MANG Lirori GIAO THlTONG DONG A TRlTCfC THOI DAI MO ClTA VA NHUNG HE QUA PHAT TRIEN - TRlTONG HOP HOI AN

NGUYiNVANKIM*

1. Nhan thue va quan diem nghien cuu Vay thi, thai do cua cac nha nghien ciiu Vdi quan niem coi Ddng A la sir hgp lich sii, van hda can phai nhu the nao? Trong

thanh bdi hai "The gidi" Ddng Bde A va mgi trudng hgp, chiing ta can tran trgng vdi Ddng Nam A, trong lich sir giiia hai khu vuc tat ca nhiing di san ma cac the he tien nhan da sdm cd quan he trao ddi van hda va giao de lai. Nhung mat khac, tren phuong dien thuong. Mdt sd nha nghien ciiu thudng cd hgc thuat, can phai cd sir nghien ciiu than khuynh hudng nhan manh den nhting muc trgng, ly giai thau dao ve nhting con dudng tieu, he qua hay thanh tuu tiep giao giiia cac va hien tugng "tiep giao van hda" dd. Cd the nen van hda va coi dd la nhan td hang xuyen, thay, trong tien trinh hinh thanh va xac lap vj muc tieu ca ban trong mdi quan be giiia cac the chinh tri, kinh te... mdi qudc gia ludn can dan tgc Trong y nghla dd, sir ndi ket, giao mdt khdng gian (space) hay mdi trudng luu giiia cac nen van hda ludn cd y nghia bet (environment) rdng ldn cho sir phat trien. siic quan trgng trong viec thue day sir tien Nen kinh te ndng nghiep ciing nhu du muc trien, lam phong phii them ddi sdng van hda hay ndi rdng ra la cac the che ndng nghiep, ciia mdi nen van hda ciing nhu cua toan khu ciing ban chat phat trien ciia cac nen van vuc Dieu dd dung va chiing ta ciing ludn minh ndng nghiep da quy dinh nen dac tinh quan niem nhu vay. dd. Ben canh dd, ngay ca cac qudc gia c6

Nhung ciing cd thue te la, trong khi xem pham vi lanh thd rdng ldn (dac biet la cac de xet din ddng lire va he qua nhieu mat ciia su che) nhu Trung Hoa d Ddng A, An D6 d tilp giao van hda mdt each sau sac va toan Nam A, Ludng Ha d Tay A hay Ai Cap d dien chiing ta khdng the khdng chii y den chau Phi... tudng nhu cd day dil, phong phii nhiing nhan td tuong tac hgp thanh. Nhtrng cac ngudn tai nguyen (trong dd nhan lire, no nhan td dd tham chi cd the nam ngoai cac le dugc coi la ngudn tai nguyen gia trj) muc tieu van hda. Do vay, trong khdng it nhung tren thirc te nhu cau phat trien tu than trudng hgp sir hien dien cua nhtrng san pham ciia mdt de che ludn phai dugc bd sung cac van hda nay trong nen van hda khac hay la ngudn tai nguyen hiem hay bi thieu hut tir nhtrng bieu trung ciia qua trinh tiep giao dd ben ngoai. Con dudng de cd dugc cac nguon tren thurc te lai la ket qua ciia cac tac nhan tai nguyen dd cd nhieu each khac nhau chinh tri, quan sir va boat ddng kinh te. nhung thdng thudng cac cudng qudc va de Trong y nghia dd, nhtrng ngudi dem cac san che thudng hay tien hanh chien tranh de phdm van hda ciia dan tdc minh hay khu vuc cudp doat; ngoai giao de chinh phuc, thau din mdt dan tdc khac, mgt each vd thiic, da nap; va xac lap quan he giao thuang de trao dl lai cho the he sau nhting he qua van hda, ddi, mua ban san pham. Cac de che thudng xa hdi ndm ngoai y thirc hanh vi truyen tai ap dung chinh sach ciia ke manh tiic la luon van hda. mudn va cd the tuong ddi de dang thirc thi

mgt trong ba hay ddng thdi ca ba bien phap * Pho Giao sir, Tid'n sT, Trucmg Dai hoc Khoa hoc Xa h6i tren. Nhung, ddi vdi cac quoc gia trung binh va Ntian van, Dai hpc Quoc gia Ha N6i

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mudn va cd thi tuong ddi dl dang thue thi mdt trong ba hay ddng thdi ca ba bien phap tren. Nhung, ddi vdi cac qudc gia trung binh va nhd nhin chung chi cd thi va cd kha nang thue hien chinh sach bang giao btru nghi va tim mgi bien phap dk sinh tdn, phat triln ben canh cac nudc ldn.

Tuy nhien, neu chiing ta cd cai nhin phan lap thi cung thay trong mdi khu vuc, viing tham chi tieu viing, trong tiriig thdi gian, cung thudng ndi len vai trd ciia mdt hay mdt sd qudc gia. Cd the ggi dd la "De cbl tilu viing" (Sub-regional empire). Cac qudc gia nay thudng gitr vai trd chi phdi trong nhieu boat ddng chinh tri, quan sir, bang giao ciia khu vuc dd. Ndi each khac, nhu la sir md phdng con dudng va each thiic ciia cac de che, cac nudc cd the lire trong khu vuc deu mudn tu minh trd thanh "chiia te" ciia tieu vimg, tim each kiem soat boat ddng trong khu vuc Trong y nghTa dd, viec kiem soat hay chiem doat cac tuyen thuang mai la mdt trong nhtrng muc tieu quan trgng. De the hien uy lire ddng thdi cung la vi sir tdn tai, phat triln cua chinh minh, cac de che tieu viing thudng xuyen gay ap lire vdi cac qudc gia lang gilng tham chi ep huge cac nude nay trd thanh nudc chu hdu hay thugc qudc va phai thue thi cbl do trilu cdng. Do vay, nhu la nhtrng muc tieu xen cai gitra chinh trj va kinh tl, cac nudc nhd ludn phai chiu it nhdt hai mdi quan he chi phdi dd la sir de dga, ap lire cua dl chi tilu viing (true tilp) va tren binh dien rdng ldn ban la dl cbl khu vuc 6 Ddng A da tirng cd khdng it nhirng qudc gia cd vai trd chi phdi nhu vay. Nhung qudc gia nhu Phii Nam, Champa, Dai Viet, Angkor, Ayutthaya, Pagan ciia viing ban dao hay Srivijaya, Majapahit... d Ddng Nam A hai dao timg la nhtrng qudc gia cudng thirih mdt thdi. Xudt phat tir quan niem, each tilp can da chilu dd, bai vilt tap trung phan tich vai trd cua chinh quyln Dang Trong trong

viec dieu hanh, phat triln thuong cang Hdi An, xem xet vi the ciia thuang cang na\ trong truyen thdng va boat ddng cua he thdng giao thuong Ddng A thi ky XVI-. XVIII trudc khi cac qudc gia nay phai md ciia vdi phuong Tay thi ky XIX.

2. Tir quan he vung den lien vung Cho den nay, that khd cd thi lira chgn mdt

mdc thdi gian cu the danh dau viec xac lap mdi quan he giura cac qudc gia Ddng A. Bdi le trudc khi mdt y thiic ve cdng dong khu vuc xuat bien thi quan he giiia cac nudc Mng gieng gan giii da dugc bat dau ttr nhieu the ky trudc Cdng nguyen. Vao thdi bau ky da mdi, dau thdi dai kim khi, mdi quan he khu vuc da dien ra nhieu bien chuyen quan trgng. Sir hinh thanh, phat trien ciia cac trung tam ndng nghiep, cac nen kinh te san xuat va sau dd la sir ra ddi cua nha nudc (early states) da thiic day su giao luu gitra cac dan tgc, qudc

gia(l). Tuy nhien, phai den thdi Han (206 TCN -

220 SCN), tren ca sd ke thira nhieu truyen thdng van hda va tiem lire kinh te ma cac trilu dai trudc dl lai, nha Han bat dau md rdng anh hudng ra ben ngoai. Nhung nhu da ndi d tren, con dudng lan tda va truyen ba van hda Han dugc thue hien bang nhieu each khac nhau. Ngudi ta van ggi dd la con dudng "quan phuang" va "phi quan phuang", tire la ciing vdi cac mdi quan he, giao luu chinh thiic giiia cac chinh the cdn nhieu mdi lien he gitira cac dia phuang va gitra cac thuang nhan cting nhu dan chiing dgc theo cac viing bien gidi, lanh hai... Day vdn van dugc coi la cac "bien gidi mem" ludn bien ddi va nang ddng. Din thdi Dudng (618-907), vdi tu each la mdt trilu dai, mdt trung tam kinh tl, van hda Idn ciia khu vuc va the gidi, nha Dudng da thilt lap nen hai con dudng to lija tren ddt liln va tren biln. La mdt trieu dai khai md, cd nang lure sang tao cao nen nhieu gia tri van hda, thanh tuu kinh te cua vuong

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trieu nay khdng chi cd siic lan tda ma cdn cd sire hap dan manh me ddi vdi cac trung tam kinh te, van hda phuang Ddng va the gidi.

