Managing disease outbreaks - oie.intoie.int/conf/wildlife/Presentations/S5_2_GideonBrückner.pdf ·...

Managing disease outbreaksGideon Brückner

Generic approach to disease control/outbreak management

• Surveillance• Early detection and diagnosis• Isolate infected focus• Contain disease – prevent escape of pathogen• Vaccinate• Cull where indicated• Allow safe time to confirm no re‐introductions/new cases• Confirm absence of clinical cases and circulating

pathogen• Lift restrictions


• Outbreak management aimed at restoring normality in the livestock population – as quickly as possible

• Main emphasis is to prevent economic losses and restore food production chain

• Trade concerns related to acceptance of control measures applied in the livestock population

• Guarantees for trade focussed on proof of absence/elimination of pathogen in the livestock population


• Outbreak in a temporary unstable but controllable environment

• Introduction and adaptation across continents• Classical disease control measures usually sufficient to

contain the disease and manage the outbreak• Containment tools mostly readily available and easy to

apply:– Vaccination– Serological surveillance– Movement control– Identification– Restraint and isolation

What are the challenges in managing outbreaks of diseases with wildlife involvement?

• Outbreaks often in a permanent unstable environment• Offers a variety of scenarios and challenges:

– Wildlife and/or livestock separated but not isolated– Wildlife contact can be effectively avoided/prevented– Wildlife contact can not be effectively avoided/prevented– Separation methods (e.g. fences) are challenged by wildlife– Pressure from wildlife invasion/re‐invasion also subject/directed

by natural driving forces – climate, floods, drought, migration– Concerns of multiple interest groups/stakeholders

What are the challenges in managing outbreaks of diseases with wildlife involvement?

• Generic/classical outbreak management strategies not always applicable or acceptable:– Culling of wildlife for disease control seldom an option for

various reasons– Vaccines mostly not available for wildlife– Vaccination in domestic species to create an immune buffer

between the wildlife vector and domestic animals/humans– Diagnostic tests in wildlife not always validated/reliable– Sampling/surveillance strategy dictated by species

availability/access/cost implications/detection of clinical cases/multidisciplinary institutional involvement/public concerns and sensitivity

– Wildlife to domestic or vice versa? – must seek and confirm source of infection to have an effective outbreak management policy

Culling/harvesting/disease control for managing disease outbreaks• Need rational thinking and

convincing of other role players• Culling vs. harvesting – the

difference• Badger culling for TB• Deer culling?• Mongoose/Black backed jackal for

rabies• Role of controlled harvesting to

maintain biodiversity equilibrium (controlled hunting, elephants KNP, South Africa)

• Culling/hunting for biodiversity equilibrium vs. culling for disease control??

Provisions in the Terrestrial Code for managing/mitigating outbreaks

• Risk‐based and aimed at trade facilitating measures

• Surveillance guidelines where indicated to also include wildlife

• Zoning, compartmentalisation, containment zone

• Commodity trade• If in place prior to outbreak, then more acceptable to trade partners when applied in the event of an outbreak

African swine fever

N1

N2 N3 N4

N5

EggsAdult

Trans‐Stadialtransmission

Sylvatic Cycle

Domestic Cycle

Persistent infection

African Swine Fever – outbreak management options

• Separation possible –compartments

• Zoning is possible• Virulence ranges from high to

low• “Live” with disease• Culling of affected domestic

stock often the choice – no reliable vaccine

• Can invade naïve wildlife population and become endemic – Georgia/Russia

• Outbreak management aimed at domestic pig population

Rift Valley fever• Precipitating/trigger factors

well known (floods, rise in water surface level, etc.)

• Wildlife as secondary invader (Alpacas)

• Vaccinate/cull/carrier state?• Cost/sentimental/economic

value• Human (zoonotic) concerns• Livestock trade concerns• Trade in safe commodities © S De La Roche

© S De La Roche

Multiple specie diseases – foot and mouth disease (FMD)

• OIE Code provides for facilitating measures such as zoning, compartmentalisation

• Traditional control is to separate wildlife source from domestic species (fencing)

• Control is aimed to secure virus free domestic population and accept presence in wildlife

• Culling of wildlife is not an option• Sustainability of negative status in

domestic population is subject to prevention of spill-over from wildlife

• Most outbreaks occur where break in separation

• Multiple potential sources in wildlife species

FMD in cattle

FMD in antelope

Sub-clinical infection of

buffalo

©Pictures: Mokganedi Mokopasetso

FMD Bulgaria: Wild boar

Brown Agouti (Dasyprocta variegata)

Capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris)

Borugo (Agouti taczanowskii) Brazilian tapir Tapirus terrestris)

New species of 'Giant peccary' discoveredin Brazil in 2000 1 (Pecari maximus sp. nov.)

