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MANAJEMEN TEKNOLOGIMANAJEMEN TEKNOLOGI
MATERI 1MATERI 1KONSEP DASAR TEKNOLOGIKONSEP DASAR TEKNOLOGI
Much. Djunaidi, ST, MTMuch. Djunaidi, ST, MTJurusan Teknik IndustriJurusan Teknik Industri
Universitas Muhammadiyah SurakartaUniversitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta
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Konsep Dasar TeknologiKonsep Dasar Teknologi
• Evolusi Teknologi: – Teori Perubahan Masyarakat,– Tingkat Perkembangan Teknologi
• Definisi Teknologi
• Siklus Hidup Teknologi
• Tingkat Teknologi
• Jenis Teknologi
• Klasifikasi Teknologi
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Teori Perubahan MasyarakatTeori Perubahan Masyarakat
• Masyarakat tradisional, persiapan lepas landas, lepas landas, dorongan kearah kedewasaan, konsumsi masa tinggi (Rostow).
• Berkembang, lepas landas, industri, post-industri (Farmer, 1969).
• Masyarakat pertanian, masyarakat industri, masyarakat informasi (Toffler).
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Teori Perubahan Masyarakat Teori Perubahan Masyarakat (TOFFLER) (1)(TOFFLER) (1)
• Masyarakat Pertanian (8000 SM – 1700)
– Gelombang pembaharuan manusia menentukan & menerapkan teknologi pertanian
– Manusia yang semula berpindah-pindah menjadi suka untuk tinggal menetap (desa)
– Manusia menggunakan energi dari alam (otot binatang, matahari, angin & air)
– Masyarakat produsen & sekaligus menjadi konsumen
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Teori Perubahan Masyarakat Teori Perubahan Masyarakat (TOFFLER) (2)(TOFFLER) (2)
• Masyarakat Industri (1700 – 1970)
– Revolusi Industri ditandai dengan penggunaan mesin (melipat gandakan kekuatan fisik manusia)
– Manusia menggunakan energi: minyak, batu bara & gas– Pemisahan antara masyarakat produsen dengan masyarakat
konsumen (spesialisasi)– Terjadi perusakan alam akibat eksploitasi sumber daya– Penetrasi pasar internasional
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Teori Perubahan Masyarakat Teori Perubahan Masyarakat (TOFFLER) (3)(TOFFLER) (3)
• Masyarakat Informasi (1970 > 2000)
– Penggunaan teknologi komunikasi dalam peradaban manusia– Penggunaan komputer & mikro elektronik sebagai teknologi inti– Pelipatgandaan kekuatan pikir manusia– Energi alternatif, energi baru, rekayasa genetik,bioteknologi
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MATA RANTAI PERUBAHAN TEKNOLOGIMATA RANTAI PERUBAHAN TEKNOLOGI
• Kemajuan teknologi mempengaruhi ilmu pengetahuan; merubah pola hidup manusia dan struktur sosial secara keseluruhan
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TEKNOLOGI & MASYARAKATTEKNOLOGI & MASYARAKAT
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Definisi Teknologi (1)Definisi Teknologi (1)
• TEKHNOLOGIA (Greek) – Techné = art or skill– Logos = science or study
• Sekumpulan pengetahuan ilmiah, mesin, perkakas serta kemampuan organisasi produksi yang dikelola secara sistematik dan efektif (JUDET & PERRIN, 1971)
• Technology is the totality of goods, tools, processes, methods, techniques, procedures and service that are invented and put into some practical use (BAYRAKTAR,
1992)
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Definisi Teknologi (2)Definisi Teknologi (2)
• Teknologi: suatu input produksi yang penting & dapat diperjual-belikan di pasar dunia sebagai suatu komoditi. (UNCTAD)
a) Barang modal (investasi).
b) Tenaga kerja manusia (tenaga terampil – spesialisasi sangat tinggi).
c) Informasi (sifat teknis atau komersial: pasar, hak cipta, dijual)
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Definisi Teknologi (3)Definisi Teknologi (3)
• Suatu pengaturan yang berisikan atas tiga elemen atau komponen teknologi (paket) (SANDRETT)
– Elemen material : mesin, peralatan, bahan baku, bahan setengah jadi, dll.