Tren binh dien khu vuc, ciing vdi viec ciing cd, xac lap mdi quan he truyen thdng, mat thiet vdi ban dao Trieu Tien va qudc dao Nhat Ban, trieu dai nay ciing da thiet lap nen cac tuyen giao thuong lien qudc gia trong dd cd mang ludi hai thuang vdi khu vuc Ddng Nam A. Thdng qua cac thuong cang Ddng Nam A, nha Dudng da thiet lap dugc quan he giiia thi trudng Trung Qudc vdi Ddng Nam A, khu vuc Nam A, Tay A ciing nhieu trung tam kinh te xa xdi khac Do vay, cd the coi viec hinh thanh hai tuyen thuong mai ""Ddng Duang chdm Id'' va "Toy Duang cham Id" vao thdi Tdng (960-1279) vira la sir the hien ket qua ciia truyen thdng thuang mai Ddng A vira tiep tuc gdp phan thiic day sir giao luu kinh te va hgp tac khu vuc Tren thue tl, nhiing boat ddng thudng xuyen, nhdn nhip ciia hai tuyen thuong mai nay da gdp phdn chan hung nen kinh te Trung Qudc, thi hien tam nhin va miic do anh hudng rdng ldn cua nha Tdng, mgt trieu dai ldn trong Hch sii Trung Hoa. Do vay, cimg vdi cudc "Cach mang ndng nghiep" (Agricultural revolution) cudc "Cach mang thuong nghiep" (Commercial revolution) diln ra vao thdi Tdng da md rgng anh hudng cua Trung Hoa xudng viing bien phia Nam. Cac qudc gia khu vuc da chiu tac ddng nhieu mat tir mdi quan he nay. Khdng chi dimg lai d dd nln kinh t l nay cdn hudng den viing Nam A va Tay A rgng ldn, nai cd nhieu san vat khac la ma thi trudng Trung Qudc can.

Mdt sd nha nghien ciiu cho rang tir khoang thi ky II TCN da cd nhiing mdi lien he giura viing Hoa Nam vdi An Do va Tay A(2). Gia thuyet khoa hgc dd den nay da dugc chiing minh tren thirc te. Trong khi bdng chiing ve mdi quan he lien A rat cd gia tri khoa hgc thi cung nen than trgng khi cho

rang sir hien dien ciia cac hien vat cd ngudn gdc tir cac vung van hda, trung tam kinh te xa xdi la kit qua cua mdi lien he true tiep giiia cac khu v u c Thdng thudng, vao thdi dai bdy gid, dl cd dugc mdt san pham kinh t l hay van hda ngudi ta phai can den vai tro trung gian cua thuong nhan nhieu qudc gia. Nhu vay, nhiiu the ky trudc khi ngirdi Hoa cd thi thue sir viran tdi viing bien phuang Nam thi cdc thuang nhdn An Do vd Ddng Nam A dd timg ddng vai trd chu dao trong viec chuyen giao cdc thdnh tuu kinh te, ky thuat, vdn hda giira hai nen vdn minh ldn An Do, Trung Hoa ciing nhu giira khu virc Ddng A vdi Tdy Nam A. Din khoang the ky V-VI mdi giao luu giira khu vuc Ddng Bac A, ma Trung Qudc la dai dien tieu bieu, vdi Dong Nam A thdng qua vai trd ciia cac vuong qudc ddng thdi la cac the che bien nhu Phii Nam, Champa, Srivijaya... da xac lap nen mang ludi giao thuang mang tinh lien viing va lien the gidi(3).

Trong mang ludi dd, do nam gan ke vdi viing kinh te Hoa Nam va gitr vai trd cau noi giiia hai khu vuc Ddng Bac A vdi Dong Nam A nen bien Giao Chau da sdm dugc coi la mdt trong ba vinh bien cd vi tri dja - kinh te, dia - chien luge quan trgng nhat d Dong Nam A. Do dieu kien di bien thdi dai bay gid, cac viing bien kin nhu Giao Chau (tiic vinh Bac Bg) va he thdng cang bien ven bd, ciia sdng, trd thanh dja ban thudng xuyen liii tdi ciia cac doan thuyen trong nudc, quoc te. Tren ca sd dd, nhan thay tam quan trgng ciia viing cang bien Ddng Bac, den giiia the ky XII vuong trilu Ly (1010-1225), Dai Viet da cho lap trang Van Ddn (1149) dl ddn thuyin budn cac nudc den budn ban, trao ddi hang hda va thiet lap quan he bang giao(4).

Trong nhieu the ky, do giir vi tri cdu ndi giiia hai trung tdm kinh te a Ddng A nen hien Giao Chau Id nai ddn nhdn cdc ddng chay kinh te ddng thdi id cdc ddng giao luu

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van hda, chinh tri giira cdc qudc gia khu vuc. Tir khoang the ky thir V, ciing vdi cac muc tieu kinh te. van hda, nhieu qudc gia Ddng Nam A da chii ddng den Trung Qudc de thiet lap quan he bang giao. Do vay, cac thuong cang mien Nam Trung Hoa dac biet la Quang Chau da trd thanh nai lui tdi thudng xuyen cua nhieu sii doan, thuang nhan cac nudc. Trong y nghla dd, chae ban se la dieu phien dien khi cho rang sir hinh thanh va phat trien cua cac qudc gia Ddng Nam A, ngay tir thud binh minh cua nd, chi chiu anh hudng va tac ddng cua mdt ludng van minh, mdt yeu td ngoai sinh (exdogenous factor) duy nhat tir phia Tay tran tdi la van minh An Do va sau dd la cua nln van minh Hdi giao tir Tay A, Ba Tu.

Nhin nhan mang ludi giao thuang Ddng A theo true Bde - Nam chiing ta thay, vugt qua biln Giao Chau tiln v l phia Nam la viing ddt ciia vuong qudc Champa cd d^i. Vuong qudc nay hinh thanh va phat trien tren mdt khdng gian lanh thd dai va hep: phia Tay la viing rirng nui noi cd ngudn lam tho san phong phii cua he sinh thai nhiet ddi, phia Tay Nam giap vdi Chan Lap (Campuchia) cdn phia ddng la Thai Binh Duong rgng ldn. Do cd khi hau khd, ndng va khdng gian tuang ddi h?p, vuong qudc Champa khdng cd nhilu dilu kien thuan lgi cho sir phat triln ciia kinh t l ndng nghiep(5). Do vay, siic manh kinh t l ciia vuong qudc nay cdn dua vao viec khai thae cac ngudn tai nguyen tu nhien, phat triln hai thuang, budn ban nd le, tham chi tiln hanh cudp bde tren biln. D I tdn tai, phat triln, du sire duong ddu vdi cac thi lire ttr phuang Bde va phia nam, Champa da hudng ra dai duong bet sire manh me. Cd thi coi Champa la mdt the che biin (Marine polity) bdi dac tinh van hda, hoat ddng, kinh tl, thi cbl chinh tri deu mang dam sdc thai biln. Vuong qudc nay da kit ndi ddng thdi thi hien nang lire khai thae

cao nhtrng tiem nang gitra bien vdi luc dia(6). Trong nhiing ngay phat trien cudng thinh, ciing vdi Phii Nam va Srivijaya.... Champa da trd thanh mdt cudng qudc thuong mai khu vuc.

Dua tren nen tang kinh te dd, tir truyen thdng van boa ban dia ket hgp vdi nhtrng yeu td van hda ngoai sinh, (ma tieu bieu la cac tdn giao, thiet che chinh tri, van boa, nghe thuat, kien tnic... truyen ba tir An Do), vuong qudc Champa da sang tao nen nhtirng thanh tuu van hda rue rd ddng thdi the hien sau dam ban sac rieng biet. Nhieu nha nghien ciiu coi cac thap Cham d mien Trung Viet Nam cung nhu Angkor Vat, Angkor Thom d Campuchia hay Borobudur d Indonessia va cac cdng trinh kien tnic tdn giao d Thai Lan, Myanmar... la nhiing minh chiing sinh ddng cho thay vdng anh hudng va miic do lan tda ciia van boa An. Nhung, mat khac cung phai thay rang, nhti-ng cong trinh kiln tnic ton giao do cung the hien nang lire sang tao va kha nang thich iing cao ciia van hda Ddng Nam A. Tu cdi ngudn vd bdn chdt, Ddng Nam A ludn Id the gidi ndng-ddng, thich irng, hdi nhap vd sdng tgo.

