Mar - 2009Vu Thi Thanh Hue1 GRAMMAR REVISION By: Nguyen T Bich Ngoc Foreign Languages Faculty...

Mar - 2009 Vu Thi Thanh Hue 1

GRAMMAR REVISION

By: Nguyen T Bich NgocForeign Languages

FacultyThainguyen University

Nov - 2010 Nguyen Thi Bich Ngoc 2

Language Focus1. Tenses2. Voices: Active, Passive3. Models: Can, may, must, have to, should, will, would4. Verb patters5. Conditionals6. Key structure (especially for rewriting and translation)- So/such…. that- Too + adj / not +adj + enough- Used to; Be/get used to- Present perfect (This is the first time…; Have never before; this is

the most….ever- Comparison- Although/ despite/ In spite of- -Purpose (so that; so as; in order to)- Direct – Indirect speech- Inversion- It’s (high) time…


English Verbs* Normal verbs

to run, to walk, to eat, to fly, to go, to say, to touch, etc.Examples:I eat dinner every day.I am eating dinner now.

* Non-Continuous VerbsAbstract Verbsto be, to want, to cost, to seem, to need, to care, to contain, to owe, to exist...Possession Verbsto possess, to own, to belong...Emotion Verbsto like, to love, to hate, to dislike, to fear, to envy, to mind...

Examples:He is needing help now. Not CorrectHe needs help now. CorrectHe is wanting a drink now. Not CorrectHe wants a drink now. Correct


Regular vs irregular verbs

Regular: cook – cooked, watch – watched

Irregular:

Infinitive Past Past ParticipleBuy bought boughtCome came comeDrink drank drunkGive gave givenEat ate eaten


VERB TENSES

Present tenses

Past tenses Future tenses

-Simple- Continuous- Perfect


VERB TENSES

I work at the universityHe often buys her flowersThe sun sets in the West.

Present simple

Present continuous

We are learning EnglishLaura is sitting under the sunshadeHe’s always telling lies

Present perfect

She has lived in this house for 2 yearsHe has sold his car.He has just painted the room

- Permanent situations- Repeated actions/ habit- Facts

-Temporary situations- Action happening at/around the time of speaking- Annoyance- Fixed arrangement

-Action started in the past continue up to present

-Actions finished recently- Actions happened at an indefinite time in the past


PRESENT TENSES

I work at the universityHe often buys her flowersThe sun sets in the West.

Present simple

Present continuous

We are learning EnglishLaura is sitting under the sunshadeHe’s always telling lies

Present perfect

She has lived in this house for 2 yearsHe has sold his car.He has just painted the room

V (s/es) Is/am/are + Ving Have/has + past participle

Usually, always, never, often, sometimes, everyday/week/month/ year

Just, ever, never, already, yet, for, since, so far, recently, several

times

Now, at the moment, at present, always, tonight


PAST TENSES

He sold his car 2 weeks agoWhen she was young, she lived in a small flat.She put on her coat, took the bag and left the house

Past simplePast

continuous

At 8 o’clock last night, she was watching TV.They were dancing while he was playing the guitarHe was painting the bedroom when suddenly felt off the ladder.

Past perfect

She had already left when I got home. He had arrived by 8 o’clock

Actions happened at a stated time in the pastA past state or habitActions happened one after the other.

Actions in the middle of happening at a stated time in the past.Two or more actions happening at the same time in the past.

Actions happened before another action/stated time in the past.


PAST TENSES

He sold his car 2 weeks agoWhen she was young, she lived in a small flat.She put on her coat, took the bag and left the house

Past simplePast

continuous

At 8 o’clock last night, she was watching TV.They were dancing while he was playing the guitarHe was painting the bedroom when suddenly felt off the ladder.

Past perfect

She had already left when I got home. He had arrived by 8 o’clock

V + edV irregular

was/were + Ving

had + past participle

Yesterday, last week/month/year /Monday, ago, how long ago, then, in 1980

Already…before, by+(time)

At 12 last night, while, when


FUTURE TENSES

I will send you the information when I get it.I will call you when I arrive.The year 2222 will be a very interesting year.

Simple futureFuture

continuous

This time next week we will be having a party

Future perfect

By next November, I will have received my promotion. I am going to see a movie when I have finished my homework

Voluntary actionsPromisePrediction

Actions that will be happening at a particular time or over a particular time in the future.

Actions that will occur before another action in the future.


FUTURE TENSES

I will send you the information when I get it.I will call you when I arrive.The year 2222 will be a very interesting year.