– Elemen informasi : pengetahuan tentang prosedur, keterampilan individu & kolektif
– Elemen organisasi : organisasi produksi, jabatan, situasi kerja & koordinasi
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Definisi Teknologi (4)Definisi Teknologi (4)
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Definisi Teknologi (5)Definisi Teknologi (5)
• Pengelompokan Konsep Teknologi dari perspektif sosio-ekonomi
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Definisi Teknologi (6)Definisi Teknologi (6)
• Technology includes whatever it takes to convert resources into products and services (GAYNOR, 1992)
• All the knowledge, products, processes, tools, methods & system employed in the creation of goods or in providing services (KHALIL, 2002)
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Definisi Teknologi (7)Definisi Teknologi (7)
• Komponen teknologi (TECHNOLOGY ALTAS PROJECT, 1989):
– Technoware peralatan manual, mesin otomatis, fasilitas terintegrasi
– Humanware kemampuan: operasional, memproduksi, memperbaiki, adaptasi, inovasi
– Inforware menilai, menjelaskan, menggunakan fakta, melakukan klasifikasi
– Orgaware individual, kelompok, organisasi, industri, nasional
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Definisi Teknologi (8)Definisi Teknologi (8)
• Komponen teknologi (ZELENY, 1986):
– Hardware: the physical structure & logical layout of the equipment or machinery that is to be used to carry out the required tasks
– Software: The knowledge of how to use the hardware in order to carry out the required tasks
– Brainware: The reasons for using the technology in particular way
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Komponen TeknologiKomponen Teknologi
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Technology, Science & EngineeringTechnology, Science & Engineering
• BETZ (1993)
– Science is the discovery & explanation of nature
– Technology is the knowledge of the manipulation of nature for human purposes
– Engineering is the understanding & manipulation of nature for human purposes
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Siklus Hidup Teknologi (1)Siklus Hidup Teknologi (1)
Technology development: basic technology Technology application: technology + application Application launch: technology + application + product
launch Application growth: technology + application + product
sales Technology maturity: technology + application + fall in
product sales Degraded technology: minimal product sales + loss of
application + alternative technology
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Siklus Hidup Teknologi (2)Siklus Hidup Teknologi (2)
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TIPE TEKNOLOGITIPE TEKNOLOGI
Materials Technology
Production Technology
Transport Technology
Testing Technology
Process Technology
Machining Technology
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Klasifikasi Teknologi (UNIDO)Klasifikasi Teknologi (UNIDO)
a. Teknologi yang terkandung dalam peralatan
b. Teknologi yang terkandung dalam produk
c. Teknologi yang terkandung dalam proses
d. Teknologi yang terkandung dalam operasi
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Klasifikasi Teknologi (Kahlil) Klasifikasi Teknologi (Kahlil) (1)(1)
• New technology: new introducted or implemented technology (explicit impact on the way a company produces products or provides services)
• Emerging technology: not yet fully commercialed but will become so within about five year
• High technology: refers to advanced or sophisticated technologies
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Klasifikasi Teknologi (Kahlil) Klasifikasi Teknologi (Kahlil) (2)(2)
• Low technology: refers to technologies that have permated large segments of human society
• Medium technology: refers to mature technologies
• Appropriate technology: used to indicate a good match between the technology utilized and the resources required for its optimal use
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Klasifikasi TeknologiKlasifikasi TeknologiBerdasarkan UnsurBerdasarkan Unsur
• Unsur: proses-proses teknis yang tidak terdapat secara khusus pada sesuatu bidang.