Hiln nhien, cac cdng trinh kien triic tdn giao ky vT dd phai dugc xay dung tren mdt nln tang kinh t l vung chdc Cac thap Cham, cong trinh kiln true, dieu khde...deu thi hien nhting ddu dn kha sau dain ciia kinh te thuang nghiep. Champa da thilt lap va dieu hanh hieu qua mang ludi trao ddi gitra ndi viing vdi ngoai vi, gitra cac Mandala ciia Champa vdi cac qu6c gia khu vuc va qu6c tl . Sir thinh dat cua Chiem cang, tien than ciia Hdi An vl sau, la kit qua cua sir lira chgn mdt trong nhiing dac tinh phat trien cua vuong qudc nay. Dgc theo sdng Thu Bdn theo hudng chay tay ddng cd thanh' dja My San d viing cao (thugng ngudn), cd kinh dd Tra Kieu (Simhapura, chinh trj) d miln giua va cd thuang cang Cham (kinh te thuong

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nghiep) d viing ha luu (cira bien). Ba khu vuc dd tao thanh mdt tdng the, dem lai siic manh va the gidi thieng cho vuong qudc Champa. Theo dd, kinh te, chinh tri dd tgo dung nhirng ca sd viing chdc cho tdn gido phdt trien. Nguac lgi, tdn gido dd dem lgi quyen ndng sieu viet cho cdc qudn vuang ddng thai thue ddy, md rdng cdc mdi quan he giao thuang.

Tuy nhien, do nhiing ap lire cua lich sii, trung tam chinh tri, tdn giao va kinh te eiia Champa ngay cang cd khuynh hudng chuyen dich ve phia Nam. Dieu dd ciing cd nghTa rang, tir nam 982 ngudi Cham da mat di mdt dau mdi, mdt trung tam kinh te quan trgng bac nhat. Den the ky X-XV, thay cho vi tri ciia Chiem cang viing cira sdng Thu Bdn lai ndi len vi tri cua cang bien Thi Nai d ciia sdng Cdn gan vdi kinh dd Vijaya (Binh Dinh). Tbi Nai la "qudc cang" cua Champa va thue sir la mgt thuang cang qudc te, noi ddn nhan nhieu doan thuyen budn cac nudc(7). Nhung, tir sau nam 1471 Thi Nai da thugc ve sir kiem soat cua qudc gia Dai Viet. Ngudi Viet thirc hien cudc Nam tien, khai pha cac chau thd, thira hudng cac ngudn lgi tu nhien va hiln nhien ke thira ca mdt truyen thdng thuang mai phat trien cua vuong qudc Champa(8). Do vay, ca tdng van hda Dang Trong ndi rieng va viing Ddng Nam ban dao Ddng Nam A ndi chung "cho thay su giao thoa vdn hda Chdm - Viet - Hoa vdn tiep tuc diln tiln tir thien nien ky thir I ciia Cdng nguyen din giiia cudi thien nien ky thii II theo xu hudng tit Viet - Chdm den Chdm -Viet bao gid ciing cd nhimg yeu td ngogi sinh Hdn - Hoa quan trgng". Va, "Rieng vdi cang thi quoc te Hdi An dd la ket qua giao thoa, dan xen va dung hda giiia cac van hda Cham - Viet - Hoa , va mdt sd yeu td ngoai sinh khac niia. Hgi An la mgt sir hgi thiiy, hdi nhan va hgi tu van hda vd ciing da dang"(9).

Nhu vay, vdi tu each cua mdt qudc gia thdng nhat, dugc hgp thanh bdi ba truyen thdng van hda, ba vuong qudc cd trong cac mdi quan he, bang giao khu vuc Ddng A, d mien Bac ndi len vi tri ciia viing bien dao Giao Chau (Van Ddn), mien Trung la Chiem cang (Hdi An) va mien Nam la Oc Eo (Phii Nam). Trong nhieu the ky, Chiem cang nam d trung diem ciia mang ludi dd.

3. Vi the cua Hoi An trong mang ludi hai thuang Dong A

Sir hien dien ciia ngudi Viet d mien Trung da dien ra kha sdm nhung phai den dau the ky XIV (1306) sau sir kien vua Cham la Jaya Simhavarman III dem hai chau 6y Ly dang cho thugng hoang Tran Nhan Tdng (1278-1293) lam ll vat ddn cudi cdng chiia Huyen Tran, viing ddt Thuan Hda da dugc sap nhap vao lanh thd Dai Viet. Tuy nhien, phai tir sau sir ra di cua Nguyen Hoang (1524-1613) nam 1558 thi sir nghiep khai pha dat Dang Trong mdi thue sir bat dau. Liic bay gid, tuy mdi ngoai 30 tudi nhung do da trai nghiem qua nhiing bude thang tram trong ddi song chinh tri xii Bac, thau hieu nhiing diem manh va ban che cua the che chinh tri Le -Trinh, Nguyen Hoang da quyet tam ddi bo viing dat ban bd ciia hg Nguyen de tien ve phuang Nam, thue hien ke sach tao dung mdt khu virc quan che ddc lap, phat trien lau dai. Ciing vdi nhtrng thach thirc chinh tri, xa hdi dat ra tren vimg dat mdi, dng hieu rang "dat Dang Trong van la nhiing trung tam van hda ciia mdt qua khii huy hoang"(10). De thu phuc nhan tam, Nguyen Hoang da ra siic: "vd ve quan dan, thu diing hao kiet, suu thue nhe nhang, dugc dan men phuc, bay gid thudng xiing la chiia Tien. Nghiep de dung nen thue la xay nen tir day"(l 1).

Nhan thdy xu thi cat cii ngay cang rd cua Nguyin Hoang va sau dd la Nguyin Phiic Nguyen (1563-1635), nam 1620 Trjnh Timg (1570-1623) da phai 5.000 quan din cira

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bien Nhat Le de uy hiep va 7 nam sau cudc chien tranh Trinh - Nguyin da nd ra (1627-1672) keo dai 45 nam, gay nen nhiing tdn that to ldn vdi ca bai ben tham chien(12). Do vay. trong lich su Viet Nam tir khi chien tranh Trinh - Nguyen ket thiic den khi quan Tay Son tien ra Bac Ha, giai phdng Thang Long nam 1789 lich su Viet Nam da trai qua 214 nam vdi nhieu thach thiic va chuyen biln to ldn. Trong khoang thdi gian dd, do khdng the phan thang bai, giiia hai mien da hinh thanh thi cugc Dang Ngoai (Tonkin) va Dang Trong (Cochlnchlna). Hai viing lanh thd cd chinh quyen rieng, cd co sd kinh te, luat phap va che do quan che rieng. Tuy vay, tren cac phuang dien kinh te - xa hdi, ca hai miln dlu cd nhilu bieu hien phat trien trdi vugt rdt dang chii y trong lich sir Viet Nam thdi trung dai.

D I cd dil khang lire cdn thiet duong dau vdi thi lire hiing manh cua chinh quyen Le -Trjnh d Dang Ngoai, Nguyin Hoang da ban hanh va thue thi hang loat cac chinh sach tich cure nhdm xay dung va cimg cd uy lire cua mdt chinh quyln mdi nhu khuyin khich khai hoang, trgng dung ngudi tai (ma Dao Duy Tir la mdt vi du tieu bilu), xay dung lire lugng quan sir hiing hau trong dd dac biet la thiiy quan, dugc trang bi vu khi hien dai ciia phuang Tay. Theo C.R.Boxer thi cac nha cdm quyln hg Nguyen da rdt cd gdng dk mua dugc nhung khdu dai bac bdng ddng tdt nhdt phuang Ddng( 13).

Vdi tdm nhin ciia mdt chinh the manh, luon gitr thi chu ddng trong quan he ddi ngoai, ben canh chinh sach khai md, chinh quyin Dang Trong cung ludn phai ludng tinh din viec bao ve an toan cho he thdng kinh tl ddi ngoai trong dd dac biet la thuong cang Hdi An. Tilp sau he thdng phdng ve, quan sat d Cii Lao Cham (Chiem bdt lao, vdn vdn dugc coi la tiln cang cua Hdi An), cac chua Nguyen da thilt lap mdt can cir hai

quan manh ngay d phia btru ngan sdng Thu Bdn, tiic viing Cua Dai hay "Dai Chiem hai khau"(14). Ben canh dd, vi tri cua dinh tran Thanh Chiem ciing la nhan td co y nghTa trong viec bao ve an toan, dieu banh, xir ly cac boat ddng thudng xuyen cua khu thuong cang. Ve cdng tich ciia Nguyen Hoang, Le Quy Ddn (1726-1784), mdt hgc gia noi tieng cua Dang Ngoai, da cd nhung danh gia cao ve uy danh, tai diic cua ""chua Tien" trong viec quan ly kinh te, xa bdi, xay dung quan dgi va phat trien ngoai thuang(15).

cac chinh sach hgp thdi va hgp Idng ngudi ma Nguyin Hoang thue bien da khien ong cd thi tap trung dugc quyen lure, ciing cd dugc siic manh ciia vuong quyen, dn dinh xa hgi va phat triln kinh te hang hda. Dd chinh la nhtrng tac nhan ben trong (endogenous factors) dan den sir xuat hien cua hang loat dd thi va cang thi trong dd tieu bilu la Hdi An. Qua ban hai thi ky, Hdi An da trd thanh trung tam kinh tl ddi ngoai (entrepdts) quan trgng nhdt ciia Dang Trong va la mdt trong nhiing thuong cang qudc te trgng ylu trong tuyIn giao thuong Dong A(I6). Cd thi thdy, "Ngoai thuang va nen chinh tri trong nudc da ket hgp de tao nen sire manh cho mdt thuang cang d viing bien viln ma ngudi Viet mdi den dinh cu ddng thdi tao nen thi dn djnh cho vuong qudc vira dugc thilt lap d viing "bien gidi" phuang Nam hay cdn chua thirc phat triln"(17).