Simple futureFuture

continuous

This time next week we will be having a party

Future perfect

By next November, I will have received my promotion. I will have finished all my homework by 10 o’clock

Will + Verb Will – be + V-ingWill – have + Past

participle


Tips to remember


Voices: Active, passive

Changing from Active into Passive

Subject Verb Object

Picasso painted that picture

Subject Verb Object

That picture was painted by Picasso

Be + participle

Object (active) = Subject (passive)

Verb (active) = be + participle

Subject (active) = Object (passive) introduced by “by”



Active voice Passive voice

Present simple S – do/does S - is/am/are - done

Past simple S – did S – was/were - done

Present perfect S – has/have – done S- has/have – been done

Future simple S – will – do S – will – be done

Past perfect S – had done S – had – been done

Present cont. S – is/am/are – doing S – is/am/are/ - being - done

Past cont. S – was/were – doing S – was/were – being done

Infinitive to do to be done

Models S- may/might/must – do S – may/might/must – be done



Active voice Passive voice

Present simple He delivers the letters The letters are delivered.

Past simple He delivered the letters The letters were delivered.

Present perfect He has delivered the letters The letters have been delivered

Future simple He will deliver the letters The letters will be delivered

Past perfect He had delivered the letters The letters had been delivered

Present cont. He is delivering the letter The letters are being delivered

Past cont. He was delivering the letters The letters were being delivered

Infinitive He has to deliver the letters The letters have to be delivered

Models He may deliver the letters The letters may be delivered

He must deliver the letters The letters must be delivered



Use:

Example

-Jane was shot (we don’t know who shot her)

- This church was built in 1815 (unimportant agent)

- He has been arrested (obviously by the police)

- 30 people were killed in the earthquake (the action is more

important than the agent)


modalsThe model verbs are: can, could, must, need, will, would, shall, should, may, might, etc

ExampleCan she play tennis?No, she can’t play tennis but she can play golf

Models + infinitive (without “to”)


Functions of modal verbs

We express ability with:

Can ( ability in the present or future)Can you swim? No, I can’t. I can run fast though.

Could / was able to (ability in the past)She could / was able to dance for hours when she was youngHe was able to win the race

Couldn’t / wasn’t able toI couldn’t / wasn’t able to find my keys.He couldn’t / wasn’t able to ski when he was young



We express possibility / probability with:May ( perhaps, very possible) He may be back before noonMight (perhaps, very possible) There might be some cheese in the fridgeCould (possible) He could still be at homeMust (it’s almost certain, I think) They look alike. They must be twinsCan’t (it does not seem possible;

I don’t think) You have been sleeping all day. You can’t be tired.Can he be? (Is it possible?) Can he still be at work?

We express permission with:Can (informal) Can I borrow your pen?Could ( more polite)Could I borrow your car?May (formal) May I use your phone?Might (more formal) Might I see your driving license?



Giving / refusing permissioncan( informal, giving permission) You can have one more if you wantmay( formal, giving permission) You may stay a little longerMustn’t (refusing permission) You mustn’t park hereCan’t (refusing permission) You can’t enter this room.

We make requests, offers or suggestions with:Can (request) Can you help me tidy the room?Could (polite request/suggestion) Could I have a little more cake please?Would you like (polite offer) Would you like some more lemonade?Shall I/we (suggestion/offer) Shall I post this letter for you? (offer)

Shall we buy him a present?Will (offer/request) I’ll make you some coffee if you want.

Will you do me a favour?


Functions of modal verbsWe express advice withShould / ought to You should walk more (general advice; I advise you)

Had better You’d better see your dentist (advice for specific situation;

it is a good idea)

We obligation/necessity with:Must (strong obligation or personal feelings of necessity)

We must follow the school rules. (obligation; I’m obliged to)

I must see a doctor soon. (I decide if it is necessary)

Have to (external necessity)

I have to do my homework everyday (others decide it is necessary)

I’ve got to (informal; it’s necessary)

I’ve got to leave early today.


Functions of modal verbsWe express absence of necessity or prohibition withMustn’t (prohibition)

You mustn’t park here. (it’s forbidden)

Can’t (prohibition)

You can’t enter the club without a card. (you are not allowed)

Needn’t ( it is not necessary)

You needn’t take an umbrella. It is not raining

Don’t need/have to (it is not necessary in the present/future)

You don’t need/have to do it now. You can do it later (it is not necessary)

Didn’t need/have to (it was not necessary in the past)

He didn’t need/ have to go to work yesterday because it was Sunday.

(it is not necessary)


conditionals

Type 1: real present

If clauseMain clause

(result)Use

If + Present SUnless (= If not)

FutureImperativeCan/may/must + bare infinitivePresent Simple

Real or very probable situation in the present or future

If he comes late, we’ll miss the busIf you can’t afford it, don’t buy it. Or Unless you can afford it, don’t buy itIf you see her can you give her a message?If water gets very cold, it turns into rice


conditionals

Type 2: unreal present


(result)Use

If + Past S.Unless (= If not)

Would/could/might + bare infinitive

improbable situation in the present or future; also used to give advice

If I were you, I would see a doctorIf I had money, I could buy a new car.


conditionals

Type 3: unreal past


(result)Use

If + Past Perfect.Unless (= If not)

Would/could/might + have + participle

improbable situation in the past; also used to express regrets or criticism

If you hadn’t been rude, he wouldn’t have fired you


1. So sánh bằng Cấu trúc sử dụng là as .... as S + V + as + adj/ adv + as + noun/ pronoun He is not as tall as his father. 2. So sánh hơn kém - Tính từ và phó từ ngắn (đọc lên chỉ có một vần). Tính từ và phó từ dài (2 vần trở lên). _ Tính từ và phó từ ngắn + er. - Tính từ tận cùng là y, dù có 2 vần vẫn bị coi là tính từ ngắn và phải đổi thành Y-IER

(happy→happier; dry→drier; pretty→prettier). Trường hợp đặc biệt: strong→stronger; friendly→friendlier than/ more friendly than. Đối với tính từ và phó từ dài phải dùng more/less.

