Materi UJIAN mesin listrik dasar
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Transcript of Materi UJIAN mesin listrik dasar
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri (TEE 542)
Preview Perancangan Listrik Industri
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
DAFTAR ISI
Lingkup Bahasan
1
Standard-standard
2
3
Pendahuluan
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Model Perkuliahan Student centre learning
Penugasan individu dan kelompok
Materi penilaian : – Tugas kecil
– Tugas besar
– Ujian mid
– Ujian akhir
Semua tugas melalui “Papirus2”
Dispensasi keterlambatan hanya karena : – Tugas/sesuai aturan “negara”
– Papirus error saat upload (dlm interval 1 jam sebelum deadline dan dibuktikan dg screenshoot). Tanpa bukti tidak diterima
– File tidak bisa dibuka
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Dilarang Keras !!!
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Fokus Pembahasan
1. Industrial Power System Studies
2. Drawing
3. Engineering Procurement Construction
4. Study case
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Materi Kuliah
1. Mengetahui dan memahami gambaran
umum ruang lingkup perancangan sistem
kelistrikan di industri beserta standardnya.
2. Engineering Work and Its Management
3. Power System Studies
Distribution System
Power and Control
Cables
Load Flow
Short Circuit Analysis
Sistem Proteksi
Arch-Flash Hazard
Calculation
Grounding System
Switchgear and MCC
DC System
Proteksi petir
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Materi Kuliah
4. Drawing
PFD dan PID
Plant Layout and Modelling
Hazardous Area Classification
Detail Design and Drafting
5. Engineering Development and Detail
Specification, Selection and Purchase
6. Study Case (surface facilities oil and gas)
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Skill Software
1. MS. Excel
2. MS. Word
3. MS. PowerPoint
4. AutoCad
5. ETAP
6. MS Project
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology
1. Apply knowledge of math, science and engineering
2. Identify, formulate and solve EE problems
3. Design and conduct experiments and analysis and interprete data
4. Design a system, component or process to meet the desired need within realistic constrains
5. Comunicate effectively
6. Function in multidisciplinary team
7. Use the technique, skills and modern engineering tools and technologies necessary for EE practice
8. The broad education necessary to understand the impact of engineering solution in global, economic, environmental and diverse social context
9. A knowledge of contemporary issue
10. An understanding of professional and ethical responsibility
11. A recognation of the need for and an ability to engage in life long-learning
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Job Duties and Task for “Electrical Engineer”
1. Provide technical assistance and resolution when electrical or engineering problems are encountered before, during and after construction
2. Analyze and interpret test information to resolve design-related problems
3. Write commissioning procedure for electrical installation
4. Prepare project cost and work-time estimates
5. Evaluate engineering proposals, shop drawings and design comments for sound electrical engineering practice and conformance with established safety and design criteria, and recommend approval or disaproval.
6. Draw or modify diagrams and write engineering specifications to clarify design details.
7. Prepare contracts and initiate, review and coordinate modifications to contract specifications and plans throughout construction process
8. Plan, schedule and monitor work of support personnel to assist supervisor.
9. Review existing electrical engineering criteria to identify necessary revision, deletions or amendment to outdated material
10.Perform supervisory duties such as recommending work assignments, approving leaves and completing performance evalutions
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Engineering work and its management
1. Define the objectives, i.e. the end product of the project.
2. Decide how the objectives will be achieved – what methods will be employed.
3. Plan in detail each item of work (‘work package’) and schedule the performance of the packages in a logical sequence.
4. Do the engineering work and check that it is correct.
5. Ensure that the engineering designs and specifications are acceptably implemented in plant procurement, manufacture, and construction.
6. Commission the plant and finalize all technical documentation needed for operation and maintenance.
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Simplified work
engineering sequence
Electrical Deliverables :
1. Design of philosophy
2. Calculation
3. Drawing
4. Material take off, bill of
quantity
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Interface Engineering & Electrical Work Flow
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Engineering Work Flow
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
ENGINEERING STANDARDS
Standard: A standard is a document that defines the
characteristics of a product, process or service, such as
dimensions, safety aspects, and performance
requirements.
Code: Laws or regulations that specify minimum standards to
protect public safety and health such as codes for
construction of buildings. Voluntary standards are
incorporated into building codes
Specification: A set of conditions and requirements of precise
and limited application that provide a detailed description of a
procedure, process, material, product, or service for use primarily
in procurement and manufacturing. Standards may be referenced
or included in specifications.
Technical Regulation: A mandatory government requirement
that defines the characteristics and/or the performance
requirements of a product, service or process (see also
Regulation).
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Some Background:
The U.S. federal government is the largest single creator and user of standards: more than 45,000 (by current estimates)!
About 210 organization are designated Standard Development Organizations (SDO’s)
Most Standards (about 90%) come from about 20 of these SDO’s
ASTM, ASME, IEEE, AISI (ASM), ASCE, MilStd (Mil Specs), are some of the most important SDO’s
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Taking them Global!
ANSI and (U.S. National Committee (USNC)) are the U.S. clearing house for Standards and a founding member of ISO!
Internationally we see Standard Organization in each of the major Industrial Nations and several Umbrella Groups: – International Organization for
Standardization (ISO)
– International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
– International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
How they’re used:
Standards are a “COMMUNICATION” tool that allows all users to speak the same language when reacting to products or processes
They provide a “Legal,” or at least enforceable, means to evaluate acceptability and sale-ability of products and/or services
They can be taught and applied globally!
They, ultimately, are designed to protect the public from questionable designs, products and practices
Thus they fall (in engineering terms) into the “MOM AND APPLE PIE” area of our profession!
They teach us, as engineers, how we can best meet environmental, health, safety and societal responsibilities
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
http://www.toyo-
eng.co.jp/en/advantage/synthesis/
Electrical Deliverables and its
Interdisciplinary Interfaces, Foster
Wheeler
Handbook for Process Plant Project
Engineers, Watermeyer
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri (TEE 542)
Distribution System and
Power & Control Cables
Preview Perancangan Listrik Industri
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Distribution System
Pertimbangan Desain Sistem Distribusi Industri
1
Panduan Perencanaan untuk Sistem Distribusi Industri
2
3
Pendahuluan
Tipe-tipe Sistem Distribusi 4
Voltage Considerations 5
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Pendahuluan Sistem tenaga listrik memainkan peran penting dalam
suatu industri. Operasi pabrik dan produksi tergantung
pada sistem tenaga yang aman dan terpercaya. Setiap
desain sistem pembangkit listrik, baik baru atau ekspansi
ke sistem yang ada, harus dianalisis untuk memastikan
bahwa sistem aman, dapat diandalkan, dan
memungkinkan perencanaan untuk kebutuhan masa
depan.
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Tegangan Nominal
Sistem Tenaga Listrik
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Pertimbangan Desain Sistem
Distribusi Industri Perencanaan sistem tenaga listrik harus
mencakup beberapa pertimbangan dasar yang
akan mempengaruhi keseluruhan desain dan
operasi sistem tenaga. Dalam merancang sistem
tenaga di Industri harus mempertimbangkan :
1. Safety
2. Keandalan Utilitas Suplai Tenaga
3. Keandalan Sistem Distribusi
4. Keandalan peralatan sistem tenaga listrik
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Pertimbangan Desain Sistem
Distribusi Industri
5. Kemudahan dalam operasi sistem tenaga
6. Regulasi Tegangan
7. Maintenance
8. Fleksibilitas
9. Biaya investasi
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Load Survey
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Tipe-tipe Sistem Distribusi
Simple Radial
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Tipe-tipe Sistem Distribusi
Expanded Radial
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Tipe-tipe Sistem Distribusi
Primary Selective System
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Tipe-tipe Sistem Distribusi
Secondary Selective System
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Tipe-tipe Sistem Distribusi
Sparing Transformer System
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Tipe-tipe Sistem Distribusi
Ring Bus System
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Voltage Considerations
Tegangan Nominal
Tegangan yang diterapkan pada sistem itu, sehingga
karakteristik kerja tertentu yang disyaratkan dari sistem itu
ditunjukkan.