Chiing ta dlu bilt, thdi Nguyin Hoang cdm quyln cung la thdi dai bung thinh cua he thdng thuong mai Ddng A(18). D6 la Thdi dai hoang kim (Golden age) cua nhieu qudc gia khu vuc Do v^y, ciing vdi viec ciing cd cac nganh kinh tl trong nudc, ong da di din quylt dinh tao bao la lira chgn va dat cugc sir hung vong cua thi cbl vao kinh tl ngoai thuang. Cd thi coi do la sir lira chgn sdng cdn cua cac chua Nguyln(19). Vdi vlee di cao kinh ti thirang nghiep, Ddng Trong

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dd hudng din mdt xu the phdt triin khac biit Ddng Nam A. Do vay, cac cang mien Trung vdi Ddng Ngoai ddng thdi hdi nhap mau trong dd cd Hgi An trd thanh dau mdi giao chdng vdi md hinh phdt triin chung, vdn cd thuang true tiep vdi cac trung tam kinh te ciia hdu hit cdc qudc gia Ddng Nam A. Dua ldn khu vuc vao siic manh ciia kinh te cdng thuong, nhu Vdi chii truong trgng thuong, vao cudi the mdt he qua tu nhien, chinh sach ciia cac chiia ky XVI dau the ky XVII, Dang Trong da trd Nguyen da khdi phuc vi the ciia Chiem cang thanh mgt Thi chi biin, triet de phat huy trudc day. Ten ggi Faifo (Hai phd - Hdi An) truyen thdng khai thae bien, phat trien giao trd thanh dia chi quen thugc ciia nhieu thuong va giao luu van hda tren bien(21). thuang nhan khu vuc, qudc te. Nhung khdng Nhan thay kinh te ngoai thuang chi cd the chi Hdi An, mdt he thdng cang miln Trung tdn tai, phat triln trong he thdng nen ciing vdn cd truyen thdng tir thdi dai Champa vdi viec cting cd cac trung tam san xuat thii ciing dugc phuc hdi trong bdi canh xa hdi cdng, khai thae nguyen lieu, chiia Nguyen mdi. Trong dd, cac thuang cang nhu Thanh cung cd nhieu bien phap de bao ve, md rdng Ha (Hul), Nudc Man (Binh Djnh) vira la boat ddng ciia cac thuang cang. Sau nam nhiing thuang cang phat triln dgc lap vira 1672, khi cudc xung dot Trinh - Nguyin ndm trong mdi quan he cd y nghTa tuong hd chdm diit, chiia Nguyen da day manh khai cho Hdi An. Tren thue tl, vdi sir du nhap, bd pha viing ddt phuong Nam. Ciing vdi muc trg ciia cac trung tam san xuat va khai thae, tiiu md rdng dnh hudng din chau thd sdng cac thuong cang miln Trung da tao nen mdt Ddng Nai, hg luu Mekong nhdm khai phd he thdng lien kit vdi vai trd dilu phdi trung tiem ndng kinh ti ndng nghiep hdn chinh tam ciia cang qudc tl Hdi An. quyin Phu Xudn ciing nudi nhiiu ky vgng ve

Cung cdn phai ndi them la, vao ddu thi ky tlim luc eiia cdc cdng miin Nam Trung Eg XV, trong vdng 28 nam (1405-1433) theo va Nam Bd, nai tiip giap vdi nhiiu trung lenh cua Minh Thanh Td, Trinh Hda (Zheng tdm thuang mgi Ddng Nam A. Thirc tl lich He, 1371-1433) da chi huy ham ddi ba Tay sOr cho thdy, din tbi ky XVIII, ciing vdi ducmg. Trong 7 chuyin di dd, Trinh Hda dlu Thanh Ha, Hdi An, Nudc Man cac cang nhu cho ham ddi tir Nam Kinh tap trung d Phiic Ddng Nai, Sai Gdn, Ha Tien... dlu trd thanh Kiln rdi ttr dd tiln din cang Chiem Thanh thuang cang trgng yeu cua Dang Trong, gop (Chan-ch 'ing). Cd thi khdng dinh rdng, dd phdn cung cd siic manh cho chinh quyln chinh la cang Thi Nai (Nudc Man). Tir cang nay. Theo danh gia ciia giao si ddng Ten thj nay, ham dgi cua Trinh Hda da chia Cristophoro Borri, ngudi timg sdng d Dang thanh nhilu phai bd din cac qudc gia Ddng Trong (1618-1622) thi nhd cd quan he hai Nam A va tiln sang Tay Nam A, chau thuang ma "Chua da thu dugc nhieu lgi Phi...(20). Nhu vay la, khdi ddu tir thdi nhuan ldn trong viec budn ban bang thu thue Dudng, phat triln trdi vugt vao thdi Tdng, hang hda cungrihu thul hai khdu ngai dat ra din thdi Minh (1368-1644) do nhimg tiln bg va ca nudc dlu kiim dugc nhieu mdi lgi vl ky thuat ddng thuyin va tri thiic hang hai, khdng thi ta het"(22). nhilu doan thuyin ldn ciia cac qudc gia chau Trong cac mdi quan he da dang ciia Dang A khdng phai nhdt thilt tuan thii theo cac " Trong, thuong nhan va cac giao sT Bd Dao tuyIn hai thuang truyin thdng nira. Tir miln Nha da din xii Cochinchina sdm nhat. Tir Nam Trung Hoa hay Nhat Ban, cac doan nam 1515, thuyin budn Bd Dao Nha da den thuyin budn cd thi tiln thdng din cac cang Faifo va nam 1540 thi cap bin thudng xuyen

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thuong cang nay(23). Den ddu the ky XVII, khong chi cd cac thuang nhan chau A, hau bet cac cudng qudc thuong mai chau Au nhu Bd Dao Nha, Tay Ban Nha, Ha Lan, Anh... deu den Hdi An(24). Vdi cac qudc gia chau A, gidi thuong nhan Trung Hoa, Nhat Ban da nhan dugc nhieu dieu kien uu dai trong viec budn ban vdi chinh quyen Dang Trong. Cd thi ndi chua bao gid trong lich sir Viet Nam nin kinh ti ngogi thuang lgi cd quan hi rdng md, da dgng vd phdt triin hung thinh nhu giai doan thi ky XVI-XVII. Hdu hit cdc cudng qudc kinh ti thdi dgi bdy gid diu din thiit lap quan hi kinh ti vdi Ddng Trong.

Do cd vj tri dia ly thuan lgi, chinh sach khai md, lai la mdt viing dat giau tiem nang cd thi cung cdp mdt sd lugng kha Idn hd tieu, qui, trdm huong, to lua, dudng, ciing cac loai khoang san quy nen Hdi An da cd siic hiit ldn ddi vdi gidi doanh thuang quoc tl. Tir Chiem cang bi suy tan, Hdi An mau chdng phuc hung va trd thanh trung tam thuong mai ldn ciia Ddng Nam A. La mgt Trung tdm llin viing(25) Hgi An da ciing vdi Goa (An Do), Ayutthaya (Siam), Malacca (Malaysia), Batavia (Indonesia), Luzon (Philippines)... ndi kit vdi Formosa (Dai Loan), Macao, Ha Mdn (Trung Qudc) Deshima (Nhat Ban), Pusan (Han Qudc) tao nen mdt he thdng thuang mai tuong ddi chat, hoan chinh cua chau A.

Vdi cac thuang nhan chau A, vdn da cd mdi quan he mat thilt vdi cac thuang cang miln Trung tir thdi dai Champa, den the ky XVI-XVII thuang nhan Trung Qudc, Nhat Ban, Siam, Chan Lap, Patani, Java, Manila... da thudng xuyen din Hdi An va cac cang miln Trung budn ban. Theo quan sat cua Thomas Bowyear, dugc A.Lamb ghi lai, thi trong khoang nam 1695 hang nam cd khoang tir 10 din 12 thuyin budn Trung Hoa din Hdi An(26). Nhung khi chinh quyen

Edo (1600-1868) ban cbl thuong thuyin Trung Hoa den Nhat tbi trong cac nam (1740-1750), so thuyen cua Hoa thuang den Dang Trong da tang Ien mdi nam chimg 80 chiec Trong tac pham Oost-lndische Compagnie en Quinam (Cdng ty Ddng An d Quang Nam) thuong nhan ngudi Ha Lan W.J.M Buch ciing cho rang: "Ly do khien nhieu thuang gia Trung Hoa nhu \'ay den Quang Nam la vi cd the tim thay d day mgt trung tam budn ban vdi cac nudc va vimg lan can. H6 tieu dugc chd tdi tir Palembang, Pabang va cac viing khac; long nao tir Borneo, gd vang, nga voi,... dd sii thd va cac bang boa khac Vdi nhirng gi cdn lai, hg cd thi mua them h i tieu, nga voi, bdt gia vi, bach dau khdu ciia Quang Nam v.v... Do do thuyin ciia hg chd ve Trung Hoa thudng la ddy hang"(27).