1 Van Roosmalen, G.M., Lothar, F., van Hooft, P., Deioongh, H. and Leirs, H. (2006) Bonner zoologische Beiträge 55, 105-112

All susceptible to FMD infection

White-lipped peccary( Tayassu pecari)

Chacoan peccary( Catagonus wagneri)

Collared peccary (Pecari tajacu)

Feral swine(Sus scrofa)

Faunal diversity

Feral buffalo(Bubalus bubalis)

White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)

Brocket deer (Mazama sp.)

©P Roeder

20052006200720082009

Outbreaks of FMD recorded

since 2005

© W. Vosloo

Bwabwata Fence(Permanent)

Shamangorwa Fence

(temporary; electric)

© DVS Namibia

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Botswana Veterinary Districts

.

ITOTO FMD FLARE DISEASE CONTROL ZONESVer 1(15/07/2009)

Department of Veterinary ServicesVeterinary Epidemiology and Economics SectionInformation Technology UnitPrivate Bag 0032Gaborone.Botswana

Tel: +267 3689001Fax: +267 39307440 10 20 30 405

Kilometers

LegendSurveillancezone_Crushpens

Redzone_Crushpens

k itoto_fmd+ve_crushpen

% Villages

# Crushpens

Quarantine

Farms

National parks/Game Reserves

Extension areas

Roads

Disease Control Fences

Ghanzi

Maun

Affected crushes

Affected crushes

Rabies

• Attempts of breaking the sylvatic cycle only successful in few countries (Europe, Canada) – bait vaccines

• Culling of wildlife species (Canis mesomelas increase in population – move into empty zones

• In many instances “live” with disease in wildlife species

• Vaccination of canine population with at least a 75% threshold value

African horse sickness

• Vector-borne disease• Accept continuous

seasonal circulation in wildlife vector (Zebra)

• Vaccination only option or disease-free areas with no presence of competent vector

• No culling of wildlife source

©A Thiermann

Highly pathogenic avian influenza

• Migratory routes of wild birds well documented

• Managing outbreaks not aimed at wild bird population

• Control disease at source –domestic poultry population

• Accept presence in wild birds• Country freedom aimed at

freedom in domestic population

• Vaccination, separation – but not total isolation in all circumstances

Mitigating options to facilitate outbreak management

• Some diseases cannot be eradicated in wildlife (FMD, HPAI, rabies, MCF, ASF)

• Some options for risk mitigation:– Vaccination – create immune

buffer– Separation – fencing (FMD, MCF)– Farming in harmonisation with

wildlife vector (Nipah, FMD)– Breeding of disease-free wildlife

(Buffalo, parrots)– Be sensitive to spatial and

temporal risks associated with diseases in wildlife (MCF)

– Continue to seek scientific backing for harmonising standards to accommodate wildlife/livestock interface

© Lea Knopf

In conclusion: managing outbreaks in the wildlife/livestock ecosystem interface

• Must accept continuous challenge• Classical control measures not always

applicable• Must strive to harmonise co-existence

of both - to maintain biodiversity andrespect trade concerns

• Maintain sentiment of Code to facilitatetrade in production animals withoutdetriment to wildlife and further refinetrade facilitating measures

• Must remain sensitised to emergenceand re-emergence of diseases inwildlife that may impact on diseaseoutbreak management strategies

• Acknowledge the “love affair” betweenwildlife and domestic species –including Homo sapiens

Thank you !

Merci!

Gracias!

World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)

12 Rue de Prony 75017

Paris

www.oie.int

Managing disease outbreaks - oie.intoie.int/conf/wildlife/Presentations/S5_2_GideonBrückner.pdf ·...

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