Tegangan Tertinggi Suatu Sistem
Nilai tegangan tertinggi yang terjadi dalam keadaan kerja
normal pada setiap saat dan di setiap titik pada sistem itu.
Tegangan Terendah Suatu Sistem
Tegangan terendah yang terjadi pada keadaan kerja
normal pada setiap saat dan setiap titik pada sistem itu..
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Kelas Tegangan
• Tegangan nominal sistem dibawah 1.000 V
Tegangan Rendah
• Tegangan nominal sistem antara 1.000 V hingga 100.000 V
Tegangan Menengah
• Tegangan nominal sistem antara 100.000 V hingga 230.000 V
Tegangan Tinggi
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Konfigurasi Sistem
Single-Phase System
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Konfigurasi Sistem
Three-Phase System
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Konfigurasi Sistem
Three-Phase System
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Voltage Drop Jatuh tegangan merupakan besarnya tegangan yang
hilang pada suatu penghantar. Jatuh tegangan pada
saluran tenaga listrik secara umum berbanding lurus
dengan panjang saluran dan beban serta berbanding
terbalik dengan luas penampang penghantar.
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Voltage Drop
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Power and Control Cables
Pertimbangan Desain Sistem Distribusi Industri
1
Panduan Perencanaan untuk Sistem Distribusi Industri
2
3
Pendahuluan
Tipe-tipe Sistem Distribusi 4
Voltage Considerations 5
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Pendahuluan
Fungsi utama dari kabel adalah untuk
membawa energi dari pembangkit ke
sumber sumber beban.
Dalam menyalurkan energi ini, ada rugi-
rugi panas yang dihasilkan dalam kabel.
Kemampuan untuk mengurangi rugi-rugi
panas ini tergantung pada bagaimana
kabel terpasang, dan rating kabel yang
digunakan
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Cable Design
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Fungsi Isolasi pada Kabel
Untuk membatasi medan listrik dalam kabel
Untuk menyamakan stres tegangan dalam isolasi, meminimalkan surface discharges
Untuk melindungi kabel dari tegangan induksi
Untuk membatasi interferensi elektromagnetik atau elektrostatik pada sistem komunikasi, misalnya, radio, TV
Untuk mengurangi bahaya sengatan listrik
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Pertimbangan Pemilihan
Ukuran Konduktor Kriteria Arus/beban
Batas Overload
Batasan Besar Drop tegangan
Kriteria Arus Gangguan
Nilai frekuensi
Kriteria suhu hot-spot
Panjang kabel di daerah suhu tinggi
Persyaratan pemutusan peralatan
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Tugas 1. Sebuah kota memiliki 6870
pelanggan dengan Kapasitas
daya masing-masing 2200 VA.
Dengan pemakaian listrik sesuai
dengan tabel disamping. Hitung
Daya rata-rata, Load Factor,
Demand Factor, Coincidence
Factor, dan Diversity Factor,
serta Gambarkan Kurva Beban.
2. Sebutkan Kelebihan dan kekurangan konfigurasi loop
(ring) dan radial, beserta aplikasinya.
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Referensi
PUIL 2000
IEEE-Red Book IEEE Recommended Practice for Electric Power
Distribution for Industrial Plants
Industrial Power System – Shoaib Khan
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri (TEE 542)
Arc-Flash Hazard
Preview Perancangan Listrik Industri
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Arc Flash Event
Every Day An
Electrician Is
Severely
Injured by an
Arc Flash Event
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Introduction What is an Arc Flash Hazard?
• Arc flash is defined by the CSA Z462 Standard on Workplace Electrical Safety as “a dangerous condition associated with the release of energy caused by an electric arc.”
• Arc flash is the explosive release of energy when electrical current jumps the distance from one conductor to another, or when it jumps from a conductor to ground.
• That jump is called an “arc”. “Flash” refers to the release of light and heat energy.
• Lightening is an example of an arc flash, when current jumps from sky to ground. The results are heat, light, and a pressure wave which you hear as thunder.
• In the workplace, arc flash can be deadly. It can happen anywhere you find energized electrical equipment or conductors.
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
What is an Electric Arc? • Simply put, an electric arc is a short circuit through the air.
• When insulation or isolation is breached or can no longer withstand the applied voltage between phase conductors or between a phase conductor and ground, the air between the conductors becomes ionized. Ionized air will conduct electricity and an arc fault occurs between those conductors.
• The power source will pump as much current into the arc fault as the supplying transformer, conductors, and arc impedance will allow until the fault is cleared by a protective device such as a fuse or circuit breaker or the fault burns itself out.
• The amount of energy released depends, in part, on the amount of energy in the circuit. The more energy, the more powerful the arc.
• Electric arcs produce some of the highest temperatures known to occur on earth.
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Characteristics of an Electric Arc
An electric arc will oscillate and escalate if
not constrained.
A single-phase electric arc can engulf a
second or third conductor in only two
cycles.
An electric arc’s current propels the arc
away from the power source.
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
What Causes Arc Flash?
Dust, impurities, corrosion, condensation,
animals
Spark discharge from:
– Accidental touching
– Dropping tools
Over-voltages across narrow gaps
Failure of insulating materials
Equipment failure
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
What is Arc Blast?
1. The flash causes an explosive expansion
of air and metal.
– For example: When copper vapourizes it
expands by a factor of 67,000.
2. The blast produces dangerous:
– Pressure waves
– Sound waves
– Molten steel and shrapnel.
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Arc Flash Events
PB/RH -- March 3, 2009 Arc Flash Hazards -- Construction Safety Association of Ontario
Electric arc Arc flash Arc blast
Compliments of Salisbury Electrical
Safety L.L.C.
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Forms of Arc Flash Energy
Noise
Expansion
Vaporization
Thermal radiation
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Arc Flash Injuries
Electric shock
Severe burns
Blindness
Blast injuries
– Shrapnel wounds
– Lung blast injuries
– Ruptured eardrums
– Pressure wave injuries
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Standards
US Occupational Safety &
Health Administration
US National Fire Protection Association
-Standard NFPA 70E
Institute of Electrical &
Electronics Engineers
-Standard 1584
Canadian Standards Association
-Standard Z-462
Occupational Health & Safety Act
-Applicable regulations
Canadian Electrical Code
-Rule 2-306
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
What is NFPA 70E?
National Fire Protection Association
“Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace”
• Standard for electrical safety in United Sates
• “Harmonized” with CSA Z462
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
NFPA 70E
• In the United States in 1979 the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) created what is now called: “NFPA 70E Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace.”
• This US standard has evolved over the last 25 years to become the North American Standard for electrical safe work practices.
• The new 2009 edition is harmonized with the Canadian electrical safety Standard CSA Z462.
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
What is CSA Standard Z462?
The standard for workplace electrical
safety in Canada.
“Harmonized” with NFPA 70E.
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
CSA Standard Z462 • A National Standard for workplace electrical
safety titled CSA Z462 Standard on Workplace Electrical Safety is currently available.