Hiiu rd nang lire td chirc, ky thuat san xudt, buon ban cua ngudi Hoa va nhiing thdng tin da dang ma hg co dugc, chiia Nguyin da sir dung thi lire eiia Hoa thuang, Nhdt Bdn ciing cdc thirang nhdn chdu A de tdng cudng ndi luc, biin ngogi lire thdnh ndi lire nhdm tgo nin the ddi trgng A - Au, Ddng - Tdy trong quan he qudc ti. Hon the ntra, do cd kinh nghiem va tri thirc budn ban nen hang hda ma Hoa thuong dern din Dang Trong ludn phii hgp vdi nhu cau tieu diing va siic mua cua cu dan ban dja. Vi the, thuong nhan Hoa kilu ludn nhan dugc uu ai ciia chinh quyln Nguyin vl thul quan, dja dilm va pham vi budn ban. Chinh sach dd ciia cac chiia Nguyin vl sau nhin chung vdn dugc cac vua trilu Nguyin (1802-1945) kl tbira(28).

Cung cdn phai ndi them rang, trong cac thi ky XVI-XVIII, dac biet la sau nam 1644 trilu Minh sup dd, ngudi Hoa, nhdt la cu dan cac tinh viing Ddng Nam, da cd sir chuyen djch ldn sang cac qudc gia lang gieng Dong A. Qua trinh di cu dd da b l sung va gdp

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phan hinh thanh nen cac cdng ddng Hoa kieu ban, quan ly xa hdi tren ca sd tdn trgng ddng dao tap trung d cac thanh thi, thuong truyin thdng van hda, phong tuc va luat phap cang. Gidi Hoa thuong ciing ngay cang cd Nhat Ban. Theo dd, tir nam 1633-1672 da co vai trd quan trgng trong cac boat ddng kinh 6 ngudi Nhat thay nhau giii trgng trach do. tl d khu vuc Trong khi dd, vi tri cua ngudi Hg la nhung ngudi cd the luc Idn trong cdng An trong mang ludi giao thuong Ddng A lai ddng ngudi Nhat va dugc chua Nguyin tin ngay cang trd nen md nhat. Nhung, thay vao cay(32). dd la sir bien dien ngay mdt thudng xuyen Cd thi thdy, ciing vdi viec tu khdng dinh cua cac tap doan thuang mai, cdng ty Dong chii quyln cua minh d Dang Trong nhu mgt An chau Au. Dua vao cac bai doan manh, vu thi cbl kinh tl - xa hdi va chinh tri ddc lap, khi hien dai va ngudn bang phong phii... cac chiia Nguyin dd kien quyit bdo vf ehii thuang nhan chau Au da tham nhap vao thi quyen, gdp phdn ciing vdi cdc qudc gia trudng khu vuc, gianh doat quyln lgi vdi trong khu vuc gidi trir ngn hdi tdc, dem^ Igi^ gidi thuong nhan Ddng A dk rdi, nhu Hch sur mdi trirdng dn dinh cho giao thuang qudc te da cho thdy, hinh thanh thi cudc vira ddi ddu da khien cho chinh quyin Nhgt Bdn vd cdc (confrontation) vira hgp tac (cooperation) tap doan thirang nhdn khac phdi cd y thirc gitra cac tap doan thuong nhan tren binh ddy du han vi chii quyin ciia Ddng Trong dien khu vuc cung nhu trong mdi nln kinh tl ddng thdi nhin nhdn chinh quyin ndy nhu la nhdt la cac nln kinh tl cd vi tri chiln luge, mdt chinh the manh trong khu vuc. giau tilm nang. Tuy nhien, sau mdt thdi ky boat dgng

Vdi Nhat Ban, sau nhtrng tham dd ban nhdn nhip, din nhiing nam 1635-1639, vi ddu va'xung dot quan sir vi "bilu nhdrn"(29), nhilu nguyen nhan, chinh quyln Tokugawa din thi ky XVII sau khi chinh quyln Edo da thue thi chinh sach tda qudc (sakoku) xac lap dugc quyln lire, Nhat Ban da chinh khdng cho phep thuyin Chau an ra nudc thirc thilt lap quan he vdi Dang Trong. Tir ngoai. Lap tire, gidi Hoa thuang da chiem dd, cho din khi chinh quyln nay thue thi ITnh thi trudng khu vuc Do thu dugc nhilu chinh sach tda qudc (1639-1853), cac thuyin mdi lgi tir thi trudng Dang Trong, nhieu Hoa budn Chau dn (Shuin-sen) cua Nhat Ban da thuong Quang Chau, Phuc Kiln, Hai Nam... trd thanh nhung ban hang trgng ylu ciia da trd thanh nhting nha kinh doanh ldn, giau "Quang Nam qudc"(30). Nhu vay, ciing vgi cd. Trudc tac ddng cua chinh sach tda quIc, thuang nhan Trung Qudc, din ddu the ky cimg vdi thuong nhan Ha Lan (va iniie dp XVll hi thdng giao thirang Ddng A da cd nao dd la thuong nhan Ddng Nam A), gidi thim mdt the lire doanh thuang mdi, cd tlim Hoa thuang da ddng vai trd quan trgng trong lire kinh ti ldn, hogt ddng tich cue vd hiiu viec tilp tuc duy tri quan he thuang mai gitra qud tren nhieu thi trudng khu vucCiX). D I Nhat Ban vdi Viet Nam va thj trudng Dong that chat mdi quan he vdi Nhat Ban, nam Nam A(33). . . x 1619 chua Nguyen Phiic Nguyen cdn ga con Ddi vdi cac tap doan thuong mai va the gai cho thuang nhan Nhat Ban Araki Sotaro, lire phuang Tay, chiia Nguyin cung luon chg phep ngudi Nhat (va ca gidi Hoa gianh dugc quyln chii ddng trong viec xu ly thuong) lap hdi quan, phd Nhat kilu, Hoa cac vdn dl phiic tap trong quan he qudc te. kilu dl budn ban lau dai. Chua Nguyin cdn Do cd ngudn thdng tin phong phu nen Phu giao cho hg quyln tu quan, tu bdu nen Xuan ludn hiiu rd dugc sire manh cua tirng trudng khu dk dilu hanh cac boat dgng budn tap doan thuang nhan, cdng ty Ddng An,

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tham vgng ciia bg vdi Dang Trong ciing nhu nhting bat ddng gitra cac tap doan thuang nhan va cac qudc gia. Vi thi, chua Nguyin ludn tim each giii- cdn bdng giira cdc thi luc di vira khai thdc khd ndng kinh ti, vira hgn che nhirng tdc ddng xdu vi chinh tri trdnh biin Ddng Trong thdnh nai tranh gianh lai ich, xung dot giira cdc cudng qudc phuang Tdy. Do vay, mac dii biet Cdng ty Ddng An Ha Lan (VOC) da cd quan he mat thiet vdi Dang Ngoai nhung trong nhiing thdi diem nhat dinh chiia Nguyen van cho tau Ha Lan dugc tiep tuc den Hdi An. Ben canh dd, tuy CO quan he tuong ddi mat thiet vdi Bd Dao Nha de mua dugc vii khi va tranh thu ngudn hang tir Trung Qudc nhung chiia Nguyen cung khdng de cho thuong nhan nudc nay cd thi chiem ddc quyen trong thuong mai. Tren thue te, mdt chinh sdch cdn bdng quyin luc, hay trung lap hda cdc mdi quan hi da dugc ap dung. Theo C.Borri tbi cbiia Nguyen da chudn bi rat ky cac ben dau tau d dgc bd biln cung nhu d viing ciia sdng Thu Bdn cho cac thuong nhan phuong Tay. Trong tac phdm Xir Ddng Trong viet nam 1621 dng nhan xet: "Chiia Dang Trong khdiig ddng cira trudc mdt qudc gia nao, ngai de cho tir do va md ciia cho tat ca ngudi ngoai qudc, ngudi Ha Lan ciing tdi nhu nhtrng ngudi khac, ciing vdi tau chd rat nhieu hang hda cua bg". Tac gia ciing cho biet them: "Phuong cham cua ngudi Dang Trong la khong bao gid td ra sg hai mdt nudc nao tren thi gidi. That la hoan toan trai ngugc vdi vua Trung Hoa. Ong nay sg tdt ca, ddng ciia khong cho ngudi ngoai qudc vao va khdhg cho phep budn ban trong nudc"(34).