• Lima Unsur Teknologi:1. Technology of energy conversion and utilization2. Technology of tools & machines3. Technology of measurement, observation & control4. Technology involved in the extraction & conversion
of industrial raw materials5. Technology of industrial production processes
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Klasifikasi TeknologiKlasifikasi TeknologiBerdasarkan Unsur (1)Berdasarkan Unsur (1)
• Technology of energy conversion and utilization:
– Major types of energy useful to man– Devices & techniques for the utilization of energy– Devices for energy conversion– Devices for energy concentration & control– Devices for unlimited production of energy
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Klasifikasi TeknologiKlasifikasi TeknologiBerdasarkan Unsur (2)Berdasarkan Unsur (2)
• Technology of tools & machines
– Hand tools– Machines & machine components– Machine tools: stationary power-driven machines for
shaping & forming parts made of metal or other materials
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Klasifikasi TeknologiKlasifikasi TeknologiBerdasarkan Unsur (3)Berdasarkan Unsur (3)
• Technology of measurement, observation & control
– Theory of measurement– Units & standards of measurement– Principles & processes by which instruments of measurement
operate– Common types of measuring instruments– Special instrument & apparatus used in scientific research– Major systems of measurement & observation– Instrumentation & control systems
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Klasifikasi TeknologiKlasifikasi TeknologiBerdasarkan Unsur (4)Berdasarkan Unsur (4)
• Technology involved in the extraction & conversion of industrial raw materials
– The world’s physical & biological resources– Technology of the extraction industries– Primary conversion of raw materials
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Klasifikasi TeknologiKlasifikasi TeknologiBerdasarkan Unsur (5)Berdasarkan Unsur (5)
• Technology of industrial production processes
– Materials processing: the operations that are used to transform industrial materials from a raw-material state into finished parts or products
– Metallurgy– Materials handling in the production process– Technology of packaging
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Klasifikasi TeknologiKlasifikasi TeknologiBerdasarkan BidangBerdasarkan Bidang
• Bidang: berbagai kebutuhan manusia, tujuan, barang & jasa yang mendatangkan kemajuan teknologi
• Delapan bidang pokok teknologi:– Construction technology– Technology of major industries– Technology of agriculture & food production– Transportation technology– Technology of information processing & of communications
systems– Technology of the urban community– Military technology– Technology of earth & space exploration
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Klasifikasi TeknologiKlasifikasi TeknologiBerdasarkan Bidang (1)Berdasarkan Bidang (1)
• Construction technology
– General building construction– Construction of civil engineering works– Prefabrication & shop fabrication
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Klasifikasi TeknologiKlasifikasi TeknologiBerdasarkan Bidang (2)Berdasarkan Bidang (2)
• Technology of major industries
– Principles of organization of work & production– Manufacturing industries– The fabrication industries– The process industries– The construction industries– The service industries– The merchandising & marketing of consumer goods– Industrial research & marketing of consumer goods– Industrial research & development– Technology of industrial safety
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Klasifikasi TeknologiKlasifikasi TeknologiBerdasarkan Bidang (3)Berdasarkan Bidang (3)
• Technology of agriculture & food production
– Technology of agriculture– Crop farming, Flock & stock farming– Technology of hunting & fishing– Food processing, Food preservation– Techniques for controlling the quality of food– Food sources & new product development– The history of agriculture
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Klasifikasi TeknologiKlasifikasi TeknologiBerdasarkan Bidang (4)Berdasarkan Bidang (4)
• Transportation technology
– Roads & highways & their construction– Vehicles & devices for transportation across country & roads &
highways– Rail transportation– Stationary conveyance systems– Water transportation– Air transportation– Air - cushion machines
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Klasifikasi TeknologiKlasifikasi TeknologiBerdasarkan Bidang (5)Berdasarkan Bidang (5)
• Technology of information processing & of communications systems
– Communication & information theory– Calculating devices, Office machines, Computers– General information recording devices– Sound recording & reproducing devices– Information recording by the production of visual image: the
technology of photography– Information processing– Major systems of communication– Major system of detection & remote sensing– Electronic component & techniques used in communications
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Klasifikasi TeknologiKlasifikasi TeknologiBerdasarkan Bidang (6)Berdasarkan Bidang (6)
• Technology of the urban community
– Basic engineering services of the city– Technology of the basic social services of the city– Technological responses to new urban problems– History of city engineering
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Klasifikasi TeknologiKlasifikasi TeknologiBerdasarkan Bidang (7)Berdasarkan Bidang (7)
• Military technology
– Offensive & defensive delivery & payload systems– Logistic systems– Purely defensive equipment & systems
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Klasifikasi TeknologiKlasifikasi TeknologiBerdasarkan Bidang (8)Berdasarkan Bidang (8)
• Technology of earth & space exploration
– Techniques & equipment of surface & underground exploration
– Techniques & equipment of space exploration– Techniques & equipment & space exploration
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• Parker (1982): 6 tingkat teknologi yang berhubungan dengan pengembangan produk baru.– Tingkat 1: repetitive, simple & general (craftsmen)– Tingkat 6: formulasi unambiguous highly technological goals,
new knowledge, complex systems, sophisticated tools of measurement, analysis of abstract thinking.
• Lowe (1995): 5 tingkat teknologi.