• It was developed in parallel with the 2009 Edition of NFPA 70E and is harmonize with NFPA 70E as much as practicable for Canadian workplaces.
• CSA Z462 was developed by a voluntary Technical Committee with stakeholders (industry, labour, government) from around the country.
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
CSA Standard Z462 addresses:
Electrical Safety Program
Arc Flash Hazard Analysis
– Flash Protection Boundary
– Fault Current Calculations
– Arc Fault Clearing Time
– Incident Energy Exposure
Required PPE
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
Offers a method for performing arc flash hazard calculations.
What is IEEE Standard 1584?
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
EEE Standard 1584 • The IEEE, a non-profit organization, is a leading
professional association for the advancement of technology.
• The full name of the IEEE is the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., although the organization is referred to by the letters I-E-E-E and pronounced Eye-triple-E
• IEEE Standard 1584 “Guide to Performing Arc Flash Hazard Calculations” provides a method for determining the arc flash hazard distance and incident energy that workers may be exposed to from electrical equipment.
• The IEEE method is a different method (from NFPA 70E and CSAZ462) of conducting arc flash calculations.
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
What is CEC Rule 2-306?
Canadian Electrical Code
“Rule 2-306 Shock and Flash Protection”
A requirement for field-marking electrical
equipment to warn persons of potential
electric shock and arc flash hazards.
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
CEC Rule 2-306?
The Canadian Electrical Code (CEC) has a rule that improves safety for workers by
requiring special field marking of electrical equipment in the workplace to warn about:
1. Potential electric shock hazards, and
2. Arc flash hazards.
• The CEC is an installation code, so the responsibility for marking is with the installer.
• The rule is as follows:
– Rule 2-306 Shock and flash protection
(1)Electrical equipment such as switchboards, panelboards, industrial control panels, meter socket enclosures, and motor control centres that are installed in other than dwelling units and are likely to require examination, adjustment, servicing, or maintenance while energized shall be field marked to warn persons of potential electric shock and arc flash hazards.
(2)The marking referred to in Subrule (1) shall be located so that it is clearly visible to persons before examination, adjustment, servicing, or maintenance of the equipment.
• Generally, “field marked” means the equipment supplier does not have the responsibility to mark the equipment. The installer in the field would be required to provide the markings when the installation is done.
• This labeling is required for all new or modified installations after May 1, 2006.
• Labels only require providing a warning of the potential for shock and arc flash.
• The requirement to perform an analysis to determine energy incident levels does not come from this rule.
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Arc Flash Hazard -- Construction
Safety Association of Ontario
Sample label that complies with CEC Rule 2-306.
Required Warning Label
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Optional Warning Label
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Protective Clothing and
Equipment
Flame-Resistant (FR) Clothing Protects a worker from receiving severe
burns if the worker is exposed to a flame.
Is self-extinguishing when the source of the
flame is removed.
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
PB/RH -- March 3, 2009 Arc Flash Hazards -- Construction
Safety Association of Ontario
Flame-Resistant (FR) Clothing
Protects a worker from receiving severe
burns if the worker is exposed to a flame.
Is self-extinguishing when the source of the
flame is removed.
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
What is a Calorie?
A calorie is the amount of heat needed to raise
the temperature of one gram of water by 1°C.
Thermal energy is measured in calories/cm².
1.2 calories/cm² = Holding your finger
in the blue part of the
flame for one second.
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Limit the ‘Incident Energy’ level of the
arc flash to 1.2 cal/cm² against the
worker’s chest.
Look for a label that states:
– 1506 approval (ASTM F1506)
– Arc rating of the garment.
All materials in the garment
should be FR Rated:
– Thread
– Buttons
– Insulation
– Zippers, etc.
FR Rated Clothing
Photo compliments of
Salisbury Electrical Safety L.L.C.
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Arc Flash PPE Categories Category 0
Untreated Cotton
(Long Sleeve)
Untreated Cotton
Pants (Long)
Voltage Rated Gloves
Safety Glasses
Hard Hat
Category 1
FR Long Sleeve Shirt
Untreated Cotton Pants
(Long)
FR Pants (Long)
Safety Glasses
Voltage Rated Gloves
Hard Hat
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Arc Flash PPE Categories
Category 2
Untreated Cotton T-Shirt
Untreated Cotton Shirt (Long
Sleeve)
FR Shirt (Long Sleeve)
Untreated Cotton Pants (Long)
FR Pants (Long)
Safety Glasses
Voltage Rated Gloves
Hard Hat
Double Layer Bee Keepers Hood
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Arc Flash PPE Categories
Category 3 Untreated Cotton T-Shirt
Untreated Cotton Shirt (Long Sleeve)
FR Shirt (Long Sleeve)
Untreated Cotton Pants (Long)
FR Pants (Long)
Voltage Rated Gloves
Safety Glasses
FR Hard Hat Liner
Hard Hat
Double Layer Bee Keepers Hood
Hearing Protection
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Arc Flash PPE Categories
Category 4 Untreated Cotton T-Shirt
Untreated Cotton Shirt (Long Sleeve)
FR Shirt (Long Sleeve)
Untreated Cotton Pants (Long)
FR Pants (Long)
FR Coveralls
Voltage Rated Gloves
Safety Glasses
FR Hard Hat Liner
Hard Hat
Double Layer Bee Keepers Hood
Hearing Protection
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
PB/RH -- March 3, 2009 Arc Flash Hazards -- Construction
Safety Association of Ontario
Typical PPE Requirements
Hazard/Risk
Category
Eye protection, ear canal
inserts, long sleeve shirt
and pants
Arc rated
clothing
Face & Head
Protection
Flash Suit
Hood
0
1
2
3
4
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Typical Protective Clothing
Hazard/Risk
Category Clothing Description Required Minimum
Clothing Arc Rating
0 Non-melting, flammable material
with fabric weight of at least 4.5 oz/yd2
Not applicable
1 Arc-rated FR shirt + FR pants or FR coveralls 4 calories/cm²
2 Arc-rated FR shirt + FR pants or FR coveralls 8 calories/cm²
3 Arc-rated FR shirt + FR pants or FR coveralls,
and Arc-rated flash suit, the layered system
must meet the required minimum rating.
25 calories/cm²
4 Arc-rated FR shirt + FR pants or FR coveralls,
and Arc-rated flash suit, the layered system
must meet the required minimum rating.
40 calories/cm²
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Synthetic Clothing
Synthetic clothing that melts shall not be
worn, such as:
– Acetate
– Nylon
– Polyester
– Polypropylene
– Spandex.
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
PB/RH -- March 3, 2009 Arc Flash Hazards -- Construction
Safety Association of Ontario
Arc Flash Rated PPE
Required minimum clothing:
– Non-melting, flammable material,
– Fabric weight of at least 4.5 oz/yd.
PPE must also provide
arc flash protection:
– Face shield
– Gloves, etc.
Photo compliments of
Salisbury Electrical Safety L.L.C.
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Increases level of protection.
May be lighter than a single
heavy garment.
Manufacturer must provide
the new combined arc rating
afforded by layering.
FR Clothing Can Be Layered
Photo compliments of
Salisbury Electrical Safety L.L.C.
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Tell the supplier that you need
arc flash rated PPE and clothing.
PPE must have some resistance to:
– Flame
– Ignition
– Melting.
obtain PPE from a known and
trusted supplier.
When Purchasing PPE
Not all FR clothing is tested to ASTM F1506
Photo compliments of
Salisbury Electrical Safety L.L.C.