S + V + short adjective_er + THAN + noun/ pronounshort adverb_er more + long adj/adv less + long adj/adv

Để nhấn mạnh so sánh, có thể thêm much/far trước so sánh, công thức: S + V + far/much + Adj/Adv_er + than + noun/pronoun S + V + far/much + more + Adj/Adv + than + noun/pronoun Ex: Harry’s watch is far more expensive than mine Ex: He speaks English much more rapidly than he does Spanish.

Các dạng so sánh của tính từ và phó từ Các dạng so sánh của tính từ và phó từ


So sánh bậc nhất - Dùng khi so sánh 3 người hoặc 3 vật trở lên: - Tính từ và phó từ ngắn +est. - Đối với tính từ và phó từ dài dùng most hoặc least. - Đằng trước so sánh phải có the. - Dùng giới từ in với danh từ số ít.

John is the tallest boy in the family - Dùng giới từ of với danh từ số nhiều

Deana is the shortest of the three sisters - Sau thành ngữ One of the + so sánh bậc nhất + noun phải đảm bảo chắc chắn rằng noun phải là số nhiều, và động từ phải chia ở số ít.

One of the greatest tennis players in the world is Johnson.

Các dạng so sánh của tính từ và phó từ Các dạng so sánh của tính từ và phó từ

ALTHOUGH / DESPITE / INSPITE OFALTHOUGH / DESPITE / INSPITE OF

1. Despite/Inspite of = bất chấp

- Đằng sau hai thành ngữ này phải dùng một ngữ danh từ, không được dùng

một câu hoàn chỉnh.

Ex: Despite his physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman.

Jane will be admitted to the university in spite of her bad grades.

2. Although/Even though/Though = Mặc dầu

- Đằng sau 3 thành ngữ này phải dùng một câu hoàn chỉnh, không được dùng

một ngữ danh từ.

Although he has a physical handicap, he has become a successful

businessman.

V-ing or To InfinitiveV-ing or To Infinitive

Động từ nguyên thể là tân ngữagree attempt claim decide demand desire expect fail forget hesitate hope intend learn need offer plan prepare pretend refuse seem tend want wish

Verb -ing dùng làm tân ngữadmit appreciate avoid can't help delay deny enjoy finish mind miss postpone practice quit repeat risk suggestEx: John admitted stealing the jewels.

Lưu ý rằng trong bảng này có mẫu động từ can't help doing/ but do smt: không thể đừng được phải làm gì

Ex: With such good oranges, we can't help buying (but buy) two kilos at a time.

1. USED TO + infinitive: sự việc đã từng diễn ra trong quá khứ một cách

thường xuyên nhưng bây giờ không còn nữa.

2. (be) USED TO + V.ing: quen với một việc gì

3. (get) USED TO + V.ing: làm quen với một việc gì.

Ví dụ:

He used to work six days a week. (Now he doesn’t)

It took my brother two weeks to get used to working at night. Now

he’s used to it.

USED TO; BE/ GET USED TO

Terry ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record.

Judy worked so diligently that she received an increase in salary.

She is so beautiful that anyone sees her once will never forget her.

The little boy looks so unhappy that we all feel sorry for him.

It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors.

It was such an interesting book that he couldn’t put it down

SO/ SUCH THAT

Mary is too tired to walk.

John is too busy to go to the party.

She is old enough to do what she wants

Those apples aren’t ripe enough to eat

He is tall enough to play volley ball

He is tall. He can play volleyball

TOO+ADJ / NOT+ADJ+ENOUGH

INVERSION

1. Only When + S V, Vaux + S V : Chỉ khi làm gìI didn't know she had been well-known until her friends told me.=> Only when her friends told me did I know she had been well-known

2. Seldom/Hardly/Scarcely/Barely + Vaux + S V : hiếm khi màShe seldom misses a lecture=> Seldom does she miss a lecture

3. No sooner had + S done - than S did : Vừa mới...thì đã...Nosooner had we come home than it rained

4. Only by Doing + Vaux + S V :Chỉ bằng cách làm gìWe must take a taxi or will be late=> Only by taking a taxi will we get there on time

Mar - 2009Vu Thi Thanh Hue1 GRAMMAR REVISION By: Nguyen T Bich Ngoc Foreign Languages Faculty...

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