
h[m] s [m2] I [A] J [A/m2] J= I S U , [V / m] , h
. E .
J (1) J = E (1) - [s/m] ( ) . , .
=
1 , [ , m ] .
: = nq V =k E n - . q - V - . V = k E [] V = nqk E (2)
- - .
, , [eV]. - . () , - (2) , (1) . , r = , . . . . , . , , . 1 - 2 - 3 -
4 - 5 - -
[10+7-1020] m W=(3-5) eV () [10+6-109] m W=(0,2 - 3,5) eV () [10-8-10-5] m
W=0 . .
2. . . . - , . . .
. , I . . , , .
. . .
E=
U ,V /m h
I=Iv+Is I - Is - Iv - G=Gv+Gs G- Gv - Gs - 1 G (3) (4) (2)
R=
1 1 1 = + R Rv Rs Rv = v v h s
1
S v = Rv [m](s ) h .
(5)
2-
2- h Rs = s [ ] l
(6)
s - ( 2 l s = Rs [ ] h . Iv Is (7)
Rv Rs, v s, v s
1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 2 3 Rv, 2 4 - Rs.
3. . - , . - . = n.q.k n - q - k - ( k = V ) E (1)
,
n,
( . n . , , k, , . , . 2 . = A.e a T
(2)
= 0 e t (3)
0 - - - - 1 ln = hA T Y = C ax -
- - , . b , , - - .
b , - . , ` (). r= r . r - 1
( ). . () . .
4. . ()
- , . , : ) (=0) ) ( 0)
( 1)
) =0
) 0
i = q.l 0 q - l - M = i = 0 =0 M = i 0 0. () , , . t=3 [s] - : (10-10 s) . ( dM P= , [C / m 2 ] ) dV .
5. (r). . U=,const : ) Ic0 Q0 . Q0 . S , F (2) h
C0 = 0
=8,85.10-12 F/m Q0=C0.U (1) C0 - ( ) ) . ( ), , ( ), (Q .)
, Q0 Q.
Q=Q0+Q Q=.U
(3)
(4)
0 ( , , Q0, . Q0 . 0 s - h - 0 - . ( )
, , , , Q0 Q. r = Q Q/U C = = Q 0 Q 0 / U C0 S h (5) (6) (7)
C = r .C0 = 0 r r = r
Q Q + Q = = 1+ k Q0 Q0
. r - 1. r 0. (6) r 0. =2f f= 1 T 1 (5)
0 =
0 -
. . . , 0, 1) 2) 3) < 0 0 > 0
- 0, .
* = r j. 'r r r - 'r - j -
6. . . 2 : 6.1 . , . 2 : - , 0
0. - .
- -
= 10 12 10 14 , s
2. r 5 7 6.2. .
r
- , .
-
=10-6-10-8s - - . =10-2-10+2s
,
: .t 1 e P( t ) = P1 + P0 P2 (t )
(1=0) P( t ) = P2 ( t ) = P0 e t
( ): 1 - (t) - 0 - t= , .
:
, 1 0 :
P2 (t = ) = P0e
=
P0 e
(2,73)
7. r . r : . r = ( , ) 7.1. r . r , r r '
* = r j. 'r r:
1 + ( ) '' r = r + 2 1 + ( )1
r = r +2
r
2
2
r - 1
r - 2
- -
r . (
r = r )1
( r )
r
=0
12
r + r1
r + r1
r + 0 ,5 r1
r
1
r2
1
'r'
01
r . 2
0,5. r
r
2
0
= 0 = = 0 = 1
().
( r ) ( r ).1 2
- 0 - 0 ( ) , . ( ), - r .2
- 0 , , , r r . r ' ' 1
r ' ' . r . 7.2. r . ( r = r )1
r . ( ) , r r . (1
) . - ( ) . ( ) r r 1 + r 2 .
, r 2
. r ' '
8. .
., . , . . .. . , : - - - - - - n
C0 = 0
S ,F h
( 4 5) R ( ) . , , 6.
C1 = C0 + Ce + C C 2 = C r2 = r
.