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Tasks with Potential for Arc Flash
Operating a switch or circuit breaker
Inserting or removing a circuit breaker
Opening an enclosure door
Removing a cover (bolted or hinged)
Testing for voltage
In each task:
Worker is interacting with energized equipment.
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Conduct a Flash Hazard Analysis to determine the
Flash Protection Boundary
Incident Energy exposure
Type and arc rating of PPE
If work must be done on or near
energized electrical equipment,
identify the potential for arc flash.
Arc Flash Hazard Analysis
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Reduce the fault clearing time.
Reduce the short-circuit current.
Improve equipment maintenance.
CONTROLLING ARC FLASH HAZARDS
At the Source
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Use flash-resistant equipment.
CONTROLLING ARC FLASH HAZARDS
At the Source
These disconnect switch-plugs have been
designed with built-in flash-protection. Photos courtesy of Meltric Corporation
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
PB/RH -- March 3, 2009 Arc Flash Hazards -- Construction
Safety Association of Ontario
Increase the working distance.
Reduce the energy exposure.
Use hinged doors instead of bolted
doors to eliminate the risk of bolts
falling into the panel.
Work de-energized.
CONTROLLING ARC FLASH HAZARDS
Along the Path
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Energized electrical work permit
Barriers
Training and skills
Job briefings
PPE
Tools
CONTROLLING ARC FLASH HAZARDS
At the Worker
Photo compliments of
Salisbury Electrical Safety L.L.C.
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Prevention Summary
1. Include Electrical Safety in your Occupational
Health and Safety Management Program.
2. Use an electrical work permit system.
3. Conduct regular equipment maintenance and label
equipment that poses a flash hazard.
4. Confirm single-line diagrams for accuracy and
available fault current.
5. Maintain documentation process.
6. Provide training and job briefings.
7. Conduct periodic safety audits.
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Reference
Arc Flash Hazard - Construction Safety
Association of Ontario
Arc Flash Hazard and Protection - EWB
Engineering
Arc Flash Hazard - Progressive Business
Publications
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri (TEE 542)
Sistem Proteksi
Preview Perancangan Listrik Industri
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Distribution System
Proteksi Generator
1
Proteksi Transformator
2
3
Pendahuluan
Trafo Instrumen 4
Perhitungan OCR 5
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Pendahuluan
Listrik memiliki peran vital dan strategis, ketersediannya harus memnuhi aspek andal, aman dan akrab lingkungan.
Keandalan sistem tenaga listrik ditentukan oleh sistem dan konstruksi instalasi listrik yang memenuhi ketentuan dan persyaratan yang berlaku.
Keamanan sistem tenaga listrik ditentukan oleh sistem pengaman (protection system) yang baik, benar, andal atau tepat sesuai dengan kebutuhan sistem yang ada.
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Pendahuluan
Pengertian/ definisi : Proteksi : perlindungan/ pengaman.
Sistem tenaga listrik : suatu sistem yang terdiri dari dari beberapa sub sistem, yaitu : pembangkitan (pembangkit tenaga listrik), penyaluran (transmisi), pendistribusian (distribusi) dan instalasi pemanfaatan.
Proteksi sistem tenaga listrik : perlindungan/ pengaman pembangkitan (pembangkit tenaga listrik), penyaluran (transmisi), pendistribusian (distribusi) dan instalasi pemanfaatan.
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Pendahuluan
Dua fungsi utama proteksi, adalah : Mendeteksi adanya gangguan atau keadaan
abnormal lainnya pada bagian sistem yang diamankannya.
Melepaskan bagian sistem yang terganggu, sehingga bagian sistem lainnya yang tidak mengalami gangguan dapat terus beroperasi.
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Pendahuluan Untuk pengaman sistem yang lebih kompleks, diperlukan komponen (alat) pengaman yang lebih lengkap (terdiri dari berbagai jenis alat pengaman), misalnya :
Relay pengaman, berfungsi sebagai elemen perasa yang mendeteksi adanya gangguan.
Pemutus Tenaga (PMT), berfungsi untuk pemutus arus dalam rangkaian listrik, untuk melepas bagian sistem yang terganggu.
Trafo arus dan/ atau trafo tegangan, berfungsi untuk meneruskan arus dan/ atau tegangan pada sirkit tenaga (sirkit primer) ke sirkit rele (sirkit sekunder).
Battery (Accu), berfungsi sebagai sumber tenaga untuk men-trip PMT atau catu daya untuk rele (static relay) dan rele bantu.
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Kriteria Sistem Proteksi Kepekaan (sensitivity) :
Peralatan proteksi (rele) harus cukup peka dan mampu mendeteksi gangguan di kawasan pengamannya.
Meskipun gangguan yang terjadi hanya memberikan rangsangan yang sangat minim, peralatan pengaman (rele) harus mampu mendeteks secara baik.
Keandalan (reliability) : Dependability :
• Peralatan proteksi (rele) harus memiliki tingkat kepastian bekerja (dependability) yang tinggi.
• Peralatan proteksi (pengaman) harus memiliki keandalan tinggi (dapat mendeteksi dan melepaskan bagian yang terganggu), tidak boleh gagal bekerja.
Security : • Peralatan proteksi (pengaman) harus memiliki tingkat kepastian untuk tidak salah kerja
atau tingkat security (keamanannya) harus tinggi.
• Yang dimasksud salah kerja adalah kerja yang semestinya tidak kerja, misal : karena lokasi gangguan di luar kawasan pengamannya atau sama sekali tidak ada gangguan.
• Salah kerja bisa mengakibatkan terjadinya pemadaman, yang semestinya tidak perlu terjadi.
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Kriteria Sistem Proteksi Selektifitas (selectivity) :
Peralatan proteksi (pengaman) harus cukup selektif dalam mengamankan sistem
Dapat memisahkan bagian sistem yang terganggu sekecil mungkin, yaitu hanya sub sistem yang terganggu saja yang memang menjadi kawasan pengaman utamanya
Rele harus mampu membedakan, apakah gangguan terletak di kawasan pengaman utamanya, dimana rele harus bekerja cepat, atau terletak di sub sistem berikutnya, dimana rele harus bekerja dengan waktu tunda atau tidak bekerja sama sekali.
Kecepatan (speed) : Peralatan proteksi (pengaman) harus mampu memisahkan sub
sistem yang mengalami gangguan secepat mungkin. Untuk menciptakan selektifitas yang baik, ada kemungkinan
suatu pengaman terpaksa diberi waktu tunda (time delay), tetapi waktu tunda tersebut harus secepat mungkin.
Dengan tingkat kecepatan yang baik, maka terjadinya kerusakan/ kerugian, dapat diperkecil.
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
PROTEKSI GENERATOR
1- 51V, backup overcurrent relay, pengendalian
tegangan atau kontrol tegangan
1-51G, backup ground time overcurrent relay
GENERATOR KECIL (sistem isolated) Daya: 500 s/d 1000 kVA tegangan 600 volt (maksimum)
3 - 51V, backup overcurrent relay, pengendalian
tegangan atau kontrol tegangan
1 -51G, backup ground time overcurrent relay
1 - 87, differential relay
1 - 32, reserve power relay untuk pengendalian
protection
1 – 40, impedance relay, untuk pengaman
kehilangan medan
GENERATOR SEDANG (sistem isolated/ paralel)
Daya: 500 s/d 12 500 kVA tegangan 600 volt (maksimum)
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
PROTEKSI GENERATOR
3 - 51V, backup overcurrent relay,
pengendalian tegangan atau kontrol tegangan
1 - 51G, backup ground time overcurrent
relay
1 - 87, differential relay
1 - 32, reserve power relay untuk peng
endalian protection
1 – 40, impedance relay, untuk pengaman
kehilangan medan
1 – 46, Negative phase sequence over
current relay untuk protection kondisi unbalanced
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
PROTEKSI GENERATOR
3 - 51V, backup overcurrent relay,
pengendalian tegangan atau kontrol tegangan
1 -51G, backup ground time overcurrent
relay
1 - 87, differential relay
1 – 87G, ground differential relay
1 - 32, reserve power relay untuk peng
endalian protection
1 – 40, impedance relay, untuk pengaman
kehilangan medan
1 – 46, Negative phase sequence over
current relay untuk protection kondisi unbalanced.