Do vay, mac dii khdng phai khdng cd nhimg mau thudn, bdt binh vdi khdng it thuang nhan, nha truyin giao nhung vi nhimg lgi ich thuang mai cung nhu nhu cdu hiiu bilt v l khoa hgc, ky thuat, van minh phuang Tay ma chua Nguyen da tao dilu

kien cho ngudi Au tilp tuc din Dang Trong. Trong khdng it trudng hgp tai nang ciia hg da dugc trgng dung(35).

Song song vdi cac bien phap tren, dl khang dinh chu quyen va bao ve nhiing lgi ich kinh te, chinh quyen Dang Trong da lap ra Ty tau vu de theo ddi va thu thul xudt nhap khau doi vdi cac tau, thuyen buon ngoai qudc. Trong tac pham Phii biin tgp luc, Le Quy Ddn da cho biet nhtrng thong tin cu the ve miic thue ddi vdi tau thuyen budn cac nudc. Tren co sd trgng tai thuyen va lugng hang, chiing loai bang xuat nhap ma Ty tdu vu danh thue vdi timg loai tau thuyen. Nhung cting cd the khang dinh rang thdng qua che do thue quan, chiia Nguyen cung muon bay td sir uu ai ddi vdi thuong nhan mgt sd nudc(36). Diiu quan trgng Id, tdt cd cdc thirang nhdn, chii tdu thuyin ngogi qudc deu tudn thii chi do thui quan, su kiim sodt ngogi thuang ciia chiia Nguyin vd diu tiip tuc mudn cho thuyin din Ddng Trong. Trong bon 2 the ky, mac dii Hdi An la diem din ciia ddng thdi nhieu thuong nhan trong nudc, khu vuc va phuong Tay nhung d day da khdng diln ra mdt cudc xung dot hay "chiln tranh kinh t l " ldn nao. Tir dd, chiing ta cd thi luan suy ve uy lire va nang lure dieu hanh, quan ly cang thi nay ciia chinh quyen Phii Xuan cung nhu ciia dinh tran Quang* Nam. Mdt chinh sach khai md, da phuong hda quan he va thue thi che do thue quan nghiem cdn... da dem lai siic manh thue te cho chiia Nguyin. Mac dii phai duong dau vdi nhirng ap lure chinh tri tir nhieu phia va bilt bao thii doan budn lau, trIn thul cua cac thuang nhan ngoai qu6c nhung chinh quyin Ddng Trong da thue thi quyin luc ciia minh vdi mdt y thirc ddn tdc mgnh me vd bdo vi trgn ven chii quyin kinh ti, chinh tri.

4. Ket luan - Trong Hch sir, he thing giao thuong

giiia cac qudc gia Ddng A da dugc thiet lap

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rat sdm. Khdi dau tir thdi Han, trd thanh he thi da cd the dat den sir phat trien tuong ddi thdng "lien the gidi" thdi Dudng va phat ddc lap, thue thi ca che tu quan. Nhieu cang trien hung thinh dudi cac thdi Tdng, Minh, thi da ddng vai trd trung tam, ciia ngd va la Thanh (1644-1910) bang nhieu each va miic huyet mach kinh te ciia qudc gia. Do vay, do khac nhau, bau het cac qudc gia khu vuc trong nen kinh te ciia nhieu qudc gia Ddng da du nhap vao he thdng giao thuong Ddng A, vao cac the ky XVI-XVIII, kinh te A. He qua la, cdc mdi quan hi da dgng, da thuong nghiep trong dd cd ngoai thuong da chieu dd khdng chi da thue ddy sire tdng chiem mdt ty trgng dang ke, tham chi cd the trudng kinh ti, md rdng tdm kiin vdn ciia coi la nganh kinh te chu dao. Do vay, trong mdi qudc gia md cdn gdp phdn tich cue vdo nhan thiic ve ban chat va cau triic kinh te -sir phdt triin chung ciia todn thi khu vuc. xa hgi ciia nhieu dan tdc phuong Dong Dieu dd ciing cho thay, trudc khi cd sir hien chiing ta khdng the coi dd la cac Xd hdi dien ciia cac doan thuyen budn phuang Tay thudn ndng hay Thi chi ndng nghiep va he thdng giao thuang Ddng - Tay dugc (Agricultural polities). Dieu dd ciing co thiet lap thi d Ddng A da hinh thanh nen mdt nghTa rang, sir van ddng cua nhiing mam he thdng va truyen thdng giao thuong, giao mdng kinh te tu ban, cua nen kinh te hang luu van hda, bang giao theo nhiing each hda da hinh thanh va dung chiia ngay trong thiic, nguyen tdc rieng biet. Di san ciia mdi chinh xa hdi dd, chuan bi nhiing dieu kien quan he nay rdt cd y nghTa ddi vdi sir phat nhat dinh cho sir tien trien cua nen kinh te triln ciia nhilu qudc gia trong nhtrng giai hang hda ciing nhu ciia cac nganh san xuat doan sau. cdng nghiep hien dai giai doan sau.

- Trong khi coi trgng vai trd ciia cac trung - Vdi Dang Trong, sir hung thjnh ciia kinh tam kinh tl truyin thdng nhu Trung Qudc va te ngoai thuang da dem den mdt dien m p nhtrng tac ddng khdng nhd ciia nln kinh te mdi va sire manh thue sir cho chinh quyen An Do, Tay A din sir phat triln cua khu vuc Nguyin. Hon thi, viec lira chgn kinh te Ddng A thi ciing khdng thi quen rang chinh thuang nghiep nhu nen tang kinh te chinh mdi quan hi ndi tgi trong bdn thdn mdi qudc yeu da tao nen cho Dang Trong mdt md hinh gia cdng nhu mdi quan hi Hen qudc gia tire phat trien mdi. Tren thue te, dua vao tiem giira cdc viing vd tiiu viing ludn ed y nghia nang cua kinh te thuang nghiep, nhan thiic quan trgng. Tren thue tl, cac mdi quan he dd dugc nhtrng bude chuyen cua thdi dai, chiia da tao nen siic manh ndi sinh, nang lire iing Nguyen da manh dan dua Dang Trong du ddi, ddn nhan va chuyen hda cac tac nhan nhap vao he thdng kinh te the gidi. Nhd do, kinh tl, xa hdi tir ben ngoai. Nguyen tdc van chi trong mdt thdi gian tuong ddi ngan, ddng mang tinh quy luat dd dugc the bien Dang Trong da trd thanh the che cudng kha rd trong hdu hit cac nen kinh te Ddng A thjnh, mdt trung tam thuang mai ldn ciia khu trudc thdi dai md cira. He qua la, khdng chi vuc Ddng Nam A. Han the, thdng qua quan vdi Hdi An hay Dang Trong, d khu vuc he giao thuang, cac chiia Nguyen cdn xac Ddng A ciing da xudt hien nhieu thuang lap dugc mdi quan he hiiu nghj, bang giao cang mdi. Ciing vdi cac loai hinh thanh thi vdi nhieu qudc gia. Cd the ndi, sir cudng chinh trj va quan sir truyen thdng, da hinh thinh ciia Hdi An trong cac the ky XVI-thanh nen mgt loai hinh hay mo hinh do thj XVIII la su hgi tu ciia ddng thdi bdn nhan mdi, cd thi ggi dd la cac cang thi (city- td: 1. Vi tri dia ly thudn lai; 2. Tlim ndng ;70/-/5). vao thi ky XVI-XVIII, khdng it cang kinh ti phong phii; 3. Chu tnrang, chinh

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sdch dung, tich cue, hap thdi; Va, 4. Mdi trudng kinh ti khu vuc, qudc ti thudn lai. Thieu mgt trong bdn nhan td dd Hdi An khdng the phat trien tham chi se mau chdng suy tan. Ben canh dd ciing phai thdy rdng, do d vao the chinh trj ddi lap vdi Dang Ngoai va chju siic ep nhieu mat ttr cac qudc gia lang gieng khu vuc ciing sir biln ddi ciia tinh hinh chinh trj, kinh te qudc t l . Dang Trong da vuon len, phat trien binh lire va xay dung mdt chinh the manh. Mdi quan he giao thuong phat trien va nhting ddu dn van hda ngung ket d Dang Trong chinh la he qua ciia nhtrng tac nhan kinh te, chinh trj, da chilu do. Trong quan he vdi khdng it qudc gia, kinh te da di trudc mdt bude md dudng cho quan he bang giao.