I = I1 + I2 + I3
(1)
I1 - . (1) U R .c I1 = .e R1 R1 - I2 - . . I3 = U R - . t1
(2)
. . 1 () .
9. . tg
. i 3 = U . R
u = U m . sin t q = c.Um. sin t (1) , 900 .
i c = j..c.U m , , , RC (2- ). . E= U ,V /m h i , A / m2 S
J=
- i2 .
3 tg = = Ja n1 ( , ) U () . . 60-80 , . U . - 0 .
- . 60-80 , - . 12.3. .
: - . - , .
. U , . (1) .
P = .c + gU 2 PB = k .s( 0 )
(1) (2)
= () > .
0 - .
. , , , - . , . U>U2 - - - , . U k .S( 0 ) w .C + tg
U =
.
13. . . . - . - , . - , (L) 1 L1 = T .
()
(Gi) . G1 - G2 - G3 - () G4 - G5 - . , (). (). () . (L) . 1 L = T - (I) I - ( ) (.) . - L=2.104 . 7 , .
: - ( ), , . . - , . - - - ( ) . , . -
Y . : - ( ) - ( ) - (, )
Y
90
-
A
105
()
(., , ) () -
E
120
() () (, , , , .) () - () - () - ()
. .
B F H C
130 150 180 180
.
(, , )
14. . : 1) , , , , ; 2) ; 3) : - : = = - : . tg r. 1) - (20 kV) (110 - 750 kV) - (CO2) . - (H2) . ( ) . :
1) - 2) () - . - (N) . .
- (SF6) . , , ( ) . : 1) ; 2) ;
2) ; , . : - . - + - + , . 3) - - , , . - . r 2, tg. - - Y , , . - 70
- 90 - - ( 100 ) - , . . - () , , , , (-260 +250 ). , - , , , . Y . , , - (PVC) . . 10 , , .
- . 10 250 3 300 . . ( ) . - () , , . - . . - 2 , , . ( ), . - . - ( ) ( ). , , , r . . + =
.
:
,
,
,
, . - , . (SiO2), (), (NaO), (CaO), (P2O5) : - (- ) r 3. . . . . . - , , - . : - . , . . -
- - -
15. : - - () - - - -
. . .
. , , . , ( ). , .. . . . . . .
16. .
. 1. .
, . - . ( ). , . . 2. . .
. . .. . ( ) . , - .
17. . 1. .
= e.n.k- n- ) . , .. . .
. . 1 1 1 = + K K P K PP
. . . )
b n . n ( ) . . b , b . , .. .
2. .
. , . 3. .
. . , .
18. () . : - - - . - , , . - (SiC), (GaAs), (InSb). ( , ). ,
19. . . . . - - . . . V , .. Y=e.nU n - 1 - 1 , fe = e.E
20. . . = L.T - ( ) L - () -- 2. . 20 0. .
a - b - c - ( )
. .
- - , ( ) - . , . .
21. . - . , .. . . = +
22. (, .). -
. . 0. - const () . . ~ 5 100 400 . -.
(n) . . = 1 d . dt
, = 1 . 273
23. 1. - - - . 200 . - (, ) - - . - - 2. . ) ( R) - - - . - ) - (, , ) - 1700 - (, , ) - 1500 - (, , , ) - 1100 - (, , ) - 800 3. . - - - -
24. . (B) =.h - h - . 0. . . 2 ) .
, i . 0 . B0 = 0H (1)
0 -
B0 = 0 ( H + J ) J= dM , Am dV
(2)
J - , . : J= r. (3) r - ( ) (3) (2) B = 0 (1 r (kappa))H = 0 . r .H (4) r = 1 + r - a = 0 . r - r 1 - r - 1
. , , . . .
mi= mL+mSmL - , mS - , . - . ,
25. . . . 1. .
h . . - const, - , () (), V .
2. . .
1 - - () Br - . ( ) . ( ) (). .
26. r .
.
, - [m] B = o r H o = 4.10 7 [m] r - 1 - 1 ,
r =
B 0H
r tg x , , . r = tg r max = tg max r - r max - - r -
r . . .
28. . 1. . - - - () - , () 2. . . - - - - (Fe2O3) 3. . - - , - - (, ) 4. . - -