1 – 49, temp relay untuk monitor belitan
temp stator
1 – 64F, generator field relay, hanya untuk
mesin yg mempunyai medan supply slip rings
1 – 60, voltage balance relay
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Pengaman Hubung Singkat
BUS GEN.
OCR
CT CB
GEN.
MCCB
Beban
Relai ini mengamankan generator dari beban lebih atau
gangguan hubung singkat.
PENGAMAN : OCR (51) -- untuk generator sedang dan besar
MCCB - - untuk generator kecil
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Pengaman Tegangan Kurang
PENYEBAB:
Generator mengalami beban lebih
AVR generator mengalami kerusakan
BUS GEN.
UVR
PT
CB
GEN.
Beban
AKIBAT: Dapat merusak belitan rotor
Gangguan hubung singkat di sistem
PENGAMAN : UNDER VOLTAGE RELAY (27)
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Pengaman Tegangan Lebih
Generator mengalami kapasitif.
AVR generator mengalami kerusakan bila berlanjut, merusak instalasi alat bantu di generator bisa rusak.
PENGAMAN : DEVICE NUMBER OVER VOLTAGE RELAY : 59
BUS GEN.
OVR
PT
CB
GEN.
Beban
PENYEBAB:
Lepas nya beban (Ppemb > P beban)
AKIBAT:
Frekwensi naik > 50 Hz.
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Pengaman Stator ke Tanah
PENYEBAB:
Terjadi kebocoran isolasi di stator, sehingga terjadi gangguan hubung
Singkat fasa ketanah antara stator dan tanah
AKIBAT:
Kerusakan pada belitan stator
PENGAMAN: PENGAMAN ARUS LEBIH (51N)
BUS GEN.
OCR
CT
CB
GEN. Rn
TRF Beban
51N
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Pengaman Daya Balik Prime
Mover
PENYEBAB:
PRIME-MOVER DARI SALAH SATU GENERATOR RUSAK , MENGAKIBATKAN GENERATOR TIDAK BERPUTAR. AKIBAT:
ADA PASOKAN LISTRIK DARI GENERATOR LAIN ATAU SISTEM SEHINGGA GENERATOR MENJADI MOTOR.
PENGAMAN -- REVERSE POWER (32)
BUS GEN.
GEN.
CT
PT
SISTEM
32
40
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Pengaman Loss of Excitation
PENYEBAB: Hilangnya eksitasi
AKIBAT:
Daya reaktif balik dari sistem masuk ke generator,
atau generator menyerap var sistem
Memanaskan ujung belitan generator
BUS GEN.
GEN.
CT
PT
SISTEM
32
40
PENGAMAN -- LOSS OF EXCITATION (40)
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Pengaman Temperatur
Generator
pembebanan melebihi kapasitas generator
kerusakan sistem pendingin
belitan generator bisa panas bisa merusak konduktor stator dan isolasi
antara belitan ke inti
AKIBAT:
PENGAMAN -- PENGAMAN TEMPERATUR (26)
PENYEBAB:
GEN.
RTD
CB
26
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Pengaman Overspeed
gangguan pada sistem sehingga lepas beban
governor tidak mampu kembalikan put. normal
bisa terjadi vibrasi balancing pada put. tertentu
bisa rusakkan bearing dan shaft frekwensi naik
CB
SPEED SENSOR
GEN.
TRANSDUCER
MESIN.
PENYEBAB:
AKIBAT:
over speed
PENGAMAN : UNDER SPEED (81 – U)
OVER SPEED (81- O)
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Pengaman Differensial
Generator
GANGGUAN PADA BELITAN GENERATOR
KERUSAKAN ISOLASI BELITAN GENERATOR
PENGAMAN: DIFFRENTIAL RELAY (87 G).
GEN. CB
DIFERENSIAL GENERATOR
SET
PENYEBAB:
AKIBAT:
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Pengaman Beban Lebih
Arus beban melebihi nominal dan bertahan lama
DEVICE NUMBER OVER LOAD RELAY : 49
PENYEBAB:
BUS GEN.
OLR
CT CB
GEN.
BEBAN
AKIBAT:
Memanaskan belitan generator. merusak konduktor dan isolasi belitan
PENGAMAN :
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Pengaman Temperatur
Generator
KETIDAK SEIMBANGAN ARUS FASA BEBAN
GEN. CB
NEG.SEQ FILTER
OCR
NEGATIVE SEQUENCE RELAY ( 46)
PENYEBAB:
AKIBAT:
MEMANAS KAN ROTOR GENERATOR BILA BERTAHAN LAMA
PENGAMAN :
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
PENGAMAN
TRANSFORMATOR Trafo tenaga diamankan dari berbagai macam gangguan, diantaranya
dengan peralatan proteksi (sesuai SPLN 52-1:1983) Bagian Satu, C) :
Relai Buchollz
Relai Jansen
Relai tangki tanah
Relai suhu
Relai diffrential
Relai beban lebih
Relai gangguan tanah terbatas
Rele arus hubung tanah
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Relay Bucholz
Mengerjakan alarm (Bucholz 1st) pada kontak bagian atas 1.
Mengerjakan perintah trip ke PMT pada kontak bagian bawah 2.
Relai buchholz dipasang pada pipa dari maintank ke konservator ataupun dari
OLTC ke konservator tergantung design trafonya apakah di kedua pipa tersebut
dipasang relai bucholz.
Gunanya: untuk mengamankan trafo dari gangguan internal trafo yang menimbulkan
gas dimana gas tersebut timbul akibat adanya hubung singkat di dalam trafo
atau akibat busur di dalam trafo.
Cara kerja: yaitu gas yang timbul di dalam trafo akan mengalir melalui pipa dan
besarnya tekanan gas ini akan mengerjakan relai dalam 2 tahap yaitu:
1
2
KE CONSERVATOR
TANGKI TRAFO
PELAMPUNG
KRAN
TUAS ALARM
TUAS TRIP
ALARM
TRIP
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Relay Bucholz
Analisa gas yang terkumpul di dalam relai Bucholz
H2 dan C2H2 menunjukkan adanya busur api pada minyak antara bagian-bagian
konstruksi.
H2, C2H2 dan CH4 menunjukkan adanya busur api sehingga isolasi phenol terurai,
misalnya terjadi gangguan pada sadapan.
H2, C2H4 dan C2H2 menunjukkan adanya pemanasan pada sambungan inti.
H2, C2H, CO2 dan C3H4
menunjukkan adanya pemanasan setempat pada lilitan inti.
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Relay Jansen
Relai Jansen adalah relai untuk mengamankan transformator dari
gangguan di dalam tap changer yang menimbulkan gas. Dipasang pada pipa yang menuju conservator.
Cara Kerja Sama seperti relai bucholz tetapi hanya mempunyai
satu kontak untuk tripping.