- Ve xa hdi va kinh te, trudc tac ddng cua cac mdi giao luu qudc te rgng ldn va do siic phat trien, siic hiit ciia kinh te ngoai thuang, trong xa hdi cung xuat hien mdt sd tang Idp mdi giau len nhanh chdng. Dieu dang chii y la, khdng chi gidi doanh thuang ma ddi ngii quan lai, vien chirc trong the che quan chii quan lieu la nhiing ngudi gianh dugc nhieu quyln lgi nhat tir cac mdi quan he ddi ngoai. Dilu dd cho thdy "tinh chdt phuong Ddng" ciia kinh t l Viet Nam va khdng it qudc gia Ddng A. Tren thirc te, su hien dien eua tdng Idp quan lliu vira la sir dung duang cho cdc hogt ddng kinh ti vira cd thi Idm suy thodi, tham chi triet tiiu nin kinh ti ngogi thuang. Ben canh dd, trudc nhtrng bien ddi ciia thdi cudc, tir the ky XVI-XVII trong xa hdi cung bat ddu xudt hien nhtrng quan niem, gia trj, tu tudng va tdn giao mdi. Trong cac boat dgng kinh t l cung da xudt hien mdt sd ITnh vuc kinh doanh va san xudt mdi phuc vu cho nhu cdu xudt khdu, tieu diing ciia cu dan, thuang nhan ngoai qudc Dieu quan trgng la, nhilu san phdm vdn chi dap iing nhu cdu ngi dja thi nay da dugc "qudc t l hda" va ban vdi gia cao tren thuang trudng. Sir chuyin hda

sdn phdm^ tieu diing trong nude thdnh sdn phdm xudt khdu da tgo ra tdc nhdn kich thich su tdng trudng ddng thdi dem lgi sire sdng mdi cho nhiiu ngdnh kinh ti. Them vao dd, dua tren cac mdi quan be truyin thing va do siic hap dan ciia lgi ich thuang mai, din cudi thi ky XVIII, thi ky XIX cac thuang nhan ngudi Viet vdn boat dgng rdt tich cue trong nhieu thj trudng khu vuc(37). Khac vdi mdi quan he chinh trj ddi khi trd nen bit siic cang thang giira cac quoc gia, nhu la nhtrng nhu cau tat yeu ciia cudc sdng, quan he giao thuong van dugc duy tri va ndi ket cac nen kinh te. Thuong nhan ngudi Viet, Siam, Java, Hoa, An... ciing gidi doanh thuang phuong Tay van tien hanh budn ban d cac thuang cang. Hg van dua hang den noi dd hdi va ca viing niii cao de mua ban, trao ddi nga voi, hd tieu, sirng te, da huau, gd quy, cac ngudn lam san, gao, mudi, bac, ddng va thiec...

Nhu vay, cd thi ndi trudc khi cdc nude phuang Tdy dung dgi bde vd chiin ham bude cdc qudc gia Ddng A phdi md cira thi Hdi An eiia xir Cochinchina dd thue sir cd mdt thdi dgi md cira. Diiu ddng chu y Id, dd Id sir md cira chu ddng, tu nguyin. Qua trinh md cira dd cd ndi dung va tinh chat khac biet can ban vdi md cua cudng hire cua thue dan Phap khi nd siing tan cdng Da Ndng nam 1858. Da Ndng la mdt thuong cang ddng thdi la quan cang quan trgng ciia trieu Nguyin (1802-1945), khdng xa Chiem cang - Hdi An vdn timg la thuang cang ldn, "Qudc cang" giau tilm nang nhat ciia vuong qudc Champa ciing nhu ciia cac chua Nguyin trong sudt nhieu the ky.

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

1. Cater J.Eckert - Ki-baik Lee - Young Ick Lew - Michael Robinson - Edward W.Wagner: Korea Old and New - A History, Inchokak

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Publishers, Harvard University Seoul, 1990, pp.3; and Keiji Imamura: Prehistoric Japan -New Perspectives on Insular East Asia, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 1996, pp.224.

2. Shigeru Ikuta: Role of Port Cities in Maritime Southeast Asia from the Second Century BC to the Early Nineteenth Century; in: Ancient Town of Hoi An, The Gioi Publishers, H., 2006, pp.232. Tham khao them Wang Gungwu: The Nanhai Trade - The Early History of Chinese Trade in the South China Sea, Times Accademic Press, 1998. Gdn day, khi khai quat khu lang mo Trieu Ho d Quang Chau cac nha khao CO hgc da tin* dugc mgt so hien vat c6 nguon goe ttr Tay A.

3. Kenneth R. Hall: Maritime Trade and Development in Early Sotheast Asia, University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, 1985. Xem Sakurai Yumio: Thir phdc dung cdu triic lich su Ddng

f F •>

Nam A thdng qua mdi lien he giiia bien vd luc dia. Tap chi Nghien ciiu Dong Nam A, so 4, 1999,tr.37-55.

4. Ngo Sy Lien va cac sir than nha Le: Dgi Viet sit ky todn thu, tap I, Nxb. Khoa hgc Xa hgi,H., 1993, tr.317.

5. Momoki Shiro: Champa chi Id mdt the che bienl (Nhirng ghi chep ve ndng nghiep vd ngdnh nghe trong cdc tu lieu Trung Qudc), Tap chi Nghien ciiu Dong Nam A, so 4, 1999, tr.43-48.

Trong cong trinh Le Royaume du Champa, nha nghien ciiu ngudi Phap G.Maspero da co nhiing mo ta ve tram huong san pham xuat khau nil tilng cua Champa. Theo ong: "ngudi ta chdt ding g6 tram va de cho nd muc ra, sau thdi gian mdy nam chi con lai cai loi, dem bo vao nudc thi chim ngay, vi thi ggi la tram huang", G.Maspero: Le Royaume du Champa, Bruxelles, 1928, pp.34.

6. Tran Quoc Vugng: Mdy net khdi qudt lich sir cd xua ve cdi nhin ve bien eua Viet Nam; trong: Biln vdi ngudi Viet cd, Nxb. Khoa hgc Xa hgi, H., 1991, tr.20.

7. D6 Trudng Giang: Su chuyen hda tit thuang cdng Chdm sang cdng Viet (trudng hgp

Thi Ngi - Nude Man), Tap chi Nghien ciru Dong Nam A, s6 8, 2008.

8. Nguyen Van Kim - Nguyen Manh Diing: Ve truyen thdng vd hogt ddng thuang mai ciia ngudi Viet: Thue te lich sir vd nhdn thirc; trong: Viet Nam trong he thong thuang mai chau A the ky XVI-XVII, Nxb. Thi Gidi, 2007.

9. Tran Quoc Vugng: Vi the dia - lich sir vd bdn sdc dia - vdn hda cua Hdi An; trong: Do thi c6 Hgi An, Nxb. Thi Gidi, H., 1991, tr. 59 & 61.

10. Ta Chi Dai Trudng: Thdn, Ngudi vd Ddt Viet, Nxb. Van Nghe, 1988, tr.219.

11. Quoc sir quan trieu Nguyen: Dgi Nam thue luc tien bien, Nxb. Giao Due, H., 2002, tr.28.

12. Tir nam 1627-1672 quan Trinh da 6 lan tdn cong vao Nam: 1627, 1633, 1643, 1648, 1661 va 1672. Nam 1655 quan chiia Nguyin tan cong ra Dang Ngoai, chiem den bd Nam song Lam, 5 nam sau mdi chju nit quan ve. Tren thirc te, mgt so chiia Nguyen cting da timg c6 y djnh tan cong ra Dang Ngoai. Nam 1716, Nguyin Phiic Chu da timg cu mgt sd Hoa kieu than tin ra Thang Long tham do nhung thay "Trung trieu cudng thjnh, muu ben thoi", Le Quy Don: Phii bien tgp luc, Nxb. Khoa hgc Xa hgi, H., 1977, tr.65. Xem Nguyen Van Kim: Xir Ddng Trong trong cdc mdi quan he vd tuang tdc quyen lyre khu vuc. Tap chi Nghien ciiu Lich sir so 6(362), 2006,tr.l9-35.

13. Mgt sd nha nghien cim cho rang viec chiia Nguyen ehii trgng xay dung binh lire manh trong do cd hai quan la nham de duang dau vdi the luc cua chiia Trinh d Dang Ngoai. Nhung, chae chan chiia Nguyen cdn mudn thong qua viec xay dung hai binh de bao ve chii quyen lanh hai dac bi?t la cac cang kinh t l ddi ngoai nhu Hgi An, Thanh Ha, Nudc Man... va cac dao nhu Cu Lao Cham, Con Dao... Xem CRBoxer: Portuguese Conquest and Commerce in Southern Asia, 1500-1750, Variorum Reprints, London, 1985, pp.167.

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14. Ket qua khao sat cua cac chuyen gia dja chat - dja mao, khao co hgc va sir hgc Viet Nam - Nhat Ban thugc Khoa Lich sii, Trudng DH KHXH & NV, DHQG HN va Trudng Dai hoc Chieu Hoa trong cac mua diln da nam 1997-1999 cho thay d vting Thanh Chilm con vlt tich kha ro cua mgt vjnh biln rgng, nudc sau. Ket hgp vdi mgt so nguIn sir lieu khac chiing toi cho rang nhieu kha nang day chinh la can cii hai quan cua chiia Nguyen.

15. Le Quy Don: Phit bien tgp luc, Nxb. Khoa hgc Xa hgi, H., 1977, tr.50.

16. Andre Gunder Frank: ReOrient: Global Economy in the Asian Age, University of California Press, 1998, pp.98; and John K. Whitmore: Vietnam and the Monetary Flow of Eastern Asia, Thirteenth to Eighteenth Centuries; in: Precious Metals in the Late Medieval and Early Modem Worlds, edited by J.F.Richards. Durham, N.C.: Carolina Academic Press, 1983, pp.380 «fe 388.