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Relay Sudden Pressure
Relai Sudden Pressure. Relai Pressure untuk tangki utama Trafo bekerja
apabila di dalam tangki Trafo terjadi kenaikan tekanan udara akibat terjadinya gangguan di dalam Trafo.
Tipe Membran
Plat tipis yang didisain sedemikian rupa yang akan pecah bila menerima tekanan melebihi disainnya. Membran ini hanya sekali pakai sehingga bila pecah harus diganti baru.
Pressure Relief Valve
Suatu katup yang ditekan oleh sebuah pegas yang didisain sedemikian rupa sehingga apabila terjadi tekanan di dalam transformator melebihi tekanan pegas maka akan membuka dan membuang tekanan keluar bersama-sama sebagian minyak.
Katup akan menutup kembali apabila tekanan di dalam transformator turun atau lebih kecil dari tekanan pegas.
Indikator trip
Reset Mekanis
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Relay HV/LV Winding
Temperature
Urutan kerja relai suhu kumparan / winding ini dibagi 2 tahap:
Mengerjakan alarm (Winding Temperature Alarm)
Mengerjakan perintah trip ke PMT (Winding Temperature Trip)
Relai HV/LV Winding Temperature bekerja
apabila Suhu kumparan Trafo melebihi seting dari pada relai HV/LV Winding, besarnya kenaikan suhu adalah sebanding dengan faktor pembebanan dan suhu udara luar Trafo.
Relai HV/LV Oil Temperature bekerja apabila suhu minyak Trafo melebihi
seting dari pada relai HV/LV oil. Besarnya kenaikan suhu adalah sebanding dengan faktor pembebanan dan suhu udara luar Trafo.
Urutan kerja relai suhu minyak / oil ini dibagi 2 tahap:
Mengerjakan alarm (Oil Temperature Alarm).
Mengerjakan perintah trip ke PMT (Oil Temperature Trip).
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Relay Arus Lebih (Over
Current Relay)
Relai ini berfungsi untuk mengamankan transformator terhadap gangguan
hubung singkat antar fasa didalam maupun diluar daerah pengaman
transformator.
Diharapkan Relai ini mempunyai sifat komplementer dengan Relai beban lebih.
Relai ini berfungsi pula sebagai pengaman cadangan bagi bagian instalasi
lainnya.
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Relay Tangki Tanah
Berfungsi untuk mengamankan trafo terhadap hubung singkat antara fasa
dengan tangki trafo dan titik netral trafo yang ditanahkan.
F51G
Relai 51 G yang terpasang, mendeteksi arus gangguan dari tangki trafo
ketanah, kalau terjadi kebocoran isolasi dari belitan tarafo ke tangki, arus yang mengalir ke tanah akan dideteksi relai arus lebih melalui CT. Relai akan mentripkan PMT di kedua sisi (TT dan TM). Jadi arus gangguan kembali kesistem melalui pembumian trafo.
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Restricted Earth Fault
Y
87N 87N
Relai gangguan tanah terbatas atau Restricted Earth Fault (REF) untuk
mengamankan transformator bila ada gangguan satu satu fasa ke tanah di dekat titik netral transformator yang tidak dirasakan oleh rele differensial.
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Relay Differensial
PRINSIPNYA :
membandingkan arus yang masuk ke peralatan dengan arus yang keluar dari peralatan tersebut
PERALATAN IIN IOUT
Fungsi:
untuk mengamankan transformator terhadap gangguan hubung singkat yang terjadi didalam daerah pengaman transformator.
Cara Kerja:
Membandingkan antara arus yang masuk dengan arus yang keluar
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
DIFFERENSIAL SEBAGAI PENGAMAN TRAFO (lanjutan)
DALAM KEADAAN NORMAL ARAH IP DAN IS SEPERTI
PADA GAMBAR
DOT POLARITY
IP
iP
IS
iS
TRAFO TENAGA
DIFF. RY
CTP CTS
BEBAN
DISISI SEKUNDER MASING-MASING CT, ARUS KELUAR DARI TERMINAL DOT, SEHINGGA ARAH ARUSNYA :
KARENA IP SAMA BESAR IS TAPI ARAH BERLAWANAN MAKA DIFFERENSIAL RELAI TIDAK DILALIRI ARUS
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
DIFFERENSIAL SEBAGAI PENGAMAN TRAFO (lanjutan)
DALAM KEADAAN GANGGUAN
DOT POLARITY
IP
iP
TRAFO TENAGA
DIFF. RY
CTP CTS
BEBAN
ARAH IP SEPERTI PADA GAMBAR DAN HANYA IP
DISISI SEKUNDER CTP, ARUS iP KELUAR DARI
TERMINAL DOT, DAN MENGERJAKAN DIFF RY
PERHATIKAN : TERMINAL SEKUNDER CTP DAN CTS TERHUBUNG KE DIFF. RY DI FASA YANG BERLAWANAN ATAU BEDA SUDUT 180o
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
TRAFO INSTRUMEN
PERALATAN PENGUKURAN LISTRIK
kWh meter : untuk mengukur pemakaian energi listrik
kVAr meter : untuk mengukur pemakaian daya reaktif
Ampere meter : untuk mengukur arus
Volt meter : untuk mengukur tegangan
Watt meter : untuk mengukur pemakaian daya aktif
Cos meter : untuk mengukur power factor
PERALATAN PROTEKSI
Over Current Relay
Ground Fault Relay
Adalah trafo yang mana dipergunakan bersama dengan peralatan
lain seperti: relai proteksi, alat ukur atau rangkaian kontrol, yang
dihubungkan ke arus bolak balik
Trafo instrumen: current transformers dan voltage transformers.
Differential Relay
Distance Relay
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Trafo Arus
DEMI KEAMANAN & KETELITIAN, TRAFO ARUS UNTUK :
• HARUS PUNYA KETELITIAN TINGGI PADA DAERAH ARUS PENGUKURAN BEBAN NOMINAL
• HARUS JENUH PADA ARUS GANGGUAN YANG BESAR, UNTUK KEAMANAN ALAT UKUR
PENGUKURAN
• HARUS PUNYA KETELITIAN / ERROR KECIL PADA DAERAH ARUS GANGGUAN HUBUNG SINGKAT BESAR
• TIDAK JENUH PADA ARUS GANGGUAN YANG BESAR, UNTUK KEANDALAN ALAT PROTEKSI
PROTEKSI
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Trafo Arus
P1/K P2/L
IP
A
S2/l S1/k
IS
RANGKAIAN EKIVALEN CT
P1/K masuknya arus primer & P2/L keluaran arus primer S1/k masuknya arus sekunder dari primer dan S2/l keluaran arus sekunder Pembumian : pada S2/l -- sudut IP dan IS = 00 pada S1/k -- sudut IP dan IS = 1800
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Trafo Arus
Kesalahan arus Perbedaan arus yang masuk disisi primer dengan arus disisi sekunder % = [(Kn Is - Ip)/Ip] x 100%
Kesalahan fasa Akibat pergeseran fasa antara arus sisi primer dengan arus sisi sekunder
Composite Error
c = 100/ Ip 100/T (Knis – ip)2 dt
is dan ip merupakan nilai arus sesaat sisi sekunder dan sisi primer.
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Sesuai IEC 60044-1 spesifikasi class untuk CT:
Kelas ketelitian
+/- % kesalahan ratio arus pada % dari arus pengenal
+/- % pergeseran fase pada % dari arus pengenal , menit (centiradians)
5 20 100 120 5 20 100 120
0,1 0,4 0,2 0,1 0,1 15 8 5 5
0,2 0,75 0,35 0,2 0,2 30 15 10 10
0,5 1,5 0,75 0,5 0,5 90 45 30 30
1,0 3,0 1,5 1,0 1,0 180 90 60 60
Kelas ketelitian
+/- % kesalahan ratio arus pada % dari arus pengenal
+/- % pergeseran fase pada % dari arus pengenal , menit (centiradians)
1 5 20 100 120 1 5 20 100 120
0,2S 0,75 0,35 0,2 0,2 0,2 30 15 10 10 10
0,5S 1,5 0,75 0,5 0,5 0,5 90 45 30 30 30
Kelas ketelitian
+/- % kesalahan ratio arus pada % dari arus pengenal
50 100
3 3 3
5 5 5
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
TRAFO ARUS
MASING –MASING CLASS TRAFO ARUS
UNTUK PENGUKURAN
Untuk kebutuhan industri : CL2 or CL1
Untuk kWh meter di pelanggan : CL0.5
Untuk memperkecil kesalahan : CL0.2S
Untuk kebutuhan laboratorium : CL0.1
Akurasi burden pengenal:
Untuk kebutuhan instrument : CL3 or CL5
2,5 VA; 10 VA; 30 VA
5 VA ; 15 VA
7,5 VA ; 20 VA
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Trafo Arus
CT Proteksi
CT Metering
IeXct
ES
Kurva CT untuk pengukuran
Kurva CT untuk proteksi
Knee point
Kurva magnetisasi CT
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Trafo Tegangan
Trafo tegangan:
Instrumen trafo yang dipergunakan untuk memperkecil tegangan
tinggi ke tegangan rendah , dipergunakan untuk pengukuran atau
proteksi
Accuracy classes sesuai IEC 60044-2
Class Burden Voltage Ratio Phase Application
(%) (%) (%) displacement
(min)
0,1 25 - 100 80 - 120 0,1 5 laboratory
0,2 25 - 100 80 - 120 0,2 10 Precision and revenue metering
0,5 25 - 100 80 - 120 0,5 20 standard revenue metering industrial
1,0 25 - 100 80 - 120 1,0 40 grade meters intruments
3,0 25 - 100 80 - 120 3 -
3P 25 - 100 5-Vf 3,0 120 Protection
6P 25 - 100 5-Vf 6,0 240 Protection
Range Limit of Errors
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Trafo Tegangan
Untuk pengukuran tegangan jatuh disisi sekunder 0,05 % s/d 0,1 % x
tegangan pengenal sekunder PT
Tegangan pengenal primer : kV (150 kV, 20 kV atau 150 kV/3 , 20 kV/3)
Tegangan pengenal sekunder: volt (110 V , 110 V atau 110 V/3 , 100 V/3)
R S T
Primer 20.000/3
Sekunder 100/3
s r t
Rangkaian ekivalen
Tipe trafo tegangan:
Inductive voltage transformers
Capacitive voltage transformers
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Klasifikasi Trafo Tegangan
Jenis INDUKTIF (PT)
Terdiri dari belitan Primer dan belitan sekunder, Belitan
primer akan menginduksikannya ke belitan sekunder
melalui core.
Jenis KAPASITIF (CVT)
Terdiri dari rangkaian kondensor yang berfungsi sebagai
pembagi tegangan tinggi dari trafo pada tegangan
menengah yang menginduksikan tegangan ke belitan
sekunder melalui media capasitor.
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Trafo Tegangan Induktif
7
6
5
1
2
3
4
8
Keterangan gambar:
1. Kertas/Isolasi Minyak Mineral/Quartz filling.
2. Belitan Primer: vernis ganda-isolasi kawat
tembaga, tahan pada suhu tinggi.
3. Inti: bukan orientasi listrik baja memperkecil
resiko resonansi besi
4. Belitan Sekunder
5. Isolator Keramik
6. Dehydrating Breather
7. Terminal Primer
8. Terminal Sekunder
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
1). HV.T adalah terminal tegangan tinggi
2) kapasitor C1 & C2 pembagi tegangan (capacitive voltage divider) yang berfungsi sebagai pembagi tegangan tinggi untuk diubah oleh trafo tegangan menjadi tegangan pengukuran yang lebih rendah
3). L0 adalah induktor penyesuai
tegangan (medium voltage choke) yang berfungsi untuk mengatur/menyesuaikan supaya tidak terjadi pergeseran fasa antara tegangan masukan (vi) dengan tegangan keluaran (vo) pada frekuensi dasar.
1
5
4
3 7
2
4) Belitan primer 5) Isolator keramik 7) Terminal sekunder
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Kesalahan rasio trafo tegangan
Kesalahan besaran tegangan karena perbedaan rasio name plate dengan rasio sebenarnya dinyatakan dalam % = 100 (Kn Vs - Vp)/Vp
Composite Error
c = 100/ Vp 100/T (Knvs – vp)2 dt
vs dan vp merupakan nilai tegangan sesaat sisi sekunder dan sisi primer.
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
PERHITUNGAN OCR
IEEE Extremely Inverse
IEEE Very Inverse
IEEE Moderately Inverse
ANSI Standard
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri (TEE 542)
Grounding System
Preview Perancangan Listrik Industri
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Introduction
From an electrical point of view, the world
is effectively a huge conductor at zero
potential and is used as a reference point
which is called ‘ earth ’ (in the UK) or ‘
ground ’ (in the USA).
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
The meaning
Earthing is a process that is used to connect all of the parts that could become charged, to the general mass of earth and in so doing, provide a path for fault currents which will hold these parts as close as possible to earth (i.e. zero) potential.
Earthing system is the electrical potential of the conductors relative to that of the earth’s conductive surface.
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Electrical supply systems and equipment
are grounded in order to maintain the
voltage at any part of the system at a
known potential relative to true earth and
to provide a path for current flow under
earth fault conditions so that protective
devices operate correctly.
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Ungrounded System
Power systems are always grounded
through the system capacitance, even if
the system neutral(s) is ungrounded.
Operate without a grounded conductor.
An ungrounded system does not have a
grounded (neutral) conductor routed
between the supply transformer and the
service equipment because the supply
transformer is not earth grounded.
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Ungrounded System
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Ungrounded System Advantage:
An ungrounded system can ride through the ground fault on one phase.
Disadvantage:
It can produce high transient line-to-ground overvoltages. The insulation system in rotating machines (motors and generators) is then severely stressed and can cause insulation breakdown.
The recommended solution to the above disadvantage is to add a resistor in the neutral, which will reduce potential phase-to-ground overvoltages
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
High Resistance Grounded System
Shall not be used unless they are provided with ground fault indicators or alarms, or both, and qualified personnel are available to quickly locate and eliminate such ground faults.
A high-impedance grounding system has a high-impedance unit, installed between the grounded (neutral) conductor and the grounding electrode conductor, which is used to regulate fault current.
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
High Resistance Grounded System
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
High Resistance Grounded System
For correctly installed, the following can be
concluded:
1. Suppresses transient overvoltage
caused by line-to-ground faults
2. Limited to systems with charging
current not exceeding 5.5 A
3. Not enough ground current for selective
relaying
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
High Resistance Grounded
System High-resistance grounding is
recommended for the following systems,
with the associated precautions listed:
1. Low-voltage systems with
predominantly three phase loads (Delta
or ungrounded Wye)
2. Medium-voltage systems up to 4.16 kV
where power interruption will be
detrimental to the process
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Low-Resistance (LR) Grounded
System To protect power transformers and
generators from damaging fault currents
LR Grounding for Wye-Connected
System
In these systems, a resistor sized for and
rated at 100–400 A is connected to the
neutral of the transformer secondary
winding.