17. Charles Wheeler: One Region, Two Histories - Cham Precedents in the History of the Hdi An Region; in: Nhung Tuyet Tran and Anthony J.S. Reid: Viet Nam Boderiess Histories, The University of Wisconsin Press, 2006, pp.169.

18. Anthony Reid: Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce 1450-1680, Yale University, New Haven and London, 1988. Co thi tham khao them: Li Tana - Anthony Reid: Southern Vietnam under the Nguyen - Documents on the Economic History of Cochinchina (Ddng Trong) 1602-1777, Australia National University -Institute of Sotheast Asian Studies, Singapore, 1993.

19. Li Tana: Xir Ddng Trong - Lich sir kinh ti - xd hdi Viet Nam thi ky XVII vd XVIII, Nxb. Tre, Tp HCM, 1987. Co thi tham khao them Phan Khoang: Viet sit xir Ddng Trong, Nxb. Van hgc, 2001.

20. Geoff Wade: The Zheng He Voyages: A Reassessment; Asia Research Institute, Working Paper Series, No.31, October, 2004; Duong Van

Huy: Nhirng dgt tham hiim cua Trinh Hda din Ddng Nam A, Tap chi Nghien ciiu Dong Nam A, s6 2 (77), 2006.

21. Tran Quoc Vugng: Mdy net khdi qudt lich sit cd xua ve cdi nhin vi bien ciia Viet Nam; trong: Bien vdi ngudi Viet c6, Nxb. Khoa hgc Xa hgi, H., 1991, tr.20.

22. Cristophoro Borri: Xir Ddng Trong, Nxb. Tre, Tp H6 Chi Minh, 2003, tr.90.

23. Theo P.Y.Manguin thi nam 1516 Bd Dao Nha da cho thuyen den cang Champa, nam 1623 da chinh thiic cii thuyen den cang Champa nhung theo A.Lamb thi quan he nay khong deu dan. Tir nam 1540 trd di ngudi 86 den Faifo mgt each thudng xuyen, tham chi mgt so ngudi Bo con song lau dai d thuang cang nay. Xem Pierre-Yves Manguin: Les Portuguese sur les cotes du Vietnam et du Campa, Ecole Fraicaise d'Extreme-Orient, Paris, 1972, pp.3; va, Alastair Lamb: The Mandarin Road to Old Hue, Clarke, Irwin & Co.Ltd, Toronto, 1970, pp.19.

24. Cac thuang nhan Anh da den giao thiep vdi Dang Trong tir nam 1613 sau do tap trung xay dung thuang diem d Con Dao. Tau Ha Lan den Dang Trong cac nSm 1613 va 1617, den nam 1633 thiet lap mgt thuang qua d Hgi An vdi tham vgng mua ta lua d day de dua sang Nhat Ban nhung da vdp phai sir canh tranh quylt liet ciia thuang nhan Nhat. Ben canh d6 hg con bi nghi ky cua chiia Nguyin trong moi lien h$ vdi Dang Ngoai. Den nam 1654, ngudi Ha da nit khoi Hgi An dl tap trung ra Dang Ngoai va boat dgng lien tuc trong 63 nam (1637-1700). Trong cac thuang nhan phuang Tay, Bo Dao Nha dugc chiia Nguyen danh cho nhieu uu ai. Trong thdi gian 650-1651 moi nam co 4-5 tau tir Macao din Dang Trong. Cac thuyen nay co the chd 300 tan hang, trj gia 100.000 lang bac.

25. Sakurai Yumio: Thit phdc dung cdu trite lich sir Ddng Nam A thdng qua mdi lien he giiia biin vd luc dia. Tap chi Nghien ciiu Dong Nam A,so4, 1999,tr.37-55.

26. AUastair Lamb: The Madarin Road to Old Hue, Sdd, pp.52.

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27. M.J. Buch: Oost-lndische Compagnie en Quinam, Amsterdam, H.J. Paris, 1929.

28. Choi Byung Wook: The Nguyen Dynasty's Policy toward Chinese on the Water Frontier in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century; in: Nola Cooke and Li Tana (Ed.): Water Frontier - Commercial and the Chinese in the Lower Mekong Region, 1750-1880, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, INC, Singapore University Press, 2004, pp.85-100.

29. Nha nghien ciiu Nhat Ban Iwao Seiichi cho rdng nam 1578, wako (hai tac Nhat Ban) da din hai phan Dang Trong cudp thuyen buon cua thuang nhan Trung Hoa Tran Bao Tiing dang van chuyin dong,- sat va do gom den Quang Nam. Xem Iwao Seiichi: Shuin-sen to Nihon Machi (Chau dn thuyin va pho Nhat), Nxb. Hakusendo, Tokyo, 1962, tr.l5. NguIn sir lieu Viet Nam: Dgi Nam thue luc tien bien ciing ghi lai sir kien nam 1585, Bach Tdn Hien Quy (Shirahama Kenchi) da chi huy mgt doan thuyin ldn din cudp d Cira Viet bj lire lugng hai quan cua chiia Nguyin gIm 10 chiec thuyen do Nguyin Phiic Nguyen (1563-1634) chi huy tan cong, danh tan hai chiec. Trudc siic tan cong quyet liet cua lire lugng hai quan Dang Trong "Hiln Quy sg chay... tir do giac bien im hoi", Dgi Nam thue luc tiin bien, Sdd, tr.32.

30. Kawamoto Kuniye: The International Outlook of the Quang Nam (Nguyen) Regime as Revealed in Gaiban Tsuusho; in: Ancient Town of Hoi An, The Gioi Publibiers, H., 2006, pp. 159-170.

31. Kato Eiichi: Shuinsen Licence Trade and the Dutch in Southeast Asia; in: Ancient Town 01 Hoi An, Sdd, 2006, pp.209-217. Trong thdi ky Chdn dn thuyin (1592-1635) Nhat Ban da c6 quan he vdi 18 quIc gia va khu vuc lanh thi d Dong Nam A. Theo thing ke trong thdi gian 1604-1635 da c6 ting sl 365 thuyin Chdu dn din Dong Nam A va Dai Loan. Trong s6 d6 c6 87 din Dang Trong va 37 chile den Dang Ngoai. Nhu vay, chi rieng so thuyin den Viet Nam da chilm khoang gdn 1/3 sl thuyin Chdu

dn. Dieu d6 cho thay tam quan trgng ciia thi trudng Viet Nam vdi Nhat Ban va quan he giao thuang khu vuc. Thirc ra, tir the ky XV, vdi tu each la mgt bg phan hgp thanh cua lanh tho Nhat Ban ngay nay, vuong quoc Ryukyu (Luu cdu) da thilt lap quan he vdi Siam va mgt so qu6c gia Dong Nam A. Vdi Viet Nam, tu lieu sdm nhdt ghi lai trong Rekidaihoan (Ljch dai bao an) la nam 1509. Den cuoi thi ky XVI khi thilt lap quan he vdi Dong Nam A, cac thuang nhan Nhat Ban da kl thira tri thiic, kinh nghi?m cua ngudi Hoa ciing nhu thuang nhan Luu Cau. C6 thi xem Nguyin Van Kim: Chinh sdch ddng cira ciia Nhdt Bdn thdi ky Tokugawa - Nguyen nhdn vd he qud, Nxb. The Gidi, 2000.

32. Nguyin Van Kim: Quan he cua Nhdt Bdn vdi Ddng Nam A thi ky XV-XVII, Nxb. Dai hgc QuIc gia Ha Ngi, H., 2003, tr. 143-144.

33. John Cleinen: Vi nhiing ngudi bgn eU vd nhiing ke thit gid mao - Quan he ciia Hd Lan vdi Ddng Trong thi ky XVII; Nguyin Van Kim: Vi tri cua Phd Hiin vd Domea trong he thong thuang mgi Ddng Ngoai thi ky XVI-XVII; trong: Su tir va Ring - B6n the ky quan he Ha Lan -Viet Nam, Nxb. Thi Gidi, 2008, tr. 17-36 & 79-94.

34. Christophoro Borri: Xii Ddng Trong, Sdd, tr.92-93.

35. Alexandre de Rhodes: Hdnh trinh va truyin gido, Tu sach dai ket, Tp Ho Chi Minh, 1994.

36. Le Quy Don: Phit bien tgp luc, Sdd, tr.65. Co thi tham khao them su phan tich ve che do thul quan thdi chiia Nguyin trong bai viet cua GS.Vii Minh Giang: The Japanese Presence in Hoi An; in: Ancient Town of Hoi An, The Gioi Publibiers, H., 2006, pp. 199-208.

37. Puangthong Rungswasdisab: Siam and the Contest for Control of the Trans-Mekong Trading Networks from the Late Eighteenth to the Mid-Nighteenth Centuries; in: Nola Cooke and Li Tana (Ed.): Water Frontier - Commercial and the Chinese in the Lower Mekong Region, 1750-1880, pp.102-103.

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