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Low-Resistance (LR) Grounded
System LR Grounding for Wye-Connected
System
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Low-Resistance (LR) Grounded
System LR Grounding for Delta-Connected System
The preferred arrangement is to use a three-phase zig-zag grounding transformer with a resistor connected to its neutral.
The short time rating of the zig-zag grounding transformer is the same as the resistor rating
the continuous rating shall be at least 10% of the available ground-fault current
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Low-Resistance (LR) Grounded
System LR Grounding for Delta-Connected
System
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Low-Resistance (LR) Grounded
System
Additional :
The neutral can shift to the system phase-to-ground voltage, and the first ground fault must be detected to remove the fault circuit from the system.
This grounding method suppresses the transient phase-to-ground overvoltages.
Selective ground-fault relaying is possible.
Burning damage at the point of fault is considerably reduced.
Requires that the cable insulation be 133%, as the ground fault is cleared quickly.
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Low-Resistance (LR) Grounded
System
Recommended to be applied :
Where a network is extensive and
subsidiary switching stations exist, and
Where selective tripping is required to
achieve the objective level of service
reliability.
It is also appropriate for overhead line
feeders.
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Solidly Grounded Neutral System
The neutral is solidly connected to ground, and hence the neutral is always at ground potential.
Having the following characteristic :
1. It eliminates transient phase-to-ground overvoltages during ground faults.
2. The first ground fault, due to the unrestricted operation of the ground-fault
3. protection, quickly removes the faulted circuit from operation.
4. Can cause extensive damage from arcing ground faults.
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Solidly Grounded Neutral
System
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Solidly Grounded Neutral
System The use of solidly grounded neutrals is
recommended for:
1. Low-voltage systems (three-phase, four-wire) when the majority of the load is connected between phase and neutral
2. HV, EHV, or UHV systems (above 34.5 kV) for better surge protection and for the application of lower BIL (basic insulation level) equipment, as the healthy phase voltages during faults are significantly reduced and lowerrated surge arrestors can be safely applied
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Types of Earthing System
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Types of Earthing System
System classification
In order to identify the different systems, the IEE Regulations for Electrical Installations recognize the following designations of grounding systems using a two-, three- or four-letter code as follows:
The first letter indicates the type of supply earthing
The second letter indicates the earthing arrangement in the installation
The third and fourth letters indicate the arrangement of the earthed supply conductor system
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Types of Earthing System
System classification
The first letter
T indicates that one or more points of the supply are directly earthed (for example, the earthed neutral at the transformer);
I indicates either that the supply system is not earthed (at all) or that the earthing includes a deliberately inserted impedance, the purpose of which is to limit fault current.
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Types of Earthing System
System classification
The second letter
T indicates that all exposed conductive
metalwork is connected directly to earth;
N indicates that all exposed conductive
metalwork is connected directly to an
earthed supply conductor provided by the
electricity supply company.
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Types of Earthing System
System classification
The third and fourth letter
S – ensure that neutral and earth
conductor systems are quite separate;
C – ensure that neutral and earth are
combined into a single conductor.
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Types of Earthing System
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Types of Earthing System
TN systems
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Types of Earthing System
TN systems The integrity of the earthing of the installation
depends on a reliable and effective connection of the PEN or PE conductors to earth;
One or more points in the generator or transformer are connected to earth (usually the star point in a three-line system).
The body of the electrical device is then connected with earth via this earth connection at the transformer and exposed conductive parts of the installation are then connected to that point by protective conductors .
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Types of Earthing System
TN systems The conductor that connects together the
exposed metallic parts of the consumer installation is called the protective earth (PE),
The conductor that connects to the star point in a three-line system (or which carries the return current in a single-line system) is called the neutral (N)
There are three variants of TN systems: TN-C, TN-S and TN-C-S.
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Types of Earthing System
TN systems 1. TN-C system
is one where the neutral (N) and protective
earth (PE) functions are combined in a
single conductor throughout the system
and this combined neutral and earth wiring
is then used both by the supply and from
within the installation itself .
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Types of Earthing System
TN systems 1. TN-C system
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Types of Earthing System
TN systems 1. TN-C system (disadvantages)
RCDs (residual current devices) are far less likely to detect an insulation fault.
They are vulnerable to unwanted triggering caused by contact between earths of circuits, on different RCDs or with real ground.
Any connection between the combined neutral and earth core and the body of the earth could end up carrying significant current under normal conditions.
If there is a contact problem in the PEN conductor, then all parts of the earthing system beyond the break will rise to the potential of the live conductor(s).
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Types of Earthing System
TN systems 2. TN-S system
have separate protective earth (PE) and neutral (N) conductors from the transformer to the consuming device and these conductors remain separated throughout the system.
The TN-S is the most common earthing system in the UK and one where the electricity supply company provides an earth terminal at the incoming mains position
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Types of Earthing System
TN systems 2. TN-S system
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Types of Earthing System
TN systems
2. TN-S system
Advantages :
Concerns Electromagnetic Compatibility The consumer has a low-noise connection to earth and does not suffer from the voltage that appears on the neutral conductor as a result of the return currents and the impedance of that conductor
Save costs by having a fairly low-impedance earth connection near each consumer
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Types of Earthing System
TN systems
3. TN-C-S system
Is one that uses a combined PEN
conductor between the transformer and
the building distribution point substation
and the entry point into the building and
then splits up into separate PE and N lines
within the building to fixed indoor wiring
and flexible power cords
So, it will save the cost of an additional
conductor
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Types of Earthing System
TN systems
3. TN-C-S system
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Types of Earthing System
TN systems
3. TN-C-S system
The use of TN-C-S is not recommended for locations such as petrol stations etc., where there is a combination of lots of buried metalwork and explosive gases.
Owing to the possibility of a lost neutral, the use of TN-C-S supplies is banned for caravans and boats in the UK and it is often recommended to make outdoor wiring TT with a separate rod.
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Types of Earthing System
TT systems
Is one which has one point of the energy source directly earthed and the exposed conductive parts of the consumer’s installation are provided with a local connection to earth, independent of any earth connection at the generator.
TT systems (similar to TN-S systems) have a low-noise connection to earth, which is particularly important with some types of telecommunication and measurement equipment.
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Types of Earthing System
TT systems
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Types of Earthing System
TT systems
This type of installation is usually found in
rural locations where the system is not
provided with an earth terminal by the
electricity supply company and the
installation is fed from an overhead supply
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Types of Earthing System
IT systems
Is one which has no direct connection
between live parts and earth and where
the exposed conductive parts of the
electrical installation are earthed
The supply earthing in an IT system can
either be from an unearthed supply or one
which is connected to earth through a
current-limiting impedance.
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Types of Earthing System
IT systems
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
Types of Earthing System
IT systems
This lack of earth will usually mean that
normal protective methods cannot be used
For this reason, IT systems are not
normally allowed in the UK public supply
system
Except for hospitals and other medical
locations where they are recommended for
use with circuits supplying medical
equipment intended for life-support of
patients.
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Perancangan Sistem Listrik Industri TEE 542
References . . .
http://www.csanyigroup.com/grounded-or-
ungrounded-systems diakses 19-05-2013
jam 19.00 WIB
http://www.postglover.com/lowresistance.h
tml diakses 19-05-2013 jam 19.10 WIB
Shoaib Khan. 2007. Industrial Power
Systems. London & New York : CRC
Press & Taylor and Francis Group
Ray Tricker. 2008. Wiring Regulations in
Brief. UK: Elsevier Ltd